%%% -*-BibTeX-*- %%% ==================================================================== %%% BibTeX-file{ %%% author = "Nelson H. F. Beebe", %%% version = "1.19", %%% date = "30 August 2024", %%% time = "07:07:55 MDT", %%% filename = "fishes.bib", %%% address = "University of Utah %%% Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB %%% 155 S 1400 E RM 233 %%% Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 %%% USA", %%% telephone = "+1 801 581 5254", %%% FAX = "+1 801 581 4148", %%% URL = "https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe", %%% checksum = "58924 51317 304944 2830974", %%% email = "beebe at math.utah.edu, beebe at acm.org, %%% beebe at computer.org (Internet)", %%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", %%% keywords = "bibliography; BibTeX; Fishes", %%% license = "public domain", %%% supported = "yes", %%% docstring = "This is a COMPLETE bibliography of the %%% journal Fishes (CODEN none, ISSN 2410-3888), %%% published by MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. %%% Publication began with volume 1, number 1, in %%% 2016. There was only one issue that year, %%% but subsequent annual volumes have 4 issues. %%% %%% The journal has a Web site at %%% %%% https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes %%% %%% At version 1.19, the COMPLETE year coverage %%% looked like this: %%% %%% 2016 ( 5) 2019 ( 60) 2022 ( 143) %%% 2017 ( 21) 2020 ( 37) 2023 ( 393) %%% 2018 ( 49) 2021 ( 72) 2024 ( 190) %%% %%% Article: 970 %%% %%% Total entries: 970 %%% %%% Data for this bibliography have been largely %%% derived from the publisher Web sites, with %%% additions from the BibNet Project and TeX %%% User Group bibliography archives. %%% %%% Numerous errors in the sources noted above %%% have been corrected. Spelling has been %%% verified with the UNIX spell and GNU ispell %%% programs using the exception dictionary %%% stored in the companion file with extension %%% .sok. %%% %%% BibTeX citation tags are uniformly chosen %%% as name:year:abbrev, where name is the %%% family name of the first author or editor, %%% year is a 4-digit number, and abbrev is a %%% 3-letter condensation of important title %%% words. Citation tags were automatically %%% generated by software developed for the %%% BibNet Project. %%% %%% In this bibliography, entries are sorted in %%% publication order within each journal, %%% using bibsort -byvolume. %%% %%% The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 %%% checksum as the first value, followed by the %%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word %%% count) utility output of lines, words, and %%% characters. This is produced by Robert %%% Solovay's checksum utility.", %%% } %%% ==================================================================== @Preamble{ "\ifx \undefined \bioname \def \bioname #1{{{\em #1\/}}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \booktitle \def \booktitle #1{{{\em #1}}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \dbar \def \dbar {\leavevmode\raise0.2ex\hbox{--}\kern-0.5emd} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \eth \def \eth {d} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \gene \def \gene #1{{{\sf #1}}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \geoname \def \geoname #1{{#1}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \k \let \k = \c \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \TM \def \TM {${}^{\sc TM}$} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \latinname \def \latinname #1{{{\em #1\/}}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \mathcal \def \mathcal #1{{\cal #1}} \fi" # "\ifx \undefined \pkg \def \pkg #1{{{\tt #1}}} \fi" } %%% ==================================================================== %%% Acknowledgement abbreviations: @String{ack-nhfb = "Nelson H. F. Beebe, University of Utah, Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB, 155 S 1400 E RM 233, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA, Tel: +1 801 581 5254, FAX: +1 801 581 4148, e-mail: \path|beebe@math.utah.edu|, \path|beebe@acm.org|, \path|beebe@computer.org| (Internet), URL: \path|https://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/|"} %%% ==================================================================== %%% Journal abbreviations: @String{j-FISHES = "Fishes"} %%% ==================================================================== %%% Bibliography entries: @Article{Gaemers:2016:TDE, author = "Pieter A. M. Gaemers", title = "Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine {Gadidae} by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "18--51", day = "17", month = jul, year = "2016", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Gaemers:2017:CPM}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/1/1/18", abstract = "In a greater study of the recent fossil Gadidae, the object of this paper is to better define the trisopterine species and their relationships. The taxonomy of the four recent species usually included in the genus Trisopterus is further elaborated by means of published and new data on their otoliths, by published data on general external features and meristics of the fishes, and their genetics. Fossil otoliths, from the beginning of the Oligocene up to the present, reveal much of their evolution and throw more light on their relationships. Several succeeding and partly overlapping lineages representing different genera are recognized during this time interval. The genus Neocolliolus Gaemers, 1976, for \bioname{Trisopterus esmarkii} (Nilsson, 1855), is more firmly based. A new genus, Allotrisopterus, is introduced for \bioname{Trisopterus minutus} (Linnaeus, 1758). The similarity with \bioname{Trisopterus capelanus} (Lacep{\`e}de, 1800) is an example of convergent evolution. The tribe Trisopterini Endo (2002) should only contain Trisopterus, Allotrisopterus and Neocolliolus as recent genera. Correct identification of otoliths from fisheries research and from sea bottom samples extends the knowledge of the present day geographical distribution of T. capelanus and T. luscus (Linnaeus, 1758). T. capelanus is also living along the Atlantic coast of Portugal and at least up to and including the R{\'\i}a de Arosa, Galicia, Spain. There it can easily be mistaken for A. minutus that is also living there. Otoliths of T. luscus have been identified from the Evvo{\"\i}k{\'o}s Channel between Euboia and the mainland of Greece, thus it must live also in the Aegean Sea. Otoliths prove to be a powerful tool in taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of teleosts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Murzina:2016:LFA, author = "Svetlana A. Murzina and Zinaida A. Nefedova and Svetlana N. Pekkoeva and Tatiana R. Ruokolainen and Pauli O. Ripatti and Andrey V. Semushin and Nina N. Nemova", title = "Lipids and Fatty Acids of the \geoname{White Sea} Herring \bioname{Clupea pallasi marisalbi} {Berg} ({Clupeiformes, Clupeidae}) from Different Habitats of the \geoname{White Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "65--76", day = "13", month = oct, year = "2016", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010065", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/1/1/65", abstract = "Habitation conditions significantly affect the physiological and biochemical state of aquatic organisms, including the balance of lipids that performs important functions in cellular metabolism. The lipid and fatty acid profiles of White Sea herring in Dvina, Kandalaksha, and Onega bays, and in the waters of Tersky Shore (the mouth of the Varzuga River) in autumn (after the fattening period) were studied. Different methods --- thin-layer, high-performance liquid and gas chromatography --- were used for this purpose. Determined heterogeneity on studied parameters of lipid metabolism of fish from different habitats is associated with differences in trophic and hydrological conditions in these bays. Variations of lipid compositions of herring groups can be a reflection of qualitative and quantitative strategies of biochemical adaptations, aimed at compensating the lipid metabolism of fish under different trophic--ecological conditions of habitation in the White Sea.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Booth:2016:FAP, author = "Mark A. Booth and D. Stewart Fielder", title = "Fortification of an Aquafeed with Potassium Chloride Does Not Improve Survival of Juvenile \geoname{Australian} Snapper \bioname{Pagrus auratus} Reared in Potassium Deficient Saline Groundwater", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "52--64", day = "09", month = sep, year = "2016", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010052", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/1/1/52", abstract = "This study was done to determine if fortification of a commercial aquafeed with KCl could improve the survival of juvenile Australian snapper \bioname{Pagrus auratus} reared in K + deficient saline groundwater (KDSGW; {$<$5} mg K + L \minus 1). Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) tested whether feeding an aquafeed fortified with zero, 25, or 50 g KCl kg \minus 1 for 6 days affected feed intake and survival of fish transferred immediately from estuarine water to KDSGW of the equivalent salinity (20 g\cdotp L \minus 1). Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) investigated whether an aquafeed fortified with zero, 10, or 25 g KCl kg \minus 1 affected survival, feed intake, and growth rate (SGR) of snapper reared in KDSGW fortified to have 40\% or 100\% the [K + ] of equivalent salinity estuarine water (20 g\cdotp L \minus 1). The results of Exp. 1 demonstrated there was no benefit of fortifying aquafeed with KCl; fish transferred into KDSGW stopped feeding and developed symptoms akin to tetany. Some individuals also died and others became moribund. Exp. 1 was terminated according to animal care and ethics guidelines. The results of Exp. 2 indicated the amount of KCl added to the aquafeed did not affect survival, feed intake, or food conversion ratio (FCR) of snapper, irrespective of water treatment. However, SGR and FCR was better when fish were reared in normal estuarine water and KDSGW fortified to have 100\% the [K + ] of equivalent salinity estuarine water. Our results demonstrated that juvenile snapper were unable to utilize the KCl added to the aquafeed and were probably reliant on sequestering K + ions from the water column in order to maintain functions involving hydromineral homeostasis. Fortification of aquafeeds with KCl does not ameliorate the negative effects of KDSWG on the survival of juvenile snapper.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esteban:2016:WNJ, author = "Maria Angeles Esteban", title = "Welcome to the New Journal \bioname{Fishes}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "16--17", day = "31", month = may, year = "2016", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/1/1/16", abstract = "This study was done to determine if fortification of a commercial aquafeed with KCl could improve the survival of juvenile Australian snapper \bioname{Pagrus auratus} reared in K + deficient saline groundwater (KDSGW; {$<$5} mg K + L \minus 1). Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) tested whether feeding an aquafeed fortified with zero, 25, or 50 g KCl kg \minus 1 for 6 days affected feed intake and survival of fish transferred immediately from estuarine water to KDSGW of the equivalent salinity (20 g\cdotp L \minus 1). Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) investigated whether an aquafeed fortified with zero, 10, or 25 g KCl kg \minus 1 affected survival, feed intake, and growth rate (SGR) of snapper reared in KDSGW fortified to have 40\% or 100\% the [K + ] of equivalent salinity estuarine water (20 g\cdotp L \minus 1). The results of Exp. 1 demonstrated there was no benefit of fortifying aquafeed with KCl; fish transferred into KDSGW stopped feeding and developed symptoms akin to tetany. Some individuals also died and others became moribund. Exp. 1 was terminated according to animal care and ethics guidelines. The results of Exp. 2 indicated the amount of KCl added to the aquafeed did not affect survival, feed intake, or food conversion ratio (FCR) of snapper, irrespective of water treatment. However, SGR and FCR was better when fish were reared in normal estuarine water and KDSGW fortified to have 100\% the [K + ] of equivalent salinity estuarine water. Our results demonstrated that juvenile snapper were unable to utilize the KCl added to the aquafeed and were probably reliant on sequestering K + ions from the water column in order to maintain functions involving hydromineral homeostasis. Fortification of aquafeeds with KCl does not ameliorate the negative effects of KDSWG on the survival of juvenile snapper.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Morphis:2016:AVA, author = "Gregory Morphis and Aggeliki Kyriazopoulou and Constantina Nasopoulou and Eleni Sioriki and Constantinos A. Demopoulos and Ioannis Zabetakis", title = "Assessment of the in Vitro Antithrombotic Properties of Sardine (\bioname{Sardina pilchardus}) Fillet Lipids and Cod Liver Oil", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "1", number = "1", pages = "1--15", day = "28", month = sep, year = "2016", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes1010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/1/1/1", abstract = "The aim of the current study was to compare the biological activities of total polar lipids (TPL) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) polar lipid fractions of sardine fillet and cod liver oil against atherogenesis. TPL and TLC polar lipid fractions obtained from these two sources were assessed for their ability to inhibit the platelet-activating-factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregation (PAF-antagonists) or to induce platelet aggregation (PAF-agonists), since PAF plays a crucial role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. This study focused on the polar lipids since previous studies have underlined that the antithrombotic properties of foodstuffs are mainly attributed to polar lipid micro-constituents. TPL of sardine fillet induced platelet aggregation, while TPL of cod liver had a bimodal effect on platelets. TLC polar lipid fractions of both samples exhibited in vitro aggregatory and inhibitory activity towards platelets. However, TLC sardine polar lipid fractions showed stronger in vitro antithrombotic activities than the cod liver oil ones. These data constitute evidence of the putative contribution of fish polar lipids against cardiovascular diseases, underling firstly the beneficial effect of fish and fish lipids as functional foodstuffs against atherogenesis and secondly the more important role of sardine polar lipids as opposed to cod liver oil.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez-Cardenas:2017:PCD, author = "Leonardo Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}rdenas and Carlos A. {\'A}lvarez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Oscar U. Hern{\'a}ndez-Almeida and Carlos A. Fr{\'\i}as-Quintana and Jes{\'u}s T. Ponce-Palafox and Sergio Castillo-Vargasmachuca", title = "Partial Characterization of Digestive Proteases in the Green Cichlid, \bioname{Cichlasoma beani}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "08", month = mar, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/1/4", abstract = "This study undertakes the characterization of digestive proteases in the juvenile green cichlid, Cichlasoma beani. The results obtained showed a higher activity of alkaline proteases (0.14 \pm 0.01 U mg protein \minus 1) compared to acid proteases (0.07 \pm 0.01 U mg protein \minus 1) in this species. The optimum temperature of the alkaline proteases was 65 \degree C and these enzymes were more thermostable to temperature changes than the acid proteases, characterized by an optimal temperature of 55 \degree C. The pH optimum was 2 for acid proteases, and 11 for alkaline proteases, which were also more stable to changes in pH between 8 and 10. The use of specific inhibitors showed an acid protease inhibition of 88\% with pepstatin A as inhibitor. In the zymogram SDS-PAGE analysis of alkaline proteases, five active fractions were revealed, indicating the presence of serine proteases. These results confirm that both alkaline and acid proteases are involved in the digestion of C. beani, and suggest that this species is omnivorous with carnivorous tendencies. The present study contributes to our knowledge about the digestive physiology of C. beani, and can be applied towards improved understanding of the kinds of protein sources that could be used in the development of inerts diets.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Frias-Quintana:2017:UPS, author = "Carlos A. Fr{\'\i}as-Quintana and Carlos A. {\'A}lvarez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Dariel Tovar-Ram{\'\i}rez and Rafael Mart{\'\i}nez-Garc{\'\i}a and Susana Camarillo-Coop and Emyr Pe{\~n}a and Mario A. Galaviz", title = "Use of Potato Starch in Diets of Tropical Gar (\bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}, Gill 1863) Larvae", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "07", month = mar, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/1/3", abstract = "Tropical gar, \bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}, is a carnivorous fish species from Southern M{\'e}xico with high value and acceptance in local markets. Therefore, the present study aims to spare proteins in diets for larviculture of this species. An experiment was performed using three different experimental diets with increasing carbohydrate levels based on potato starch (S) and decreasing protein content (P) and total energy: 16\% S (16\% S--44\% P), 22\% S (22\% S--40\% P) and 28\% S (28\% S--36\% P). Tropical gar larvae (five days post-hatching, 2.1 mm average notochordal length) were assessed for growth, survival, degree of cannibalism, and digestive enzyme activities for 30 days. Highest growth and survival (24\%), as well as the lowest cannibalism (33\%), was seen in larvae fed the 28\% S diet, and these larvae also had the highest lipase, amylase and glucosidase activities (0.28, 0.56 and 0.11 units, respectively). Protease activity (alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase) was higher in the larvae fed the 22\% S diet than in those given the 16\% S and 28\% S diets. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of potato starch at 28\% S enhanced growth, survival and some digestive enzyme activities, and decreased cannibalism in the larval gar. Potato starch could replace dietary protein as a major source of energy for A. tropicus larvae, thereby reducing the cost of diets.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Setiawati:2017:USS, author = "Martiwi Diah Setiawati and Tasuku Tanaka", title = "Utilization of Scatterplot Smoothers to Understand the Environmental Preference of Bigeye Tuna in the Southern Waters off {Java--Bali}: Satellite Remote Sensing Approach", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "09", month = feb, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/1/2", abstract = "The southern waters off Java-Bali were recognized as spawning and potential fishing ground for tuna species. However, few studies have been conducted on this area. In this paper, the environmental preference of bigeye tuna was assessed based on catch data and three main environmental satellite data; namely; sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll (SSC), and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). Then, the relationship between bigeye tuna catches and environmental satellite data was analyzed by using a simplified method of the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) which is called scatterplot smoothers. This method is the forerunner of GAM and has not yet been applied for fisheries analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate its performance for/in analyzing bigeye tuna habitat preference. The result indicated that SST, SSC, and SSHD had a high correlation with the bigeye tuna's spatial patterns. Furthermore, spatial patterns of bigeye tuna preference display typical characteristics of low SST, low SSC, and low positive SSHD as well as areas with extreme SSHD values, which are almost the same results as those identified with GAM analysis in the same study area.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Enyidi:2017:EFP, author = "Uchechukwu D. Enyidi and Juhani Pirhonen and Juhani Kettunen and Jouni Vielma", title = "Effect of Feed Protein:Lipid Ratio on Growth Parameters of \geoname{African} Catfish \bioname{Clarias gariepinus} after Fish Meal Substitution in the Diet with Bambaranut (\bioname{Voandzeia subterranea}) Meal and Soybean (\bioname{Glycine max}) Meal", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:18 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/1/1", abstract = "Fishmeal (FM) was substituted with soybean meal (Glycine max) (SBM) and bambaranut meal (Voandzeia subterranea) (BNM) in 10 experimental African catfish, \bioname{Clarias gariepinus}, diets. Feed formulation was designed using mixture model. The inclusion level of the three protein ingredients varied between 0\% and 60\%. Remaining 40\% comprised of basal ingredients kept constant for all 10 feeds. African catfish of average initial weight 35.2 \pm 0.9 g were fed with one of the treatment diets for 28 days. The protein:lipid ratios of the diets (range 1.5--3.4:1) were used in evaluating the feed utilization and growth of the fish. We found that catfish performances were mainly depending on ingredients and not the ratio itself. The protein:lipid ratios in the diets made of plant ingredients were high but SGR was low. Specific growth rate (SGR) increased with the increase of feed FM content, being ca. 5\% day\minus 1 with 60\% FM diet but ca. 2\% day\minus 1 at both 60\% BNM and 60\% SBM diets. SGR was similar (3.5\% day\minus 1) with diets of 30\% BNM or SBM inclusion with 30\% FM. Feed conversion ratio increased from below 0.6 of the 60\% FM diet up to 1.5 (60\% SBM) and 1.7 (60\% BNM). Protein efficiency ratio decreased linearly with increasing FM substitution, but protein productive value (PPV) was similar for catfish fed 60\% FM diet and its 50\% substitution with BNM or SBM. These results suggest that protein:lipid ratio cannot be used in assessing nutritional performance if the source of feed ingredient vary widely. However, these results suggest that BNM can partly substitute FM and completely replace SBM in the diets of African catfish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Palm:2017:TAI, author = "Harry W. Palm and Irfan Yulianto and Uwe Piatkowski", title = "Trypanorhynch Assemblages Indicate Ecological and Phylogenetical Attributes of Their Elasmobranch Final Hosts", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "2", pages = "8", day = "17", month = jun, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2020008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/2/8", abstract = "This study explores non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) as a tool for investigating parasites as indicators of the elasmobranch biology. An attractive feature of nMDS is its ability to allow assemblage-level parasite data to be simultaneously applied to questions of host biology. This method was examined using the tapeworm order Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863, which is known to be transmitted among their hosts through the marine food web (via predation), can unambiguously be identified in the intermediate and final hosts, and has the potential as an indicator of the host feeding biology. Our analyses focused on trypanorhynch assemblages in elasmobranchs as definitive hosts. The relationships between trypanorhynch assemblages and the depth, feeding ecology, habitat, and phylogeny for all sharks were complex, but we found that depth distribution, diet composition and habitat type were the major influencing factors. Several species of sharks showed different characters than known from their descriptions that could be attributed to the change of shark behavior or the trypanorhynch host path. The relationship between the trypanorhynch assemblage and factors for carcharhiniform species alone was more robust than for all sharks. In the carcharhiniform analysis, the relationship between habitat type and trypanorhynch assemblage was most remarkable. Overlapping host ecology was evident even in phylogenetically-distant related hosts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sakihara:2017:MDD, author = "Troy S. Sakihara and Atsuko Fukunaga and Kimberly A. Peyton", title = "Mugilids Display Distinct Trait-Mediated Patterns with a Reinvasion of {Para} Grass \bioname{Urochloa mutica} in a Tropical Estuary", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "2", pages = "7", day = "23", month = may, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2020007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/2/7", abstract = "Aggressive invasions by species such as para grass Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) are pervasive throughout the tropics, but the impacts on estuarine habitats and biota are poorly understood. After weed control was reduced in a tropical estuary, U. mutica reinvaded this area composed of two contiguous habitats: a shallow pond and a deeper river. These habitats are especially important for \bioname{Mugil cephalus}, a culturally prized native mullet, and introduced Moolgarda engeli not targeted in the fishery. We investigated the potential impacts of U. mutica on juvenile and adult mullets by comparing the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the two mullet species and the physiochemical measurements from the two contiguous habitats during different stages of its reinvasion. Overall, negative effects on the CPUE of M. cephalus and M. engeli were found as a result of the U. mutica reinvasion. The M. cephalus CPUE was consistently higher in the shallow pond habitat compared to the deeper river habitat. It decreased after U. mutica was established, correlative to the invasive grass canopies smothering the shallow habitat favored by juveniles. The M. engeli CPUE significantly declined during the initial periods of U. mutica reinvasion, but did not decline further after the grass became established. No differences in the M. engeli CPUE between habitats were found, indicating that M. engeli are habitat generalists. These findings are among the first in an insular tropical estuary demonstrating a negative relationship between an invasive grass and relative abundances of two confamiliar fish, while revealing distinct patterns attributed to species-specific traits. Importantly, the broad overlapping biogeographic distribution of M. cephalus and U. mutica, and the negative relationship between these species, raises widespread concern for this mullet as a globally important fisheries species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Greenwood:2017:DSH, author = "M. F. D. Greenwood", title = "Distribution, Spread, and Habitat Predictability of a Small, Invasive, Piscivorous Fish in an Important Estuarine Fish Nursery", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "2", pages = "6", day = "13", month = may, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2020006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/2/6", abstract = "Invasive species often cause negative ecological and economic effects. Florida has {$>$20} established invasive fish species but only seven exist in saltwater. The present study examined \bioname{Belonesox belizanus} (Pike Killifish), a Central American euryhaline fish introduced to Tampa Bay (west-central Florida) in the early 1990s, which has quantifiably reduced populations of small-bodied native fishes and may compete with prized sportfish juveniles in estuarine nursery habitat. Long-term monitoring revealed that B. belizanus occurs in estuarine waterbodies along a 31-km stretch of the bay's eastern fringe, with a second, smaller population in two western tributaries. Spread rate was estimated to be 5.5--13 km year \minus 1, intermediate among invasive poeciliids. A novel implementation of boosted regression tree modeling to assess B. belizanus habitat predictability found greater probability of presence with decreasing water depth and pH, whereas presence tended to be greatest at polyhaline salinity. It is hypothesized that B. belizanus distribution in Tampa Bay is constrained by deep, seawall habitats acting as ecological barriers. Further B. belizanus spread therefore may be most likely to occur by human release (from aquaria or bait buckets) or bird carry-off. Newly restored tidal habitat within the current range probably will be invaded quite quickly by B. belizanus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mozanzadeh:2017:MRS, author = "Mansour Torfi Mozanzadeh and Jasem G. Marammazi and Morteza Yaghoubi and Naser Agh and Esmaeil Pagheh and Enric Gisbert", title = "Macronutrient Requirements of Silvery-Black Porgy (\bioname{Sparidentex hasta}): a Comparison with Other Farmed Sparid Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "2", pages = "5", day = "13", month = may, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2020005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/2/5", abstract = "Silvery-black porgy (\bioname{Sparidentex hasta}) is recognized as one of the most promising fish species for aquaculture diversification in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea regions. In this regard, S. hasta has received considerable attention, and nutritional studies focused on establishing the nutritional requirements for improving diet formulation have been conducted during recent years. Considering the results from different dose--response nutritional studies on macronutrient requirements conducted in this species, it can be concluded that diets containing ca. 48\% crude protein, 15\% crude lipid, 15\% carbohydrates and 20 KJ g \minus 1 gross energy are recommended for on-growing S. hasta juveniles. In addition, the optimum essential amino acid profile for this species (expressed as g 16 g N \minus 1), should be approximately arginine 5.3, lysine 6.0, threonine 5.2, histidine 2.5, isoleucine 4.6, leucine 5.4, methionine + cysteine 4.0 (in a diet containing 0.6 cysteine), phenylalanine + tyrosine 5.6 (in a diet containing 1.9 tyrosine), tryptophan 1.0 and valine 4.6. Moreover, the optimum dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and soybean lecithin are recommended to be 0.8\% and 6\%, respectively. The maximum replacement of fish meal with soy protein is recommended to be between 16.5\% and 27.3\%. In addition, different vegetal oil sources are also recommended for partial and almost complete replacement of fish oil in diets. Although the nutritional requirements in terms of macronutrients have been established under laboratory conditions, the analysis of the available literature indicate that future studies need to be conducted using a more holistic approach under intensive farming conditions in which different nutrients or additives need to be tested under different rearing conditions for refining nutrient requirements in this species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Romano:2017:WOC, author = "Nicla Romano and Giuseppe Scapigliati and Luigi Abelli", title = "Water Oxygen Content Affects Distribution of {T} and {B} Lymphocytes in Lymphoid Tissues of Farmed Sea Bass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "16", day = "14", month = sep, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/16", abstract = "Intensive aquaculture systems have stimulated proper management in order to limit stressful stocking conditions and environmental impact. This should improve fish wellness and counteract adverse water characteristics such as high concentrations of carbon. The oxygen can be considered a key factor since critical conditions leading to chronic rise of blood catecholamines can depress the number and Oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes. In this research, we evaluated the effects of variation in water oxygen (from 6 \pm 1 to 13 \pm 1 mg/L) on lymphocytes density in sea bass by using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Gut, gill, and thymus T-cells were significantly enhanced in percentage in hyperoxygenated fish compared with normo-oxygenated group, while Peripheral Blood Leukocytes (PBL), head kidney, and spleen T-cells were not significantly different. Contrarily, in PBL, head kidney and spleen hyper-oxygenation treatment provoked an enhancement of B lymphocyte percentages. The distribution of positive T-cells in hyper-oxygenated fish varied in the organs and followed the relative increments/decrements observed in flow cytometry. This study remarks the sensitivity of sea bass adaptive immunocytes to oxygen concentration, evidenced by the modification of parameters. Sea bass culture under high-flow water recycling and at around 12--13 mg/L oxygen concentrations is therefore suggested to enhance the immune response capacity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gaemers:2017:RDT, author = "Pieter A. M. Gaemers and Jan Y. Poulsen", title = "Recognition and Distribution of Two \geoname{North Atlantic} \bioname{Gadiculus} Species, \bioname{G. argenteus} and \bioname{G. thori} ({Gadidae}), Based on Otolith Morphology, Larval Pigmentation, Molecular Evidence, Morphometrics and Meristics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "15", day = "29", month = aug, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030015", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/15", abstract = "The silvery pout genus Gadiculus consists of small aberrant codfishes with several extinct and currently only one recognized extant species. The oldest representatives of a Gadiculus lineage known from otoliths are Early Miocene in age. Fossil evidence has showed Gadiculus to originate from older genera diverging early from other true cods of the family Gadidae. As adult specimens of different species have been found to be highly similar and difficult to distinguish based on meristic and morphometric data, the number of species in this gadid genus has been controversial since different larval morphotypes were first discovered some 100 years ago. For almost 70 years, Gadiculus thori and Gadiculus argenteus have been considered subspecies only, with a distribution in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean including the Mediterranean. In this study, we resolve the long-standing issue of extant Gadiculus not being monotypic. New results in the form of distinct adult otoliths and molecular data unambiguously show two species of Gadiculus present --- in agreement with larval morphotypes. Morphometric, meristic and molecular characters, as well as larval pigmentation are discussed in addition to present and past geographic distributions of the two taxa from distributions of fossil otoliths. At present, the cold-water species Gadiculus thori (northern silvery pout) is distributed in cold-temperate and subarctic latitudes in the Northeast Atlantic, including a new range extension off Southeast Greenland. Gadiculus argenteus (southern silvery pout) occurs in warmer waters and is distributed in the warm-temperate East Atlantic and Mediterranean. Fossil otoliths show that both species often co-existed in the Mediterranean from the Late Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kawase:2017:DES, author = "Hiroshi Kawase and Ryo Mizuuchi and Hirofumi Shin and Yuki Kitajima and Koh Hosoda and Masahiro Shimizu and Daisuke Iwai and Shigeru Kondo", title = "Discovery of an Earliest-Stage ``{Mystery Circle}'' and Development of the Structure Constructed by Pufferfish, \bioname{Torquigener albomaculosus} ({Pisces: Tetraodontidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "14", day = "23", month = aug, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030014", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/14", abstract = "Male pufferfish (Torquigener albomaculosus) construct ``mystery circles'', geometric circular structures with radially aligned peaks and valleys, on sandy seabeds for reproduction. We discovered an earliest-stage mystery circle composed of dozens of irregular depressions. The structure changed to a primitive circular form with radially aligned valleys and a circular depression in the central area on day 2. The number of valleys increased, and the radius of the structure was much smaller than that of the final structure. These features were observed from days 2 to 4, considered the early stage of construction. The mystery circle had radially aligned peaks and valleys with a central flat area, while the radius and the differences in elevation between the peaks and valleys were increasing. These features, which were observed from days 5 to 8, were considered the middle stage of construction. On day 9, the mystery circle was completed. An irregular pattern was formed in the central area, and the radially aligned peaks were decorated with shell and coral fragments. These are the first recorded observations of construction of a mystery circle from the earliest stage.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Doring:2017:EFB, author = "Julian D{\"o}ring and Maik Tiedemann and Moritz St{\"a}bler and Hans Sloterdijk and Werner Ekau", title = "\bioname{Ethmalosa fimbriata} ({Bowdich} 1825), a Clupeid Fish That Exhibits Elevated Batch Fecundity in Hypersaline Waters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "13", day = "18", month = aug, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030013", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/13", abstract = "Little is known about the concerted influence of temperature and salinity on the fecundity of clupeid fishes. Due to a globally changing climate, both physical parameters might act as stressors, severely affecting the reproductive potential of clupeid fish populations inhabiting tropical estuaries. Differences in relative batch fecundities, the gonado-somatic index, and the condition index of bonga shad (\bioname{Ethmalosa fimbriata}) were analysed in individual females sampled at the Senegalese coast and inside the inverse Sine Saloum estuary, where salinity increases upstream in all seasons. Multiple linear regression models on fecundity and gonadal energy storage show that clupeids can adapt towards increasing their reproductive investment at temperatures (26--30 \degree C) and salinities (42--51), which by far exceed marine conditions, in an effort to maximize recruitment success. This reproductive strategy, however, is accompanied by a trade-off between reproductive effort and somatic growth, which ultimately limits the species' reproductive potential inside the estuary. The observed high variability in batch fecundities might be a viable mechanism to adjust to fluctuating and rather extreme environmental conditions. Understanding the spawning biology of exploited clupeid fishes in drastically changing environments is crucial for evaluating the reproductive potential of stocks at the outer reach of their physiological performance curve.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dedman:2017:ASM, author = "Simon Dedman and Rick Officer and Deirdre Brophy and Maurice Clarke and David G. Reid", title = "Advanced Spatial Modeling to Inform Management of Data-Poor Juvenile and Adult Female Rays", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "12", day = "04", month = aug, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030012", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/12", abstract = "Chronic overfishing has depleted numerous elasmobranch stocks in the North East Atlantic, but addressing this issue has been hampered by management complications and lacking data. Spatial management approaches have thus been advocated. This work presents a novel application and further development of an advanced spatial modeling technique to identify candidate nursery grounds and spawning areas for conservation, by subsetting already limited data. Boosted Regression Tree models are used to predict abundance of juvenile and mature female cuckoo (\bioname{Leucoraja naevus}), thornback (\bioname{Raja clavata}), blonde (R aja brachyura), and spotted (R aja montagui) rays in the Irish Sea using fish survey data and data describing fishing pressure, predation and environmental variables. Model-predicted spatial abundance maps of these subsets reveal distinct nuances in species distributions with greater predictive power than maps of the whole stock. These resulting maps are then integrated into a single easily understood map using a novel approach, standardizing and facilitating the spatial management of data-limited fish stocks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gaemers:2017:CPM, author = "Pieter A. M. Gaemers", title = "Correction: {Pieter A. M. Gaemers. Taxonomy, Distribution and Evolution of Trisopterine Gadidae by Means of Otoliths and Other Characteristics. \booktitle{Fishes} 2016, {\bf 1}, 18--51}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "11", day = "17", month = jul, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030011", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Gaemers:2016:TDE}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/11", abstract = "Chronic overfishing has depleted numerous elasmobranch stocks in the North East Atlantic, but addressing this issue has been hampered by management complications and lacking data. Spatial management approaches have thus been advocated. This work presents a novel application and further development of an advanced spatial modeling technique to identify candidate nursery grounds and spawning areas for conservation, by subsetting already limited data. Boosted Regression Tree models are used to predict abundance of juvenile and mature female cuckoo (\bioname{Leucoraja naevus}), thornback (\bioname{Raja clavata}), blonde (R aja brachyura), and spotted (R aja montagui) rays in the Irish Sea using fish survey data and data describing fishing pressure, predation and environmental variables. Model-predicted spatial abundance maps of these subsets reveal distinct nuances in species distributions with greater predictive power than maps of the whole stock. These resulting maps are then integrated into a single easily understood map using a novel approach, standardizing and facilitating the spatial management of data-limited fish stocks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liao:2017:MRS, author = "Qiuhong Liao and Tetsuhito Suzuki and Kohno Yasushi and Dimas Firmanda Al Riza and Makoto Kuramoto and Naoshi Kondo", title = "Monitoring \geoname{Red Sea} Bream Scale Fluorescence as a Freshness Indicator", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "10", day = "10", month = jul, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/10", abstract = "Red sea bream (\bioname{Pagrus major}) scale fluorescence characteristics were identified as a potential rapid and non-destructive means for assessing the fish's freshness. To investigate this, live red sea breams were purchased, slaughtered, and prior to measurement, stored at 22 \pm 2 \degree C for 27 h. During subsequent storage, the K value of the dorsal meat --- as a standard freshness indicator --- along with front-face fluorescence spectra of representative dorsal scales, were measured simultaneously at 3 h intervals. Two major fluorescent peaks, A and B, were identified with excitation and emission wavelength pairs of 280/310 nm and 340/420 nm, which were mainly contributed to by tyrosine and collagen, respectively. Subsequent analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity ratio of peak B to A (I B / I A) increased linearly during storage (R 2 = 0.95) and is proposed as a potential non-destructive index of fish freshness. Thus, our results suggest that the fluorescence characteristics of fish scales can be used to assess fish carcass freshness during storage.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Oliveira:2017:PRD, author = "Catarina C. V. Oliveira and Mayra I. Grano-Maldonado and Rui A. Gon{\c{c}}alves and Paulo A. Frias and Ant{\'o}nio V. Sykes", title = "Preliminary Results on the Daily and Seasonal Rhythms of Cuttlefish \bioname{Sepia officinalis} ({Linnaeus}, 1758) Locomotor Activity in Captivity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "9", day = "28", month = jun, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:19 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/3/9", abstract = "This research was aimed at characterizing the daily rhythms of locomotor activity of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), a promising aquaculture species, in a captive environment. Cuttlefish were distributed within two tanks equipped with infrared photocells, allowing the monitoring of locomotor activity continuously from August to February. Results showed a preference of cuttlefish for being active during the night in summer (24.2 \pm 1.3 \degree C) and in autumn (18.4 \pm 3.4 \degree C), with maximum activity peaks observed, respectively, at 01:09 h and 21:47 h, in close relation with sunset time. In winter (12.7 \pm 1.4 \degree C), this preference changed, with higher levels of activity observed during the afternoon in December (15:20 h) and in January (18:13 h), thus suggesting this species as possessing a dualistic behaviour. Levels of activity progressively decreased during autumn and winter, likely related to low temperatures. The present study offers new insights on the behaviour of \bioname{Sepia officinalis}, presenting a variability of patterns across seasons, regulated by environmental synchronizers; photoperiod determining the activity periods, and temperature modulating the levels of activity. Such information may be a valuable tool for the improvement of cuttlefish culture protocols in aquaculture, and consequently its welfare.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garrido:2017:PRL, author = "Diego Garrido and Diana B. Reis and Diego Orol and Rui A. Gon{\c{c}}alves and M. Virginia Mart{\'\i}n and Ant{\'o}nio V. Sykes and Covadonga Rodr{\'\i}guez and Beatriz C. Felipe and Xiaodong Zheng and Luis Lagos and Eduardo Almansa", title = "Preliminary Results on Light Conditions Manipulation in \bioname{Octopus vulgaris} ({Cuvier}, 1797) Paralarval Rearing", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "21", day = "24", month = nov, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2040021", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/4/21", abstract = "High paralarvae mortality is a major bottleneck currently hindering the control over the lifecycle of common octopus (\bioname{Octopus vulgaris} Cuvier, 1797). It is believed that this problem might be related to either zoo-technical and/or nutritional aspects. The present paper is focused on the study of different zoo-technical aspects related to light conditions on the rearing of paralarvae, including the effects of polarization in prey ingestion, the use of a blue filter to simulate natural conditions, and the use of focused light to avoid reflections of the rearing tank's walls. In the first experiment, O. vulgaris paralarvae ingestion of Artemia sp. and copepods (Tisbe sp.) was assessed under either normal or polarized light. In the second experiment, the effect of a blue filter with natural light or focused artificial light on growth and mortality was assessed over 15 days of rearing. Ingestion rate was not influenced by light polarization. Nonetheless, a significantly higher ingestion of Artemia sp. with respect to copepods was observed. The blue filter promoted the use of natural light conditions in Octopus paralarval culture, while focused light reduced the collision of the paralarvae against the walls. However, no significant differences were found in paralarval growth nor survival.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Caccia:2017:APE, author = "Elisabetta Caccia and Maria Agnello and Marcello Ceci and Patricia Strickler Dinglasan and Gerardo R. Vasta and Nicla Romano", title = "Antimicrobial Peptides Are Expressed during Early Development of Zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) and Are Inducible by Immune Challenge", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "20", day = "08", month = nov, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2040020", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/4/20", abstract = "Antimicrobial peptides (AMPS) are ancestral components in the evolution of immunity from protozoans to metazoans. Their expression can be constitutive or inducible by infectious challenge. Although characterized in detail in their structure and activity, the temporal and spatial expression of AMPS during vertebrate embryogenesis is still poorly understood. In the present study, we identified selected AMPs in zebrafish, and characterized their expression during early development, and upon experimental immune challenge in adult animals, with the goal of establishing this genetically-tractable model system for further AMP studies. By mining available genomic databases, zebrafish AMP sequences homologous to AMPs from other vertebrates were selected for further study. These included parasin I and its enzyme cathepsin D, \beta -defensin (DB1), liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), and chromogranin-A and -B (CgA and CgB). Specific primers were designed for RT-PCR amplification of each AMP gene of interest and amplicons between 242 bp and 504 bp were obtained from RNA extracted from adult zebrafish. Sequencing of the amplicons and alignment of their deduced amino acid sequences with those from AMPs from other vertebrate species confirmed their identity. The temporal expression of AMPs was investigated by RT-PCR analysis in fertilized oocytes, embryos, and adult individuals. Parasin I and chatepsin D transcripts were detectable immediately after fertilization, while the transcripts for CgA and CgB became evident starting at 48 h post fertilization. Mature transcripts of LEAP2 and DB1 were detectable only in the adult zebrafish, while BPI transcripts were detectable starting from the 12th day post fertilization. To explore the possible upregulation of AMP expression by infectious challenge, experiments were carried out in adult zebrafish by intraperitoneal injection of a cocktail of lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Except for CgA and CgB, amplicons corresponding to all tested AMPs showed stronger signals in the experimental animals as compared to the unchallenged controls. This study provided information on the early expression of AMPs in zebrafish from ontogeny to adulthood and their inducibility by microbials. This information could be useful to actuate new prophylactic strategies as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in culture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lerner:2017:RSX, author = "Justin Lerner and Juan C. Levesque and Liana Talaue-McManus", title = "Recreational Swordfish (\bioname{Xiphias gladius}) Fishery: Angler Practices in {South Florida (USA)}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "18", day = "27", month = oct, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2040018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/4/18", abstract = "The management of highly migratory species (HMS) is a complex domestic and international system that was initially established to regulate HMS taken in commercial fisheries in the Atlantic Ocean. For managing HMS taken in recreational fisheries, the authority and the data required is lacking and remains to be stipulated by regulating bodies. In the {United States}, Florida saltwater anglers target various HMS, but swordfish (\bioname{Xiphias gladius}) is a favorite among anglers. The recreational swordfish fishery off the Southeast Florida coast has experienced resurgence in recent years, with directed tournaments resuming in 2001 after being absent almost 20 years. Today, South Florida supports the largest group of recreational swordfish anglers in the world. Despite the increasing popularity and interest, little data is available describing the recreational swordfish fishery and its socio-economic aspects in South Florida. This study aimed to compile, describe, and identify the demographics, fishing tactics, costs, and fishery management perceptions of recreational swordfish anglers in South Florida based on nonprobability purposive sampling organized through the Southeast Swordfish Club (SESC). The sample size (n = 38) represented about 16--38\% of the SESC members and between 6\% and 8\% of the recreational anglers that actively targeted swordfish in South Florida during the time of the survey. We acknowledge the sample size was small (n = 38), but believe the study encompassed the most active swordfish anglers given their knowledge, expertise, and connection with the fishery in terms of participants, fishing effort, and fishing techniques. As such, it is highly probable that a large portion of the recreational swordfish angling population was represented by members of the SESC in terms of swordfishing gear, techniques, and socio-economics, which reduced apparent bias in the study. Overall, the annual income of recreational swordfish anglers in 2007 ranged from US \$15,000 to \$200,000 with an average income of \$91,940 ($ n = 33$). Sixty-nine percent of polled anglers indicated they had more than 26 years of recreational fishing experience and 81\% had less than 10 years of experience targeting swordfish in South Florida. Thirty-seven percent of surveyed anglers indicated they departed from Port Everglades, Florida. To target swordfish, anglers generally used five rods and set their bait, commonly squid, at 91 m. Anglers also indicated they changed their fishing tactics from day to night, and took about five fishing trips per month. Overall, anglers spent around \$14,210 on annual costs associated with swordfishing, which was 16\% of their annual income. Many polled anglers also reported they were dissatisfied with the current swordfish management regulations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Goncalves:2017:PIW, author = "Renata Gon{\c{c}}alves and Maria Alexandra Teod{\'o}sio and Joana Cruz and Radhouan Ben-Hamadou and Ana Dulce Correia and Lu{\'\i}s Ch{\'\i}charo", title = "Preliminary Insight into Winter Native Fish Assemblages in \geoname{Guadiana Estuary} Salt Marshes Coping with Environmental Variability and Non-Indigenous Fish Introduction", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "19", day = "26", month = oct, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2040019", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/4/19", abstract = "This work aims to undertake a preliminary characterization of winter fish assemblages in the salt marsh areas of Guadiana lower estuary (South-East Portugal) and discusses the potential risks of habitat dominance by a non-indigenous species (NIS). To this effect, six field campaigns were carried out in four sampling sites during winter season targeting the collection of fish species. A total of 48 samples were collected. Individuals from seven different taxa (marine and estuarine) were collected, although the assemblage was dominated by two estuarine species --- the native Pomatoschistus sp. (goby) and the NIS \bioname{Fundulus heteroclitus} (mummichog). Goby was the most abundant taxa in the majority of salt marsh habitats, except for one specific, marsh pool, where extreme environmental conditions were registered, namely high temperature and salinity. Such conditions may have boosted the intrusion of mummichog in this area. This species is well adapted to a wide range of abiotic factors enabling them to colonize habitats where no predators inhabit. Impacts of mummichog introduction in the Guadiana salt marsh area are still unpredictable since this is the first time they have been recorded in such high density. Nevertheless, in scenarios of increased anthropogenic pressure and, consequently, habitat degradation, there is a potential risk of mummichog spreading to other habitats and therefore competing for space and food resources with native species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Enyidi:2017:CVP, author = "Uchechukwu D. Enyidi", title = "\bioname{Chlorella vulgaris} as Protein Source in the Diets of \geoname{African} Catfish \bioname{Clarias gariepinus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "17", day = "16", month = oct, year = "2017", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2040017", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/2/4/17", abstract = "Plant proteins substitutes of fishmeal in aquafeed are usually lacking in some essential amino acids and fatty acids. The microalgae \bioname{Chlorella vulgaris} has good-quality protein with amino acids rich in methionine, lysine and alanine. Four novel diets having C. vulgaris as the main source of protein were produced for African catfish \bioname{Clarias gariepinus} with an initial average weight of 1.09 \pm 0.05 g. The diets were labeled Feed 1 (F1) to feed 4 (F4). The treatment diets were included 25\% (F1), 15\% (F2), 5\% (F3) and 0\% (F4) green algae meal. The basal ingredients of the feed were corn (maize) included as F1, 40\%, F2, 43\%, F3, 53\% and F4, 43\%; and millet meal, which varied in F1 as 23\%, F2, 30\%, F3, 30\% and F4, 30\%. The ingredients were preconditioned at 110 \degree C and pelleted. Post-fingerling African catfish were stocked at 10 fish per aquarium. There were three replicate aquariums for each feed type and the fish were fed for 60 d. The specific growth rate was best for the catfish fed with 25\% C. vulgaris diet 7.86 \pm 0\% day \minus 1, and worst at 6.77 \pm 0.07\% day \minus 1 for the control group F4, 0\% algal meal. The food conversion ratio (FCR) was lowest (1.88 \pm 0.02) for 25\% algal meal diet (F1) and highest (2.98 \pm 0.01) for the 0\% algal meal diet F4. Similarly, catfish had average weight gain of 121.02 \pm 0.04 g for those fed with F1 compared to 62.50 \pm 0.0 g for those fed with 0\% algae F4. Protein efficiency ratio was highest for the F1-fed fish (2.46 \pm 0.22) and lowest for those fed with F4 (2.02 \pm 0.09). The hepatosomatic index was lowest for F1-fed fish (1.48 \pm 0.01) and highest for catfish fed with F4 (2.50 \pm 0.59). Based on the results, C. vulgaris is a good protein source for African catfish and can also substitute fishmeal in the catfish diets.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sharda:2018:STS, author = "Sakshi Sharda and Emmanuelle Argenti and Kay Lucek", title = "On the Status of Threespine Stickleback (\bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus} {Linnaeus} 1758) in {Lake Bracciano, Italy}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "17", day = "15", month = mar, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010017", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/17", abstract = "For many species, the Mediterranean region harbors distinct lineages that are of conservation concerns. However, many of these are threatened by habitat degradation and by the introduction of non-native species. Here, we assess the status of the native threespine stickleback (\bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus}) in the Lake Bracciano region in Italy, where stickleback have been historically present. During a dedicated sampling campaign in summer 2015, surveying the potential habitats that sticklebacks commonly occupy, we could not confirm the presence of this species but found introduced species to be often most abundant. Stickleback are thus likely to either have become extinct over the last decades or be on the verge to extinction in the Lake Bracciano region.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pasaribu:2018:ENT, author = "Wesly Pasaribu and Sukenda Sukenda and Sri Nuryati", title = "The Efficacy of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia ({Oreochromis} niloticus) Broodstock and Larval Immunization against \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae} and \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "16", day = "07", month = mar, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/16", abstract = "\bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae} and \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} have been recognized as the causative agents of mortality in tilapia larvae with single infection and coinfection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of maternal transfer and offspring protection from the immunization of monovalent and bivalent vaccines on Nile tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) broodstock and larval immunization. Four groups of broodstock were intraperitoneally injected with formalin killed whole-cells of S. agalactiae (Sa group), A. hydrophila (Ah group), the bivalent mixed vaccine of them (Biv group), and phosphate-buffered saline as a control (Pbs group). Immunization of the larvae produced from immunized broodstock with a bivalent vaccine (Biv1 group) and Pbs (Pbs1 group) was performed by immersion at 20 days after hatch. Larvae produced from the Pbs group were unvaccinated as the control (Pbs2 group). Changes in the specific antibody and relative percent survival were measured. The Sa and Ah groups that could increase specific antibodies and protection against pathogenic bacteria were challenged with the homologous bacteria. The Biv group stimulated and protected against both S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila. The specific antibody of the Biv1 group was higher than the Pbs1 and Pbs2 groups. The last observation in this study showed that the relative percent survival of the Biv group after challenged S. agalactiae, A. hydrophila, and coinfection were 74.74 \pm 3.18\%, 73.81 \pm 8.58\%, and 71.48 \pm 5.70\%, respectively. The use of bivalent vaccines on the broodstock and larvae may be a strategy to reduce mortality in Nile tilapia larvae caused by single pathogen infection of S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila, or coinfection with both S. agalactiae and \bioname{A. hydrophila}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Das:2018:EFA, author = "Mousumi Das and Ferdous Ibn Rahim and Md. Amzad Hossain", title = "Evaluation of Fresh \bioname{Azolla pinnata} as a Low-Cost Supplemental Feed for {Thai} Silver Barb \bioname{Barbonymus gonionotus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "15", day = "05", month = mar, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010015", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/15", abstract = "Aquatic fern Azolla pinnata comprises significant high food value with a good proportion of protein, vitamins, and minerals. This study was carried out to examine the effect of fresh A. pinnata as a substitution of commercial fish feed (CFF) for Thai silver barb Barbonymus gonionotus. Post fingerlings of B. gonionotus were reared in five treatments, labeled T 1 to T 5, by substituting 0\%, 25\%, 50\%, 75\%, and 100\% protein of CFF with A. pinnata protein (dry matter basis) respectively for 56 days. The specific growth rate, net production rate, protein efficiency ratio, proximate composition, and overall conditions of fish were not significantly varied between the fish reared completely with CFF and 25\% substitution with A. pinnata. However, a significantly higher profit rate (431.49 USD ha \minus 1 56 day \minus 1) was calculated for fish reared in T 2 than other treatments. In contrast, there was a significant reduction of growth and other parameters of the fish that were observed in the case where more than 25\% CFF was substituted with A. pinnata. The poorest performance was observed in fish fed completely with A. pinnata, at T 5. Based on the results, 25\% of CFF of Thai silver barb could be substituted with fresh A. pinnata without significantly lowering their growth and product quality and could contribute significant to a higher profit margin.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hossain:2018:ASC, author = "Mohammad Y. Hossain and Robert L. {Vadas, Jr.} and Ramon Ruiz-Carus and Shams M. Galib", title = "{Amazon} Sailfin Catfish \bioname{Pterygoplichthys pardalis} ({Loricariidae}) in \geoname{Bangladesh}: a Critical Review of Its Invasive Threat to Native and Endemic Aquatic Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "14", day = "22", month = feb, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010014", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/14", abstract = "The Amazon sailfin catfish \bioname{Pterygoplichthys pardalis} is native to the Amazon River basin. It has since expanded its range to North America, the Caribbean, and more recently to South Asia, as with some of its congeners. Our paper reviews recent data from Bangladesh, clarifies taxonomic identification, and examines the potential effects of P. pardalis and congeneric species on local aquatic ecosystems and elsewhere in South Asia. Range expansions there probably reflect aquarium releases and escapes from aquaculture farms, as exacerbated by dispersal due to storm flooding and in impacted waters like irrigation canals. Given their potential ecosystem-level effects, we also review potential control mechanisms and human use for these invasive loricariids.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Asnicar:2018:SGE, author = "Davide Asnicar and Giedr{\.e} A{\v{s}}monait{\.e} and Lina Birgersson and Charlotta Kvarnemo and Ola Svensson and Joachim Sturve", title = "Sand Goby --- an Ecologically Relevant Species for Behavioural Ecotoxicology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "13", day = "20", month = feb, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010013", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/13", abstract = "Locomotion-based behavioural endpoints have been suggested as suitable sublethal endpoints for human and environmental hazard assessment, as well as for biomonitoring applications. Larval stages of the sand goby (\bioname{Pomatoschistus minutus}) possess a number of attractive qualities for experimental testing that make it a promising species in behavioural ecotoxicology. Here, we present a study aimed at developing a toolkit for using the sand goby as novel species for ecotoxicological studies and using locomotion as an alternative endpoint in toxicity testing. Exposure to three contaminants (copper (Cu), di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)) was tested in the early life stages of the sand goby and the locomotion patterns of the larvae were quantified using an automatic tracking system. In a photo-motor test, sand goby larvae displayed substantially higher activity in light than in dark cycles. Furthermore, all tested compounds exerted behavioural alterations, such as hypo- and hyperactivity. Our experimental results show that sand goby larvae produce robust and quantifiable locomotive responses, which could be used within an ecotoxicological context for assessing the behavioural toxicity of environmental pollutants, with particular relevance in the Nordic region. This study thus suggests that sand goby larvae have potential as an environmentally relevant species for behavioural ecotoxicology, and as such offer an alternative to standard model species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pagliarulo:2018:GSS, author = "Caterina Pagliarulo and Daniela Sateriale and Elisa Scioscia and Nunziatina De Tommasi and Roberta Colicchio and Chiara Pagliuca and Elena Scaglione and Japo Jussila and Jenny Makkonen and Paola Salvatore and Marina Paolucci", title = "Growth, Survival and Spore Formation of the Pathogenic Aquatic Oomycete \bioname{Aphanomyces astaci} and Fungus \bioname{Fusarium avenaceum} Are Inhibited by \bioname{Zanthoxylum rhoifolium} Bark Extracts In Vitro", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "12", day = "15", month = feb, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010012", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/12", abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium bark (Zr-b) extracts against pathogenic aquatic oomycete/fungal isolates that cause different diseases in native European crayfish resulting in an elevated mortality rate and severe economic repercussions. n -hexane, chloroform, chloroform--methanol (9:1) and methanol extracts of Zr-b were used to evaluate the antifungal activity against the strain UEF88662 of Aphanomyces astaci (oomycete) and the strain SMM2 of Fusarium avenaceum (fungus). The anti-oomycete and antifungal activity was quantitatively evaluated by growth, survival and sporulation microbiological assays. The extracts tested demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on oomycete and fungal growth and survival, as well as on the production of oomycete and fungal spores. This work presents alternatives for the treatment and prevention of the spreading of \bioname{Aphanomyces astaci} and Fusarium avenaceum, the etiological agents of the diseases crayfish plague and brown spot disease, respectively. The antifungal properties of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium bark extracts warrant further research on their use in the prevention and treatment of both oomycete and fungal diseases. The antifungal properties of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium bark extracts, shown in vitro, indicate the possibility of their use in new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, providing perspectives for the design of in vivo studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Svendsen:2018:EHA, author = "Morten Bo S{\o}ndergaard Svendsen and Nikolaj Reducha Andersen and Per Juel Hansen and John Fleng Steffensen", title = "Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Fish: Insights from \bioname{Prymnesium parvum}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "11", day = "14", month = feb, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010011", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/11", abstract = "Blooms of the planktonic alga \bioname{Prymnesium parvum} pose a global threat, causing fish kills worldwide. Early studies on the exposure of fish to P. parvum indicate that toxic effects are related to gill damage. The more strictly defined concept of adverse outcome pathways has been suggested as a replacement for the mode of action in toxicology studies. In this study, rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) were exposed to P. parvum. During exposure, oxygen consumption was determined by respirometry, and ventilation and coughing rate were determined via video surveillance. Per breath oxygen consumption was calculated to assess the ventilation effort to obtain a unit of oxygen. A second experiment monitored fish behavior to assess recovery. The results indicated that oxygen consumption initially increased, but on average fell below the standard oxygen consumption at 70\% relative exposure. Being a function of ventilation frequency and oxygen consumption, the per breath oxygen consumption decreased throughout exposure. Behavioral results determined that short-term P. parvum exposure subsequently caused the exposed fish to seek flow refuge immediately and to a greater extent than unexposed fish. The adverse outcome pathway of P. parvum on rainbow trout is that P. parvum acts as a gill irritant resulting in non-recoverable respiratory failure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hushangi:2018:EPA, author = "Ramtin Hushangi and Seyed Pezhman Hosseini Shekarabi", title = "Effect of a Peracetic Acid-Based Disinfectant on Growth, Hematology and Histology of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "10", day = "06", month = feb, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/10", abstract = "The effects of a peracetic acid-based disinfectant product (Aquastart \circledR) were assessed on some hematological parameters, histological aspects and skin bacterial load of rainbow trout, likewise bacterial load of the rearing tank water. A total of 180 healthy rainbow trout weighing 124.65 \pm 10 g were divided into two groups, each in three replicates in flow-through tanks. First group was exposed to Aquastart at 8.9 ppm for 30 min and second group was considered as the control. The fish were then reared for 60 days prior to sampling for hematological and histological studies. The lowest bacterial load level in both water columns and trout skin were observed in the treated trout (p {$<$} 0.05). Meanwhile, no significant impact on growth performance was recorded between treated and control fish. The immunocompetent cells population size in control fish were significantly lower than treated fish (p {$<$} 0.05). Histologically, no evidence of abnormality was seen in the gills, kidney, and liver tissues of treated fish. These results showed that application of Aquastart at 8.9 ppm is safe for use in flow-through tanks farming rainbow trout.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Casado:2018:ASG, author = "Francisco Casado and Santiago Casado and Diana Ceballos-Francisco and Mar{\'\i}a {\'A}ngeles Esteban", title = "Assessment of the Scales of Gilthead Seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata} {L.}) by Image Analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "9", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/9", abstract = "Understanding the protective role of fish skin is critical to improving the development of aquaculture, since skin is the main surface that separates the animal from its always hazardous environment. Many techniques have been used for its study, but certain structural characteristics of fish skin still remain not clearly understood. That is the case with scales, which have always been attributed a mere protective role, but which are proving to have more functions than it was traditionally thought. To acquire a deeper knowledge, scales from six different regions of gilthead seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata} {L.}) were studied and measured by image analysis. Results prove that scales from the base of the dorsal fin are larger than those in other parts of the fish body while scales from the peduncle are the smallest of the skin. Furthermore, a technique relatively new in this field, known as atomic force microscopy (AFM), was used to obtain representations of the ultrastructure of the scales and measure certain features such as the circuli and the lines in the basal layer. The data obtained allowed us to compare the height of circuli among the different scales, showing that they were higher in scales from the dorsum and the operculum. The present results introduce a nanostructural model of the scales of gilthead seabream that might serve as a useful guideline for future studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez:2018:HKT, author = "Danixa Mart{\'\i}nez and Juan Pablo Pontigo and Francisco J. Morera and Alejandro. Ya{\~n}{\'e}z and Luis Vargas-Chacoff", title = "Head Kidney Transcriptome Analysis and Characterization for the Sub-\geoname{Antarctic} Notothenioid Fish \bioname{Eleginops maclovinus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "8", day = "25", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/8", abstract = "This study describes de novo transcriptome sequencing and annotation analyses for the head kidney of the sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish \bioname{Eleginops maclovinus}, a sister group of the Antarctic notothenioid fish clade. Moreover, E. maclovinus is one of the most eurythermal and euryhaline representatives of the Notothenioidei suborder. RNA-seq data were generated by the 454 GS Junior system, resulting in 11,207 contigs that were then assembled by the Genomic Workbench CLC software. The transcriptome was annotated by BLASTing each sequence against the universal, non-redundant NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information) using the AUSTRAL-omics computer cluster. A significant number of transcripts related to innate and adaptive immunity were found in the sequences, which could be used as references in future immunological studies in E. maclovinus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Office:2018:ARF, author = "Fishes Editorial Office", title = "Acknowledgement to Reviewers of {{\booktitle{Fishes}}} in 2017", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "7", day = "25", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/7", abstract = "This study describes de novo transcriptome sequencing and annotation analyses for the head kidney of the sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish \bioname{Eleginops maclovinus}, a sister group of the Antarctic notothenioid fish clade. Moreover, E. maclovinus is one of the most eurythermal and euryhaline representatives of the Notothenioidei suborder. RNA-seq data were generated by the 454 GS Junior system, resulting in 11,207 contigs that were then assembled by the Genomic Workbench CLC software. The transcriptome was annotated by BLASTing each sequence against the universal, non-redundant NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information) using the AUSTRAL-omics computer cluster. A significant number of transcripts related to innate and adaptive immunity were found in the sequences, which could be used as references in future immunological studies in E. maclovinus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gonzalez-Silvera:2018:EDT, author = "Daniel Gonzalez-Silvera and Marcelino Herrera and Inmaculada Gir{\'a}ldez and Mar{\'\i}a {\'A}ngeles Esteban", title = "Effects of the Dietary Tryptophan and Aspartate on the Immune Response of Meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) after Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "6", day = "24", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/6", abstract = "Stress is one of the main problems of farmed fish, where it has been seen to result in a variety of disorders and negative effects. It is considered very important to minimize such effects and one option is the use of dietary additives. In the present experiment, meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) specimens were fed three different diets: a control diet consisting of a commercial feed, a tryptophan-supplemented diet and an aspartate-supplemented diet. For each diet, fish were divided into three subgroups: non-stressed (resting), exposed to crowding or air-exposed. Just before the stress, and one and six hours post-stress, serum samples were taken to study several immune parameters (protease, antiprotease, peroxidase and lysozyme) and the bactericidal activity against three fish-pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio angillarum, \bioname{V. harveyi} and \bioname{Photobacterium damselae} subsp. piscicida). The results demonstrated that feeding the animals with the supplemented diets modulates the seric immune parameters, particularly when animals were stressed by air exposure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Angradi:2018:FOR, author = "Ted R. Angradi", title = "A Field Observation of Rotational Feeding by \bioname{Neogobius melanostomus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "5", day = "22", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/5", abstract = "Neogobius melanostomus, the round goby, was recorded by underwater video feeding on crushed dreissenid mussels at a depth of 12 m in Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, a Laurentian Great Lake. In the video, gobies used rotational or twist feeding to tear away particles from crushed mussels. At least 43 examples of this feeding maneuver occur in the video. Up to 120 gobies m \minus 2 were visible at a time in the video. Mean standard length of gobies appearing in the video was 37 mm. Mean standard length of fish exhibiting twist feeding was larger, 48 mm. Mean size of intact mussels in visible clusters was about 10 $ \times $ 20 mm, a size which exceeds the gape width of the largest gobies observed in the video. \bioname{Neogobius melanostomus} is known to use twisting to wrest small attached mussels from the substrates which can be crushed by their pharyngeal teeth. I surmise that the behavior observed in the video is an opportunistic manifestation of this inherent behavioral adaptation to overcome gap limitation and exploit a temporary windfall of food.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Goncalves:2018:PEM, author = "Rui A. Gon{\c{c}}alves and Marco Tarasco and Dian Schatzmayr and Paulo Gavaia", title = "Preliminary Evaluation of Moniliformin as a Potential Threat for Teleosts", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "16", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/4", abstract = "Aquaculture feed manufacturers and producers increasingly recognize the importance of mycotoxins, which contaminate plant-based meals used in compound aquafeeds, and their potential to negatively impact production. Though data on the worldwide occurrence of legislated mycotoxins e.g., trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEN) are well documented, relatively little information is available regarding other mycotoxins also produced by Fusarium, notably moniliformin (MON). Given that MON is known to affect the survival, growth, skeletal formation and bone mineralization in terrestrial species, its widespread occurrence on maize and maize by-products typically used in aquaculture makes it relevant to study these parameters in teleost fish. In the present work we have tested the effect of MON exposure on survival, bone development and mineralization using zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) as a model species and fish derived osteo-chondroprogenitor cell line for in vitro studies. Moniliformin exposure did not decrease bone mineralization in zebrafish larvae or extracellular matrix mineralization in the mineralogenic cell line VSa13. Here, the minimal in vitro cytotoxicity concentration was found to be 1000 $ \mu $ g L \minus 1 MON. Incidence of deformities was also not altered by MON at the concentration tested (450 $ \mu $ g L \minus 1) although larval growth was affected, as shown by a decrease in the standard length of exposed specimens at 20 days post fertilization. Survival decreased significantly in larvae exposed to MON concentrations higher than 900 \mu g L \minus 1. Influence of MON on survival and growth might be relevant for aquaculture industry. As MON is a water-soluble mycotoxin, its leaching from feed is highly probable, so MON assimilation into the surrounding aqueous environment should also be considered. Tested levels in fish larvae are within the reported occurrence levels of MON in commercial feed and plant meals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esteves:2018:OPC, author = "Eduardo Esteves and Jaime An{\'\i}bal", title = "Optimization of Processing Conditions of Traditional Cured Tuna Loins --- Muxama", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "09", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/3", abstract = "Muxama is a traditional highly-valued food product prepared from dry-cured tuna loins in southern Portugal and Spain. The production procedure has seen little change over the last centuries. The muxama's stability is due to reduced water activity. In addition, the drying method has secondary effects on characteristics of flavor, color, and the nutritional value of the product. Our objectives were to describe the dynamics of important physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, water activity (a W), NaCl concentration (as water--phase salt, Z NaCl), pH and color, during the salting and drying stages of muxama production, and to test the effect(s) of changes in the traditional processing conditions followed in southern Portugal, aiming at optimizing the production procedure. The lowest values of moisture and a W and highest Z NaCl obtained after drying tuna loins for seven days at 20 \degree C exceeded the values reported for commercial products and have impact on the appearance (color) of the product. Therefore, drying tuna loins at lower temperatures (ca. 14 \degree C) is probably more appropriate. The results obtained in this study could be used in the design of future experiments at other conditions and to assess other quality parameters, e.g., total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), microorganism abundance and sensory attributes, and subsequent validation trials.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xenarios:2018:IRP, author = "Stefanos Xenarios and Henrique Queiroga and Ana I. Lilleb{\o} and Ana Aleixo", title = "Introducing a Regulatory Policy Framework of Bait Fishing in \geoname{European} Coastal Lagoons: the Case of {Ria de Aveiro in Portugal}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "05", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/2", abstract = "The harvesting of bait through digging in coastal mudflats is practiced for recreational and commercial purposes in European coastal systems including the Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon on the northwest Atlantic coast of Portugal. The scale of harvesting in the Ria de Aveiro has recently increased due to the current economic climate in Portugal, with targeting of the polychaete, \bioname{Diopatra neapolitana} species or ``casulo'' as it is widely known in the Aveiro region. The national authorities have attempted to control casulo digging by issuing a regulation (Ordinance) in 2014 on the maximum daily catch limit to be caught by each individual. The daily catch limit is intended to represent the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) for casulo beyond which overfishing will occur. The monitoring of the regulatory measures is expected to be conducted through on-site inspections in the digging areas. However, weak law enforcement was noticed, while there is also controversy over the daily catch limit (quota) stipulated by the Ordinance. To this end, the current study attempted to assess digging activities through remote monitoring and random inspections for a better policy enforcement of the national regulation. In addition, different harvesting scenarios were employed through a simplified bioeconomic model to attribute the current and future harvesting trends of bait digging in Aveiro coastal lagoon. The study findings indicate that remote monitoring coupled with some onsite interviews could be a more effective approach for the implementation of the current bait digging policy. Further, the results point to a distinctive discrepancy between the daily catch amount (MSY) introduced by the national legislation and the study findings which should be further scrutinized. The diggers seem to have reached the sustainable harvest identified by the present research. The current economic hardship in Portugal and the low profitability in similar employment sectors will possibly attract more diggers and increase harvesting in the near future. An increased harvest would likely trigger overfishing of D. neapolitana with unknown consequences for the population of the species as well as the aquatic ecosystem. The socio-economic and environmental effects are yet to be further clarified with more detailed data and advanced modeling techniques to ensure the sustainability of the activity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Takase:2018:CIG, author = "Mai Takase and Hideki Ushio", title = "Changes in Intestinal Gene Expression of Zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) Related to Sterol Uptake and Excretion upon $ \beta $-Sitosterol Administration", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "04", month = jan, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:20 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/1/1", abstract = "Replacement of fishmeal with plant ingredients will introduce not only plant oil and protein but also phytosterol to the fish diet. Mammals strictly restrict the uptake of phytosterol at intestinal epithelial cells by regulating the gene expressions of sterol uptake and excretion proteins; however, phytosterol is found in the fish muscle and other organs. In order to assess the ability of phytosterol uptake by the intestinal epithelial cells of fish, no-sterol diet, cholesterol-, and \beta -sitosterol-containing diet was separately administered to zebrafish, and the relative mRNA expressions related to sterol uptake and excretion were evaluated. Gene expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 in the sitosterol-fed group was significantly higher than that of the cholesterol-fed group (p {$<$} 0.05). The expression of apolipoprotein A-I gene was also higher in the sitosterol-fed group than that in the no-sterol and cholesterol-fed groups. The expressions of ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 5 and 8, were significantly higher in the sitosterol-fed group, compared to the no-sterol group. Regarding the gene expression of ATP-binding cassette sub-family A, member 1, the sitosterol-fed group showed higher expression level compared to the other groups (p {$<$} 0.01). These results suggest that fish should be tolerant to phytosterols in contrast to mammals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Valero:2018:IEI, author = "Yulema Valero and Alberto Cuesta and Matteo Cammarata and Mar{\'\i}a Angeles Esteban and Elena Chaves-Pozo", title = "Immune-Endocrine Interactions in the Fish Gonad during Infection: an Open Door to Vertical Transmission", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "24", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020024", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/24", abstract = "The interaction between the immune and endocrine systems has long been recognized in vertebrates. In fish, it is known that the prevalence and intensity of such infections are higher in males than in females and probably related to sex steroid hormone levels. In addition, the immune response in the fish gonad tissues is specifically regulated to prevent infertility. This condition is used by some pathogens to colonize the fish gonad, evade the systemic immune response, and so spread to the progeny. This review brings up to date our knowledge concerning fish gonad immunity and its regulation, immune-endocrine interactions, and how some pathogens use this tissue to spread to the progeny through vertical transmission. More specifically, we will look at the case of the European sea bass and nodavirus (NNV). Sea bass is a very susceptible fish species to NNV infections, and this virus has been associated to vertical transmission since it is detected in gonad fluids as well as in testicular gametes. In fact, sea bass immunity in the gonad is regulated in a very different way to other target tissues (brain and retina) or immune-relevant tissues (head-kidney or spleen).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mensoor:2018:DHM, author = "Montazer Mensoor and Ali Said", title = "Determination of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Fishes of the {Tigris River in Baghdad}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "23", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020023", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/23", abstract = "The presence of heavy metals in freshwater fish represents a global public health issue. The current study aimed to determine the heavy metal concentration and toxicity in some freshwater fish species collected from the Tigris River in Baghdad. Out of the many fish species in Iraq, the current study selected the Genus Barbus as it represents the most popular fish food in Iraq. The sample included twenty fishes and the selected sample locations covered two industrial areas in Baghdad (one north of Baghdad and one south of Baghdad). The levels of heavy metals were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that concentrations of heavy metals in the sampled fishes exceeded the acceptable levels for food sources for human consumption. The results of this study showed high levels of cadmium and chromium levels in the tissues of the selected fish sample. Cd and Cr were among the highest concentrations and both exceeded the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations acceptable levels for heavy metals in fishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hasan:2018:RBP, author = "Tajmira Hasan and Md. Foysul Hossain and Md. Mamun and Md. Jahangir Alam and Mohammad Abdus Salam and S. M. Rafiquzzaman", title = "Reproductive Biology of \bioname{Puntius sophore} in \geoname{Bangladesh}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "22", day = "11", month = jun, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020022", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/22", abstract = "Pool barb (\bioname{Puntius sophore}) is an important small indigenous species of Bangladesh, belonging to the family Cyprinidae of the order Cypriniformes. The main objectives of the present study were to identify the breeding season of Pool barb through observation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, oocytes diameter, and gonadal histology of the species. GSI was calculated and fecundity was determined by the gravimetric method. Interestingly, the highest value of GSI was 15.43 \pm 2.20 for the month of April at Gazipur while it was 15.60 \pm 1.74 in June for Jessore. In Gazipur, the highest fecundity (5053 \pm 878.27) was recorded in the month of April and the highest fecundity (5433 \pm 968.26) was recorded in the month of June for Jessore. Histology of the ovary of Pool barb shows the presence of early and late perinucleolar stage of oocytes during March indicating immature oocyte. Histological data revealed that the spawning season of Pool barb starts from March to July with a peak during April to May for Gazipur region and May to July for Jessore region. Finally, these results can be concluded that breeding season may vary from region to region due to environmental as well as other factors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ivanova:2018:WTU, author = "Lada Ivanova and Haitham Tartor and S{\o}ren Grove and Anja B. Kristoffersen and Silvio Uhlig", title = "Workflow for the Targeted and Untargeted Detection of Small Metabolites in Fish Skin Mucus", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "21", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020021", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/21", abstract = "The skin mucus of fish is in permanent contact with the aquatic environment. Data from the analysis of the chemical composition of skin mucus could potentially be used for monitoring the health status of the fish. Knowledge about mucus composition or change in composition over time could also contribute to understanding the aetiology of certain diseases. The objective of the present study was the development of a workflow for non-invasive sampling of skin mucus from farmed salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar}) for the targeted and untargeted detection of small metabolites. Skin mucus was either scraped off, wiped off using medical wipes, or the mucus' water phase was absorbed using the same type of medical wipes that was used for the wiping method. Following a simple filtration step, the obtained mucus samples were subjected to hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Post-acquisition processing included the targeted analysis of 86 small metabolites, of which up to 60 were detected in absorbed mucus. Untargeted analysis of the mucus samples from equally treated salmon revealed that the total variation of the metabolome was lowest in absorbed mucus and highest in the scraped mucus. Thus, future studies including small-molecule metabolomics of skin mucus in fish would benefit from a sampling regime employing absorption of the water phase in order to minimize the bias related to the sampling step. Furthermore, the absorption method is also a less invasive approach allowing for repetitive sampling within short time intervals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Grano-Maldonado:2018:TSU, author = "Mayra I. Grano-Maldonado and Juan Moreno-Navas and Maria Amparo Rodriguez-Santiago", title = "Transmission Strategies Used by \bioname{Gyrodactylus gasterostei} ({Monogenea}) on Its Host, the Three-Spined Stickleback \bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "20", day = "29", month = may, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020020", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/20", abstract = "The monogenean Gyrodactylus gasterostei and its host, the three-spined stickleback \bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus}, were employed as a model system to investigate the influence of gyrodactylid maturity on host transfer. Laboratory experiments included the determination of maturity (presence of a male copulatory organ) and reproductive status (presence of a daughter parasite) of the transmitting worms. Parasites with a male copulatory organ were more likely to abandon the host and attempt a host transfer. Additionally, in vivo video observation suggested that detached worms employ water turbulence to assist their effective transfer onto a new host.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Arndt:2018:SEM, author = "Erik Arndt and Or Givan and Dor Edelist and Oren Sonin and Jonathan Belmaker", title = "Shifts in {Eastern Mediterranean} Fish Communities: Abundance Changes, Trait Overlap, and Possible Competition between Native and Non-Native Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "19", day = "20", month = apr, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020019", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/19", abstract = "During the last few decades the fish community has changed substantially along the Eastern Mediterranean continental shelf, which is a hotspot of invasion by species that had migrated via the Suez Canal. Trawl data from the Israeli coast spanning two periods (1990--1994 and 2008--2011) were compared to identify species with substantial variation in their relative abundance between the two periods. The aim of this study was to examine if certain ecological traits characterize fish species showing an increase or decrease in relative abundance, and if non-indigenous fishes with strongly increasing populations may have caused the decline of native species with similar habitats and diets. We found that the main predictors of population trends were species length, habitat affinity, and maximum depth, with larger and soft bottom species displaying decreasing abundances. Comparing native and non-indigenous fishes with similar habitat and diet, we found a potential for competitive impact of the Indo-Pacific \bioname{Plotosus lineatus} and two Upeneus spp. on the native Mullus species. However, competition with non-indigenous fishes could not generally explain the dramatic decline of many other native species between the two study periods. Alternative causes, such as fishery pressure and increasing water temperature, are discussed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Moyano:2018:ESI, author = "Francisco Javier Moyano", title = "Editorial for the Special Issue on Nutritional Requirements in New Fish Species under Culture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "2", pages = "18", day = "23", month = mar, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3020018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/2/18", abstract = "The worldwide interest in developing the culture of nonconventional fish species determines the need to increase knowledge in different aspects of their basic physiology, as well as in the application of such information into practical protocols to be used in their feeding, reproduction, and general handling \ldots{}", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lindseth:2018:USM, author = "Adelaide V. Lindseth and Phillip S. Lobel", title = "Underwater Soundscape Monitoring and Fish Bioacoustics: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "36", day = "12", month = sep, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030036", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/36", abstract = "Soundscape ecology is a rapidly growing field with approximately 93\% of all scientific articles on this topic having been published since 2010 (total about 610 publications since 1985). Current acoustic technology is also advancing rapidly, enabling new devices with voluminous data storage and automatic signal detection to define sounds. Future uses of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) include biodiversity assessments, monitoring habitat health, and locating spawning fishes. This paper provides a review of ambient sound and soundscape ecology, fish acoustic monitoring, current recording and sampling methods used in long-term PAM, and parameters/metrics used in acoustic data analysis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jerez:2018:SIF, author = "Salvador Jerez and Ioannis Fakriadis and Maria Papadaki and M. Virginia Mart{\'\i}n and Juana Rosa Cejas and Constantinos C. Mylonas", title = "Spawning Induction of First-Generation ({F1}) Greater Amberjack \bioname{Seriola dumerili} in the {Canary Islands, Spain} Using {GnRHa} Delivery Systems", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "35", day = "05", month = sep, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030035", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/35", abstract = "The development of a sustainable aquaculture industry requires the closing of the life-cycle of a potential species in captivity, and the establishment of breeding selection programs using hatchery-produced breeding stocks. The greater amberjack \bioname{Seriola dumerili} is a cosmopolitan pelagic species that has been considered as a good candidate for the species diversification of aquaculture production in the Mediterranean region. However, commercial production is still very limited due to bottlenecks in reproduction, larval rearing and management control during grow out. The aim of the present study was to examine the reproductive development of hatchery-produced greater amberjack and to develop a spawning induction protocol based on the use of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in a controlled-release delivery system. The results showed that hatchery-produced greater amberjack undergo normal gametogenesis and can be induced to undergo maturation, ovulation and spawning after multiple administrations of GnRHa implants, over an extended spawning period lasting from May to September in the Canary Islands, Spain. The use of GnRHa-delivery systems resulted in multiple spawns of fertilized and viable eggs. Egg production was high and egg quality adequate for the implementation of larval rearing for commercial purposes. The handling required to administer the GnRHa implants during the prolonged spawning season did not result in any negative effect on the welfare and reproductive performance of the fish based on evaluation of several biochemical parameters. The developed reproduction control method shows great potential to advance the commercial production of greater amberjack, by enabling the use of hatchery-produced broodstocks for further breeding selection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barragan-Mendez:2018:AEC, author = "Cristina Barrag{\'a}n-M{\'e}ndez and Fini S{\'a}nchez-Garc{\'\i}a and Ignacio Sobrino and Juan Miguel Mancera and Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo", title = "Air Exposure in Catshark (\bioname{Scyliorhinus canicula}) Modify Muscle Texture Properties: a Pilot Study", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "34", day = "04", month = sep, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030034", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/34", abstract = "Sharks are captured by tons for human consumption. Improving the quality of their meat will produce fillets that may have a higher economic value in the market, and thus be beneficial for the management of this fishery. In other animal species destined for human consumption, a negative relationship between pre-slaughtering stress and meat quality has been demonstrated. By studying the commercial small-spotted catshark (\bioname{Scyliorhinus canicula}), this work aimed at linking pre-slaughter handling of captured sharks and muscle fillets quality. An experimental group of adult and subadult living catsharks captured by hand and exposed to air (for 18 min, which is the minimum time this species is exposed to air in the fishing deck during fisheries procedures), and an undisturbed group, were evaluated. After air exposure, catsharks returned to water for recovery. Muscle lactate and water content were quantified after acute exposure (for 18 min), 5 h and 24 h. This challenge elicited stress responses in the muscle such as increased lactate levels and immediate dehydration, followed by recovery of lactate levels and overhydration. Muscle consistency, a relevant variable describing quality of seafood according to its ability to be swallowed by the consumer, paralleled muscle water content changes. The results indicated for the first time that handling alive sharks exposed to air results in muscle fillets with different texture properties. Whether these changes in muscle texture induce higher quality fillets has yet to be proven. Our recommendation is to minimize time of air exposure experienced by sharks when captured, including fast slaughtering instead of leaving them to die by asphyxia, as current on-board procedures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jahangiri:2018:APW, author = "Ladan Jahangiri and Mar{\'\i}a {\'A}ngeles Esteban", title = "Administration of Probiotics in the Water in Finfish Aquaculture Systems: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "33", day = "22", month = aug, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030033", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/33", abstract = "Over the last few decades, the contribution of aquaculture to animal protein production has increased enormously, and the sector now provides almost half of the fish and shellfish consumed worldwide, making it a major food producer. Nevertheless, many factors, including infections, pollution, and stress, may result in significant economic losses. The aquaculture industry will not be totally successful without the therapeutic and preventive means to control all these factors. Antibiotics (long used in aquaculture practice) have tended to aggravate the problem by increasing antibiotic resistance. Concomitantly, probiotics have widely been suggested as eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics. However, the way in which probiotics are applied in aquaculture is a key factor in their favorable performance. The aim of this review was to examine the current state of probiotics administration through the water in finfish aquaculture. The review also attempts to cover the research gaps existing in our knowledge of this administration mode, and to suggest the issues that need to be investigated in greater depth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Majumdar:2018:CPM, author = "Bhaskar Chandra Majumdar and Faria Afrin and Md. Golam Rasul and Dinesh Chandra Shaha and A. K. M. Azad Shah", title = "Changes in Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Properties of Sun-Dried \bioname{Mystus vittatus} During Storage at Ambient Temperature", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "32", day = "20", month = aug, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030032", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/32", abstract = "The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of sun-dried Mystus vittatus during storage at ambient temperature. The fish was dried under sun exposure on bamboo mats for 5--6 days until the moisture content reduced to approximately 10--15\%. The dried fish was then packed into airtight polyethylene bags and stored at ambient temperature (24 to 29 {$^\circ $}C) for 90 days. The physical and sensory properties revealed that the dried fish was acceptable for human consumption for up to 60 days. The pH value slightly decreased from 6.42 to 5.95 during the storage period. The moisture content increased significantly (p {$<$} 0.05), while no significant difference was observed for the protein, lipid, and ash contents (on a dry matter basis) with the increase in the storage time. The peroxide value, acid value, and conjugated dienes of the lipids increased significantly during the storage period. The microbial load also increased with the increase in the storage period. The results of this study suggest that the product was slightly oxidized during the storage period and could be stored for up to two months.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Midway:2018:IGE, author = "Stephen R. Midway and Andrew Ostrowski and Lindsey West and Mario Hernandez and Matthew D. Robertson", title = "Improved Growth Estimates for \bioname{Lethrinus harak}: Measuring Increments, Adjusting Ages, and Fitting Flexible Growth Models", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "31", day = "14", month = aug, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030031", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/31", abstract = "Thumbprint emperor (Lethrinus harak) are a widely distributed, tropical species ranging throughout the Indo-Pacific region. In coastal Tanzania, overfishing is likely occurring and thumbprint emperor are commonly represented in catches. The goal of this study was to estimate age and growth to provide basic life history information that may help inform future management. We sampled a total of n = 55 thumbprint emperors from both fishery-dependent and fishery-independent sources. Annular age estimates were improved with measurements of otolith markings. Fish ages ranged from zero to five years. We also evaluated the addition of otolith edge size (a proxy for fractional age) to age estimation, and fit two von Bertalanffy growth models---one for the whole ages and one for the fractional ages---using a flexible Bayesian framework. Growth parameters were similar between the two models, and ultimately, L {\infty} (maximum asymptotic size parameter) estimates were comparable to other published values for the species, although our estimates of K (growth coefficient parameter) were smaller. Robust aging techniques for tropical fishes can provide a foundation for basic fishery management, which would help to sustain the future of this widely distributed fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kampouris:2018:FRC, author = "Thodoros E. Kampouris and Debora Milenkova and Ioannis E. Batjakas", title = "On the Finding of the Rare Crab \bioname{Paragalene longicrura} ({Nardo}, 1868) ({Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Progeryonidae}) from {Thermaikos Gulf, Northwest Aegean Sea, Greece}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "30", day = "08", month = aug, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030030", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/30", abstract = "The finding of a rare crab, Paragalene longicrura, is herein recorded from Thermaikos Gulf. This constitutes the northmost record of the species in Greek waters. The species is only known from sporadic records in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Ecological remarks on the habitat of P. longicrura and other decapod species are described for the first time for the Mediterranean.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Simeon:2018:IAS, author = "Benaya Meitasari Simeon and Efin Muttaqin and Ulfah Mardhiah and Muhammad Ichsan and Dharmadi and Andhika Prima Prasetyo and Fahmi and Irfan Yulianto", title = "Increasing Abundance of Silky Sharks in the \geoname{Eastern Indian Ocean}: Good News or a Reason to be Cautious?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "29", day = "18", month = jul, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030029", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/29", abstract = "The silky shark (\bioname{Carcharhinus falciformis}) is the most common shark landed in Indonesian waters, including in the Indian Ocean. However, even though they are frequently caught, there is a lack of information on the population and abundance of silky sharks in the Indian Ocean. Cilacap and Tanjung Luar are two of Indonesia's shark fishery hotspots, both located on the edge of the Indian Ocean, which is a part of the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 573. The fishers from both places usually have fishing grounds in that particular fisheries management area. This research aims to update the abundance, and to investigate the factors, which influence catches of silky shark in the FMA 573 based on monthly enumeration during 2015--2016. This study found that standardized catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) or abundance indices of silky shark in the Indonesian FMA 573 increased from 2015 to 2016. We suggested that fish immigration and decreasing fishing pressure may affect the fish abundance. Fisheries management is required to regulate the fishing pressure, such as controlling the number of boats/licenses and the number of trips or fishing gear, as well as initializing spatial and temporal fishing closure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tahar:2018:FWQ, author = "Alexandre Tahar and Alan Kennedy and Richard D. Fitzgerald and Eoghan Clifford and Neil Rowan", title = "Full Water Quality Monitoring of a Traditional Flow-Through Rainbow Trout Farm", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "28", day = "17", month = jul, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030028", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/28", abstract = "Traditional freshwater rainbow trout farms are still popular in some European countries such as Poland, France and Ireland. These systems generally operate in flow-through configuration. The impact such production systems might have on water quality remains mostly unknown. The present study was set up to fulfil this objective of monitoring water quality on different fish farm locations in order to identify the impacts of the whole farm (comparison of farm inlet and outlet) and at pond scale in order to understand the water quality dynamics and to better understand the impact of multiple water reuse (water passes) in a given pond on water quality. In the absence of any sort of water treatment, an increase in the number of water passes was shown to create an increase in ammonium concentration along the farm. Finally, this traditional flow-through rainbow trout production system was revealed to almost be at its full carrying capacity with respect to internal water quality parameters and fish welfare. To increase fish production, some water treatment techniques (solid/liquid separation, nitrification) would have to be introduced in order to optimize the rearing water quality for fish growth and to minimize the release of pollutants in the receiving water to limit the impact on the environment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nieves-Rodriguez:2018:EGD, author = "Karen N. Nieves-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Carlos Alfonso {\'A}lvarez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Emyr S. Pe{\~n}a-Mar{\'\i}n and Fernando Vega-Villasante and Rafael Mart{\'\i}nez-Garc{\'\i}a and Susana Camarillo-Coop and Dariel Tovar-Ram{\'\i}rez and Laura T. Guzm{\'a}n-Villanueva and Karl B. Andree and Enric Gisbert", title = "Effect of $ \beta $-Glucans in Diets on Growth, Survival, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Immune System and Intestinal Barrier Gene Expression for Tropical Gar (\bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}) Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "27", day = "10", month = jul, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030027", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/27", abstract = "The application of {\beta}-1,3/1,6-glucan derived from yeast at five concentrations (0\%, 0.5\%, 1.0\%, 1.5\%, and 2.0\%) in formulated diets was evaluated in juveniles for its effects on the growth, survival, digestive enzymatic activity, and expression of genes associated with the immune system (interlukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF), occludin (OCC), mucin2 (MUC2), lysozyme (LYS), and nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)) in tropical gar (\bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}). For the experiment, three replicates of 30 fish per experimental unit (70 L) were cultivated for 62 days. The growth results showed no statistically significant differences in relation to weight and total length between treatments. The activity of digestive enzymes (alkaline proteases, trypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and amylase) did not show significant differences between treatments, except for chymotrypsin activity, where fish fed 1.0\% and 1.5\% of {\beta}-glucans showed higher activities compared with the rest of the treatments. On the other hand, the analysis of gene expression did not show significant differences between treatments, although a tendency of increase in the expression of IL-10, TGF, MUC2, and OCC was observed with an addition of 1.5\% of the prebiotic, but there was a decrease in the fish fed with 2\% of the prebiotic. It is possible to include concentrations of between 0.5\% and 1.5\% of {\beta}-glucans in the diets for A. tropicus, with no detectable adverse effects on growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity, or specific gene expression. {\beta}-glucan 1,3/1,6 added at 1.0\% and 1.5\% in the diet significantly increases chymotrypsin activity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kitasato:2018:ADB, author = "Airi Kitasato and Tomo Miyazaki and Yoshihiro Sugaya and Shinichiro Omachi", title = "Automatic Discrimination between \bioname{Scomber japonicus} and \bioname{Scomber australasicus} by Geometric and Texture Features", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "26", day = "27", month = jun, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030026", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/26", abstract = "This paper proposes a method for automatic discrimination of two mackerel species: \bioname{Scomber japonicus} (chub mackerel) and \bioname{Scomber australasicus} (blue mackerel). Because S. japonicus has a much higher market price than S. australasicus, the two species must be properly sorted before shipment, but their similar appearance makes discrimination difficult. These species can be effectively distinguished using the ratio of the base length between the dorsal fin's first and ninth spines to the fork length. However, manual measurement of this ratio is time-consuming and reduces fish freshness. The proposed technique instead uses image processing to measure these lengths. We were able to successfully discriminate between the two species using the ratio as a geometric feature, in combination with several texture features. We then quantitatively verified the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrated that it is highly accurate in classifying mackerel.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rasul:2018:BMS, author = "Md. Golam Rasul and Bhaskar Chandra Majumdar and Faria Afrin and Mohammad Abu Jafor Bapary and A. K. M. Azad Shah", title = "Biochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Properties of Dried Silver Carp (\bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}) Influenced by Various Drying Methods", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "3", pages = "25", day = "25", month = jun, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3030025", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/3/25", abstract = "An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different drying methods with different pre-treatments on the physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of the silver carp, \bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}. In order to achieve this objective, the collected fresh fish were dried using traditional (without any pre-treatment), improved (fish soaked in a 5\% salt solution for 10 min and then treated with chili powder (0.3\%) and turmeric powder (0.3\%)), and solar tunnel (fish soaked in a 5\% salt solution for 10 min) drying methods. The results showed that the dried fish produced by the solar tunnel drying method were rehydrated more rapidly than the products produced by the traditional and improved drying methods. The moisture content of the dried H. molitrix was varied from 18.24 to 25.43\% on a fresh matter basis. There was no significant (p $>$ 0.05) difference found regarding the protein, lipid, and ash content among the different drying methods on a dry matter basis. The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) contents ranged between 37.58 and 45.03 mg/100 g, and significantly (p {$<$} 0.05) the lowest TVB-N was observed in dried fish produced by the solar tunnel drying method. Moreover, the highest peroxide and acid values were found in the traditionally produced dried fish as compared with the fish dried by the improved and solar tunnel drying methods. The aerobic plate count of dried fish ranged from 4.52 to 7.51 log CFU/g. The sensory evaluation results revealed that the solar-dried products showed superior quality than the products produced by the traditional and improved drying methods. The results revealed that the dried fish produced by the solar tunnel drying method provided the best product in terms of physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory aspects.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{vonSiebenthal:2018:TOU, author = "Elena Wernicke von Siebenthal and Kristina Rehberger and Christyn Bailey and Albert Ros and Elio L. Herzog and Helmut Segner", title = "Trade-Offs Underwater: Physiological Plasticity of Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) Confronted by Multiple Stressors", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "49", day = "16", month = dec, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040049", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/49", abstract = "Organisms have evolved mechanisms to partition the available resources between fitness-relevant physiological functions. Organisms possess phenotypic plasticity to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. However, this comes at a cost that can cause negative correlations or ``trade-offs'', whereby increasing investments in one function lead to decreased investments in another function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prioritization of resource allocation between growth, pathogen defense, and contaminant response in juvenile rainbow trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) exposed to changes of resource income or expenditure. We performed a multifactorial experiment with three resource-impacting stressors --- limited food availability, a parasitic infection, exposure to a vitellogenesis-inducing contaminant --- and combinations thereof. Treatment with the individual stressors evoked the expected responses in the respective physiological target systems --- body growth, immune system, and hepatic vitellogenin transcription --- but we found little evidence for significant negative relations (trade-offs) between the three systems. This also applied to fish exposed to combinations of the stressors. This high phenotypic flexibility of trout in their resource allocation suggests that linear resource allocations as mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity may be too simplistic, but it also may point to a greater capacity of ectothermic than endothermic vertebrates to maintain key physiological processes under competing resource needs due to lower maintenance costs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ruiz-Jarabo:2018:NRE, author = "Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo and Pura M{\'a}rquez and Luis Vargas-Chacoff and Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha and Salvador C{\'a}rdenas and Juan Miguel Mancera", title = "Narrowing the Range of Environmental Salinities Where Juvenile Meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) Can Be Cultured Based on an Osmoregulatory Pilot Study", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "48", day = "13", month = dec, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040048", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/48", abstract = "Aquaculture in Europe aims to diversify and optimize fish farming. The meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) arose as a promising species due to its fast growth rates and flesh quality. Thus, it is currently being produced in several Mediterranean countries, mainly in sea-cages and salt-marshes. However, although meagre naturally spend the first years of life in brackish waters, to date it is cultured in seawater. Here, we show that juveniles may not successfully face either freshwater or hyper-osmotic environments as high as 55 ppt salinity. We found that 55 ppt induced catabolism and mobilization of energy metabolites stored in the liver, probably to maintain its osmotic balance. Furthermore, we found that osmoregulatory tissues such as gills managed to maintain plasma osmolality levels without differences in meagre acclimated at 5, 12 and 39 ppt salinity. Our results demonstrate the euryhaline capacity of this species, highlighting that juveniles may be cultured in a wider range of salinities rather than just at seawater. Future studies should focus on optimal environmental salinities for the growth of A. regius juveniles, including long-term experiments limited to the range of 5 ppt to full-strength seawater. Minimizing fish energy consumption in osmoregulation could be economically beneficial for the aquaculture industry in Europe.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luer:2018:PHH, author = "Carl A. Luer and Catherine J. Walsh", title = "Potential Human Health Applications from Marine Biomedical Research with Elasmobranch Fishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "47", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040047", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/47", abstract = "Members of the subclass of fishes collectively known as elasmobranchs (Class Chondrichthyes, Subclass Elasmobranchii) include sharks, skates, rays, guitarfish, and sawfish. Having diverged from the main line of vertebrate evolution some 400 million years ago, these fishes have continued to be successful in our ever-changing oceans. Much of their success must be attributed to their uncanny ability to remain healthy. Based on decades of basic research, some of their secrets may be very close to benefitting man. In this short review, some of the molecular and cellular biological areas that show promise for potential human applications are presented. With a brief background and current status of relevant research, these topics include development of new antibiotics and novel treatments for cancer, macular degeneration, viral pathogens, and Parkinson's disease; potentially useful genomic information from shark transcriptomes; shark antibody-derived drug delivery systems; and immune cell-derived compounds as potential cancer therapeutic agents.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Trifonova:2018:CAB, author = "Oxana P. Trifonova and Dmitry L. Maslov and Anton N. Mikhailov and Konstantin V. Zolotarev and Kirill V. Nakhod and Valeriya I. Nakhod and Nataliya F. Belyaeva and Marina V. Mikhailova and Petr G. Lokhov and Alexander I. Archakov", title = "Comparative Analysis of the Blood Plasma Metabolome of Negligible, Gradual and Rapidly Ageing Fishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "46", day = "04", month = dec, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040046", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/46", abstract = "There are a number of different animals that belong to long- and short-lived species and show a various rate of ageing, providing an ideal model to investigate mechanisms of longevity. In this work, a metabolome profiling of blood plasma from fishes with various ageing rates---negligible (Pike \bioname{Esox lucius} and Sterlet \bioname{Acipenser ruthenus}), gradual (Zander \bioname{Sander lucioperca} and Perch \bioname{Perca fluviatilis}) and rapid (Chum Salmon \bioname{Oncorhynchus keta} and Pink Salmon \bioname{Oncorhynchus gorbuscha})---was assessed by means of direct infusion to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Of the 2056 distinct m/z features detected by a mass spectrometry metabolic profiling of blood plasma samples, fifteen metabolites in the classes of dipeptides, fatty acids, glycerolipids, phosphoethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines were significantly associated with ageing rate, independent of species differences. This is the first study of the metabolome of fishes with various ageing rate, and this untargeted approach highlighted the metabolic conditions that may serve to assess the ageing process.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Reading:2018:OEQ, author = "Benjamin J. Reading and Linnea K. Andersen and Yong-Woon Ryu and Yuji Mushirobira and Takashi Todo and Naoshi Hiramatsu", title = "Oogenesis and Egg Quality in Finfish: Yolk Formation and Other Factors Influencing Female Fertility", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "45", day = "21", month = nov, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040045", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/45", abstract = "Egg quality in fishes has been a topic of research in aquaculture and fisheries for decades as it represents an important life history trait and is critical for captive propagation and successful recruitment. A major factor influencing egg quality is proper yolk formation, as most fishes are oviparous and the developing offspring are entirely dependent on stored egg yolk for nutritional sustenance. These maternally derived nutrients consist of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and ions that are transported from the liver to the ovary by lipoprotein particles including vitellogenins. The yolk composition may be influenced by broodstock diet, husbandry, and other intrinsic and extrinsic conditions. In addition, a number of other maternal factors that may influence egg quality also are stored in eggs, such as gene transcripts, that direct early embryonic development. Dysfunctional regulation of gene or protein expression may lead to poor quality eggs and failure to thrive within hours of fertilization. These gene transcripts may provide important markers as their expression levels may be used to screen broodstock for potential spawning success. In addition to such intrinsic factors, stress may lead to ovarian atresia or reproductive failure and can impact fish behavior, fecundity, and ovulation rate. Finally, postovulatory aging may occur when eggs become overripe and the fish fails to spawn in a timely fashion, leading to low fertility, often encountered during manual strip spawning of fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hussain:2018:OPR, author = "Md. Ashraf Hussain and Md. Lutful Kabir and Md. Abu Sayeed and A. T. M. Mahbub-E-Elahi and Md. Sultan Ahmed and Md Jakiul Islam", title = "Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Microbiological Quality Assessment of Dried Barb, \bioname{Puntius sophore}, from the Northeastern Part of \geoname{Bangladesh}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "44", day = "09", month = nov, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040044", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/44", abstract = "The present study was carried out in the northeastern part of Bangladesh to investigate organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in and microbiological quality of dried barb (\bioname{Puntius sophore}). Samples were collected from both producers and retailers from December 2016 to April 2017. A control sample was also prepared in the laboratory with the same raw fish used by the producers to compare the results. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to detect and quantify OCP residues. Six samples out of 27 (about 22\%) were found to be contaminated with OCP residues. Among these six adulterated samples, four were from retailers and two from producers. Only aldrin was detected in four samples, and in the other two samples both aldrin + dieldrin and aldrin + endrin were detected. Aldrin was found in quantities between 0.332 and 0.967 ppm, dieldrin 0.762 ppm, and endrin 0.828 ppm. All these values were much higher than the maximum residual limit (MRL) of 0.1 ppm. Total plate count (TPC) of producer samples ranged from 5.3 {\pm} 0.02 log cfu g {-1} to 5.4 {\pm} 0.03 log cfu g {-1} and 6.2 {\pm} 0.02 log cfu g {-1} to 6.4 {\pm} 0.02 log cfu g {-1} for retailer samples and 5.0 {\pm} 0.03 log cfu g {-1} to 5.2 {\pm} 0.04 log cfu g {-1} for control samples. Fungal count ranged from 3.2 {\pm} 0.04 log cfu g {-1} to 3.5 {\pm} 0.04 log cfu g {-1}, 3.4 {\pm} 0.04 log cfu g {-1} to 3.6 {\pm} 0.03 log cfu g {-1}, and 2.2 {\pm} 0.05 log cfu g {-1} to 2.5 {\pm} 0.03 log cfu g {-1} for producer, retailer, and control samples, respectively. All the producer and retailer samples and one-third of the control samples were found to be contaminated with \bioname{Escherichia coli}, whereas Salmonella spp. were detected in amounts of 13.3\% in producer samples and 20\% in retailer samples and none in the control. In case of Vibrio spp., maximum count was found in retailer samples (13.3\%), whereas producer and control samples showed none. The findings of the present study show that the presence of pesticides and poor microbiological quality of dried barb are alarming for consumers in Bangladesh and might cause prolonged disease and impending longstanding risk to human health.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Papadaki:2018:DAR, author = "Maria Papadaki and Jos{\'e} Benito Peleteiro and Blanca Alvarez-Bl{\'a}zquez and Jos{\'e} Luis Rodr{\'\i}guez Villanueva and Fatima Linares and Antonio Vilar and Evaristo P{\'e}rez Rial and Nuria Lluch and Ioannis Fakriadis and Irini Sigelaki and Constantinos C. Mylonas", title = "Description of the Annual Reproductive Cycle of Wreckfish \bioname{Polyprion americanus} in Captivity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "43", day = "19", month = oct, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040043", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/43", abstract = "Successful spontaneous reproduction and the production of viable offspring of wild fish in captivity can take some years of adaptation, and may also involve different environmental conditions, sex ratios and densities compared to natural populations. We followed the reproductive cycle of wreckfish \bioname{Polyprion americanus} ---a late maturing, deep-sea benthic species---in captivity in three different broodstocks in Spain under natural photoperiod and temperature, and one broodstock in Greece under a constant temperature of 16 {$^\circ $}C for two consecutive years, to describe the reproductive cycle of the species and the associated sex steroid hormone profiles. Oogenesis begun in the fall and post-vitellogenic oocytes of 1250 {\mu}m were present between March and June. Males were in spermiation condition and produced good-quality sperm throughout the year, regardless of the temperature profile to which they were exposed. Some females completed oogenesis, underwent oocyte maturation, and spawned spontaneously under both constant and fluctuating temperatures. The sex steroid hormones of both males and females followed the already-known profiles during fish gametogenesis, except for 17,20{\beta}-dihydroxy-progesterone, which did not seem to be related to either female or male maturation. The female reproductive dysfunctions that were identified included (a) the arrest of oogenesis at the cortical alveoli stage in certain females; (b) the failure to undergo oocyte maturation in others; and (c) the production of large percentages of unfertilized eggs from the females that spawned spontaneously. Our study suggests that reproduction in captivity is possible in wreckfish maintained under typical marine aquaculture conditions, but that reliable spawning and production of high-quality eggs may require some years of adaptation to captivity, before the reproductive dysfunctions will be overcome.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Axen:2018:OMA, author = "Charlotte Ax{\'e}n and Niccol{\`o} Vendramin and Anna Toffan", title = "Outbreak of Mortality Associated with Acipenser Iridovirus \geoname{European} ({AcIV-E}) Detection in {Siberian} Sturgeon (\bioname{Acipenser baerii}) Farmed in {Sweden}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "42", day = "16", month = oct, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040042", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/42", abstract = "Infectious disease is a major challenge in aquaculture and poses a constraint for the development of farming of new species. In 2017, Siberian sturgeon (\bioname{Acipenser baerii}) juveniles were imported from Italy to a Swedish farm. Transport conditions were suboptimal. Thirty percent died during transport and within the first days after arrival. Ten days after arrival, mortalities started to occur again, which prompted initiation of an investigation into the mortalities. Diseased fish were transported live to the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) for necropsy and further analysis. Pathological and histopathological investigation was conducted. Virology was performed on gills and internal organs by cell culture isolation and using specific PCR protocols against nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and Acipenser iridovirus European (AcIV-E). The juveniles displayed neurological signs such as lethargy, inability to maintain an upright position, and erratic swimming. Body condition was below normal, and gills were pale. One fish had petechial hemorrhages on the abdomen and the snout. Two specimens had intestinal hyperemia. Ventricles were air-filled, and swim bladders were deflated. Viral cell cultures gave negative results, but PCR analysis of gills and internal organs detected the presence of AcIV-E. We conclude that AcIV-E was associated with disease and high mortality in the sturgeon juveniles, and stress probably aggravated the course of the infection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Reverter:2018:BER, author = "Miriam Reverter and Nathalie Tapissier-Bontemps and David Lecchini and Bernard Banaigs and Pierre Sasal", title = "Biological and Ecological Roles of External Fish Mucus: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "41", day = "09", month = oct, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040041", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/41", abstract = "Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite--host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that ``omics'' sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lindseth:2018:ALL, author = "Adelaide V. Lindseth and Phillip S. Lobel", title = "Addendum: {Lindseth, A. and Lobel, P. S. Underwater Soundscape Monitoring and Fish Bioacoustics: a Review. {{\booktitle{Fishes}}} 2018, {\bf 3}, 36}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "40", day = "08", month = oct, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040040", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/40", abstract = "Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite--host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that ``omics'' sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esquivel-Muelbert:2018:AVR, author = "Juan R. Esquivel-Muelbert and Luisa Fontoura and {\'E}verton Zardo and Danilo P. {Streit, Jr.} and Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert and Juan R. E. Garcia", title = "Assessing the Viability of Reintroduction of Locally Extinct Migratory Fish \bioname{Brycon orbignyanus}: Successful Growth, Dispersal and Maturation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "39", day = "01", month = oct, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040039", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/39", abstract = "The reintroduction of threatened fish species in areas where wild populations have been depleted due to anthropogenic impacts is an increasingly popular conservation tool and mitigation policy. Despite the importance of fish reintroduction for conservation purposes, little is known about its efficiency. Here, we assessed the viability of reintroduction of the endangered migratory fish, Brycon orbignyanus, in an area of the Upper Uruguay River basin where the species has not been reported for more than 30 years. We released 4000 yearling juveniles in the Pelotas River in 2014 and maintained 400 juveniles in captivity as a control population. After three years, a total of 13 individuals was recaptured, of which, 10 were considered sexually mature with first maturation being recorded in animals larger than 42 cm in total body length. The age--length comparison with a control population growth curve showed that recaptured fish were slightly bigger than those in captivity. Furthermore, important ecological attributes as schooling behavior and dispersal capacity were recorded for all recaptured individuals. Combined, our results suggest that the re-establishment of a self-sustained population of locally extinct species B. orbignyanus in the Pelotas River may be successful if sustained over time and supported by conservation policies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Naslund:2018:RMB, author = "Joacim N{\"a}slund", title = "Relative Mass of Brain- and Intestinal Tissue in Juvenile Brown Trout: No Long-Term Effects of Compensatory Growth; with Additional Notes on Emerging Sex-Differences", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "38", day = "28", month = sep, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040038", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/38", abstract = "This study investigated whether compensatory growth causes long-term effects in relative brain- or intestine size in a wild, predominantly anadromous, population of brown trout (\bioname{Salmo trutta}). The subject fish belonged to two treatment groups; one group had undergone starvation and subsequent growth compensation, while the other were unrestricted controls. The main hypothesis that compensatory growth would negatively affect brain and intestinal size, as a consequence of growth trade-offs during the compensatory phase, could not be supported as no significant differences were detected between the treatment groups. Further exploratory analyses suggested that males and females started to diverge in both brain and intestine size at around 130 mm fork length, with females developing relatively smaller brains and larger intestines. The size at which the differences appear is a typical size for smoltification (saltwater preadaptation), and females tend to smoltify to a higher proportion than males. Smoltification is known to cause a more elongated morphology and relatively smaller heads in salmonids, and the marine lifestyle is associated with rapid growth, which could require relatively larger intestines. Hence, these emerging sex differences could be a consequence of sex-biased smoltification rates. An investigation of wild smolts of both sexes indicated no differences in brain or intestine mass between male and female smolts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lacy:2018:IRT, author = "Shaw Lacy and Fernando Ugalde and Luca Mao", title = "Invasive Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) Are Not Affected by Different Land Uses in a Multi-Use, \geoname{Mediterranean} Climate Landscape", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "37", day = "26", month = sep, year = "2018", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040037", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:21 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/3/4/37", abstract = "Land use carries implications for freshwater fish conservation. Plantation forestry practices have been shown to have negative impacts on resident fish fauna, but little work has been conducted to assess these impacts on invasive vs. native fish populations. Ten headwater catchments in the Mediterranean climate zone of Chile were used to assess the impacts of land use (pine plantations vs. native forests) on fish condition (length--weight relationship) and abundance (catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)) of the invasive trout \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss} and the threatened native catfish Nematogenys inermis. Negative impacts on trout condition were associated with a lack of canopy cover and river topology. The presence of N. inermis was associated with catchment factors less favourable to trout. Current environmental regulations and forestry management practices do not appear to create negative pressures on invasive trout from land use practices, despite expectations from the literature. Assessing how land use management regulations impact invasive and native fishes should be a part of species conservation and territorial planning.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Woodward:2019:EIA, author = "Melanie A. Woodward and Lucy A. Winder and Penelope J. Watt", title = "Enrichment Increases Aggression in Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "22", day = "19", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010022", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/22", abstract = "Environmental enrichment, or the enhancement of an animal's surroundings when in captivity to maximise its wellbeing, has been increasingly applied to fish species, particularly those used commercially. Laboratory species could also benefit from enrichment, but it is not always clear what constitutes an enriched environment. The zebrafish, \bioname{Danio rerio}, is used widely in research and is one of the most commonly-used laboratory animals. We investigated whether changing the structural complexity of housing tanks altered the behaviour of one strain of zebrafish. Fish were kept in three treatments: (1) very enhanced (VE); (2) mildly enhanced (ME); and (3) control (CT). Level of aggression, fertilisation success, and growth were measured at regular intervals in a subset of fish in each treatment group. The VE fish were more aggressive over time than either ME or CT fish, both in the number of attacks they made against a mirror image and in their tendency to stay close to their reflection rather than avoid it. Furthermore, VE fish were shorter than CT fish by the end of the experiment, though mass was not significantly affected. There was no significant effect of treatment on fertilisation success. These findings suggest that the way in which fish are housed in the laboratory can significantly affect their behaviour, and potentially, their growth. The zebrafish is a shoaling species with a dominance hierarchy, and so may become territorial over objects placed in the tank. The enrichment of laboratory tanks should consider aspects of the species' behaviour.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cortay:2019:DAP, author = "Aurore Cortay and Tatiana Colchen and Pascal Fontaine and Alain Pasquet", title = "Does Addition of Perch Larvae as Prey Affect the Growth, Development and Cannibalism Rate of Pikeperch Larvae?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "21", day = "18", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010021", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/21", abstract = "Cannibalism occurs in many cultured fish species, especially at the larval and juvenile stages of piscivorous taxa. In farmed percid species, such as pikeperch (\bioname{Sander lucioperca}), intra-cohort cannibalism is a major issue inducing significant losses of the initial stocking density during the first weeks of rearing. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of perch larvae (\bioname{Perca fluviatilis}) as live prey on growth, survival and cannibalism in pikeperch larvae under experimental conditions. Additionally, zootechnical and behavioural variables linked to aggressiveness (S postures, attacks, bites and ingestion), and group structures were considered. The survival rate was not different between the two groups (72\% with prey vs. 69\% without prey), but the cannibalism rate was higher in the group with the prey (28\% vs. 10\%). The means of final weight and length of pikeperch larvae were higher in the group fed with perch larvae, but size heterogeneity measured by the coefficients of variation for these two parameters did not differ. The specific growth rate was higher in the group fed with perch larvae, but there was no difference between the two groups concerning Fulton's condition factor. Among all the behavioural variables (aggressiveness, group structure), none differed between the two groups.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ord:2019:ISP, author = "James Ord", title = "Ionic Stress Prompts Premature Hatching of Zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) Embryos", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "20", day = "13", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010020", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/20", abstract = "Ionic homeostasis is an essential component of functioning cells, and ionic stress imposed by excessive salinity can disrupt cellular and physiological processes. Therefore, increasing salinity of aquatic environments---a consequence of global climate change---has the potential to adversely affect the health of aquatic animals and their ecosystems. The ability to respond adaptively to adverse environmental changes is essential for the survival of species, but animals in early embryonic stages may be particularly vulnerable, as they cannot easily escape from such conditions. Herein, the effects of increasing salinity on the mortality and hatching time of zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) embryos were investigated. Increasing salinity significantly affected mortality after 24 h of exposure beginning from {$<$2} h post-fertilisation, with 10 parts per thousand (ppt) inducing complete lethality. The 24-h LC50 of NaCl to embryos was estimated to be approximately 5.6 ppt. Interestingly, 5 ppt, a test concentration only slightly lower than the LC50, induced earlier hatching than at lower concentrations. This earlier hatching was also observed even when exposure was commenced at later stages of embryogenesis, despite later-stage embryos not suffering appreciable mortality in response to salinity. The results suggest that earlier hatching is a plastic response which may function to enable embryos to evade unfavourable conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Simat:2019:VAS, author = "Vida {\v{S}}imat and {\v{Z}}eljka Trumbi{\'c}", title = "Viability of \bioname{Anisakis} spp. Larvae After Direct Exposure to Different Processing Media and Non-Thermal Processing in Anchovy Fillets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "19", day = "13", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010019", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/19", abstract = "Anisakiasis is fish-borne zoonoses caused by nematodes of the genus Anisakis, contracted by the ingestion of live L3 infective larvae through consumption of raw, undercooked or thermally unprocessed seafood products, such as carpaccio, and white marinated and dry-salted anchovies. In order to maintain the organoleptic properties of the product, the freezing of fish prior to processing is often ignored, especially in households, and traditional processing methods are not sufficient to kill Anisakis larvae. In this study, we investigated the survival and resistance of Anisakis spp. larvae in different processing solutions including varying salt and sugar content, lemon juice, acetic acid, alcohol, wine, and apple vinegar. We also performed a viability test of larvae during processing in anchovy fillets. When exposed directly to different NaCl concentrations, larvae were killed after approximately three days in the strongest (35\%) and 10 days in the weakest solution (5\%). In lemon juice and lemon juice with added acetic acid, the survival of larvae was around 5 days. In intact alcohol vinegar, larvae were killed under less than 48 h, while in the solution with water their resistance was prolonged to almost 40 days. In fillets, larvae showed increased resistance during carpaccio and white wine vinegar marinades and only dry salting was effective in destroying Anisakis spp. larvae.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Coccia:2019:CSE, author = "Elena Coccia and Francesco Siano and Maria Grazia Volpe and Ettore Varricchio and Orhan Tufan Eroldogan and Marina Paolucci", title = "Chestnut Shell Extract Modulates Immune Parameters in the Rainbow Trout \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "18", day = "12", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/18", abstract = "In this study, chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell was extracted with different solvents, and immunomodulatory activity was investigated in an in vitro model system using blood and intestinal leukocytes of \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}. Gallic acid (GA) was used as a standard. Chestnut shell extract (CSE) and GA readily entered both blood and intestinal leukocytes. Superoxide anion production and phagocytosis were decreased by low doses of CSE and increased with high doses. CSE and GA differently regulated cytokine expression in blood and intestinal leukocytes. High doses of CSE upregulated IL-1{\beta}, TNF-{\alpha}, and IL-10 in intestinal leukocytes and IL-10 in blood leukocytes. Low doses of CSE upregulated IL-1{\beta} and TNF-{\alpha} in blood leukocytes. GA appeared to be effective only in blood leukocytes. The effects of CSE on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines seemed to suggest an alert effect of the immune defense system against a possible infectious agent. The less evident effect of GA in comparison to CSE could have been attributable to the synergistic and/or additive effects of polyphenols in the latter. The immune-stimulating activity of CSE reported here could be useful for future practical applications in fish health.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Unger:2019:RST, author = "Shem Unger and Caleb Hickman", title = "Report on the Short-Term Scavenging of Decomposing Native and Non-Native Trout in {Appalachian} Streams", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "17", day = "01", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010017", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/17", abstract = "Trout fishing is one of the primary recreational activities in the southern Appalachians, with large amounts of fish stocked on a regular basis. However, very little is known regarding the fate of hatchery reared carcasses not captured by anglers, representing a likely important ecological resource to local communities. We tested the efficacy of underwater video to characterize short term decomposition and consumption by aquatic scavengers of native brook and non-native rainbow trout, \bioname{Salvelinus fontinalis} and Oncorhychus mykiss. This study took place on the Cherokee Qualla Boundary in North Carolina, a location with one of the highest riverine stocked trout densities in the eastern {United States}. During May 2017, 10 waterproof cameras were deployed for 1-hour intervals on each carcass twice daily for a period of 5 days. We observed that 75.3\% of recorded video contained river chub, Nocomis micropogon, with only 24.7\% visited by crayfish, with a maximum of 9 and a mean of 1.93 for N. micropogon. Half of the carcasses were removed within 2 days. Based on natural history evidence and some trail cameras, we believe that otters were removing carcasses. Otters showed no preference for either trout species. Underwater video allowed us to characterize initial decomposition within stream diurnal scavengers in a short period using a visual, non-destructive low-cost method. Future studies should monitor large mammalian scavengers to further elucidate the role of fish stocking on aquatic communities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wylie:2019:TCD, author = "Matthew J. Wylie and Jane E. Symonds and Alvin N. Setiawan and Glen W. Irvine and Hui Liu and Abigail Elizur and P. Mark Lokman", title = "Transcriptomic Changes during Previtellogenic and Vitellogenic Stages of Ovarian Development in Wreckfish ({H{\=a}puku}), \bioname{Polyprion oxygeneios} ({Perciformes})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "16", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/16", abstract = "`Wreckfish' a collective of species belonging to the family Polyprionidae, are an important commercial fishery and have significant aquaculture potential. Until now, genomic or transcriptomic information for any species within the genus Polyprion has either remained unpublished or is non-existent. Using Illumina HiSeq, we compared the transcriptomes of h{\=a}puku (\bioname{Polyprion oxygeneios}) ovaries to explore developmental stage-specific variations underlying their reproductive physiology. We sought to identify differentially expressed genes and the associated shifts in biological pathways between previtellogenic and early vitellogenic ovaries. Ovarian tissue was repeatedly biopsied by gonopore cannulation from the same females (n = 3) throughout oogenesis. Reproductive status of initial biopsies was confirmed as being previtellogenic and that in biopsies collected eight weeks later as early vitellogenic. A de novo h{\=a}puku transcriptome was assembled (146,189 transcripts) from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. On average, each tissue sample contained 17.5 million trimmed reads. Gene annotation was 80\% when using BLASTX against Genbank Non Redundant database. Fifty-three transcripts were differentially expressed within the FDR of 0.05 when previtellogenic and early vitellogenic ovaries were compared; this reduced to 35 differentially expressed genes when transcript duplications were pooled. Among these were genes tentatively associated with the electron transport chain, lipid metabolism, steroidogenesis and mineral/solute transportation. These data provide a snap-shot into stage-specific physiological events during oogenesis in the ovary of a teleost and an extensive molecular resource for research on species in the Genus Polyprion.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Torrecillas:2019:SMF, author = "Silvia Torrecillas and Daniel Montero and David Dom{\'\i}nguez and Lidia Robaina and Marisol Izquierdo", title = "Skin Mucus Fatty Acid Composition of Gilthead Sea Bream (\bioname{Sparus aurata}): a Descriptive Study in Fish Fed Low and High Fish Meal Diets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "15", day = "27", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010015", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/15", abstract = "Terrestrial protein and lipid sources are commonly used as substitutes for marine fishery-derived raw ingredients in fish diets. However, their use is related with several side-effects on marine fish performance, health, or disease resistance. Physical barriers of the skin, gills, and gut constitute the primary defense mechanism of fish. Skin mucus mucosal mucins, water, proteins, ions, and lipids determine the physical, chemical, and protective characteristics of skin mucus. Very little is known about the influence of diet composition on fish skin mucus fatty acid profile. Gilthead sea bream skin mucus contained 10\% of total lipids (TL), which consisted of 50--60\% neutral (NL) and 40--50\% polar lipids (PL) fractions. {\Sigma}n{-}3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) deposition was preferential in the NL fraction, whereas {\Sigma}n{-}6LC-PUFA accumulation was similar in both lipid classes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:{6n-3}) was the main LC-PUFA stored in skin mucus (14\% TL) in relation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:{5n-3}) (2--3\% TL) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:{4n-6}) (2\% TL). This study denotes the importance of DHA as component of skin mucus lipids compared to other essential fatty acids, such as EPA and ARA, as well as importance of maintaining an adequate {\Sigma}n{-}3/ {\Sigma}n{-}6 ratio, regardless of dietary intake.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Perez:2019:WPA, author = "Evaristo P{\'e}rez and F{\'a}tima Linares and Jos{\'e} Luis Rodr{\'\i}guez Villanueva and Antonio Vilar and Constantinos C. Mylonas and Ioannis Fakriadis and Maria Papadaki and Nikos Papandroulakis and Ioannis Papadakis and Roc{\'\i}o Robles and Christian Fauvel and Javier Roo and Jos{\'e} Benito Peleteiro and Nuria Lluch and Gema Pazos and Bel{\'e}n M{\'e}ndez and Irini Sigelaki and Castora G{\'o}mez and Montse P{\'e}rez and Blanca {\'A}lvarez-Bl{\'a}zquez", title = "Wreckfish (\bioname{Polyprion americanus}). New Knowledge About Reproduction, Larval Husbandry, and Nutrition. {Promise} as a New Species for Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "14", day = "25", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010014", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/14", abstract = "Four different wreckfish (\bioname{Polyprion americanus}) broodstock batches were maintained in research facilities under different photo and thermo-period conditions, one in Greece, the Helenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR, n = 3) and three in Spain: Instituto Espa{\~n}ol de Oceanograf{\'\i}a (IEO, n = 13) in Vigo, Aquarium Finisterrae (MC2, n = 21) in A Coru{\~n}a and Conseller{\'\i}a do Mar (CMRM, n = 11). The CMRM includes two centers that work together: Instituto Galego de Formaci{\'o}n en Acuicultura (IGAFA) and Centro de Investigaci{\'o}ns Mari{\~n}as (CIMA), both in Pontevedra. During the five years of the project DIVERSIFY (Exploring the biological and socio-economic potential of new-emerging candidate fish species for the expansion of the European aquaculture industry, 2013--2018) works focused on the reproductive biology of the species, broodstock, and larvae nutrition and development of incubation and larval rearing protocols have been carried out. In terms of reproduction, catch methods of new wild animals, the reproductive cycle, sperm characteristics evaluation, and spontaneous and induced spawning methods have been described for wreckfish. Regarding nutrition, the positive effect of two types of enrichment on the fatty acid profiles of Artemia and rotifer has been verified. The relationship between the fatty acid profile of the diets supplied to the broodstock and the fatty acid profile obtained in the oocytes and eggs of the females fed with different diets, has also been demonstrated. Finally, early larval ontogeny has been described and incubation and larval rearing protocols have been proposed based on the results obtained in the different experiments of temperature, growth, survival, and larval feeding that were carried out.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Debenedetti:2019:PRA, author = "{\'A}ngela L. Debenedetti and Elena Madrid and Mar{\'\i}a Trelis and Francisco J. Codes and Florimar Gil-G{\'o}mez and Sandra S{\'a}ez-Dur{\'a}n and M{\`a}rius V. Fuentes", title = "Prevalence and Risk of Anisakid Larvae in Fresh Fish Frequently Consumed in \geoname{Spain}: an Overview", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "13", day = "21", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010013", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/13", abstract = "Anisakidosis is a fish-borne zoonosis caused by parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae, of which the species belonging to \bioname{Anisakis simplex} complex are the most representative. It is considered an emerging disease in Spain. The objective of this study is to analyse the presence of larvae in fish frequently consumed in Spanish supermarkets, inferring the risk of infection. In total 1,786 specimens of 9 different fish species, from two geographical origins (Atlantic and Mediterranean), acquired fresh and not eviscerated were examined for anisakid nematodes. Analysis showed that 33.7\% of the samples were parasitized by Anisakis larvae. The horse mackerel (\bioname{Trachurus trachurus}) presented the highest total prevalence (66.0\%), followed by the silver hake (\bioname{Merluccius bilinearis}) (59.5\%), the mackerel (\bioname{Scomber scombrus}) (58.4\%), the blue whiting (\bioname{Micromesistius poutassou}) (53.9\%) and the European hake (Merlucius merlucius) (45.0\%). In general, the prevalence was higher in Atlantic than in Mediterranean fish. In all the species analysed, a higher presence of the parasite was detected in the viscera than in the flesh, although in the most parasitized species a noteworthy prevalence and abundance was observed in the flesh. In conclusion, risk factors, like fish species and origin, should be considered by consumers, in addition of following the recommendations established by Commission Regulation (EU) No1276/2011 and the Spanish Royal Decree 1420/2006.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nijssen:2019:DIS, author = "Edwin J. Nijssen and Machiel J. Reinders and Athanasios Krystallis and Gemma Tacken", title = "Developing an Internationalization Strategy Using Diffusion Modeling: the Case of Greater Amberjack", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "12", day = "16", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010012", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/12", abstract = "For farmers of new fish species, market adoption is needed in order to grow a viable business. Farmers may try to sell the new species in their firms' domestic markets, but they might also look at other markets. However, as markets are becoming more global and competitors more international, considering internationalization may be a necessity rather than a choice. Using diffusion modelling, and based on results of an online supermarket experiment, the innovation and imitation parameters are estimated and diffusion curves for five countries predicted in an attempt to determine the best lead market for introducing fillets of farmed greater amberjack (\bioname{Seriola dumerili}). The production capacity consequences of implementing different internationalization strategies (i.e. ``sprinkler'' and ``waterfall'') were also explored. A waterfall strategy refers to the sequential introduction of a product in different markets, whereas the sprinkler strategy concerns the simultaneous introduction of a product in multiple international markets. Since a sprinkler approach requires many resources and the ability to quickly ramp up production capacity, a waterfall approach appears more suitable for farmers of greater amberjack. Italy and Spain appear to be the best lead markets for greater amberjack farmers to enter first.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tarasco:2019:AOA, author = "Marco Tarasco and Jo{\~a}o Cardeira and Michael N. Viegas and Joana Caria and Gil Martins and Paulo J. Gavaia and M. Leonor Cancela and Vincent Laiz{\'e}", title = "Anti-Osteogenic Activity of Cadmium in Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "11", day = "15", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010011", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/11", abstract = "Among the many anthropogenic chemicals that end up in the aquatic ecosystem, heavy metals, in particular cadmium, are hazardous compounds that have been shown to affect developmental, reproductive, hepatic, hematological, and immunological functions in teleost fish. There is also evidence that cadmium disturbs bone formation and skeletal development, but data is scarce. In this work, zebrafish was used to further characterize the anti-osteogenic/osteotoxic effects of cadmium and gain insights into underlying mechanisms. Upon exposure to cadmium, a reduction of the opercular bone growth was observed in 6-days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae and an increase in the incidence of skeletal deformities was evidenced in 20-dpf post-larvae. The extent and stiffness of newly formed bone was also affected in adult zebrafish exposed to cadmium while regenerating their caudal fin. A pathway reporter assay revealed a possible role of the MTF-1 and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in mechanisms of cadmium osteotoxicity, while the expression of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation and matrix production was strongly reduced in cadmium-exposed post-larvae. This work not only confirmed cadmium anti-osteogenic activity and identified targeted pathways and genes, but it also suggested that cadmium may affect biomechanical properties of bone.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Novianto:2019:DAI, author = "Dian Novianto and Ilham and Chandara Nainggolan and Syarif Syamsuddin and Arief Efendi and Sugianto Halim and Yaser Krisnafi and Muhamad Handri and Abdul Basith and Yusrizal and Erick Nugraha and Suciadi Catur Nugroho and Bram Setyadji", title = "Developing an Abundance Index of Skipjack Tuna (\bioname{Katsuwonus pelamis}) from a Coastal Drifting Gillnet Fishery in the Southern Waters of {Indonesia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "10", day = "11", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/10", abstract = "Skipjack tuna is targeted by various types of fishing gear in coastal countries. Due to its resilience, it has withstood heavy fishing pressure in the past few decades. Coastal drifting gillnet fleets also mark skipjack as their main target, but it is often overlooked in terms of stock assessment. This study provides new information on an abundance index based on fishery-dependent data from 2010 to 2017. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to standardize the catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPUE) using year, quarter, and gross tonnage as the prediction variables. Model goodness-of-fit and model selection were based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the pseudo coefficient of determination (R 2), and model diagnostics with a residual analysis. The final estimation of the abundance index was calculated by least square means or marginal means. The results showed that the index was heavily influenced by the year and quarter, but it did not relate to the vessel's capacity. While the CPUE series fluctuated greatly, it showed a declining trend over the years of observation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shamsi:2019:SBP, author = "Shokoofeh Shamsi", title = "Seafood-Borne Parasitic Diseases: a {``One-Health''} Approach Is Needed", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "9", day = "09", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/9", abstract = "Global consumption of seafood is steadily increasing, as is the variety of seafood, including dishes with raw or undercooked fish, leading to an increased risk of seafood-borne parasitic diseases. To address today's challenges to understand the biology and ecology of these parasites in an ever-changing environment and to tackle their pathogenicity, multidisciplinary research is needed. In addition, the gap between research and stakeholders must be bridged to decrease the risk these parasites pose to public health. A ``One-Health'' approach to research is necessary to ensure that consumers, aquatic animals, and environmental health questions are assessed in an integrated and holistic manner, resulting in a more comprehensive understanding of the issues associated with seafood-borne parasitic diseases and potential solutions. However, when it comes to seafood-borne parasitic diseases, there is limited guidance available for a ``One-Health'' approach since these diseases can be less known. In this article, the focus is on parasitic diseases caused by seafood, which have been less studied even in some developed countries where seafood is popular. A brief overview of some of the seafood-borne parasitic diseases is provided followed by the significance of the awareness among various stakeholders in a country. In this article, it is argued that researchers and stakeholders are closely connected and a knowledge gap in one can result in a gap in knowledge and awareness in the other, causing an inability to accurately estimate the issues caused by these parasites. It is suggested that raising awareness, supporting research and training of all stakeholders are crucial for the prevention of seafood-borne parasitic diseases and the protection of the health of seafood consumers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Deakin:2019:WCI, author = "Anthony G. Deakin and Joseph W. Spencer and Andrew R. Cossins and Iain S. Young and Lynne U. Sneddon", title = "Welfare Challenges Influence the Complexity of Movement: Fractal Analysis of Behaviour in Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "8", day = "07", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/8", abstract = "The ability to assess welfare is an important refinement that will ensure the good condition of animals used in experimentation. The present study investigated the impact of invasive procedures on the patterns of movement of zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}). Recordings were made before and after fin clipping, PIT tagging and a standard pain test and these were compared with control and sham handled zebrafish. The fractal dimension (FD) from the 3D trajectories was calculated to determine the effect of these treatments on the complexity of movement patterns. While the FD of zebrafish trajectories did not differ over time in either the control or sham group, the FDs of the treatment groups reduced in complexity. The FD of fish injected with different strengths of acetic acid declined in a dose-dependent manner allowing us to develop an arbitrary scale of severity of the treatments. The 3D trajectory plots from some groups indicated the presence of repetitive swimming patterns akin to stereotypical movements. When administered with lidocaine, which has analgesic properties, the movement complexity of fin clipped fish reverted to a pattern that resembled that of control fish. Fractal analysis of zebrafish locomotion could potentially be adopted as a tool for fish welfare assessment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Olsson:2019:PCT, author = "Jens Olsson", title = "Past and Current Trends of Coastal Predatory Fish in the \geoname{Baltic Sea} with a Focus on Perch, Pike, and Pikeperch", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "7", day = "06", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/7", abstract = "Coastal predatory fish are of key importance for the provisioning of ecosystem services in the Baltic Sea. Worldwide, however, there has been a general and sharp decline in predatory fish populations, in turn threatening the viability and function of marine ecosystems. On the basis of the literature, the past (data until the 2000s) and current (data until early and mid 2010s) trends in abundance of coastal predatory fish in the Baltic Sea are reviewed in this paper. Potentially important impacting factors behind the temporal development of the populations and measures to strengthen and restore them are also discussed. Available data from coastal fish monitoring programs suggest a stable or increasing abundance of coastal predatory fish as a functional group and for the species perch in the majority of areas assessed in the Baltic Sea. For pike and pikeperch, data to support assessments is scarce, but suggest substantial declines in the abundance of both species in most assessed areas. The impacting factors behind these patterns vary between species and areas, but include climate, habitat exploitation, fishing, and species-interactions in the coastal food web. Measures to restore and support coastal predatory fish communities should follow an ecosystem-based approach to management and include efforts to regulate fisheries sectors in combination with habitat protection and restoration.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ruiz-Jarabo:2019:ESA, author = "Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo and Ana Bel{\'e}n Tinoco and Luis Vargas-Chacoff and Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha and Ana Rodr{\'\i}guez-R{\'u}a and Salvador C{\'a}rdenas and Juan Miguel Mancera", title = "Environmental Salinity Affects Growth and Metabolism in Fingerling Meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "6", day = "05", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/6", abstract = "The meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}), a farmed fish in Mediterranean countries, seasonally migrates from offshore areas to estuaries for reproduction. During the first two years of life, the meagre evidences a certain grade of euryhalinity by staying in brackish waters close to the shore. The aim of the present study was to establish if fingerling growth in brackish water is improved compared to seawater, where current culture procedures are conducted. Three-month-old fingerlings were maintained for 45 days under two different salinity regimens (12 and 39 ppt). Several growth parameters as well as osmoregulatory and metabolic variables were assessed. Specific growth rate and hepatosomatic index values revealed that fingerlings performed better in brackish waters (12 ppt) compared to 39 ppt. This study contributes to optimizing meagre rearing conditions, thereby supporting the role of A. regius in aquaculture diversification.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Diken:2019:IEP, author = "G{\"u}rkan Diken and Orhan Demir and Mehmet Naz", title = "The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, \bioname{Argyrosomus regius} ({Asso} 1801), Larvae In Vitro Assay", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "5", day = "04", month = feb, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/5", abstract = "The determination of exogenous enzyme contributions in live food is important in larval feeding. This study investigated the potential inhibitory effects and contributions of live foods used from 3 to 32 days after hatching (DAH) on protease activities of meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) larvae (ML), using in vitro techniques. Enriched rotifer (R), Artemia nauplii (A0), and Artemia metanauplii (A1) were tested. The highest values of protease activities of ML were determined to occur at 7 DAH for the years 2013 and 2014. The lowest values were observed at 15 DAH in 2013 and at 20 DAH in 2014. Protease activities of R, A0, and A1 were 21.76 {\pm} 0.31, 36.00 {\pm} 1.48--29.33 {\pm} 0.93, and 416.44 {\pm} 19.7--403.53 {\pm} 11.85 U/mg protein, respectively (p {$<$} 0.05). The highest inhibitions of live foods were observed at 7 DAH. This situation was related to the inadequacy of protease contributions of live feeds, despite the highest protease value of larvae at 7 DAH (p {$<$} 0.05). The positive contributions of A1 live food on the protease activities of ML were significant (p {$<$} 0.05). The inhibitory effects and positive contributions of live foods on the survival and growth rates of ML should be taken into account for future studies considering the larvae of ML and other marine fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Office:2019:ARF, author = "Fishes Editorial Office", title = "Acknowledgement to Reviewers of {{\booktitle{Fishes}}} in 2018", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "29", month = jan, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/4", abstract = "The determination of exogenous enzyme contributions in live food is important in larval feeding. This study investigated the potential inhibitory effects and contributions of live foods used from 3 to 32 days after hatching (DAH) on protease activities of meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) larvae (ML), using in vitro techniques. Enriched rotifer (R), Artemia nauplii (A0), and Artemia metanauplii (A1) were tested. The highest values of protease activities of ML were determined to occur at 7 DAH for the years 2013 and 2014. The lowest values were observed at 15 DAH in 2013 and at 20 DAH in 2014. Protease activities of R, A0, and A1 were 21.76 {\pm} 0.31, 36.00 {\pm} 1.48--29.33 {\pm} 0.93, and 416.44 {\pm} 19.7--403.53 {\pm} 11.85 U/mg protein, respectively (p {$<$} 0.05). The highest inhibitions of live foods were observed at 7 DAH. This situation was related to the inadequacy of protease contributions of live feeds, despite the highest protease value of larvae at 7 DAH (p {$<$} 0.05). The positive contributions of A1 live food on the protease activities of ML were significant (p {$<$} 0.05). The inhibitory effects and positive contributions of live foods on the survival and growth rates of ML should be taken into account for future studies considering the larvae of ML and other marine fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Strauch:2019:EOP, author = "Sebastian M. Strauch and Judith Bahr and Bj{\"o}rn Ba{\ss}mann and Adrian A. Bischoff and Michael Oster and Berit Wasenitz and Harry W. Palm", title = "Effects of Ortho-Phosphate on Growth Performance, Welfare and Product Quality of Juvenile \geoname{African} Catfish (\bioname{Clarias gariepinus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "23", month = jan, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/3", abstract = "Ortho-phosphate inside recirculation aquaculture systems is limited as a consequence of precipitation and regular water exchange rates. To improve plant growth in coupled aquaponics, phosphate fertilizer addition to hydroponics can increase PO 4 {3-} -P concentrations inside the process water. We investigated the effects of four PO 4 {3-} -P concentrations ({$<$10} (P0), 40, 80, 120 mg L {-1}) in rearing water on growth performance, feed efficiency, and welfare traits of juvenile African catfish (\bioname{Clarias gariepinus} Burchell, 1822). By trend, optimum specific growth rate of 2.66\% d {-1} and feed conversion ratio of 0.71 were observed at 40 and 80 mg L {-1} PO 4 {3-} -P. Higher PO 4 {3-} -P significantly affected skin coloration, swimming activity and external injuries, with the palest and inactive fish combined with most external injuries in the P120 group. Mineral and protein contents in the fish remained unaffected, while fat content inside the fillets enriched with increasing PO 4 {3-} -P. Inorganic P in blood plasma increased significantly, while phosphate concentrations inside the fillet remained unchanged. We suggest that PO 4 {3-} -P concentrations of 40 to 80 mg L {-1} do not reduce the performance of African catfish aquaculture, while increased values of 120 mg L {-1} affect fish welfare. This allows limited addition of PO 4 {3-} -P fertilizer in coupled aquaponics with African catfish to support plant growth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cabillon:2019:MBF, author = "Nikko Alvin R. Cabillon and Carlo C. Lazado", title = "Mucosal Barrier Functions of Fish under Changing Environmental Conditions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "10", month = jan, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/2", abstract = "The skin, gills, and gut are the most extensively studied mucosal organs in fish. These mucosal structures provide the intimate interface between the internal and external milieus and serve as the indispensable first line of defense. They have highly diverse physiological functions. Their role in defense can be highlighted in three shared similarities: their microanatomical structures that serve as the physical barrier and hold the immune cells and the effector molecules; the mucus layer, also a physical barrier, contains an array of potent bioactive molecules; and the resident microbiota. Mucosal surfaces are responsive and plastic to the different changes in the aquatic environment. The direct interaction of the mucosa with the environment offers some important information on both the physiological status of the host and the conditions of the aquatic environment. Increasing attention has been directed to these features in the last year, particularly on how to improve the overall health of the fish through manipulation of mucosal functions and on how the changes in the mucosa, in response to varying environmental factors, can be harnessed to improve husbandry. In this short review, we highlight the current knowledge on how mucosal surfaces respond to various environmental factors relevant to aquaculture and how they may be exploited in fostering sustainable fish farming practices, especially in controlled aquaculture environments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Oliveira:2019:INN, author = "Diogo Oliveira and Andr{\'e} M. Machado and Tiago Cardoso and M{\'o}nica Lopes-Marques and L. Filipe C. Castro and Raquel Ruivo", title = "Identification of a Novel Nucleobase-Ascorbate Transporter Family Member in Fish and Amphibians", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "01", month = jan, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:22 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/1/1", abstract = "Nucleobase-Ascorbate Transporter (NAT) family includes ascorbic acid, nucleobases, and uric acid transporters: With broad evolutionary distribution. In vertebrates, four members have been previously recognized, the ascorbate transporters Slc23a1 and Slc3a2, the nucleobase transporter Slc23a4 and an orphan transporter Slc23a3. Using phylogenetic and synteny analysis, we identify a fifth member of the vertebrate slc23 complement (slc23a5), present in neopterygians (gars and teleosts) and amphibians, and clarify the evolutionary relationships between the novel gene and known slc23 genes. Further comparative analysis puts forward uric acid as the preferred substrate for Slc23a5. Gene expression quantification, using available transcriptomic data, suggests kidney and testis as major expression sites in Xenopus tropicalis (western clawed frog) and \bioname{Danio rerio} (zebrafish). Additional expression in brain was detected in D. rerio, while in the Neoteleostei \bioname{Oryzias latipes} (medaka) slc23a5 expression is restricted to the brain. The biological relevance of the retention of an extra transporter in fish and amphibians is discussed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Uribe:2019:SAO, author = "Mari Carmen Uribe and Gabino {De la Rosa Cruz} and Adriana {Garc{\'\i}a Alarc{\'o}n} and Juan Carlos {Campuzano Caballero} and Mar{\'\i}a Guadalupe {Guzm{\'a}n B{\'a}rcenas}", title = "Structures Associated with Oogenesis and Embryonic Development during Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts ({Poeciliidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "35", day = "19", month = jun, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020035", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/35", abstract = "Viviparity in teleosts involves, invariably, the ovary in a gestational role. This type of viviparity is due to the combination of unique aspects, different from those found in the rest of vertebrates. These aspects are: the ovary has a saccular structure; the germinal epithelium lines the ovarian lumen; the absence of oviducts; and the intraovarian insemination, fertilization, and gestation. The communication of the germinal zone of the ovary to the exterior is via the caudal zone of the ovary---the gonoduct. The germinal epithelium is composed of oogonia and oocytes scattered individually or in cell nests among somatic epithelial cells. In the ovarian stroma the follicles are included which are formed by the oocyte, which is surrounded by follicular cells and the vascularized theca. The oogenesis comprises three stages: chromatin-nucleolus, previtellogenesis, and vitellogenesis. There is no ovulation, as the oocyte is retained in the follicle. During the insemination, the spermatozoa enter into the ovarian lumen and the intrafollicular fertilization occurs, followed by intrafollicular gestation. The intraovarian gestation of poeciliids involves morphological characteristics associated with the intrafollicular embryogenesis and types of nutrition, such as lecithotrophy and matrotrophy. In lecithotrophy, the nutrients come from the yolk reserves stored during oogenesis, whereas in matrotrophy the nutrients are provided by supplies from maternal tissues to the embryo during gestation. The maternal--embryonic metabolic interchanges converge through the development of the association of maternal and embryonic blood vessels, establishing a follicular placenta.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Reinhardt:2019:THC, author = "Ulrich G. Reinhardt and Peter J. Hrodey", title = "Trap Happiness and Catch Bias in Sea Lamprey Traps", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "34", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020034", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/34", abstract = "Sampling fish by trapping can lead to biased conclusions about a population. We used catch data to assess differences between two types of traps for adult sea lamprey (\bioname{Petromyzon marinus}), submerged-funnel traps and studded-tile traps, which are angled ramps with trickle flow leading out of the water. The studded-tile trap at one river caught about 50\% more females than the funnel trap. It caught males that had a smaller body size and females with a lower gonado-somatic index (GSI). The likelihood of catching lamprey in the studded-tile trap increased after they had been caught once. This was not the case for the funnel traps, which are used for mark--recapture-based population assessment of invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. The apparent trap response caused by studded-tile traps may have been caused by a behavioral bias, i.e., the traps consistently attracting a subset of the population. Use of the studded-tile trap for population assessment should only be considered after more is known about its recapture bias. The differences between lamprey caught in the two trap types suggests that a variety of trapping methods needs to be employed in order to get a representative sample from a fish population.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Franklin:2019:SKR, author = "Maxwell Franklin and Martin Cenek and E. Jamie Trammell", title = "Studying \geonames{Kenai River} Fisheries' Social-Ecological Drivers Using a Holistic Fisheries Agent-Based Model: Implications for Policy and Adaptive Capacity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "33", day = "31", month = may, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020033", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/33", abstract = "Alaska's salmon fisheries are one of the more intensely managed natural resources in the world. The state's salmon fisheries support recreational, subsistence, and commercial harvest with multiple billions of dollars flowing into the economy, and define the cultural identity of many Alaskans. Fishery management practices rely on historic records to set policies with two goals: to meet salmon escapement quota and to maximize salmon harvest. At the same time, rapid social and ecological changes to the sub-Arctic are already impacting salmon runs and fisheries management. Combined with the inability of fishery managers to test the outcome of proposed policy changes, an understanding of the role social and ecological drivers play in harvest and effort is required. To address the two-forked problem of understanding socio-ecological dynamics and potential policy responses to ecological and social changes, we (1) conducted stakeholder workshops to solicit key system drivers, (2) built an integrated agent based model (ABM) of the system's socio-ecological dynamics, and (3) tested the impacts of alternative future scenarios of ecological, social, and policy changes on the system's outcomes. We previously constructed and validated a high-fidelity, data-driven, agent-based model of the Kenai River, Alaska that simulates seasonal harvest of sockeye and {Chinook} salmon, the fishing activities of the personal use fishery, commercial drift, and set gillnet agents. We study the role of key stakeholder and ecological drivers, using the ABM decision support tool, and their implications for fisheries management policies. Analysis of the scenario based studies found resilience in management of commercial fisheries to changing salmon migration dynamics, a lack of adaptive capacity in recreational (personal use) dipnet users to altered sockeye salmon runs, and the possible utility of introducing management measures in the dipnet fishery to manipulate sockeye escapement levels. These findings represent the usefulness of this type of ABM in assisting fishery managers everywhere in investigating possible future outcomes of different management or ecological scenarios.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bergsson:2019:RPE, author = "Hei{\eth}rikur Bergsson and Nikolaj Reducha Andersen and Morten Bo S{\o}ndergaard Svendsen and Per Juel Hansen and John Fleng Steffensen", title = "Respiratory Physiology of \geoname{European} Plaice (\bioname{Pleuronectes platessa}) Exposed to \bioname{Prymnesium parvum}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "32", day = "28", month = may, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020032", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/32", abstract = "During the last century, the blooms of the toxic haptophyte \bioname{Prymnesium parvum} have been responsible for massive fish kills in both aquaculture and wild populations. Despite decades of research, the ichthyotoxic properties of P. parvum, and how this alga affects fish, is still debated. Using a novel device to measure the respirometry, ventilation volume, ventilation frequency, oxygen extraction, and oxygen consumption of undisturbed European plaice (\bioname{Pleuronectes platessa}) were acquired during exposure to two algal species as well as hypoxia. Fourteen fish (258 {\pm} 44 g) were initially exposed to severe hypoxia and left to recover for at least 48 h. Half of these fish were then exposed to known harmful concentrations of P. parvum (median {\pm} standard deviation (SD); 2.6 $ \times $ 10 5 {\pm} 0.6 $ \times $ 10 5 cells mL {-1}), while the remaining half were exposed to the non-toxic alga Rhodomonas salina (median {\pm} SD; 3.2 $ \times $ 10 5 {\pm} 0.7 $ \times $ 10 5 cells mL {-1}). During exposure to severe hypoxia, all of the fish were able to maintain oxygen consumption by increasing the ventilation volume. The results from fish that were exposed to P. parvum showed a significant decrease in oxygen extraction (median {\pm} SD; 52.6 {\pm} 6.9 percentage points) from pre-exposure to the end of the experiment, as opposed to fish exposed to R. salina, which were unaffected. These results indicate that suffocation affects the European plaice when exposed to P. parvum. The observed severe decrease in oxygen extraction can be ascribed to either damage of the gill epithelia or increased mucus secretion on the gills, as both would limit the transfer of oxygen, and both have been observed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fife-Cook:2019:PWF, author = "Isabel Fife-Cook and Becca Franks", title = "Positive Welfare for Fishes: Rationale and Areas for Future Study", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "31", day = "23", month = may, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020031", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/31", abstract = "Traditional animal welfare paradigms have focused on maintaining physical health and mitigating negative impacts to wellbeing. Recently, however, the field has increasingly recognized the importance of positive welfare (i.e., mental and physical states that exceed what is necessary for immediate survival) and accordingly introduced manipulations and indicators of positive welfare for use in agriculture, laboratories, and zoos/aquaria. The creation and monitoring of positive welfare requires an in-depth knowledge of species-specific behavior and biology, which necessitates species-specific or, at a minimum, taxa-specific standards. Research on positive welfare in fish is lagging in this regard and therefore merits further consideration. In this paper, we aim to merge what is already known about positive welfare with the existing fish behavior literature to develop a plan of action for fish welfare research that will ultimately contribute to the development of positive welfare standards and assessment strategies for fish. We begin by exploring the origins of positive welfare research and then outline the physical, psychological and species-specific areas of inquiry that can be investigated in fish. In addition to presenting current findings on fish motivation, emotion, potential sources of positive welfare such as fulfillment of motivational urges (establishing agency, engaging in exploration and learning), and play behavior, we also identify promising areas for future research aimed at developing accurate and appropriate indicators of positive welfare in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Saraiva:2019:GAW, author = "Jo{\~a}o Luis Saraiva and Pablo Arechavala-Lopez and Maria Filipa Castanheira and Jenny Volstorf and Billo Heinzpeter Studer", title = "A Global Assessment of Welfare in Farmed Fishes: The {FishEthoBase}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "30", day = "16", month = may, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020030", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/30", abstract = "Fish welfare is an essential issue that needs to be tackled by the aquaculture industry. In order to address it, studies have been limited to a small number of species and the information is generally scattered. In order to have a consistent overview of the welfare of farmed fishes, we present the FishEthoBase, an open-access database that ultimately aims to provide information on the welfare of all fish species currently farmed worldwide. Presently with 41 species, this database is directed to all stakeholders in the field and targets not only to bridge the gaps between them but also to provide scientific information to improve the welfare of fish. The current text explains the database and presents an analysis of the welfare scores of 41 species, suggesting that (i) the general welfare state of farmed fishes is poor, (ii) there is some potential for improvement and (iii) this potential is related to research on species' needs, but (iv) there are many remaining knowledge gaps and (v) current fish farming technologies do not seem to fully address welfare issues. The existence of a framework, such as the FishEthoBase, is proposed as fundamental to the design of strategies that improve the welfare of farmed fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2019:BRJ, author = "Jaewoo Kim and Caitlyn Bondy and Catherine M. Chandler and Nicholas E. Mandrak", title = "Behavioural Response of Juvenile Common Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio}) and Juvenile Channel Catfish (\bioname{Ictalurus punctatus}) to Strobe Light", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "29", day = "04", month = may, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020029", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/29", abstract = "The movement of fish can be regulated by behavioural manipulation through non-physical barrier systems. Aquatic invasive species are becoming one of the major management issues in North America, and threaten native aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater fish. Placements of non-physical barriers in waterways can help disrupt the movement of invasive fish. This study examined the effect of a strobe-light stimulus on the avoidance behaviour of two proxy species, juvenile common carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio}) and juvenile channel catfish (\bioname{Ictalurus punctatus}), in a controlled laboratory environment. For each species, three sequential treatments of pre-stimulus, strobe-light stimulus, and post-stimulus for 30 min periods were recorded on acclimated groups of 5 juvenile common carp and 5 juvenile channel catfish using 15 and 13 replicates, respectively. The distribution of juvenile common carp individuals throughout the tank did not change significantly with treatment, nor did cohesive grouping behaviour. Similarly, there were no significant differences across experimental treatments in average location/distance of juvenile channel catfish relative to the strobe light or degree of cohesion in response to the strobe light. Non-physical barriers have been widely reported to vary between species and environmental conditions. These results suggest that strobe lights evoke no avoidance or attractive responses in juvenile common carp and juvenile channel catfish, and will likely not be an effective barrier to inhibit movements of juvenile invasive fishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vieira:2019:SVC, author = "Manuel Vieira and Beatriz P. Pereira and Pedro Pous{\~a}o-Ferreira and Paulo J. Fonseca and M. Clara P. Amorim", title = "Seasonal Variation of Captive Meagre Acoustic Signalling: a Manual and Automatic Recognition Approach", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "28", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020028", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/28", abstract = "Many species rely on acoustic communication to fulfil several functions such as advertisement and mediation of social interactions (e.g., agonistic, mating). Therefore, fish calls can be an important source of information, e.g., to recognize reproductive periods or to assess fish welfare, and should be considered a potential non-intrusive tool in aquaculture management. Assessing fish acoustic activity, however, often requires long sound recordings. To analyse these long recordings automatic methods are invaluable tools to detect and extract the relevant biological information. Here we present a study to characterize meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}) acoustic activity during social contexts in captivity using an automatic pattern-recognition methodology based on the Hidden Markov Model. Calls produced by meagre during the breading season showed a richer repertoire than previously reported. Besides the dense choruses composed by grunts already known for this species, meagre emitted successive series of isolated pulses, audible as `knocks'. Grunts with a variable number of pulses were also registered. The overall acoustic activity was concurrent with the number of spawning events. A diel call rhythms exhibit peak of calling activity from 15:00 to midnight. In addition, grunt acoustic parameters varied significantly along the reproduction season. These results open the possibility to use the meagre vocal activity to predict breeding and approaching spawning periods in aquaculture management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sorensen:2019:BFP, author = "Peter W. Sorensen and Mara C. P. Rue and Joseph M. Leese and Ratna Ghosal and Hangkyo Lim", title = "A Blend of {F} Prostaglandins Functions as an Attractive Sex Pheromone in Silver Carp", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "27", day = "09", month = apr, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020027", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/27", abstract = "A series of laboratory experiments tested the hypothesis that the Silver Carp (\bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}), an invasive river carp from China, employs a prostaglandin F 2{\alpha} -derived sex pheromone that is attractive and species-specific. Using electro-olfactogram recording (EOG), we found that the olfactory system of this species is acutely sensitive to three F-series prostaglandins (PGFs) at picomolar concentrations and that this sensitivity is enhanced when juveniles are masculinized using androgens, consistent with expectations of a sex pheromone. Individual PGFs had behavioral activity but it was low, suggesting a mixture might be important. To pursue this possibility, we implanted carps with osmotic pumps containing prostaglandin F 2{\alpha} (PGF 2{\alpha}), a treatment previously shown to elicit release of a PGF-based spawning pheromone in the Common Carp. We found that PGF 2{\alpha} -implanted Silver Carp released a species-specific odor that contained a blend of PGF 2{\alpha} and two of its metabolites, which masculinized individuals detected and were attracted to with high sensitivity. Finally, we found that a mixture of these PGFs was attractive to masculinized Silver Carp, while a different mixture released by Bighead Carp was not. We conclude that Silver Carp likely use a species-specific PGF 2{\alpha} -derived sex pheromone that is probably released at spawning and might be useful in its control. Confirmatory studies that explore pheromone function in naturally mature Silver Carp using natural odors in the field should now be conducted to further confirm our proof-of-concept study.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Moreira:2019:IAS, author = "M{\'a}rcio Moreira and Ana{\'\i}sa Cordeiro-Silva and Marisa Barata and Pedro Pous{\~a}o-Ferreira and Florbela Soares", title = "Influence of Age on Stress Responses of White Seabream to Amyloodiniosis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "26", day = "08", month = apr, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020026", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/26", abstract = "Amyloodiniosis is a disease that represents a major bottleneck for semi-intensive aquaculture, especially in Southern Europe. The inefficacy of many of the treatments for this disease on marine fish produced in semi-intensive aquaculture has led to a new welfare approach to amyloodiniosis. There is already some knowledge of several welfare issues that lead to amyloodiniosis as well as the stress, physiological, and immunological responses to the parasite by the host, but no work is available about the influence of fish age on the progression of amyloodiniosis. The objective of this work was to determine if stress, hematological, and histopathological responses are age dependent. For that purpose, we determined the mortality rate, histopathological lesions, hematological indexes, and stress responses (cortisol, glucose, lactate, and total protein) in ``Small'' (total weight: 50 {\pm} 5.1 g, age: 273 days after eclosion (DAE)) and ``Big'' (total weight: 101.3 {\pm} 10.4 g, age: 571 DAE) white seabream (\bioname{Diplodus sargus}) subjected to an \bioname{Amyloodinium ocellatum} infestation (8000 dinospores mL {-1}) during a 24-h period. The results demonstrated a strong stress response to A. ocellatum, with marked differences in histopathological alterations, glucose levels, and some hematological indexes between the fish of the two treatments. This work elucidates the need to take in account the size and age of the fish in the development and establishment of adequate mitigating measures and treatment protocols for amyloodiniosis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Maslov:2019:CAS, author = "Dmitry L. Maslov and Oxana P. Trifonova and Anton N. Mikhailov and Konstantin V. Zolotarev and Kirill V. Nakhod and Valeriya I. Nakhod and Nataliya F. Belyaeva and Marina V. Mikhailova and Petr G. Lokhov and Alexander I. Archakov", title = "Comparative Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Metabolites of Fish with Various Rates of Aging", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "25", day = "31", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020025", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/25", abstract = "Fish species exhibit great diversity rating of aging (from negligible to rapid), which gives a unique possibility for the discovery of the molecular mechanisms that determine the differences in the rate of aging. A mass spectrometric metabolic profiling of skeletal muscle of fish with various aging rates was carried out by direct injection to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The first group includes long-lived fish species (pike (\bioname{Esox lucius}) and sterlet (\bioname{Acipenser ruthenus})); the second group---species with gradual senescence such as that observed in many mammalian species of similar size (zander (Sandra lucioperca) and perch (\bioname{Perca fluviatilis})) and the third group---species with very short life cycle (chum salmon (\bioname{Oncorhynchus keta}) and pink salmon (\bioname{Oncorhynchus gorbuscha})). Multivariate analysis of metabolic profiles allowed the detecting of about 80 group-specific features associated with amino acids, lipids, biogenic amines, intermediates of glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and citric acid cycle. Possible roles in the aging process are hypothesized for the biochemical pathways of the metabolites that were altered in the different groups.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ido:2019:PMP, author = "Atsushi Ido and Motohisa Kanemaru and Yoshiharu Tanioka", title = "Preliminary Monitoring of Praziquantel in Water and Sediments at a \geoname{Japanese} Amberjack (\bioname{Seriola quinqueradiata}) Aquaculture Site", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "24", day = "28", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020024", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/24", abstract = "Praziquantel (PZQ), an active compound against Platyhelminthes, is an essential anthelmintic for the aquaculture industry. However, there are few reports of the environmental risks of PZQ use in aquaculture. In this study, we monitored PZQ in water and sediment at an aquaculture site of Japanese amberjack, also called yellowtail (\bioname{Seriola quinqueradiata}). Although PZQ was detected in water during treatment and 3 days post-treatment, PZQ levels were below the detectable limit in water 60 m from the net pen during the treatment, and in all sediment samples. In this preliminary study, we could not detect residue of PZQ from sediments in the aquaculture site, and no evidence about environmental effect of PZQ administration was obtained.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Goncalves-de-Freitas:2019:SBW, author = "Eliane Gon{\c{c}}alves-de-Freitas and Marcela Cesar Bolognesi and Ana Carolina dos Santos Gauy and Manuela Lombardi Brand{\~a}o and Percilia Cardoso Giaquinto and Marisa Fernandes-Castilho", title = "Social Behavior and Welfare in \geoname{Nile} Tilapia", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "2", pages = "23", day = "27", month = mar, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4020023", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/2/23", abstract = "Fish social behavior can be affected by artificial environments, particularly by factors that act upon species that show aggressive behavior to set social rank hierarchy. Although aggressive interactions are part of the natural behavior in fish, if constant and intense, such interactions can cause severe body injuries, increase energy expenditure, and lead the animals to suffer from social stress. The immediate consequence of these factors is a reduced welfare in social fish species. In this paper, we consider the factors that impact on the social behavior and welfare of Nile tilapia, an African cichlid fish widely used both in fish farms and in research; this species is frequently used as a model for physiology and behavior research. This is a polygynous species whose males interact aggressively, establishing a territorial based hierarchy, where a dominant male and several subordinate males arise. When social stability is shrunk, the negative effects of prolonged fighting emerge. In this paper, we summarized how some of the common practices in aquaculture, such as classifying individuals by matching their sizes, water renewal, stock density, and environment lighting affect Nile tilapia social aggressive interactions and, in turn, impact on its welfare. We also discuss some ways to decrease the effects of aggressive interactions in Nile tilapia, such as environment color and body tactile stimulation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{vonKrogh:2019:VEB, author = "Kristine von Krogh and Erik Ropstad and Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi and Trude Marie Haug and Finn-Arne Weltzien", title = "In Vitro Effects of Bisphenol {A} and Tetrabromobisphenol {A} on Cell Viability and Reproduction-Related Gene Expression in Pituitaries from Sexually Maturing \geoname{Atlantic} Cod (\bioname{Gadus morhua} {L.})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "48", day = "17", month = sep, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030048", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/48", abstract = "Bisphenol A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are widely used industrial chemicals, ubiquitously present in the environment. While BPA is a well-known endocrine disruptor and able to affect all levels of the teleost reproductive axis, information regarding TBBPA on this subject is very limited. Using primary cultures from Atlantic cod (\bioname{Gadus morhua}), the present study was aimed at investigating potential direct effects of acute (72 h) BPA and TBBPA exposure on cell viability and the expression of reproductive-relevant genes in the pituitary. The results revealed that both bisphenols stimulate cell viability in terms of metabolic activity and membrane integrity at environmentally relevant concentrations. BPA had no direct effects on gonadotropin gene expression, but enhanced the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor 2a, the main gonadotropin modulator in Atlantic cod. In contrast, TBBPA increased gonadotropin transcript levels but had no effect on GnRH receptor mRNA. In conclusion, both anthropogenic compounds display endocrine disruptive properties and are able to directly interfere with gene expression related to reproductive function in cod pituitary cells at environmentally relevant concentrations in vitro.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rodriguez-Gonzalez:2019:PML, author = "Tania Rodr{\'\i}guez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Jes{\'u}s Cerezo Valverde and Benjam{\'\i}n Garc{\'\i}a Garc{\'\i}a", title = "Performance of Marine Lecithin Supplemented Feeds for the Common Octopus (\bioname{Octopus vulgaris}) Ongrowing: Changes in Proximate Composition and Lipid Classes' Profile", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "47", day = "12", month = sep, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030047", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/47", abstract = "The development of artificial diets is considered vital for feasible cephalopods' culture. \bioname{Octopus vulgaris} need a diet with a high protein content but also lipids are important at a lower quantity, as polar lipids and LC-PUFA are essential for development during early stages. In the present study the suitability of marine lecithin as a dietary supplement for O. vulgaris juveniles' formulated feeds was tested for 56 days, assessing the performance, changes in proximate composition, and lipid classes' profile in the digestive gland and carcass. Sixteen octopus were fed one of two semi-moist feeds based on dry ingredients: either CALPRO (N = 4) as control or CALPRO-LM (N = 8); which differed from the first, due to the inclusion of 20 g/kg of marine lecithin as a phospholipid dietary supplement. Results showed that marine lecithin did not enhance feed intake, growth, protein or lipid incorporation, nutrients digestibility or feed efficiency. Moreover, at this level of inclusion, the composition of tissues (digestive gland and carcass) regarding macronutrients and lipid classes' profile presented only a small amount of differences. In conclusion, the inclusion of marine lecithin did not promote beneficial effects on performance, making necessary further research related to the nutritional requirements of common octopus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wagner:2019:NBM, author = "Liane Wagner and Pedro G{\'o}mez-Requeni and Ali A. Moazzami and Torbj{\"o}rn Lundh and Aleksandar Vidakovic and Markus Langeland and Anders Kiessling and Jana Pickova", title = "{$^1$H} {NMR}-Based Metabolomics and Lipid Analyses Revealed the Effect of Dietary Replacement of Microbial Extracts or Mussel Meal with Fish Meal to \geoname{Arctic} Charr (\bioname{Salvelinus alpinus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "46", day = "10", month = sep, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030046", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/46", abstract = "The effects of replacing 40\% of dietary fish meal (FM) in a reference diet (REF) with either mussel meal (MM), zygomycete fungi (ZYG), extracted baker's yeast (EY), or non-extracted baker's yeast (NY) on the lipid and metabolic profile of Arctic charr (\bioname{Salvelinus alpinus}) were investigated. After a 14-week feeding trial, liver and muscle tissues were collected for lipid (lipid content, lipid class, fatty acid composition) and 1 H NMR-based metabolomics analyses (aqueous and chloroform phases). Lipid analyses showed that fish fed ZYG diet had lower liver lipid content and thereby 10\% higher level of docosahexaenoic acid compared with REF. Metabolomics analyses showed that on the one hand fish fed NY diet affected liver metabolites (2--3 fold higher concentrations of e.g., n,n-dimethylglycine and betaine) compared with REF, while, on the other hand, the muscle metabolic fingerprint was mainly affected by EY. In general, affected metabolites (e.g., alanine, anserine, betaine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, malonate, n,n-dimethylglycine, proline, succinate, and valine) in fish fed test diets suggested that the test meal ingredients caused mainly a response in muscle metabolism. Fish metabolism was least affected by MM, which suggests that it may be suitable to replace fish meal in Arctic charr diets.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pedescoll:2019:PPW, author = "Anna Pedescoll and Rafael Aguado and Carlos Marcos and Gustavo Gonz{\'a}lez", title = "Performance of a Pool and Weir Fishway for \geoname{Iberian} Cyprinids Migration: a Case Study", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "45", day = "16", month = aug, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030045", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/45", abstract = "One of the movement barriers that fish populations must overcome for migration success in the upper basin of Tormes river (Salamanca, Spain) is a 20 m high dam. The design of its pool and weir fishway for potamodromous fishes (mostly Iberian barbel--- Luciobarbus bocagei ---and Northern straight-mouth nase--- Pseudochondrostoma duriense) to overcome the obstacle was improved in 2013. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of the fishway using FDX passive integrated transponder (PIT)-Tags inserted into the fish and PIT-Tag detection antennas at the fishway. During several sampling events, 7113 barbel and nase individuals were tagged and released at the point of capture along the basin (2538 and 4575 of which were tagged downstream and upstream, respectively). PIT-Tag Detection Antennas close to the top and bottom of the fishway monitored tagged fish continuously for 10 months (from March to December 2017), to analyze the performance of the fishway. Upstream passage efficiency was greater for barbel (60\% and 25\% for barbel and nase, respectively). Differences in passage efficiency between species may be due to differences in their size. Mean length for barbels attempting to pass was 336 mm ({\pm}47 mm) while for nases was 143 mm ({\pm}26 mm). Moreover, both the number of attempts to pass and ascend time for nases were higher than for barbels. Entrance efficiency was low (3.5\% and 10.8\% for barbel and nase, respectively), although 2017 was a very dry year, thus these results are most likely influenced by flow rates. Therefore, the fishway has proved to be functional but is actually poor for efficiency purposes, especially for small fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Burton:2019:PEA, author = "Michael L. Burton and Jennifer C. Potts and Andrew D. Ostrowski", title = "Preliminary Estimates of Age, Growth and Natural Mortality of Margate, \bioname{Haemulon album}, and Black Margate, \bioname{Anisotremus surinamensis}, from the {Southeastern United States}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "44", day = "15", month = aug, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030044", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/44", abstract = "Ages of margate, Haemulon album (n = 415) and black margate, Anisotremus surinamensis (n = 130) were determined using sectioned sagittal otoliths collected from the Southeastern {United States} Atlantic coast from 1979 to 2017. Opaque zones were annular, forming between January and June for both species, with peaks in occurrence of otoliths with opaque margins in April for margate and March for black margate. The observed ages for margate were 0--22 years, and the largest fish measured 807 mm TL (total length). Black margate ranged in age from 3 to 17 years, and the largest fish was 641 mm TL. Weight--length relationships were: margate, ln(W) = 2.88 ln(TL) {-} 10.44 (n = 1327, r 2 = 0.97, MSE = 0.02), where W is total weight (grams, g); black margate, ln(W) = 3.02 ln(TL) {-} 11.10 (n = 451, r 2 = 0.95, MSE = 0.01). Von Bertalanffy growth equations were L t = 731 (1 {-} e {-0}.23(t+0.38)) for margate, and L t = 544 (1 {-} e {-0}.13(t+2.61)) for black margate. After re-estimating black margate growth using a bias-correction procedure to account for the lack of younger fish, growth was described by the equation L t = 523 (1 {-} e {-0}.18(t+0.0001)). Age-invariant estimates of natural mortality were M = 0.19 y {-1} and M = 0.23 y {-1} for margate and black margate, respectively, while age-varying estimates of M ranged from 2.93 {-0}.23 y {-1} for fish aged 0--22 for margate and 7.20 {-} 0.19 y {-1} for fish aged 0--18 for black margate. This study presents the first documentation of life-history parameters for margate from the Atlantic waters off the Southeastern {United States}, and the first published estimate of black margate life history parameters from any geographic region.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Herrera:2019:TSC, author = "Mercedes Herrera and Raquel Moreno-Valc{\'a}rcel and Ram{\'o}n De Miguel Rubio and Carlos Fern{\'a}ndez-Delgado", title = "From Transient to Sedentary? {Changes} in the Home Range Size and Environmental Patterns of Movements of \geoname{European} Eels (\bioname{Anguilla anguilla}) in a \geoname{Mediterranean} River", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "43", day = "13", month = aug, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030043", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/43", abstract = "The habitat use of eels during the development of sedentary behavior, which depends on the animals' body size, is unknown. Our objective was to analyze, for two years, the changes in the home range of a population of European eel (\bioname{Anguilla anguilla}, Linnaeus, 1758) in Southern Europe in relation to the animals' body length (TL), and the influence of environmental factors (water temperature and flow) on the local movements of this population through observation of their sedentary behavior. We used a previously-validated mark--recapture methodology, obtaining a low deviation in the estimation of the extension of the eels' movements. Our results revealed relatively short movements in relation to other populations, and we hypothesize that this could be related to the high habitat diversity and low eel population density in the study area. The home range size showed a high variability and dispersion among the smallest eels, however, as TL increased, the variability of home range size decreased, and home ranges were larger. These changes could be associated with the acquisition of a sedentary lifestyle. Once eels had become sedentary, an environmental pattern was observed between their movements and the water temperature and flow, with larger movements observed as the flow increased and water temperature decreased. This suggests that the temporal and spatial scales of observation are of crucial importance for monitoring eel populations and for the study of population size structure, population dynamics, and biology, which can be used to improve conservation strategies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pontigo:2019:MEI, author = "Juan Pablo Pontigo and Julia Saravia and Ricardo Oyarz{\'u}n and Margarita P. Gonz{\'a}lez and Christopher Hawes and Francisco J. Morera and Jorge Pino and Simon Wadsworth and Jose Luis P. Mu{\~n}oz and Luis Vargas-Chacoff", title = "Modulation of the Expression of Immune-related Gene in \geoname{Atlantic} and {Coho} Salmon during Infestation with the Sea lice \bioname{Caligus rogercresseyi}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "42", day = "25", month = jul, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030042", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/42", abstract = "\bioname{Caligus rogercresseyi}, a marine ectoparasite, causes notable economic losses for the Chilean salmonid industry. Nevertheless, the immunological responses of infected fish remain poorly understood, including proinflammatory cytokine generation and the respective modulatory effects of various cytokine receptors. This study evaluated mRNA expression of the NLRC5, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, I-kappa-B-alpha, a regulatory that inhibits NF-kappa-B, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1{\beta} and IL-18) in the liver and muscle of Atlantic salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar}) and {Coho} salmon (\bioname{Oncorhynchus kisutch}) during a time-course C. rogercresseyi infestation trial. All assessed mRNA were strongly regulated during infestation, but S. salar showed up-regulated expression, possibly accounting for the high infestation vulnerability of this salmonid. In conclusion, this work helps to understand the modulation of the expression of different transcripts involved over short periods of C. rogercresseyi infestation in two salmonid species (\bioname{S. salar} and \bioname{O. kisutch}).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wylie:2019:ISF, author = "Matthew J. Wylie and Alvin N. Setiawan and Glen W. Irvine and Abigail Elizur and Yonathan Zohar and Jane E. Symonds and P. Mark Lokman", title = "Induced Spawning of {F1} Wreckfish ({H{\=a}puku}) \bioname{Polyprion oxygeneios} Using a Synthetic Agonist of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "41", day = "08", month = jul, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030041", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/41", abstract = "Wild-caught h{\=a}puku (\bioname{Polyprion oxygeneios}) spawn readily in captivity, but although first filial (F1) h{\=a}puku complete vitellogenesis, females fail to undergo oocyte maturation and spawn or produce poor quality eggs. This study investigated whether administration of a synthetic agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) could improve F1 h{\=a}puku spawning and complete the life-cycle in captivity. Spawning trials were conducted over 2 years in 2013 and 2014, when F1 were aged five and six years. In 2013, females previously conditioned under a variable or constant temperature regime were implanted with GnRHa (100 {\mu}g/kg {-1}) or blank implants constructed of powdered cellulose and cholesterol. Spawning was erratic and egg quality very poor in all tanks. No F2 offspring were produced by communal spawning. In contrast, viable F2 larvae were produced by strip-spawning and in vitro fertilization after a series of GnRHa injections. In 2014, two additional trials were conducted: females received ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) matrix implants containing GnRHa (100 {\mu}g/kg {-1}) or blank implants and in the second trial, two GnRHa doses (100 {\mu}g/kg {-1} and 50 {\mu}g/kg {-1}) were tested. Eggs were first detected in all tanks 12--17 days post-implantation when females received 100 $ \mu $ g/kg {-1} GnRHa implants, but not in the lower dose or control tanks. In summary, this study achieved induction of female spawning with GnRHa implants (target dose 100 {\mu}g/kg {-1}) and the successful production of F2 h{\=a}puku in captivity by strip-spawning.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Taylor:2019:SBC, author = "Brett M. Taylor", title = "Standing Out in a Big Crowd: High Cultural and Economic Value of \bioname{Naso unicornis} in the Insular \geoname{Pacific}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "40", day = "03", month = jul, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030040", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/40", abstract = "Hundreds of fish species are harvested in coral-reef fisheries in the Indo-Pacific region using a variety of fishing gears. This diversity makes the economics, ecology, and management of reef-associated fisheries inherently complex. However, across insular fisheries spanning the tropical Pacific, one species consistently dominates contemporary fisheries catch: the bluespine unicornfish (\bioname{Naso unicornis}, Acanthuridae). I evaluated the relative contribution of N. unicornis to commercial fisheries in the insular Pacific region from long-term ({$>$1} year) fishery surveys across various jurisdictions and provide evidence of the contemporary cultural value of this species. Overall, evidence suggests that N. unicornis is the most commercially-valuable reef-associated fish species across the insular Pacific. This notion, coupled with a diverse representation of N. unicornis across Pacific cultures, suggests that the species is presently underappreciated in its role in coastal fisheries across Pacific Island nations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Saraiva:2019:WFN, author = "Jo{\~a}o L. Saraiva and Pablo Arechavala-Lopez", title = "Welfare of Fish --- No Longer the Elephant in the Room", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "39", day = "03", month = jul, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030039", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/39", abstract = "Hundreds of fish species are harvested in coral-reef fisheries in the Indo-Pacific region using a variety of fishing gears. This diversity makes the economics, ecology, and management of reef-associated fisheries inherently complex. However, across insular fisheries spanning the tropical Pacific, one species consistently dominates contemporary fisheries catch: the bluespine unicornfish (\bioname{Naso unicornis}, Acanthuridae). I evaluated the relative contribution of N. unicornis to commercial fisheries in the insular Pacific region from long-term ({$>$1} year) fishery surveys across various jurisdictions and provide evidence of the contemporary cultural value of this species. Overall, evidence suggests that N. unicornis is the most commercially-valuable reef-associated fish species across the insular Pacific. This notion, coupled with a diverse representation of N. unicornis across Pacific cultures, suggests that the species is presently underappreciated in its role in coastal fisheries across Pacific Island nations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hashizume:2019:HMD, author = "Atsushi Hashizume and Atsushi Ido and Takashi Ohta and Serigne Thierno Thiaw and Ryusaku Morita and Munenori Nishikawa and Takayuki Takahashi and Chiemi Miura and Takeshi Miura", title = "Housefly (\booktitle{Musca domestica}) Larvae Preparations after Removing the Hydrophobic Fraction Are Effective Alternatives to Fish Meal in Aquaculture Feed for Red Seabream (\bioname{Pagrus major})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "38", day = "27", month = jun, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030038", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/38", abstract = "Insects are an attractive alternative to fish meal (FM) as a sustainable protein source in aquaculture feed that does not negatively impact the marine ecosystem. Despite housefly (Musca domestica) larvae having adequacy of amino acid profiles, they have sometimes been reported to be inferior to FM, especially for marine carnivorous fish species. Here, we report that the removal of the hydrophobic fractions from housefly larvae enables significant replacement of FM in the diet of the red seabream (\bioname{Pagrus major}). In a feeding trial, housefly (HF) larvae that had the hydrophobic fraction removed as a complete substitution for 70\% FM produced satisfactory growth. However, HF larvae that were supplemented with the hydrophobic fraction resulted in significant growth reduction. Growth recovery was incomplete by supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to undefatted HF larvae, being equivalent to that of fatty acid content with a control diet. Moreover, fish with a dietary intake of catechol identified from the hydrophobic fraction of the HF showed growth reduction and morphological alterations in the intestine. Our findings indicate that the hydrophobic fraction from HF larvae contains a negative factor for fish growth and eliminating the fraction from HF larvae is thought to be an important process for sustainable aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gomez-Requeni:2019:DLC, author = "Pedro G{\'o}mez-Requeni and Mauricio Nestor Kraemer and Luis Fabi{\'a}n Canosa", title = "The Dietary Lipid Content Affects the Tissue Gene Expression of Muscle Growth Biomarkers and the {GH\slash IGF} System of Pejerrey (\bioname{Odontesthes bonariensis}) Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "37", day = "27", month = jun, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030037", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/37", abstract = "Gene expression of growth hormone receptors (GHRs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), myostatin (MSTN) and myogenin (MyoG) was analyzed in juveniles pejerrey fed with graded levels of lipids (L): 6\% (L6), 10\% (L10), 25\% (L25). After 14 weeks, no changes were found in liver GHR-I GHR-II and IGF-II mRNA levels whereas IGF-I decreased in L10 and L25. Muscle GHR-I gene expression increased in L25 whereas GHR-II, IGF-II and MyoG were higher in L6. IGF-I and MSTN expression was not affected by the different diets. Adipose IGF-I mRNA levels decreased in L10. Correlations between body weight and members of GH/IGF system in liver and skeletal muscle were found only in L10 group. Correlations found in L10 group between both liver and skeletal muscle GHR-I and IGF-I were lost in either L6 or L25 groups. Thus, fish fed with apparently unbalanced dietary lipid contents (6\% and 25\%) exhibit a compensatory regulation of systemic and local components of the GH/IGF axis. Furthermore, the marked inhibition of muscle MyoG gene expression in L25 might limit excessive lipid deposition and fish growth. Our data suggest that a dietary lipid contents of 10\% would promote a particular adjustment of the endocrine and autocrine/paracrine GH/IGF system, stimulating body growth and perhaps muscle hyperplasia. On the other hand, a higher dietary lipid content would uncouple the GH/IGF system, reducing hepatic IGF-I, while slightly increasing hepatic GHR-I, probably to prompt lipolysis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Burton:2019:AGN, author = "Michael L. Burton and Jennifer C. Potts and Andrew D. Ostrowski and Kyle W. Shertzer", title = "Age, Growth, and Natural Mortality of Graysby, \bioname{Cephalophilis cruentata}, from the {Southeastern United States}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "3", pages = "36", day = "27", month = jun, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030036", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:23 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/3/36", abstract = "Graysby (Cephalophilis cruentata) (n = 1308) collected from the southeastern {United States} Atlantic coast from 2001 to 2016 were aged using sectioned sagittal otoliths. Opaque zones formed February to June (peaking in April). Ages ranged from 2 to 21 years, and the largest fish measured 453 mm TL. Growth morph analysis revealed two regionally distinct growth trajectories: von Bertalanffy growth equations were L t = 388 (1 {-} e {-0}.12(t+5.73)) for fish from North Carolina through southeast Florida (northern region), and L t = 267 (1 {-} e {-0}.17(t+6.20)) for fish from the Florida Keys (southern region). When growth was re-estimated using a fixed t 0 value of {-0}.75 to estimate for smaller fish, growth equations were L t = 349 (1 {-} e {-0}.26(t+0.75)) and L t = 250 (1 {-} e {-0}.43(t+0.75)) for fish from the northern and southern regions, respectively. The age-invariant estimate of natural mortality was M = 0.30 for all fish, while age-specific estimates ranged 0.88--0.28 y {-1} for fish aged 1--21 from the northern region and 0.89--0.47 y {-1} for fish aged 1--15 from the southern region. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of life-history parameters for graysby from the Atlantic waters off the southeastern {United States}, including specimens from both recreational and commercial fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Babin:2019:DRA, author = "Amanda Babin and Lauren Fitzpatrick and Tommi Linnansaari and R. Allen Curry", title = "Detection Range of Acoustic Receivers in a Large Hydropower Reservoir", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "60", day = "11", month = dec, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040060", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/60", abstract = "Acoustic telemetry manufacturers report estimated detection ranges under idealized conditions, but environmental conditions such as water depth, substrate type, and turbulence can affect the range of reliable detection. Range testing of low (Vemco V7 136 dB re 1$ \mu $ [email protected]) and high power (V13 147 dB re 1$ \mu $ [email protected]) acoustic transmitters (tags) was performed near a hydropower generating station and its associated reservoir using both active (mobile; VR100) and passive (stationary; VR2W/VR2Tx) receivers. Low power tags are typically used to track small fish such as juvenile Atlantic salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar}), whereas high power tags are typically used to track larger fish such as adult salmon. The results found herein were applied to concurrent salmon telemetry studies. Detection ranges of the low power tags were within 246--351 {\pm} 20--70 m (mean {\pm} SE), and the high power tags were within 537--1106 {\pm} 53--272 m. Observed detection ranges were comparable or higher to manufacturer estimates for both tag types being detected by passive receivers, and were lower than expected for both tag types being detected by active receivers. Passive receivers were further tested by mooring a fixed sentinel tag (low power) on a receiver line at the hydropower site for 50 days. The sentinel tag detection range of 212 m was less than the expected range of 280--292 m, and was not found to be significantly impacted by wind speed. There was evidence of a hydropower effect on detection probability (up to 95\% reduction) of both tag types for the active receiver, and detection ranges were significantly lower at the hydropower site than the reservoir site for the high power tag. The results of this study give insight to the initial design of acoustic telemetry studies beyond what can be gathered from manufacturer's estimates, but rather near hydropower facilities and within large reservoirs; however, detection ranges reported herein do not replace the importance of range testing in site-specific conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Buckwalter:2019:DLD, author = "Joseph Buckwalter and Paul L. Angermeier and Jane Argentina and Skylar Wolf and Stephen Floyd and Eric M. Hallerman", title = "Drift of Larval Darters (Family {Percidae}) in the {Upper Roanoke River Basin, USA}, Characterized Using Phenotypic and {DNA} Barcoding Markers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "59", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040059", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/59", abstract = "Larval fish ecology is poorly characterized because sampling is difficult and tools for phenotypically identifying larvae are poorly developed. While DNA barcoding can help address the latter problem, `universal' primers do not work for all fish species. The Roanoke River in the southeastern {United States} includes seven darters (Family Percide: Tribe Etheostomatini). We made 393 collections of larval fishes in 2015 and 2018, examined darter larvae for morphometric and pigmentation traits, developed PCR primers amplifying darter DNA, and evaluated three gear types for collecting larval darters. Amplified DNA sequences for 1351 larvae matched archived mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences for darters occurring in the ecosystem. Larval darters were classified to genus with 100\% accuracy using the ratio of pectoral fin length to body length; however, identification to species using morphometrics alone was subject to a misclassification rate of 11.8\%, which can be resolved by considering pigmentation patterns. Gear-types varied considerably in their capture efficacy for larval darters; most Percina larvae were collected in drift nets. Larval Percina species appeared in the drift before Etheostoma species in both study years. Application of molecular genetic and phenotypic tools to larval fish identification can advance understanding of larval darter ecology.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ferreira:2019:DEC, author = "Marco Ferreira and Jo{\~a}o Gago and Filipe Ribeiro", title = "Diet of \geoname{European} Catfish in a Newly Invaded Region", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "58", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040058", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/58", abstract = "Biological invasions are considered to be one of the leading causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Freshwater ecosystems are amongst the most biodiverse, containing about 50\% of the world's known fish species but, ironically, are the most invaded ecosystems. In Portuguese freshwaters, there are currently 20 identified non-native fishes, arriving at an unprecedented rate of a new species every two years. A recent non-native is the European catfish \bioname{Silurus glanis}, a top predator native to Central and Eastern Europe, that arrived at the Lower Tagus (Portugal) circa 2006. This study compares the dietary habits of this top predator in two different habitats of the Lower Tagus in order to evaluate its potential impact. The stomach contents of 96 individuals were analyzed, 61 from the lotic environment and 35 from the lentic systems. A total of 66 stomachs contained prey items, 38 from the lotic and 28 from the lentic. Diet varied considerably between habitats, with shrimp and crayfish being the most abundant prey items in the lentic systems and shrimp and fish the most abundant prey items in the lotic section. Tendency to piscivory was observed in large-sized individuals. Overall, the findings in this study provide the first evidence of the potential impacts of European catfish through predation on the fish communities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lazado:2019:SPS, author = "Carlo C. Lazado and Peter Vilhelm Skov", title = "Secretory Proteins in the Skin Mucus of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) are Modulated Temporally by Photoperiod and Bacterial Endotoxin Cues", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "57", day = "05", month = dec, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040057", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/57", abstract = "Although it is well known that the biological and physical characteristics of skin mucus in fishes are strongly affected by changes in environmental conditions, the influence of photoperiod and time-dependent bacterial endotoxin stimulation is not well documented. In the present study, we determined the diel variations in the basal activities of secretory proteins with known defense functions in the skin mucus of Nile tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) maintained under two photic environments: equal length of day and night (12L:12D, LD) or total darkness (0L:24D, DD). A second experiment was conducted to determine how time-dependent (i.e., day versus night) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge could influence these skin mucosal defenses. The results revealed that LD signal differentially modulated the activities of mucosal immune molecules. Fish subjected to LD regime showed significantly higher levels of skin mucus lysozyme and protease at nighttime than at daytime. This distinct feature was not observed in fish under DD. There was no general mucosal response patterns to time-dependent LPS challenge. Nonetheless, protease and lysozyme, which were identified to be at elevated levels at night, were significantly modulated when the endotoxin was administered at nighttime. Ceruloplasmin was the only molecule that responded to LPS challenge at daytime, where its activity significantly increased at 8 h post-stimulation. Collectively, the results revealed that photoperiod cues influenced the activities of mucosal defenses and this may play, at least in part, in the temporal sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez:2019:EEA, author = "Francisca P. Mart{\'\i}nez and Laura Berm{\'u}dez and Mar{\'\i}a J. Aznar and Francisco J. Moyano", title = "Evaluation of Enzyme Additives on the Nutritional Use of Feeds with a High Content of Plant Ingredients for \bioname{Mugil cephalus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "56", day = "04", month = dec, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040056", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/56", abstract = "The Mugilidae are a group of fish with a great interest for aquaculture due to their omnivorous profile, rapid growth, and resistance to environmental variations. The selection of feed ingredients for these species is currently focused on an extensive use of plant by-products, with this being limited by their content in anti-nutritive factors (mainly phytate and non-starch polysaccharides; NSPs). Nevertheless, specific enzymes can be used to counteract some of those negative effects. In the present study, the effect of pretreating two high-plant feeds with a mixture of enzymes (glucanases + phytase) on the digestive use of protein and phosphorus by juvenile mullets (\bioname{Mugil cephalus}) was assessed using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The enzymatic treatment significantly modified the potential bioavailability of some nutrients, such as a reduction of sugars, pentoses, and phytic phosphorus. Also, it increased the digestibility of protein in one of the feeds but reduced that of phosphorus in both of them. The potential usefulness of enzyme treatment and the information provided by the two types of assays are discussed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sanchez-Nuno:2019:MPR, author = "Sergio S{\'a}nchez-Nu{\~n}o and Sandra C. Silva and Pedro M. Guerreiro and Borja Ord{\'o}{\~n}ez-Grande and Ignasi Sanahuja and Laura Fern{\'a}ndez-Alacid and Antoni Ibarz", title = "Modulation of Pituitary Response by Dietary Lipids and Throughout a Temperature Fluctuation Challenge in Gilthead Sea Bream", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "55", day = "22", month = nov, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040055", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/55", abstract = "Low temperatures provoke drastic reductions in gilthead sea bream (\bioname{Sparus aurata}) activity and nourishment, leading to growth arrest and a halt in production. However, scarce data exist concerning the implications of central core control during the cold season. The aim of this work was to study the effects of low temperature and recovery from such exposure on the pituitary activity of sea bream juveniles fed 18\% or 14\% dietary lipid. A controlled indoor trial was performed to simulate natural temperature fluctuation (22 {$^\circ $}C to 14 {$^\circ $}C to 22 {$^\circ $}C). Meanwhile, we determined the regulatory role of the pituitary by analyzing the gene expression of some pituitary hormones and hormone receptors via qPCR, as well as plasma levels of thyroidal hormones. In response to higher dietary lipids, hormone pituitary expressions were up-regulated. Induced low temperatures and lower ingesta modulated pituitary function up-regulating GH and TSH and thyroid and glucocorticoid receptors. All these findings demonstrate the capacity of the pituitary to recognize both external conditions and to modulate its response accordingly. However, growth, peripheral tissues and metabolism were not linked or connected to pituitary function at low temperatures, which opens an interesting field of study to interpret the hypothalamus--pituitary--target axis during temperature fluctuations in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Degani:2019:VBG, author = "Gad Degani and Amir Alon and Akram Hajouj and Ari Meerson", title = "Vitellogenesis in Blue Gourami is Accompanied by Brain Transcriptome Changes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "54", day = "29", month = oct, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040054", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/54", abstract = "The blue gourami (\bioname{Trichogaster trichopterus}) is a model for hormonal control of reproduction in Anabantidae fish, but also relevant to other vertebrates. We analyzed the female blue gourami brain transcriptome in two developmental stages: pre-vitellogenesis (PVTL) before yolk accumulation in the oocytes, and high vitellogenesis (HVTL) at the end of yolk accumulation in the oocytes. RNA sequencing of whole-brain transcriptome identified 34,368 unique transcripts, 23,710 of which could be annotated by homology with other species. We focused on the transcripts showing significant differences between the stages. Seventeen and fourteen annotated genes were found to be upregulated in PVTL and HVTL, respectively. Five nuclear transcripts, three of which contain the homeobox domain (ARX, DLX5, CERS6), were upregulated in PVTL. Additionally, several receptors previously known to be involved in reproduction were identified, and three of these, G-protein coupled receptor 54, Membrane progesterone receptor epsilon, and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor (GPCR, mPR, and GnRHR) were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in brain, pituitary, and ovary samples from PVTL and HVTL stage females. Of these, GPCR was highly expressed in the brain and pituitary as compared to the ovary in both PVTL and HVTL. GnRHR was highly expressed in the ovary compared to the brain and pituitary, and its levels in the brain were significantly higher in PVTL than HVTL. Brain mPR mRNA levels were likewise higher in PVTL than HVTL. In conclusion, this study details changes in the female blue gourami brain transcriptome through yolk accumulation in the oocytes and identifies key genes that may mediate this process.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lobel:2019:GAP, author = "Lisa Kerr Lobel and Devin M. Drown and Paul H. Barber and Phillip S. Lobel", title = "A Genetic Assessment of Parentage in the Blackspot Sergeant Damselfish, \bioname{Abudefduf sordidus} ({Pisces: Pomacentridae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "53", day = "24", month = oct, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040053", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/53", abstract = "Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the reproductive behavior of the damselfish Abudefduf sordidus at Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Genetic results indicated that ten males maintained guardianship over their nest territories for up to nine nest cycles during a 3.5 month period. Genotypes of 1025 offspring sampled from 68 nests (composed of 129 clutches) were consistent with 95\% of the offspring being sired by the guardian male. Offspring lacking paternal alleles at two or more loci were found in 19 clutches, indicating that reproductive parasitism and subsequent alloparental care occurred. Reconstructed maternal genotypes allowed the identification of a minimum of 74 different females that spawned with these ten territorial males. Males were polygynous, mating with multiple females within and between cycles. Genetic data from nests, which consisted of up to four clutches during a reproductive cycle, indicated that each clutch usually had only one maternal contributor and that different clutches each had different dams. Females displayed sequential polyandry spawning with one male within a cycle but switched males in subsequent spawning cycles. These results highlight new findings regarding male parasitic spawning, polygyny, and sequential polyandry in a marine fish with exclusive male paternal care.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Matsubara:2019:CSS, author = "Hajime Matsubara and P. Mark Lokman and Yukinori Kazeto and Hiromi Okumura and Shigeho Ijiri and Toshiaki Hirai and Graham Young and Shinji Adachi and Kohei Yamauchi", title = "Changes in Sex Steroids and Ovarian Steroidogenic Enzyme {mRNA} Levels in Artificially Maturing \geoname{Japanese} Eel (\bioname{Anguilla japonica}) and Naturally Maturing New {Zealand} Longfin Eel (\bioname{Anguilla dieffenbachii}) during Vitellogenesis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "52", day = "17", month = oct, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040052", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/52", abstract = "Repeated hormone injections are routinely used to induce advanced stages of oogenesis in freshwater eels, but this approach may result in aberrant germ cell development. To investigate the underlying causes, levels of sex steroids (testosterone, T; estradiol-17{\beta}, E2) and ovarian steroidogenic enzyme mRNAs were compared between artificially maturing Japanese eels and wild-caught, spontaneously maturing New Zealand longfin eels. The latter were employed as reference, as wild Japanese eels in advanced stages of oogenesis are near-impossible to catch. Serum T levels in artificially maturing Japanese eel changed with stage in a pattern that was comparable to that in longfin eels. Likewise, ovarian mRNA levels of most steroidogenic enzyme genes were not qualitatively dissimilar between both eel species when taking developmental stage into account. However, aromatase (cyp19a) mRNA levels, together with serum E2 levels, rapidly increased in artificially maturing Japanese eels in mid-late stages of oogenesis (gonadosomatic index, GSI = 13.8\%), whereas no such increase was evident in longfin eels (GSI $ \approx $ 6.9\%). In addition, sex steroid and target gene mRNA levels fluctuated drastically with each hormone injection. We contend that expression of most target genes, possibly even that of cyp19a, during induced oogenesis could be ``normal'', with the drastic fluctuations due most likely to hormone delivery through repeated injections. The effects of these fluctuations on gamete quality remain unknown and resolving this issue may prove fruitful in the future to further artificial propagation of anguillid eels.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Papai:2019:NCB, author = "N{\'o}ra P{\'a}pai and Ferenc Kagan and Gy{\"o}rgy Csik{\'o}s and M{\'o}nika Kosztelnik and Tibor Vellai and M{\'a}t{\'e} Varga", title = "No Correlation between Endo- and Exoskeletal Regenerative Capacities in Teleost Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "51", day = "14", month = oct, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040051", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/51", abstract = "The regeneration of paired appendages in certain fish and amphibian lineages is a well established and extensively studied regenerative phenomenon. The teleost fin is comprised of a proximal endoskeletal part (considered homologous to the Tetrapod limb) and a distal exoskeletal one, and these two parts form their bony elements through different ossification processes. In the past decade, a significant body of literature has been generated about the biology of exoskeletal regeneration in zebrafish. However, it is still not clear if this knowledge can be applied to the regeneration of endoskeletal parts. To address this question, we decided to compare endo- and exoskeletal regenerative capacity in zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) and mudskippers (Periophthalmus barbarous). In contrast to the reduced endoskeleton of zebrafish, Periophthalmus has well developed pectoral fins with a large and easily accessible endoskeleton. We performed exo- and endoskeletal amputations in both species and followed the regenerative processes. Unlike the almost flawless exoskeletal regeneration observed in zebrafish, regeneration following endoskeletal amputation is often impaired in this species. This difference is even more pronounced in Periophthalmus where we could observe no regeneration in endoskeletal structures. Therefore, regeneration is regulated differentially in the exo- and endoskeleton of teleost species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Andrews:2019:CAS, author = "Samuel N. Andrews and Sarah V. Hirtle and Tommi Linnansaari and R. Allen Curry", title = "Consumption of \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon Smolt by Striped Bass: a Review of the Predator--Prey Encounter Literature and Implications for the Design of Effective Sampling Strategies", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "50", day = "11", month = oct, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040050", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/50", abstract = "The native striped bass (\bioname{Morone saxatilis}) population of the Miramichi River, New Brunswick is undergoing an unprecedented recovery while Atlantic salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar}) numbers within that system continue to decline. Atlantic salmon smolt depart from the Miramichi system during the striped bass spawning period and it is hypothesized that elevated striped bass abundances will increase encounter rates and predation on smolts. We summarize all available striped bass diet studies occurring within the native range of Atlantic salmon and present a review of the feeding behavior and diet preferences of striped bass before, during, and after their spawning period. The key studies vary in methodologies and interpretability. We present a standardized approach for assessing striped bass predation threats and smolt vulnerability and thus an improved understanding of the species interactions to guide future management in the Miramichi River.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Valdez:2019:ASC, author = "Jose W. Valdez and Kapil Mandrekar", title = "Assessing the Species in the {CARES Preservation Program} and the Role of Aquarium Hobbyists in Freshwater Fish Conservation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "4", number = "4", pages = "49", day = "29", month = sep, year = "2019", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4040049", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/4/4/49", abstract = "Freshwater fish represent half of all fish species and are the most threatened vertebrate group. Given their considerable passion and knowledge, aquarium hobbyists can play a vital role in their conservation. CARES is made up of many organizations, whose purpose is to encourage aquarium hobbyists to devote tank space to the most endangered and overlooked freshwater fish to ensure their survival. We found the CARES priority list contains nearly six hundred species from twenty families and two dozen extinct-in-the-wild species. The major families were typically those with the largest hobbyist affiliations such as killifish, livebearers, and cichlids, the latter containing half of CARES species. CARES included every IUCN threatened species of Pseudomugilidae and Valenciidae, but only one percent of threatened Characidae, Cobitidae, and Gobiidae species. No Loricariidae in CARES were in the IUCN red list as they have not been scientifically described. Tanzania and Mexico contained the largest amount of species, with the latter containing the most endemics. Many species were classified differently than the IUCN, including a third of extinct-in-the-wild species classified as least concern by the IUCN. This vast disconnect exemplifies the importance of future collaboration and information exchange required between hobbyists, the scientific community, and conservation organizations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ceballos-Francisco:2020:ELD, author = "Diana Ceballos-Francisco and Alberto Cuesta and Mar{\'\i}a {\'A}ngeles Esteban", title = "Effect of Light--Dark Cycle on Skin Mucosal Immune Activities of Gilthead Seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata}) and \geoname{European} Sea Bass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "10", day = "24", month = feb, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/10", abstract = "Changes in different immune activities in the skin mucus of gilthead seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata} {L.}) and European sea bass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax} {L.}) specimens exposed to a constant light--dark photoperiod (12 h L:12 h D) were studied. Samples were collected at 08:00 (light on), 14:00, 20:00 (light off), 02:00, and again at 08:00 to determine immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, several enzymes related to the immune system, and bactericidal activity. IgM levels were higher during the day in seabream and reached a minimum value at 20:00, but it was hardly affected in sea bass. No significant variations were recorded in the levels of protease and antiprotease. Peroxidase reached its maximum level in seabream at 02:00, the same time that it reached its minimum level in sea bass. Lysozyme showed little variation in seabream, but it was significantly lower at 14:00 than during the rest of the cycle in sea bass. Finally, different interspecific variations on bactericidal activity against \bioname{Vibrio harveyi} were recorded. The findings demonstrate that the immune parameters present in skin mucus of these important fish species are affected by the light--dark cycle and that there are substantial interspecies differences.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lopez:2020:SMC, author = "Annalaura Lopez and Mauro Vasconi and Federica Bellagamba and Tiziana Mentasti and Vittorio Maria Moretti", title = "Sturgeon Meat and Caviar Quality from Different Cultured Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "9", day = "07", month = feb, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/9", abstract = "Sturgeon raw eggs, caviar and meat obtained from different species reared in an Italian production plant were evaluated for their chemical composition, in order to improve their appreciation on the market and to detect any eventual distinctness related to the species. Mainly, fatty acid (FA) profile of eggs and caviar, determined by Gas-Chromatography coupled to Flame Ionization Detection, showed variability in the interspecific comparison, highlighted by chemometric methods (Linear Discriminant Analysis). Generally, all samples showed a prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids with respect to saturated ones, reaching a content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) between the 40\% and the 50\% of total FA. A remarkable presence of n3 series PUFA was detected in all samples and a selective deposition of many FA into eggs' cellular membranes, yolk lipid and body fat reserves, imputable to the different biological role of single FA during sturgeon reproduction, was evidenced. Chemical composition of sturgeon flesh samples evidenced a high-protein and medium-fat content, characterized by a FA profile of high nutritional value. Moreover, color parameters (redness, yellowness, brightness, Chroma) were measured on sturgeon fillets, showing many species-specific characteristics of sturgeon meat.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Office:2020:ARF, author = "Fishes Editorial Office", title = "Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Fishes in 2019", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "8", day = "04", month = feb, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/8", abstract = "Sturgeon raw eggs, caviar and meat obtained from different species reared in an Italian production plant were evaluated for their chemical composition, in order to improve their appreciation on the market and to detect any eventual distinctness related to the species. Mainly, fatty acid (FA) profile of eggs and caviar, determined by Gas-Chromatography coupled to Flame Ionization Detection, showed variability in the interspecific comparison, highlighted by chemometric methods (Linear Discriminant Analysis). Generally, all samples showed a prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids with respect to saturated ones, reaching a content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) between the 40\% and the 50\% of total FA. A remarkable presence of n3 series PUFA was detected in all samples and a selective deposition of many FA into eggs' cellular membranes, yolk lipid and body fat reserves, imputable to the different biological role of single FA during sturgeon reproduction, was evidenced. Chemical composition of sturgeon flesh samples evidenced a high-protein and medium-fat content, characterized by a FA profile of high nutritional value. Moreover, color parameters (redness, yellowness, brightness, Chroma) were measured on sturgeon fillets, showing many species-specific characteristics of sturgeon meat.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sanchez-Gonzalez:2020:VTL, author = "Jorge Rub{\'e}n S{\'a}nchez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Amadeo Arbon{\'e}s and Frederic Casals", title = "Variation over Time of Length--Weight Relationships and Condition Factors for Four Exotic Fish Species from a Restored Shallow Lake in {NE Iberian Peninsula}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "7", day = "04", month = feb, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/7", abstract = "Length--weight relationships (LWRs), condition factors, and their variation over time were analyzed for four exotic freshwater fish (bleak, common carp, pikeperch, and roach) in the Estany d'Ivars i Vila-sana shallow lake in Catalonia, Northern Spain. Fish samples were collected twice a year (early summer and autumn), between 2008 and 2016, by using between three and five multi-mesh nylon gillnets. This study provides novel information about four common exotic fishes outside of their natural range and within the context of a restored shallow lake, where the ichthyologic community is evolving in concordance with the ecosystem conditions and the fish community dynamics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vijayakumar:2020:ICD, author = "Parameswaran Vijayakumar and M. Leonor Cancela and Vincent Laiz{\'e}", title = "Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Blastema Cells from the Regenerating Caudal Fin of Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "6", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/6", abstract = "The caudal fin of teleost fish has become an excellent system for investigating the mechanisms of epimorphic regeneration. Upon amputation of the caudal fin, a mass of undifferentiated cells, called blastema, proliferate beneath the wound-epidermis and differentiate into various cell types to faithfully restore the missing fin structures. Here we describe a protocol that can be used to isolate and culture blastema cells from zebrafish. Primary cultures were initiated from 36 h post-amputation (hpa) blastema and optimal cell growth was achieved using L-15 medium supplemented with 5\% fetal bovine serum in plates either coated with fibronectin or uncoated. After seeding, zebrafish blastema cells formed a uniform culture and exhibited polygonal shapes with prominent nucleus, while various cell types were also observed after few days in culture indicating cell differentiation. Upon treatment with all- trans retinoic acid, zebrafish blastema cells differentiated into neuron-like and oligodendritic-like cells. Immunocytochemistry data also revealed the presence of mesenchymal and neuronal cells. The availability of blastema cell cultures could contribute to a better understanding of epimorphic regeneration by providing a mean to investigate the mechanisms underlying blastema cell differentiation. Furthermore, this protocol is simple, rapid, and cost-efficient, and can be virtually applied to the development of any fish blastema cell culture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kampouris:2020:MRG, author = "Thodoros E. Kampouris and Emmanouil Kouroupakis and Ioannis E. Batjakas", title = "Morphometric Relationships of the Global Invader \bioname{Callinectes sapidus} {Rathbun}, 1896 ({Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae}) from {Papapouli Lagoon, NW Aegean Sea, Greece}. {With} Notes on Its Ecological Preferences", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "5", day = "14", month = jan, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/5", abstract = "\bioname{Callinectes sapidus} is native to the Atlantic coasts of the Americas. In the Mediterranean, it appeared around 1949 and though that it is established in East Mediterranean waters, relevant studies are limited. The aim of the present study is to report quantitative and qualitative data on the blue crab's biology and ecology in its non-native range, that are indispensable for management purposes. Papapouli Lagoon is in Thermaikos Gulf and is ecologically impacted by the blue crabs. Fyke nets with a 20 mm mesh opening were soaked for 12 to 14 h during each survey. Abiotic environmental parameters were obtained. The length--weight relationships were expressed by the equation W = aL b. The species' ecological preferences at Papapouli Lagoon were assessed with PERMANOVA analysis, using the abiotic parameters as factors. Student's t -tests were used to assess the differences between sexes. The sex ratio of the blue crab's population was assessed by a Chi-square ({\chi} 2) analysis. The sex ratio was found to be 1.28:1, in favour of males. The most dominant group size of male blue crabs was the 61--70 mm of CL and 130--139 mm of CW. Also, the dominant size group of female blue crabs was 60--69 mm of CL and 120--129 mm CW. The maximum abundance of blue crabs was recorded at a salinity range from 24{\SGMLpermil} to 25{\SGMLpermil} and the water temperature range was from 26 to 28 {$^\circ $}C.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Young:2020:LHP, author = "Alan M. Young and James A. Elliott", title = "Life History and Population Dynamics of Green Crabs (\bioname{Carcinus maenas})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "31", month = dec, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/4", abstract = "Carcinus maenas (the ``shore crab'' or ``European green crab'') is a very proficient invader (considered to be one of the world's 100 worst invaders by the IUCN) due to its phenotypic plasticity, wide temperature and salinity tolerance, and an extensive omnivorous diet. Native to Atlantic Europe, it has established two well-studied nonindigenous populations in the northwestern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific and less-studied populations in Australia, Argentina and South Africa. Green crabs are eurythermal and euryhaline as adults, but they are limited to temperate coastlines due to more restrictive temperature requirements for breeding and larval development. They cannot tolerate wave-swept open shores so are found in wave-protected sheltered bays, estuaries and harbors. \bioname{Carcinus maenas} has been the subject of numerous papers, with over 1000 published in the past decade. This review provides an up-to-date account of the current published information on the life history and population dynamics of this very important species, including genetic differentiation, habitat preferences, physical parameter tolerances, reproduction and larval development, sizes of crabs, densities of populations, sex ratios, ecosystem dynamics and ecological impacts in the various established global populations of green crabs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Baduy:2020:DRA, author = "Flavia Baduy and Jo{\~a}o L. Saraiva and Filipe Ribeiro and Adelino V. M. Canario and Pedro M. Guerreiro", title = "Distribution and Risk Assessment of Potential Invasiveness of \bioname{Australoheros facetus} ({Jenyns}, 1842) in {Portugal}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "27", month = dec, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/3", abstract = "Invasive species are recognized as a major cause of biodiversity decline. Legal regulations relating to the prevention, control, or eradication of invasive species should always be up-to-date, as the failure to recognize the problem, lack of adequate scientific information, or long legal intervals required to prepare the legislation may result in irreversible, possibly catastrophic, outcomes. This implies constant monitoring of the species distribution and levels of establishment, as well as detailed knowledge about its biology to predict dissemination and viability under changing environmental conditions. Pre-screening kits for potential invasive species are valuable tools for policy makers, as they provide information about if and how management measures should be taken. The Freshwater Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) and the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK) have been suggested as reliable tools to assess the potential risk of a species becoming invasive. The present study highlights the spread of the non-native chameleon cichlid \bioname{Australoheros facetus} in several streams of the major river drainages in southern Portugal and compares the fish assemblages and ecological indices in two selected sites in the Vasc{\~a}o and Odelouca rivers. We reviewed the current knowledge on the distribution, physiology, and behavior of A. facetus, and applied the toolkits FISK v2 and AS-ISK to this species to evaluate whether the species should be classified as invasive in Portugal. Field data show high abundance of the species in most streams and dominance in specific hotspots. The scores reached by the kits (FISK v2: 23; AS-ISK: 37) places A. facetus as a species with high potential of invasiveness and support the recent inclusion of this species in the invasive species list in Portugal (Decree-Law 92/2019), but, most of all, highlights the importance of frequent updates in both the field monitoring and the legal regulation and watch lists of invasive organisms.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Carballo:2020:HEG, author = "Carlos Carballo and Hyun Suk Shin and Concepci{\'o}n Berbel and Maria Jes{\'u}s Zamorano and Juan Jose Borrego and Eva Armero and Juan Manuel Afonso and Manuel Manchado", title = "Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlation for Growth Traits and {LCDV} Susceptibility in Gilthead Sea Bream (\bioname{Sparus aurata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "25", month = dec, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/2", abstract = "The lymphocystis disease (LCD) is a viral infection with a high economic impact in gilthead sea bream aquaculture. In this study, genetic estimates associated with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) disease susceptibility and growth were determined in sea bream juveniles. Two fish batches (named batch 1 and batch 2) were built from mass spawning and reared under industrial conditions until disease outbreak. At the moment of the sampling (n = 500 specimens for each batch), all animals had the typical LCDV lesions in the skin. For phenotyping, animals were weighted and photographed for image analysis (surface covered and lesion intensity). LCDV DNA copies were quantified in the liver by qPCR. Batch 1 had a higher surface covered and lesion intensity than batch 2, and the body caudal region was the lowest affected region in both batches. The average LCDV DNA copies in liver were higher in the batch 1 than batch 2, and they were positively correlated with severity index (SI) categories (r 2 = 0.90--0.94). The total number of families evaluated were 150 and 128 for batch 1 and batch 2, respectively, with a high bias in offspring contribution by family and broodstock. Heritabilities for weight and length were 0.18 and 0.14 in batch 1 and 0.06 and 0.05 in batch 2, respectively. Heritability for the number of viral DNA copies was low ($<$0.08) in both batches. Heritabilities for SI in binary scale were 0.32/0.33 and 0.21/0.24 (underlying liability/Bayesian approach) for batch 1 and batch 2, respectively. Genetic correlations were very high and positive when growth traits (weight and length) or disease traits (LCDV DNA copies and SI) were compared. In contrast, the genetic correlations between growth and disease traits were moderate--high and positive in the batch 1 but negative in batch 2. These results indicate the genetic selection for LCDV susceptibility and growth is feasible in sea bream juveniles, although estimates are highly dependent on the age. The information provided is relevant to designing selective breeding programs in sea bream.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pimentel:2020:SLP, author = "Marta S. Pimentel and Filipa Faleiro and Jorge Machado and Pedro Pous{\~a}o-Ferreira and Rui Rosa", title = "Seabream Larval Physiology under Ocean Warming and Acidification", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "20", month = dec, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:24 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/1/1", abstract = "The vulnerability of early fish stages represents a critical bottleneck for fish recruitment; therefore, it is essential to understand how climate change affects their physiology for more sustainable management of fisheries. Here, we investigated the effects of warming (OW; +4 {$^\circ $}C) and acidification (OA; {\Delta}pH = 0.5) on the heart and oxygen consumption rates, metabolic enzymatic machinery---namely citrate synthase (CS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and {\ss}-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), of seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata}) larvae (fifteen days after hatch). Oxygen consumption and heart rates showed a significant increase with rising temperature, but decreased with p CO 2. Results revealed a significant increase of LDH activity with OW and a significant decrease of the aerobic potential (CS and HOAD activity) of larvae with OA. In contrast, under OA, the activity levels of the enzyme LDH and the LDH:CS ratio indicated an enhancement of anaerobic pathways. Although such a short-term metabolic strategy may eventually sustain the basic costs of maintenance, it might not be adequate under the future chronic ocean conditions. Given that the potential for adaptation to new forthcoming conditions is yet experimentally unaccounted for this species, future research is essential to accurately predict the physiological performance of this commercially important species under future ocean conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hsu:2020:PGA, author = "Te-Hua Hsu and Chang-Wen Huang and Hung-Tai Lee and Yi-Hsuan Kuo and Kwang-Ming Liu and Cheng-Hui Lin and Hong-Yi Gong", title = "Population Genetic Analysis for Stock Enhancement of Silver Sea Bream (\bioname{Rhabdosargus sarba}) in \geoname{Taiwan}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "19", day = "16", month = jun, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020019", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/19", abstract = "Stock enhancement is a method for replenishing depleted wild finfish populations by supplementing them with hatchery-raised fish. In Taiwan, silver sea bream (\bioname{Rhabdosargus sarba}) is a predominant commercial species involved in stock enhancement projects. Although management agencies conduct stock enhancement projects, there are a lot of private releases without records. Stock enhancement is performed by the private aquaculture sector without accurate genetic records, potentially leading to unintended consequences for wild populations. We analyzed the genetics of 459 wild and 701 hatchery-reared specimens from nine batches produced by various hatcheries. Wild and hatchery-reared samples could be considered two separate clades by using a set of stable and informative microsatellite markers including type I (from gene introns and 3{\prime}UTR) and type II markers (randomly picked up from genome). Type I microsatellite markers could more sensitively reflect the loss of genetic diversity more than type II markers in the domestication process. All specimens were considered native by using mtDNA COI and microsatellites. The genetic composition of the wild population is relatively simple, and the estimated low contribution rate of the hatchery stock (1.3--10.9\%; 6--50/459) indicated a weak but significant genetic effect of stock enhancement. Therefore, establishing standards for the stock enhancement of silver sea bream for more effective supplementation of wild populations is imperative.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Koel:2020:YLE, author = "Todd M. Koel and Jeffery L. Arnold and Patricia E. Bigelow and Travis O. Brenden and Jeffery D. Davis and Colleen R. Detjens and Philip D. Doepke and Brian D. Ertel and Hayley C. Glassic and Robert E. Gresswell and Christopher S. Guy and Drew J. MacDonald and Michael E. Ruhl and Todd J. Stuth and David P. Sweet and John M. Syslo and Nathan A. Thomas and Lusha M. Tronstad and Patrick J. White and Alexander V. Zale", title = "{Yellowstone Lake} Ecosystem Restoration: a Case Study for Invasive Fish Management", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "18", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/18", abstract = "Invasive predatory lake trout \bioname{Salvelinus namaycush} were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994 and caused a precipitous decrease in abundance of native Yellowstone cutthroat trout \bioname{Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri}. Suppression efforts (primarily gillnetting) initiated in 1995 did not curtail lake trout population growth or lakewide expansion. An adaptive management strategy was developed in 2010 that specified desired conditions indicative of ecosystem recovery. Population modeling was used to estimate effects of suppression efforts on the lake trout and establish effort benchmarks to achieve negative population growth ({\lambda} {$<$} 1). Partnerships enhanced funding support, and a scientific review panel provided guidance to increase suppression gillnetting effort to $>$46,800 100-m net nights; this effort level was achieved in 2012 and led to a reduction in lake trout biomass. Total lake trout biomass declined from 432,017 kg in 2012 to 196,675 kg in 2019, primarily because of a 79\% reduction in adults. Total abundance declined from 925,208 in 2012 to 673,983 in 2019 but was highly variable because of recruitment of age-2 fish. Overall, 3.35 million lake trout were killed by suppression efforts from 1995 to 2019. Cutthroat trout abundance remained below target levels, but relative condition increased, large individuals ($>$ 400 mm) became more abundant, and individual weights doubled, probably because of reduced density. Continued actions to suppress lake trout will facilitate further recovery of the cutthroat trout population and integrity of the Yellowstone Lake ecosystem.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{McColl:2020:BCC, author = "Kenneth A. McColl and Agus Sunarto", title = "Biocontrol of the Common Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio}) in \geoname{Australia}: a Review and Future Directions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "17", day = "02", month = jun, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020017", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/17", abstract = "Invasive pest species are recognized as one of the important drivers of reduced global biodiversity. In Australia, the 267 invasive plant, animal and microbial species, established since European colonization in the 1770s, have been unequivocally declared the most important threat to species diversity in this country. One invasive pest, the common carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio}), has been targeted in an integrated pest management plan that might include cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) as a potential biocontrol agent. The species-specificity of the released virus (and of field variants that will inevitably arise) has been assessed, and the virus judged to be safe. It has also been hypothesised that, because the virulence of the CyHV-3 will likely decline following release, the virus should be used strategically: initially, the aim would be to markedly reduce numbers of carp in naive populations, and then some other, as yet uncertain, complementary broad-scale control measure would knock-down carp numbers even further. Brief results are included from recent studies on the modelling of release and spread of the virus, the ecological and social concerns associated with virus release, and the restoration benefits that might be expected following carp control. We conclude that, while further work is required (on the virus, the target species, environmental issues, and especially the identification of a suitable broad-scale complementary control measure), optimism must prevail in order to ensure an eventual solution to this important environmental problem.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Reyes:2020:NGE, author = "Mar{\'\i}a Reyes and Mar{\'\i}a Rodr{\'\i}guez and Juan Montes and Fernando G. Barroso and Dmitri Fabrikov and Elvira Morote and Mar{\'\i}a Jos{\'e} S{\'a}nchez-Muros", title = "Nutritional and Growth Effect of Insect Meal Inclusion on Seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchuss labrax}) Feeds", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "16", day = "01", month = jun, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/16", abstract = "Abajo: se repite los tres en el resumen. This work studies the effect of high-level fish meal replacement with insect meal: YW meal (obtained from Tenebrio larvae fed a broiler diet), BSF meal (from hermetia larvae fed broilers diet), BSFm meal (obtained from hermetia larvae fed discard fish) on growth performance nutritive indices and in vitro digestibility of \bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax} juvenile. Three different insect meals were used: BSF meal from hermetia larvae fed broilers diet; BSF improve (BSFm) obtained from hermetia larvae fed discarded fish; YW meal obtained from the larvae of Tenebrio fed a broiler diet. Five diets were used, a control (C) diet and four experimental diets by replacing fishmeal with insect meal from BSF at 30\% and 50\% (BSF30 and BSF50) substitutions, BSFm at 50\% substitution (BSF50 m) and YM at 50\% substitution (YW50). Nutritional and growth indices worsened by including insect meal, especially for hermetia meal at 50\% substitution, BSF50 and BSF50 m. The internal organs' weight reflected the growth of the fish fed each experimental diet. No differences were found in fillet composition. Nevertheless, under our experimental condition, YW replacement obtained better results than both BSF diets.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zaragoza:2020:SFS, author = "Patricia Zaragoz{\'a} and Silvia Mart{\'\i}nez-Llorens and Isabel Fern{\'a}ndez-Segovia and Jos{\'e}-Luis Vivancos and Ana Tomas-Vidal and Ana Fuentes and Jos{\'e} Vicente Ros-Lis and Ram{\'o}n Mart{\'\i}nez-M{\'a}{\~n}ez and Jos{\'e} Manuel Barat", title = "Study of Fishmeal Substitution on Growth Performance and Shelf-Life of Giltheadsea Bream (\bioname{Sparusaurata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "15", day = "15", month = may, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020015", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/15", abstract = "In this work the effect of partial or total replacement of fishmeal by plant protein sources and krill and squid meal on growth performance and shelf-life of gilthead sea bream was evaluated. Plant protein dietswith 50 g kg {-1} of krill and 100 g kg {-1} of squid were supplemented with synthetic amino acids and at the end of the growing period weight showed no significant differences. The spoilage process of the fish was followed by physicochemical and microbiological measurements together with a colorimetric sensor array (CSA) specially designed for that purpose. The changes in the physicochemical parameters and microbial growth showed that shelf-life of samples were in all cases lower than ninedays. The CSA was not able to show significant differences between both diets, confirming the physicochemical and microbiological results. The fact that the type of feed had no effect on the freshness parameters studied demonstrates that total fishmeal replacement with plant protein blends in the proportions used in this work could be an excellent alternative for feed formulation in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dam:2020:AFR, author = "Chinh Thi My Dam and Mark Booth and Igor Pirozzi and Michael Salini and Richard Smullen and Tomer Ventura and Abigail Elizur", title = "Alternative Feed Raw Materials Modulate Intestinal Microbiota and Its Relationship with Digestibility in Yellowtail Kingfish \bioname{Seriola lalandi}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "14", day = "11", month = may, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020014", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/14", abstract = "Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in nutrient digestibility and fish health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of alternative feed raw materials on the bacterial communities in the distal intestine and its relationship with nutrient digestibility in yellowtail kingfish (YTK), \bioname{Seriola lalandi}. Two 4-week digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate fish meal (FM), two sources of poultry by-product meal (PBM-1 \& PBM-2), blood meal (BLM), faba bean meal (FBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and wheat flour (WH). The nutrient digestibility value was determined using the stripping fecal collection method. Bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput sequencing based on V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The most abundant phylum identified in the present study was Proteobacteria. A significant change in the distal intestine was observed in fish fed diets containing CGM and BLM, characterized by a reduction of species richness and diversity. Additionally, significant correlation between nutrient digestibility and intestinal microbiota was observed. Allivibrio, Vibrio, Curvibacter, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridium were positively correlated, whereas Ralstonia genus was negatively correlated with nutrient digestibility. This study demonstrated that intestinal microbiota could be a useful tool for evaluating the digestibility of feed raw materials; however, further culture-based study is needed to confirm this observation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lindholm-Lehto:2020:AGM, author = "Petra Lindholm-Lehto and Juha Koskela and Janne Kaseva and Jouni Vielma", title = "Accumulation of Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in \geoname{European} Whitefish \bioname{Coregonus lavaretus} and Rainbow Trout \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss} in {RAS}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "13", day = "11", month = may, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020013", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/13", abstract = "Geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB)-induced off-flavors can cause serious problems in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), such as delayed harvest and increased production costs, but also damage producers' reputation. Traditionally, off-flavors have been removed by depuration before harvesting. Rainbow trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) and European whitefish (\bioname{Coregonus lavaretus}) are commercially valuable species produced for consumers, both being suitable for rearing in RAS. In this study, European whitefish and rainbow trout were raised from juvenile up to 240 g (European whitefish) and 660 g (rainbow trout) to monitor the long-term accumulation of off-flavors. The concentrations in fillet of rainbow trout reached 3.6 ng{\cdot}g {-1} (MIB) and 5.6 ng$ \bullet $ g {-11} (GSM) with lipid content of 22.5\%, while for European whitefish up to 3.2 ng{\cdot}g {-1} (MIB) and 3.9 ng{\cdot}g {-1} (GSM) were found with 14.8\% in lipid content. Concentrations up to 58 ng{\cdot}L {-1} (MIB) and 49 ng{\cdot}L {-1} (GSM) were found in the circulating water. Based on the results, the accumulation of MIB proceeds at similar pace for both species. In the case of GSM, the accumulation started similarly for both species but proceeded more quickly for rainbow trout after 140 days of the experiment, with a statistically significant difference (p {$<$} 0.05).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dunker:2020:DRA, author = "Kristine Dunker and Robert Massengill and Parker Bradley and Cody Jacobson and Nicole Swenson and Andy Wizik and Robert DeCino", title = "A Decade in Review: \geoname{Alaska}'s Adaptive Management of an Invasive Apex Predator", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "12", day = "21", month = apr, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020012", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/12", abstract = "Northern pike are an invasive species in southcentral Alaska and have caused the decline and extirpation of salmonids and other native fish populations across the region. Over the last decade, adaptive management of invasive pike populations has included population suppression, eradication, outreach, angler engagement, and research to mitigate damages from pike where feasible. Pike suppression efforts have been focused in open drainages of the northern and western Cook Inlet areas, and eradication efforts have been primarily focused on the Kenai Peninsula and the municipality of Anchorage. Between 2010 and 2020, almost 40,000 pike were removed from southcentral Alaska waters as a result of suppression programs, and pike have been successfully eradicated from over 20 lakes and creeks from the Kenai Peninsula and Anchorage, nearly completing total eradication of pike from known distributions in those areas. Northern pike control actions are tailored to the unique conditions of waters prioritized for their management, and all efforts support the goal of preventing further spread of this invasive aquatic apex predator to vulnerable waters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cerbule:2020:SLB, author = "Kristine Cerbule and Jacques Godfroid", title = "Salmon Louse (\bioname{Lepeophtheirus salmonis} ({Kr{\o}yer})) Control Methods and Efficacy in {Atlantic Salmon} (\bioname{Salmo salar} ({Linnaeus})) Aquaculture: a Literature Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "2", pages = "11", day = "31", month = mar, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020011", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/2/11", abstract = "The salmon louse (\bioname{Lepeophtheirus salmonis}) causes problems in Atlantic salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar}) aquaculture in the Northern Hemisphere, because infestations can result in both a loss of production and in fish mortality. Several types of treatment have been used to control louse infestations, but these have seen varying success. The aim of this review is to examine the efficacy and safety of commonly used treatments (chemical, biological, mechanical, and preventive measures) as documented in peer-reviewed publications. Efficacy is assessed in relation to a reduction in numbers of lice, and safety is assessed as a lack of negative treatment-associated effects on fish health and welfare (Atlantic salmon and/or cleaner fish). Most chemical treatments showed decreasing efficacy over time, together with the use of increasing concentrations as a result of the development of resistance to the treatments by lice. The need for a restrictive use of pesticides to preserve treatment efficacy has been emphasized. The use of cleaner fish was suggested to be effective, with few or no negative effects towards Atlantic salmon. The use of cleaner fish would be preferable to chemical treatment if the farmed fish health and welfare criteria are met. At present, the number of peer-reviewed publications relating to other forms of treatment and prevention are sparse.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mulokozi:2020:EEA, author = "Deogratias Pius Mulokozi and H{\aa}kan Berg and Torbj{\"o}rn Lundh", title = "An Ecological and Economical Assessment of Integrated Amaranth (\bioname{Amaranthus hybridus}) and \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Farming in \geoname{Dar es Salaam, Tanzania}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "30", day = "18", month = sep, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030030", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/30", abstract = "Organic wastes can be recycled in an ecologically sound way in fishponds by applying integrated agriculture and aquaculture systems (IAA). This kind of waste recycling can help to protect the environment from pollution and improve fishpond yields. Additionally, IAA provides an opportunity for diversification of the output from two or more existing subsystems leading to higher overall farm economic returns. This study explored the potential application of amaranth wastes (AW) as a dietary ingredient for tilapia in a tilapia-amaranths integrated system (ITA). An experimental diet (AD) contained 10\% (based on the control diet, CD) inclusion of AW collected from a nearby vegetable market. The experiments included triplicate treatments with; (i) fish fed on AD, where the pond water was used for irrigating the amaranth plants (IAA-fish), and (ii) fish fed on CD, where no pond water was used for irrigating the amaranth plants (non-IAA fish). 90 days after fish stocking, eighteen 4 m 2 amaranth plots were prepared and treated with (i) tap water without fertilization (control amaranths), (ii) water from IAA-fish pond and organically fertilized (IAA amaranths), and (iii) tap water and inorganically fertilized (non-IAA amaranths). The use of AW improved the fish feed conversion ratio. The overall net income from ITA was 3.2, 2.3, 2.6, and 1.8 higher than from non-IAA amaranths, IAA-amaranths, non-IAA fish, and IAA fish sub-systems respectively.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bouska:2020:GSH, author = "Wesley W. Bouska and David C. Glover and Jesse T. Trushenski and Silvia Secchi and James E. Garvey and Ruairi MacNamara and David P. Coulter and Alison A. Coulter and Kevin Irons and Andrew Wieland", title = "Geographic-Scale Harvest Program to Promote Invasivorism of Bigheaded Carps", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "29", day = "01", month = sep, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030029", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/29", abstract = "Invasive bigheaded carps, genus Hypophthalmichthys, are spreading throughout the Mississippi River basin. To explore the efficacy of a consumer-based market (i.e., invasivorism) to manage them, we developed a conceptual model and evaluated three harvest approaches---direct contracted removal, volume-based incentives (``fisher-side'' control), and set-quota harvest (``market-side'' control). We quantified the efficacy of these approaches and potential population impact in the Illinois River. Contracted removal was effective for suppressing small populations at the edge of the range but cannot support a market. ``Fisher-side'' removals totaled 225,372 kg in one year. However, participation was low, perhaps due to reporting requirements for fishers. The ``market-side'', set-quota approach removed $>$1.3 million kg of bigheaded carp in less than 6 months. Larger, older fish were disproportionately harvested, which may hinder the ability to suppress population growth. Total density declined in one river reach, and harvest may reduce upstream movement toward the invasion fronts. With sufficient market demand, harvest may control bigheaded carp. However, lack of processing infrastructure and supply chain bottlenecks could constrain harvest, particularly at low commodity prices. Given the geographical scale of this invasion and complicated harvest logistics, concerns about economic dependence on invasivorism that encourage stock enhancement are likely unmerited.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wiryawan:2020:CPU, author = "Budy Wiryawan and Neil Loneragan and Ulfah Mardhiah and Sonja Kleinertz and Prihatin Ika Wahyuningrum and Jessica Pingkan and Wildan and Putra Satria Timur and Deirdre Duggan and Irfan Yulianto", title = "Catch per Unit Effort Dynamic of Yellowfin Tuna Related to Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll in {Southern Indonesia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "28", day = "31", month = aug, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030028", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/28", abstract = "Tuna fisheries are the most valuable fisheries in the world, with an estimated market value of at least US\$42 billion in 2018. Indonesia plays an important role in the global tuna fisheries and has committed to improve its fisheries management; therefore, a pilot of long-term spatial-temporal data bases was developed in 2012, however none have utilized data to have better understanding for management improvement. In this study, the annual and seasonal variation of large (\ge 10 kg) Yellowfin Tuna (YFT) catch per unit effort (CPUE) have been investigated and the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll- a on these variables examined. We used fish landing data from West Nusa Tenggara recorded every month between 2012 and 2017 and analyzed using generalized linear models and generalized additive models. We found a seasonal and annual pattern of tuna abundance affected by SST and chlorophyll- a (chl a) and related to upwelling and El Nino event. These results also suggest that a two-month closure to fishing in August and September in southern Lombok is worth considering by the Government to maximize conservation of stocks due to a high abundance of juveniles emerging during the upwelling months from June to August.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hayer:2020:UED, author = "Cari-Ann Hayer and Michael F. Bayless and Amy George and Nathan Thompson and Catherine A. Richter and Duane C. Chapman", title = "Use of Environmental {DNA} to Detect Grass Carp Spawning Events", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "27", day = "27", month = aug, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030027", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/27", abstract = "The timing and location of spawning events are important data for managers seeking to control invasive grass carp populations. Ichthyoplankton tows for grass carp eggs and larvae can be used to detect spawning events; however, these samples can be highly debris-laden, and are expensive and laborious to process. An alternative method, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology, has proven effective in determining the presence of aquatic species. The objectives of this project were to assess the use of eDNA collections and quantitative eDNA analysis to assess the potential spawning of grass carp in five reservoir tributaries, and to compare those results to the more traditional method of ichthyoplankton tows. Grass carp eDNA was detected in 56\% of sampling occasions and was detected in all five rivers. Concentrations of grass carp eDNA were orders of magnitude higher in June, corresponding to elevated discharge and egg presence. Grass carp environmental DNA flux (copies/h) was lower when no eggs were present and was higher when velocities and discharge increased and eggs were present. There was a positive relationship between grass carp eDNA flux and egg flux. Our results support the further development of eDNA analysis as a method to detect the spawning events of grass carp or other rheophilic spawners.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bernet:2020:ZFI, author = "Daniel Bernet and Thomas Wahli and Christoph K{\"u}ng and Helmut Segner", title = "Zooplankton Feeding Induces Macroscopical Gonad Malformations in Whitefish (\bioname{Coregonus} ssp.) from {Lake Thun, Switzerland}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "26", day = "20", month = aug, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030026", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/26", abstract = "Alterations in gonad morphology are widespread in wild fish populations. Whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland, display a high prevalence of macroscopical gonad malformations including fusions to the musculature, segmented gonads and intersex condition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the gonad morphological changes in Lake Thun whitefish are caused by genetic factors, environmental factors (water, diet) or ``gene $ \times $ environment'' interaction. We performed two independent experiments of a three-year duration in which we reared whitefish from fertilization until adulthood and tested the possible causative factors using a matrix design: (i) genetics---comparing the prevalence of gonad malformations in whitefish of different genetic origin reared under identical environmental conditions (same diet, same water, same experimental facility); (ii) environment---comparing the prevalence of gonad malformations in whitefish of the same genetic origin reared in different water sources and/or fed with different diets; and (iii) gene-environment interaction---comparing the prevalence of gonad morphological alterations in relation to the combinations of genetics and environmental factors. Two diets were used for the rearing experiments: either zooplankton collected in Lake Thun which represents the natural diet of whitefish, or an artificial dry food which was used as control. The key finding of this study is that the inducing factor of the gonad malformations is contained in the zooplankton of Lake Thun. Fish fed with this diet developed a significantly higher prevalence of malformations than fish from any other treatment, irrespective of the genetic origin and/or the water source. This result could be repeated in the two independent experiments. Importantly, the prevalence values observed in the experimental fish fed with Lake Thun zooplankton were similar to the prevalence values recorded in free-ranging whitefish in the lake. The findings of this study advance the understanding of the causes of gonad morphological alterations in wild fish populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Suski:2020:DCD, author = "Cory D. Suski", title = "Development of Carbon Dioxide Barriers to Deter Invasive Fishes: Insights and Lessons Learned from Bigheaded Carp", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "25", day = "13", month = aug, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030025", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/25", abstract = "Invasive species are a threat to biodiversity in freshwater. Removing an aquatic invasive species following arrival is almost impossible, and preventing introduction is a more viable management option. Bigheaded carp are an invasive fish spreading throughout the Midwestern {United States} and are threatening to enter the Great Lakes. This review outlines the development of carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) as a non-physical barrier that can be used to deter the movement of fish and prevent further spread. Carbon dioxide gas could be used as a deterrent either to cause avoidance (i.e., fish swim away from zones of high CO 2), or by inducing equilibrium loss due to the anesthetic properties of CO 2 (i.e., tolerance). The development of CO 2 as a fish deterrent started with controlled laboratory experiments demonstrating stress and avoidance, and then progressed to larger field applications demonstrating avoidance at scales that approach real-world scenarios. In addition, factors that influence the effectiveness of CO 2 as a fish barrier are discussed, outlining conditions that could make CO 2 less effective in the field; these factors that influence efficacy would be of interest to managers using CO 2 to target other fish species, or those using other non-physical barriers for fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Harris:2020:PGA, author = "Sheila C. Harris and W. Robert Cope and Isaac Wirgin and Eric M. Hallerman", title = "Population Genetic Assessment of Anadromous and Resident Striped Bass (\bioname{Morone saxatilis}) in the {Roanoke River System, Eastern United States}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "24", day = "07", month = aug, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030024", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/24", abstract = "Striped bass is the subject of important commercial and sport fisheries in North America. The Roanoke River drainage---especially Smith Mountain Lake, Leesville Lake, and Kerr Reservoir---has popular recreational striped bass fisheries. After construction of five hydroelectric dams, populations became landlocked, declined, and have been supplemented by stocking. A key basis for responsibly augmenting populations is to characterize genetic variation and incorporate the findings into responsible hatchery and stocking practices. Genetic variation at 12 microsatellite DNA loci was evaluated among 837 striped bass representing 16 collections across the native range; populations from rivers in South Carolina, North Carolina, Chesapeake Bay, and Hudson River were screened to provide context for assessing genetic structure within the Roanoke system. Analysis of population genetic differentiation showed landlocked Roanoke River striped bass to be distinctive. Subject to genetic isolation, high M ratios, and relatively low N e estimates suggest loss of genetic variation, and relatedness analysis showed heightened frequencies of related individuals. These insights into population genetics, demographics, and existing guidelines for broodstock acquisition and mating designs can inform genetically cognizant hatchery management and stocking for striped bass in the Roanoke River drainage. In particular, we recommend the use of larger numbers of breeders and factorial mating designs to increase the genetic diversity of propagated striped bass stocked within the Roanoke River drainage.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Costa:2020:ZMN, author = "Bruna Patricia Dutra Costa and Layana Aquino Moura and Sabrina Alana Gomes Pinto and Monica Lima-Maximino and Caio Maximino", title = "Zebrafish Models in Neural and Behavioral Toxicology across the Life Stages", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "23", day = "31", month = jul, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030023", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/23", abstract = "The industry is increasingly relying on fish for toxicity assessment. However, current guidelines for toxicity assessment focus on teratogenicity and mortality. From an ecotoxicological point of view, however, these endpoints may not reflect the ``full picture'' of possible deleterious effects that can nonetheless result in decreased fitness and/or inability to adapt to a changing environment, affecting whole populations. Therefore, assessing sublethal effects add relevant data covering different aspects of toxicity at different levels of analysis. The impacts of toxicants on neurobehavioral function have the potential to affect many different life-history traits, and are easier to assess in the laboratory than in the wild. We propose that carefully-controlled laboratory experiments on different behavioral domains---including anxiety, aggression, and exploration---can increase our understanding of the ecotoxicological impacts of contaminants, since these domains are related to traits such as defense, sociality, and reproduction, directly impacting life-history traits. The effects of selected contaminants on these tests are reviewed, focusing on larval and adult zebrafish, showing that these behavioral domains are highly sensitive to small concentrations of these substances. These strategies suggest a way forward on ecotoxicological research using fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Glencross:2020:ASC, author = "Brett D. Glencross and David Huyben and Johan W. Schrama", title = "The Application of Single-Cell Ingredients in Aquaculture Feeds --- a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "22", day = "16", month = jul, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030022", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/22", abstract = "Single-cell ingredients (SCI) are a relatively broad class of materials that encompasses bacterial, fungal (yeast), microalgal-derived products or the combination of all three microbial groups into microbial bioflocs and aggregates. In this review we focus on those dried and processed single-cell organisms used as potential ingredients for aqua-feeds where the microorganisms are considered non-viable and are used primarily to provide protein, lipids or specific nutritional components. Among the SCI, there is a generalised dichotomy in terms of their use as either single-cell protein (SCP) resources or single-cell oil (SCO) resources, with SCO products being those oleaginous products containing 200 g/kg or more of lipids, whereas those products considered as SCP resources tend to contain more than 300 g/kg of protein (on a dry basis). Both SCP and SCO are now widely being used as protein/amino acid sources, omega-3 sources and sources of bioactive molecules in the diets of several species, with the current range of both these ingredient groups being considerable and growing. However, the different array of products becoming available in the market, how they are produced and processed has also resulted in different nutritional qualities in those products. In assessing this variation among the products and the application of the various types of SCI, we have taken the approach of evaluating their use against a set of standardised evaluation criteria based around key nutritional response parameters and how these criteria have been applied against salmonids, shrimp, tilapia and marine fish species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jung:2020:FDO, author = "Joo-Young Jung and Soohwan Kim and Kyochan Kim and Bong-Joo Lee and Kang-Woong Kim and Hyon-Sob Han", title = "Feed and Disease at Olive Flounder (\bioname{Paralichthys olivaceus}) Farms in \geoname{Korea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "21", day = "14", month = jul, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030021", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/21", abstract = "The objective of this study was to conduct field experiments comparing formulated (extruded pellets (E.P)) and raw-fish (moist pellets (M.P)) feeds at two flounder aquaculture farms for six months to obtain the basic data necessary for improving aquafarmers' awareness of feed-quality issues and firmly establish and expand the use of formulated feed. According to the results, the M.P group was higher in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate and lower in mortality rate than the E.P group. All cases of mortality were caused by six kinds of disease, four of which (Vibrio sp., Edwardsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., and Scuticociliates) were common to the two groups, whereas Lymphocystis arose only in the M.P group and abdominal inflation only in the E.P group at both farms. As for mortality in the present experiment, the numbers were 1047 at Da-Hae farm and 1167 at Global farm, with more fish dying in the E.P tanks than in the M.P tanks. By multiplying the number of deaths by selling price, the economic losses were \$9650 and \$10,756, respectively. Therefore, it should be considered an urgent priority to develop flounder-exclusive formulated feed for improved digestion and absorption rate and also to establish a water-quality-improvement management plan.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vu:2020:OLF, author = "Ngoc-Ut Vu and Truong-Giang Huynh", title = "Optimized Live Feed Regime Significantly Improves Growth Performance and Survival Rate for Early Life History Stages of Pangasius Catfish (\bioname{Pangasianodon hypophthalmus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "20", day = "28", month = jun, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030020", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/3/20", abstract = "This study aimed to determine the optimal live feed regime (i.e., initial feeding moment, density, and frequency) for maximum growth and survival of pangasius catfish (\bioname{Pangasianodon hypophthalmus}) early life history stages. The first experiment assessed the optimal initial feeding moment (30, 36, 42, and 48 h post hatching, hph). The second experiment assessed feeding density (3, 5, 8 and 11 individuals per mL, ind/mL) at the optimal initial feeding moment (30 hph) which was the best result from the first experiment. The third experiment assessed optimal feeding frequency (1, 2, 4, and 6 times per day) at the optimal initial feeding moment (30 hph) and density (8 ind/mL) which was drawn upon from the second experiment. All experiments were conducted in 20 L containers containing 20 hph P. hypophthalmus larvae at a density of 10 ind/L and fed rotifers (Brachionus angularis) for 3 days and then water fleas (\bioname{Moina macrocopa}) for 7 days. The first experiment demonstrated that larvae initially fed at 30 hph exhibited a significantly higher survival rate (24\%) than larvae initially fed at 36, 42, and 48 hph (19\%, 16\%, and 16\%), respectively. The second experiment demonstrated that larvae fed at 8 and 11 ind/mL densities exhibited significantly higher survival rates (32\% and 32\%) than larvae fed at 3 and 5 ind/mL densities (13\% and 23\%), respectively. The third experiment demonstrated that the highest survival rate (66\%) was obtained when larvae were fed 6 times per day. These results provide valuable insights regarding the optimal live feed regime for better growth and survival of P. hypophthalmus larvae, which are commercially important and numerously cultured throughout the Mekong Delta region.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nikiforidou:2020:VMM, author = "Vasiliki Nikiforidou and Stefanos Zaoutsos and Nikolaos Vlahos and Panagiotis Berillis", title = "Vertebrae Morphometric Measurement and {Ca/P} Levels of Different Age \geoname{European} Seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "37", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040037", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/37", abstract = "The European seabass is one of the most important species of the Mediterranean, specifically Greece. Individuals with different numbers of vertebrae have been reported. This number ranges from 24 to 26 vertebrae. In this study a sample of 73 individual seabass were collected from fish farms and divided into three age groups. The first group included fingerling individuals, the second group, juvenile individuals and the third group, adult individuals. The number and the length of their vertebrae were measured by radiographs. The individuals were divided into subgroups according to their vertebrae number, and from each one the tenth vertebra was taken. Ca and P levels (\%) of each tenth vertebra were measured by X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and the Ca/P ratio was determined. Vertebrae length, Ca and P levels and Ca/P ratio were compared among age groups and among individuals with different numbers of vertebrae. It was shown that the European seabass's vertebral column can be divided to three sections---cervical, abdominal and caudal---following the striped bass (\bioname{Morone saxatilis}) model.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sorensen:2020:CSD, author = "Peter W. Sorensen and Przemyslaw G. Bajer", title = "Case Studies Demonstrate That Common Carp Can Be Sustainably Reduced by Exploiting Source-Sink Dynamics in {Midwestern} Lakes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "36", day = "04", month = dec, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040036", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/36", abstract = "The common carp has been highly problematic in North American ecosystems since its introduction over a century ago. In many watersheds, its abundance appears to be driven by source-sink dynamics in which carp reproduce successfully in peripheral ponds that lack egg/larva micro-predators which then serve as sources of recruits for deeper lakes. This manuscript describes how carp were sustainably reduced in two chains of lakes by disrupting source-sink dynamics in three steps. First, we ascertained whether lakes had problematic densities of carp that could be explained by source-sink dynamics. Second, ways to control recruitment were developed and implemented including: (i) aerating source ponds to reduce hypoxia and increase micro-predator abundance, (ii) blocking carp migration, and (iii) locating and removing adults from sinks using targeted netting guided by Judas fish. Third, we monitored and adapted. Using this strategy, the density of carp in 3 lakes in one chain was reduced from 177 kg/ha to $ \approx $100 kg/ha in 3 years and held constant for a decade. Similarly, adult density was reduced from 300 kg carp/ha in 2 lakes in the other chain to 25 kg/ha. Once carp densities were low, aluminum sulfate treatments became reasonable and once conducted, water quality improved.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Richard:2020:MFW, author = "Adand{\'e} Richard and Liady Mouhamadou Nourou Dine and Djidohokpin Gildas and Adjahouinou Dogb{\`e} Cl{\'e}ment and Azon Mahuan Tobias C{\'e}saire and Micha Jean-Claude and Fiogbe Didier Emile", title = "Multispecies Fresh Water Algae Production for Fish Farming Using Rabbit Manure", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "35", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040035", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/35", abstract = "The current study aims at determining the optimal usage conditions of rabbit manure in a multispecies fresh water algae production for fish farming. This purpose, the experimental design is made of six treatments in triplicate including one control T 0, T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4, T 5 corresponding respectively to 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 g/m 3 of dry rabbit manure put into buckets containing 40 L of demineralized water and then fertilized. The initial average seeding density is made of 4 $ \times $ 10 3 {\pm} 2.5 $ \times $ 10 2 cells/L of Chlorophyceae, 1.5 $ \times $ 10 3 {\pm} 1 $ \times $ 10 2 cells/L of Coscinodiscophyceae, 3 $ \times $ 10 3 {\pm} 1.2 $ \times $ 10 2 cells/L of Conjugatophyceae, 2.8 $ \times $ 10 3 {\pm} 1.5 $ \times $ 10 2 cells/L of Bascillariophyceae, and 2.5 $ \times $ 10 3 {\pm} 1.4 $ \times $ 10 2 cells/L of Euglenophyceae. During the experiments, the effects of these treatments on abiotic and biotic parameters (chlorophyll-a concentration, phytoplankton density and algal density) of different production media were monitored. Results show that average density of different phytoplankton classes is higher in treatment T 5 (7.91 $ \times $ 10 8 {\pm} 6.78 $ \times $ 10 7 cells/L) followed by T 4 (5.56 $ \times $ 10 8 {\pm} 4.27 $ \times $ 10 7 cells/L), T 2 (3.87 $ \times $ 10 8 {\pm} 3.10 $ \times $ 10 8 cells/L), T 3 (3.79 $ \times $ 10 8 {\pm} 3.18 $ \times $ 10 8 cells/L), with high significant difference (F (4,84) = 5, 35, p {$<$} 0.00). Chl-a concentration varied from 0.07 {\pm} 0.05 mg/L (T 0) to 14.47 {\pm} 12.50 mg/L (T 5) with high significant differences observed among treatments (F (5,83) = 3,09, p = 0,01). In addition, fourteen (14) species belonging to eight (8) families, five (5) classes and three (3) phyla were identified in our different production media. During the culture, Chlorophyceae class was the most represented in all treatments with 5 species (36\% of the specific diversity) while Euglenophyceae class (7\%) was the least represented with only one (01) species. According to these results, treatments T 2 (600 g/m 3), T 3 (900 g/m 3) and T 4 (1200 g/m 3) of dry rabbit manure are those worthy to be recommended as an alternative for a low cost massive production of multispecies freshwater algae that can be easily used by freshwater zooplankton and macroinvertebrates. Indeed, despite the best performances that it shows, treatment T 5, presents important eutrophication's risks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ytteborg:2020:MTV, author = "Elisabeth Ytteborg and {\O}yvind Johannes Hansen and Vibeke H{\o}st and Sergey Afanasyev and Ireen Vieweg and Jasmine Nahrgang and Aleksei Krasnov", title = "Morphology, Transcriptomics and In Vitro Model of Skin from Polar Cod (\bioname{Boreogadus saida}) and \geoname{Atlantic} Cod (\bioname{Gadus morhua})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "34", day = "04", month = nov, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040034", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/34", abstract = "Fish skin is a multifunctional barrier tissue with high regeneration capacity that interacts with the surrounding environment and provides protection. Functional importance, high complexity and activity make skin an attractive tissue for studying the effects of environmental challenges and chemical stressors in fish. The aim of this work was to characterize skin from polar cod (\bioname{Boreogadus saida}) and Atlantic cod (\bioname{Gadus morhua}), and to test cod skin as an in vitro model in exposure studies. Both species have similar skin structures including epidermis, mucous cells, club cells and scales. However, microarchitectural differences were detected; Atlantic cod has a smooth epidermal surface and overlapping scales, whereas polar cod has a folded outer surface and discontinuous scales. Genome-wide microarray found 6.5k genes with expression differences, which suggested more active turnover of proteins, proliferation and motility of cells in skin of polar cod. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) was used to examine skin responses. Transcriptome response was stronger in the skin of polar cod, with 155 differentially expressed genes. The skin from Atlantic cod was further used to develop a cell culture. H 2 O 2 decreased the cell migration rate in a dose-dependent manner, which could indicate reduced skin healing capacity. The results revealed novel skin structures and confirmed that the skin from cod is a promising tissue for evaluation of stressors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Newman:2020:CBI, author = "Raymond M. Newman and Fred G. Henson and Carl Richards", title = "Competition between Invasive Ruffe (\bioname{Gymnocephalus cernua}) and Native Yellow Perch (\bioname{Perca flavescens}) in Experimental Mesocosms", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "33", day = "17", month = oct, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040033", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/33", abstract = "Ruffe (\bioname{Gymnocephalus cernua}) were introduced to North America from Europe in the mid-1980s and based on similar diets and habit use may compete with yellow perch (\bioname{Perca flavescens}). To examine competitive interactions between invasive ruffe and native yellow perch, individually marked perch and ruffe were placed in mesocosms in a small lake. Mesocosms allowed fish to interact and feed on the natural prey populations enclosed. In the first experiment, four treatments were assessed: 28 perch, 14 perch + 14 ruffe, 14 perch, and 7 perch + 7 ruffe. Yellow perch growth was significantly lower in the presence of ruffe (ANOVA, p = 0.005) than in treatments containing only perch. In a second experiment, an increasing density of one species was superimposed upon a constant density of the other in parallel treatment series. Growth rates of both ruffe and perch declined when ruffe density was increased (t test, p = 0.006). However, neither ruffe nor perch growth was affected by increasing perch density. Total stomach content mass of perch was significantly decreased by ruffe in both years (p {$<$} 0.02), but no effects of ruffe on the composition of perch diets were observed. Ruffe growth and food consumption was greater than that of perch for both experiments. Ruffe can outcompete yellow perch when both species depend on a limited benthic food resource. Thus there is reason for concern for the ecological effects of ruffe if they expand their range into {Lake Erie} or North American inland lakes that contain yellow perch.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mmanda:2020:DLF, author = "Francis Pius Mmanda and Jan Erik Lindberg and Anna Norman Hald{\'e}n and Matern S. P. Mtolera and Rukia Kitula and Torbj{\"o}rn Lundh", title = "Digestibility of Local Feed Ingredients in Tilapia \bioname{Oreochromis niloticus} Juveniles, Determined on Faeces Collected by Siphoning or Stripping", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "32", day = "15", month = oct, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040032", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/32", abstract = "Eight locally available protein source ingredients in Tanzania were selected for assessment of apparent digestibility (AD) in tilapia \bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}, using faeces samples collected by siphoning or stripping. The selected protein source ingredients were Lake Victoria sardines (FM), brewers spent yeast (BSY), moringa leaves (ML), freshwater shrimp (FSH), marine shrimp (MSH), cattle blood (CB), duckweed (DW) and fish frames (FF). The AD (\%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) was unaffected (p $>$ 0.782--0.901) by the faeces collection method (i.e., siphoning or stripping), with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.98, 0.99 and 0.93 between AD values for DM, OM and CP, respectively, following siphoning and stripping. The AD (\%) of DM, OM, CP and gross energy (GE) in the test ingredients differed (p {$<$} 0.0001). The AD (\%) of DM and OM was lowest in BSY and DW, followed in increasing order by ML, MSH, FF, FSH and CB. In general, the AD (\%) of CP was high ($>$76\%), but with a low value (46\%) for DW. The AD (\%) of GE was closely correlated (r = 0.96) with the AD of OM. In conclusion, FSH, MSH, CB, FF, BSY and ML have acceptable protein digestibility to be used in tilapia diet formulation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ruiz-Garcia:2020:DSM, author = "David Ruiz-Garc{\'\i}a and Kye Adams and Heidi Brown and Andrew R. Davis", title = "Determining Stingray Movement Patterns in a Wave-Swept Coastal Zone Using a Blimp for Continuous Aerial Video Surveillance", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "31", day = "30", month = sep, year = "2020", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes5040031", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:25 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/5/4/31", abstract = "Stingrays play a key role in the regulation of nearshore ecosystems. However, their movement ecology in high-energy surf areas remains largely unknown due to the notorious difficulties in conducting research in these environments. Using a blimp as an aerial platform for video surveillance, we overcame some of the limitations of other tracking methods, such as the use of tags and drones. This novel technology offered near-continuous coverage to characterise the fine-scale movements of stingrays in a surf area in Kiama, Australia, without any invasive procedures. A total of 98 stingray tracks were recorded, providing 6 h 27 min of movement paths. The tracking data suggest that stingrays may use a depth gradient located in the sandflat area of the bay for orientating their movements and transiting between locations within their home range. Our research also indicates that stingray behaviour was influenced by diel periods and tidal states. We observed a higher stingray occurrence during the afternoon, potentially related to foraging and anti-predatory strategies. We also saw a reduced route fidelity during low tide, when the bathymetric reference was less accessible due to stranding risk. Considering the increasing threat of anthropogenic development to nearshore coastal environments, the identification of these patterns can better inform the management and mitigation of threats.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Setyohadi:2021:UIS, author = "Daduk Setyohadi and Umi Zakiyah and Abu Bakar Sambah and Adi Wijaya", title = "Upwelling Impact on \bioname{Sardinella lemuru} during the \geoname{Indian Ocean} Dipole in the {Bali Strait, Indonesia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "8", day = "16", month = mar, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/8", abstract = "Understanding the impact of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on fishery around Indonesia is important as the fishery resources are small compared to the demand. In this study, we analyzed the effect of positive and negative phases of IOD on chlorophyll-a concentration and the catch of Sardinella lemuru in the Bali Strait. Data are based on field surveys in the Bali Strait during the positive and negative phase of IOD and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Chlorophyll (SSC) obtained from the analysis of satellite images. The results suggest that SSC concentration in the strait significantly correlates with the positive and negative phase of IOD, possibly through a change of upwelling and downwelling there. It is suggested that the change of phytoplankton biomass due to positive IOD would result in an increase of \bioname{Sardinella lemuru} in the Bali Strait. This research has direct implications as important information for the government in planning lemuru fisheries management in the Bali Strait based on oceanographic studies and climate phenomena.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2021:SIS, author = "Xi Zhang and Zhiyuan Shen and Tianpeng Qi and Rujuan Xi and Xiao Liang and Li Li and Rong Tang and Dapeng Li", title = "Slight Increases in Salinity Improve Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idellus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "7", day = "24", month = feb, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/7", abstract = "Fish muscle quality is an important parameter in the aquaculture industry. In this study, we analyzed and compared the muscle quality of grass carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idellus}) cultured at salinities of 0\permille, 3\permille, and 6\permille (GC0, GC3, GC6). There was no significant difference in crude protein and crude fat content of muscle between GC0 and GC3. Crude fat was significantly lower in GC6 compared to the other groups. GC3 and GC6 had higher hydroxyproline content, which suggested that these groups had higher collagen content. GC3 and GC6 had higher contents of free amino acids and umami amino acids than GC0, but there was no significant difference in sweet or sour amino-acid content among groups. GC3 and GC6 had better texture properties, including hardness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience, and springiness, than GC0. GC3 had the highest water-holding capacity among the groups. As the salinity increased, the diameter of muscle fibers decreased and the sarcolemma showed a thickening trend. These results suggest that a slight increase in salinity (i.e., 3\permille) can effectively improve the muscle quality of grass carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yick:2021:EIC, author = "Jonah L. Yick and Chris Wisniewski and John Diggle and Jawahar G. Patil", title = "Eradication of the Invasive Common Carp, \bioname{Cyprinus carpio} from a Large Lake: Lessons and Insights from the \geoname{Tasmanian} Experience", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "6", day = "23", month = feb, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/6", abstract = "Common carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio}, L. 1758) are the most abundant pest fish species in Australia, detrimental to ecosystem integrity and values, and in need of suitable management solutions. In January 1995, this destructive pest was discovered in two large, connected Tasmanian lakes --- Lakes Crescent (23 km 2) and Sorell (54 km 2). After an initial assessment, carp were immediately contained to these waters using screens to prevent their escape down-stream, followed by swift legislation to enforce closure of the lakes to the public. Assessment and evaluation of carp numbers occurred throughout the eradication program, with effort focused on Lake Crescent. Beginning with undirected removal, techniques progressively evolved to more sophisticated targeted removal with assistance from biotelemetry, in conjunction with gill netting and electro-fishing. Real-time population estimates and in situ observations resulted in a detailed cumulative understanding of carp population dynamics, behaviour and seasonal habitat choice. This allowed strategic deployment of fences to block access to marshes, and the installation of steel traps within the fences. These gears specifically prevented spawning opportunities, while concurrently capturing mature fish. Following 12 years of adaptive and integrated effort, 7797 carp (fry, juvenile and adult) were captured from Lake Crescent, with the last carp being caught in December 2007. The subsequent 14 years of monitoring has not resulted in the capture of any carp, confirming the successful eradication of carp from Lake Crescent. These management practices have been successfully replicated in the larger Lake Sorell, where 41,499 carp (fry, juvenile and adult) have been removed. It is now estimated that there are few, if any carp remaining. Collectively, the techniques and strategies described here were reliable, and can be applied as a model to control or eradicate pest populations of carp in freshwater lakes elsewhere.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez:2021:SGD, author = "Gil Mart{\'\i}nez and Emyr Pe{\~n}a and Rafael Mart{\'\i}nez and Susana Camarillo and Warren Burggren and Alfonso {\'A}lvarez", title = "Survival, Growth, and Development in the Early Stages of the Tropical Gar \bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}: Developmental Critical {Windows} and the Influence of Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Availability", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "5", day = "12", month = feb, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/5", abstract = "Alterations in fish developmental trajectories occur in response to genetic and environmental changes, especially during sensitive periods of development (critical windows). Embryos and larvae of \bioname{Atractosteus tropicus} were used as a model to study fish survival, growth, and development as a function of temperature (28 \degree C control, 33 \degree C, and 36 \degree C), salinity (0.0 ppt control, 4.0 ppt, and 6.0 ppt), and air saturation (control $ \approx $95\% air saturation, hypoxia $ \approx $30\% air saturation, and hyperoxia $ \approx $117\% air saturation) during three developmental periods: (1) fertilization to hatch, (2) day 1 to day 6 post hatch (dph), and (3) 7 to 12 dph. Elevated temperature, hypoxia, and hyperoxia decreased survival during incubation, and salinity at 2 and 3 dph. Growth increased in embryos incubated at elevated temperature, at higher salinity, and in hyperoxia but decreased in hypoxia. Changes in development occurred as alterations in the timing of hatching, yolk depletion, acceptance of exogenous feeding, free swimming, and snout shape change, especially at high temperature and hypoxia. Our results suggest identifiable critical windows of development in the early ontogeny of A. tropicus and contribute to the knowledge of fish larval ecology and the interactions of individuals $ \times $ stressors $ \times $ time of exposure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martens:2021:ECF, author = "Kyle D. Martens and Jason Dunham", title = "Evaluating Coexistence of Fish Species with Coastal Cutthroat Trout in Low Order Streams of {Western Oregon and Washington, USA}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/4", abstract = "When multiple species of fish coexist there are a host of potential ways through which they may interact, yet there is often a strong focus on studies of single species without considering these interactions. For example, many studies of forestry--stream interactions in the Pacific Northwest have focused solely on the most prevalent species: Coastal cutthroat trout. To examine the potential for interactions of other fishes with coastal cutthroat trout, we conducted an analysis of 281 sites in low order streams located on Washington's Olympic Peninsula and along the central Oregon coast. Coastal cutthroat trout and juvenile coho salmon were the most commonly found salmonid species within these streams and exhibited positive associations with each other for both presence and density. Steelhead were negatively associated with the presence of coastal cutthroat trout as well as with coho salmon and sculpins (Cottidae). Coastal cutthroat trout most frequently shared streams with juvenile coho salmon. For densities of these co-occurring species, associations between these two species were relatively weak compared to the strong influences of physical stream conditions (size and gradient), suggesting that physical conditions may have more of an influence on density than species interactions. Collectively, our analysis, along with a review of findings from prior field and laboratory studies, suggests that the net effect of interactions between coastal cutthroat trout and coho salmon do not appear to inhibit their presence or densities in small streams along the Pacific Northwest.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Office:2021:ARF, author = "Fishes Editorial Office", title = "Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Fishes in 2020", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "27", month = jan, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/3", abstract = "When multiple species of fish coexist there are a host of potential ways through which they may interact, yet there is often a strong focus on studies of single species without considering these interactions. For example, many studies of forestry--stream interactions in the Pacific Northwest have focused solely on the most prevalent species: Coastal cutthroat trout. To examine the potential for interactions of other fishes with coastal cutthroat trout, we conducted an analysis of 281 sites in low order streams located on Washington's Olympic Peninsula and along the central Oregon coast. Coastal cutthroat trout and juvenile coho salmon were the most commonly found salmonid species within these streams and exhibited positive associations with each other for both presence and density. Steelhead were negatively associated with the presence of coastal cutthroat trout as well as with coho salmon and sculpins (Cottidae). Coastal cutthroat trout most frequently shared streams with juvenile coho salmon. For densities of these co-occurring species, associations between these two species were relatively weak compared to the strong influences of physical stream conditions (size and gradient), suggesting that physical conditions may have more of an influence on density than species interactions. Collectively, our analysis, along with a review of findings from prior field and laboratory studies, suggests that the net effect of interactions between coastal cutthroat trout and coho salmon do not appear to inhibit their presence or densities in small streams along the Pacific Northwest.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Young:2021:ASL, author = "Bradley Young and B. J. Allaire and Stephen Smith", title = "Achieving Sea Lamprey Control in {Lake Champlain}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "26", month = jan, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/2", abstract = "The control of parasitic sea lamprey in Lake Champlain has been a necessary component of its fishery restoration and recovery goals for 30 years. While adopting the approach of the larger and established sea lamprey control program of the Laurentian Great Lakes, local differences emerged that shifted management focus and effort as the program evolved. Increased investment in lamprey assessment and monitoring revealed under-estimations of population density and distribution in the basin, where insufficient control efforts went unnoticed. As control efforts improved in response to a better understanding of the population, the effects of lamprey on the fishery lessened. A long-term evaluation of fishery responses when lamprey control was started, interrupted, delayed, and enhanced provided evidence of a recurring relationship between the level of control effort applied and the measured suppression of the parasitic sea lamprey population. Changes in levels of control efforts over time showed repeatedly that measurable suppression of the parasitic population required effective control of 80\% of the known larval population. Understanding the importance of assessment and monitoring and the relationship between control effort and population suppression has led to recognition that a comprehensive, not incremental, approach is needed to achieve effective control of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Flinn:2021:TGM, author = "Shane A. Flinn and Stephen R. Midway", title = "Trends in Growth Modeling in Fisheries Science", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "19", month = jan, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/1/1", abstract = "Growth models estimate life history parameters (e.g., growth rates and asymptotic size) that are used in the management of fisheries stocks. Traditionally in fisheries science, it was common to fit one growth model---the von Bertalanffy growth model---to size-at-age data. However, in recent years, fisheries science has seen an increase in the number of growth models available and the evaluation of multiple growth models for a given species or study. We reviewed n = 196 peer-reviewed age and growth studies and n = 50 NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) regional stock assessments to examine trends in the use of growth models and model selection in fisheries over time. Our results indicate that the total number of age and growth studies increased annually since 1988 with a slight proportional increase in the use of multi-model frameworks. Information theoretic approaches are replacing goodness-of-fit and a priori model selection in fisheries studies; however, this trend is not reflected in NOAA stock assessments, which almost exclusively rely on the von Bertalanffy growth model. Covariates such as system (e.g., marine or fresh), location of study, diet, family, maximum age, and range of age data used in model fitting did not contribute to which model was ultimately the best fitting, suggesting that there are no large-scale patterns of specific growth models being applied to species with common life histories or other attributes. Given the importance and ubiquity of growth modeling to fisheries science, a historical and contemporary understanding of the practice is critical to evaluate improvements that have been made and future challenges.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Azeiteiro:2021:DTA, author = "Ulisses M. Azeiteiro and M{\'a}rio J. Pereira and Amadeu M. V. M. Soares and Heitor O. Braga and Fernando Morgado and Magda C. Sousa and Jo{\~a}o M. Dias and Carlos Antunes", title = "Dynamics of Two Anadromous Species in a Dam Intersected River: Analysis of Two 100-Year Datasets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "21", day = "05", month = jun, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020021", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/21", abstract = "Long-term time-series datasets are key for assessing the population dynamics of fish species with economic interest. This study examines two 100-year datasets for sea lamprey \bioname{Petromyzon marinus} and allis shad \bioname{Alosa alosa} from the Minho River. This basin on the Iberian Peninsula is home to one of the largest populations at the southern distribution limit of these critically endangered anadromous fish species. Besides assessing the importance of the environmental drivers of fish capture data (temperature, salinity, upwelling, precipitation, and climatic oscillation), this study also assesses how dam construction affected these populations using intervention analysis --- a statistical tool to detect significant breakpoints in time series data. Results showed contrasting trends between sea lamprey and allis shad, with the number of captured fish from the first progressively improving from 1914 to 2017, and the latter recording a significant decline over time. Although no significant correlations were detected between fishing data and environmental variables, some of the identified breakpoints in the time series data matched the dates when the major dams in Minho River were built. Other historical activities associated with mining might explain the notable changes detected in the trends, while issues associated with illegal, unreported, and unregulated capture data are also discussed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cao:2021:EAA, author = "Jie Cao and Qi Wang and Jun Mei and Jing Xie", title = "Effect of 3-Aminobenzoic Acid Ethyl Ester Methanesulfonate ({MS-222}) on Quality of Marine Cultured Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maximus}) during Simulated Transport in Water", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "20", day = "19", month = may, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020020", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/20", abstract = "This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations (20, 40 and 60 mg/L) of 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methanesulfonate (MS-222) on the quality changes in turbot during simulated transport in water. The results showed that the ammonia nitrogen content in the transportation water of each sample increased significantly, and the dissolved oxygen level decreased. The dissolved oxygen content in MS-222-treated samples was higher than that of control group (CK) samples. For turbot flesh quality, simulated transport in water led to a decrease in moisture, fat and protein contents in all samples. The MS-222-treated turbot samples showed higher pH values, glycogen contents, springiness and chewiness values and lower lactic acid contents comparing with the CK samples during simulated transport in water. In addition, the fresh and bitter amino acids in the muscle of turbot increased in each treatment group compared to the non-transported fish at the end of the simulated transport. The results showed that MS-222 treatment could retard the turbot transport stress and improve the quality of turbot during simulated transport in water.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ly:2021:EDD, author = "Khanh Van Ly and David Kamau Murungu and Dung Phuong Nguyen and Ngoc Anh Thi Nguyen", title = "Effects of Different Densities of Sea Grape \bioname{Caulerpa lentillifera} on Water Quality, Growth and Survival of the Whiteleg Shrimp \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei} in Polyculture System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "19", day = "05", month = may, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020019", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/19", abstract = "The integrated aquaculture-seaweed system has been identified as a bio-mitigation strategy to overcome environmental damage, improve the efficiency of nutrient use, maintain good water quality, and ensure the system's sustainability. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate density of sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) in polyculture with whiteleg shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}) in the same culture tank. Five treatments were randomly designed in triplicate tanks where shrimp was monocultured (without sea grape) as a control treatment and four polyculture treatments with different seaweed density levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg m \minus 3) for 56 days. The results showed that polyculture of shrimp and sea grape significantly reduced the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite (NO 2 \minus), nitrate (NO 3 \minus), and phosphate (PO 4 3\minus) in the rearing tanks and significantly improved (p {$<$} 0.05) the growth rate (6.67--6.76\% day \minus 1), survival (73.3--78.5\%), and production of shrimp (3.44--3.87 kg m \minus 3) compared to monoculture (6.24\% day \minus 1, 54.8\%, and 2.02 kg m \minus 3, respectively). Applying shrimp and sea grape polyculture at a density of 1 kg m \minus 3 provided a relatively better shrimp performance and feed conversion ratio than other seaweed densities, although not significantly different among polyculture treatments. The findings suggested that sea grape could be used at densities of 0.5--2 kg m \minus 3 in polyculture with whiteleg shrimp, of which 1 kg m \minus 3 resulted in higher production and feed efficiency.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Miyanishi:2021:ESS, author = "Hiroshi Miyanishi and Katsuhisa Uchida", title = "Establishment of a Simplified System to Evaluate Salinity Preference and Validation of Behavioral Salinity Selection in the \geoname{Japanese} Medaka, \bioname{Oryzias latipes}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "18", day = "28", month = apr, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/18", abstract = "In fishes, it is necessary to select a salinity environment suitable for survival. However, little is known about the mechanisms regarding detection and selection of salinity environments in fish. This study involved the establishment of a simple aquarium system in which fish can swim between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) in a single tank. In this tank, the lower level contained SW, the upper level contained FW, and the FW and SW levels were clearly separated as different salinity areas. Behavioral experiments of salinity environment selection using this simplified system to evaluate salinity preference showed that FW-acclimated medakas preferred FW to SW. In contrast, SW-acclimated medakas preferred SW to FW. These results indicate that euryhaline medakas prefer the saline habitats to which they are acclimated, when able to select the salinity environment. We identified the taste receptor type-2 and polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 genes as possibly related to high-salinity taste in medaka. The expression of these genes increased at certain time points after SW challenges. In this study, we established an aquarium system to facilitate a simple experiment for salinity preference. Our results suggest that the medaka is good model for research related to seawater environment selection in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liang:2021:MCG, author = "Xiao Liang and Ying Wan and Zhiyuan Shen and Yanmei Liu and Dapeng Li and Li Li and Rong Tang and Xi Zhang", title = "Molecular Characterization of \gene{Hsp47} in Grass Carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idella}) and Its Correlation with {Type I} Collagen in Response to Fish Aerobic Exercise", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "17", day = "23", month = apr, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020017", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/17", abstract = "Heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47) is a collagen-specific molecular chaperone that is indispensable for molecular maturation of collagen. In this study, hsp47 and hsp47-like cDNAs were cloned and characterized in grass carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idella}). The cDNAs were 1212 and 1218 base pairs long, respectively, and included an open reading frame encoding 403 and 405 amino acids. The molecular phylogeny based on the deduced amino acid sequences indicated that the correct sequences of the hsp47 and hsp47-like cDNA were obtained and the deduced proteins clustered distinctly into teleost clades. Primary structure analysis and characterization of Hsp47 and Hsp47-like shared the basic structure and biofunctions of Hsp47 in vertebrates. The spatial pattern of gene expression revealed that hsp47 and hsp47-like were relatively ubiquitous in different tissues and highly expressed in heart and skin. The expression levels of hsp47 and hsp47-like and type I collagen mRNAs varied similarly in different tissues. Type I collagen content increased significantly with the increase of water velocity in the muscle of grass carp in response to aerobic exercise. Among the gene expression changes of hsp47, hsp47-like, col1a1 and col1a2 in muscle that occurred in response to aerobic exercise, the change of type I collagen was most strongly correlated with hsp47 expression. Additionally, col1a1 showed the highest correlation with hsp47-like and col1a2 showed the highest correlation with hsp47. These findings suggest that grass carp Hsp47 and Hsp47-like are closely related to type I collagen synthesis. This study firstly suggests fish aerobic exercise can improve type I collagen content and Hsp47 gene expression in muscle of grass carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mukhtar:2021:SMP, author = "Mutia Kamalia Mukhtar and Masita Dwi Mandini Manessa and Supriatna Supriatna and Liya Tri Khikmawati", title = "Spatial Modeling of Potential Lobster Harvest Grounds in {Palabuhanratu Bay, West Java, Indonesia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "16", day = "21", month = apr, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/16", abstract = "Palabuhanratu Bay is a location in the southern part of Java Island with a high lobster population. Based on field observation, the lobster population in Palabuhanratu Bay is dominated by \bioname{Panulirus homarus} (green sand lobster), \bioname{Panulirus versicolor} (bamboo lobster), \bioname{Panulirus penicillatus} (black lobster), and \bioname{Panulirus ornatus} (pearl lobster). This study aimed to develop a spatial model using satellite-derived data to predict potential lobster harvest grounds in Palabuhanratu Bay. The Earth observational satellite data used were multispectral Landsat 8-SR imagery, and information about chlorophyll-a, salinity, total suspended solids (TSSs), sea surface temperature (SST), and distance from the coastline was extracted. Multiple linear regression was applied to build the prediction model, which was validated using 10-fold cross-validation. The result of the lobster harvest prediction model agreed with the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and adjusted R 2 values of 0.326 and 0.708, respectively. The distribution of lobsters was strong at the following preferred ranges: chlorophyll-a: 1.1--1.7 mg/m 3; salinity: 20.2--23.7 ppt; TSS: 40--56.4 mg/L; SST: 29.5--29.9 \degree C; and distance from the coastline: 500--4700 m. In this study, the habitats of four species of lobsters and their relationships with satellite-derived parameters were evaluated.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Espinosa-Ruiz:2021:WIC, author = "Crist{\'o}bal Espinosa-Ru{\'\i}z and Mar{\'\i}a {\'A}ngeles Esteban", title = "Wound-Induced Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Skin Mucus and in Gene Expression in the Skin of Gilthead Seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata} {L.})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "15", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020015", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/15", abstract = "This study investigated the antioxidant enzyme activities in the skin mucus of gilthead seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata} {L.}) at 3 and 7 days post-wounding (dpw). The expression levels of the genes that encode stress proteins (grp170, grp94, grp75, sod and hsp70) and skin regeneration-related proteins (tf, igf1, tgfb1, der1, apo1 and erdj3) in the skin also were determined. Mucus and skin samples were obtained from the left and right flanks of non-wounded and wounded fish. In both flanks of the wounded fish, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in the skin mucus increased (p {$<$} 0.05) at 3 and 7 dpw (100 \pm 31\% and 111 \pm 25\%, respectively), whereas superoxide dismutase activity increased (p {$<$} 0.05) only at 7 dpw (135 \pm 15\%). The expression levels of stress proteins in the skin of the wounded flank of the wounded fish mainly increased at 7 dpw (grp170 increased to 288 \pm 85\%, grp94 to 502 \pm 143\%, grp75 to 274 \pm 69\%, sod to 569 \pm 99\%, and hsp70 increased to 537 \pm 14\%) (p {$<$} 0.05). However, the expression levels of the tissue regeneration-related genes varied depending on the flank investigated, on the experimental time, and on the gene studied. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to determine the effect of a wound in different skin parts of the same fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Leese:2021:EWT, author = "Joseph M. Leese and Julia McMahon and Joseph C. Colosi", title = "Effects of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent in a Receiving Stream on Reproductive Behavior of Fathead Minnows (\bioname{Pimephales promelas})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "14", day = "12", month = apr, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020014", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/14", abstract = "Wastewater treatment plant effluents contain a variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including chemicals with estrogenic activity such as 17\beta -estradiol (E2), 17\alpha -ethinyl estradiol (EE2), and nonylphenols. These substances can affect both behavior and physiology in vertebrate animals. To explore the presence and effects of these EDCs in a natural setting, juvenile and adult male fathead minnows, \bioname{Pimephales promelas}, were held in cages upstream and downstream of the effluent site of a wastewater treatment plant for 21 days and subsequently tested for changes in reproductive behaviors and production of vitellogenin. Additionally, estrogenic activity in the stream was measured using a yeast bioassay. Estrogenicity was found to be significantly higher downstream of the wastewater effluent when compared to levels upstream. Vitellogenin levels did not show a correlational pattern with levels of estrogenicity in the water, but two measures of reproductive behaviors occurred significantly less often in downstream males than upstream males. This suggests that a brief (three-week) exposure to stream water containing wastewater treatment plant effluent can bring about changes in reproductive behavior of fish and that behavior may be more sensitive to low levels of environmental endocrine disruptors than vitellogenin production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ruban:2021:BCP, author = "Dmitry A. Ruban and Vladimir A. Ermolaev", title = "Black Caviar Perturbs Reflection of {Russian} Geography: a Research Note of Aquaculture-Triggered Place Naming Puzzle", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "13", day = "06", month = apr, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020013", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/13", abstract = "Black caviar is often thought to be a typically Russian luxurious food product. Recently, its production has extended due to sturgeon aquaculture development. The analysis of the geographical affinities of the full-cycle companies and their aquaculture-sourced black caviar implies that the majority of them employs the Russian Caviar brand and/or refers to the Russian traditions and history. However, names, brands, and/or product positioning of several companies tend to mention geographical objects associated with the tradition places of black caviar production (Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and the Volga River), whereas these companies are located in the other, sometimes remote places (with distances over 1000 km). Such marketing solutions of black caviar producers perturb reflection of the Russian geography. The geographical indication (place of origin) of this fish product needs improvement, which is a task for companies, state, and professional societies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lee:2021:MDC, author = "Cheng-Linn Lee and Yuri Kominami and Hideki Ushio", title = "Mechanism of Delayed Convulsion in Fish: the Actions of Norepinephrine in Spinal Cord", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "12", day = "31", month = mar, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020012", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/12", abstract = "Cranial spiking (CS) is among the most popular slaughtering methods for delaying the rigor mortis progress of fish muscles. However, it may cause a convulsion (subsequently referred to as delayed convulsion), which undermines the meat quality and taste. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the delayed convulsion and examine its influence on ATP consumption. Ten carps, nine tilapias, ten rainbow trouts, two ayus, three greenling, thirty-five red seabreams, two striped jack and two stone flounders underwent CS around the medulla oblongata area, which induced different delayed convulsion profiles specific to each species. To investigate the norepinephrine (NE) actions related to delayed convulsion, 27 red seabreams, a representative fish species that exhibits delayed convulsion, were treated with a monoamine-depleting agent, reserpine, or with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, two hours before CS. Spinal cord destruction (SCD) was employed to completely prevent spinal cord functions of the fish in another group. Compared with the control group (CS only), the reserpine, pargyline, and SCD groups showed significantly inhibited delayed convulsion and ATP consumption. This suggests that delayed convulsion is the main ATP-consuming response. Our findings suggest that delayed clonic convulsion in red seabreams is associated with the rapid decrease in spinal cord NE levels, which triggered the rebound motor neuron hyperactivity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wenzel:2021:EDP, author = "Lisa Carolina Wenzel and Sebastian Marcus Strauch and Ep Eding and Francisco Xose Presas-Basalo and Berit Wasenitz and Harry Wilhelm Palm", title = "Effects of Dissolved Potassium on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Welfare of Juvenile \geoname{African} Catfish (\bioname{Clarias gariepinus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "11", day = "28", month = mar, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020011", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/11", abstract = "Optimal crop production in aquaponics is influenced by water pH and potassium concentrations. The addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) into the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) may benefit aquaponics by increasing the water pH for better biofilter activity and supplementing K for better plant growth and quality. We investigated the growth, feed conversion, body composition and welfare indicators of juvenile African catfish (\bioname{Clarias gariepinus}) treated with four concentrations of K (K0 = 2, K200 = 218, K400 = 418, and K600 = 671 mg L \minus 1). While growth, feed conversion and final body composition were unaffected, the feeding time and individual resting significantly increased with increasing K +. The swimming activity and agonistic behavior were reduced significantly under increased concentrations of K +. Leftover feed and the highest number of skin lesions were observed under K600. We suggest that K + concentrations between 200 and 400 mg L \minus 1 can improve the welfare status of juvenile African catfish. This enables the application of KOH in RAS to supply alkalinity to achieve optimum nitrification at minimum water exchange and improve the nutritional profile of the process water with benefits for the welfare status of African catfish and aquaponics plant production and quality.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zielinski:2021:NSD, author = "Daniel Patrick Zielinski and Peter W. Sorensen", title = "Numeric Simulation Demonstrates That the Upstream Movement of Invasive Bigheaded Carp Can Be Blocked at Sets of \geoname{Mississippi River} Locks-and-Dams Using a Combination of Optimized Spillway Gate Operations, Lock Deterrents, and Carp Removal", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "10", day = "26", month = mar, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/10", abstract = "Invasive bigheaded carp are advancing up the Upper Mississippi River by passing through its locks-and-dams (LDs). Although these structures already impede fish passage, this role could be greatly enhanced by modifying how their spillway gates operate, adding deterrent systems to their locks, and removing carp. This study examined this possibility using numeric modeling and empirical data, which evaluated all three options on an annual basis in both single LDs and pairs under different river flow conditions. Over 100 scenarios were modeled. While all three approaches showed promise, ranging from 8\% to 73\% reductions in how many carp pass a single LD, when employed together at pairs of LDs, upstream movement rates of invasive carp could be reduced 98--99\% from current levels. Although modifying spillway gate operation is the least expensive option, its efficacy drops at high flows, so lock deterrents and/or removal using fishing/trapping are required to move towards complete blockage. Improved deterrent efficacy could also offset the need for more efficient removal. This model could help prioritize research and management actions for containing carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Coburn:2021:APC, author = "Jessica Coburn and M. Scott Wells and Nicholas B. D. Phelps and T. Gibson Gaylord and Deborah A. Samac", title = "Acceptance of a Protein Concentrate from Alfalfa (\bioname{Medicago sativa}) by Yellow Perch (\bioname{Perca flavescens}) Fed a Formulated Diet", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "2", pages = "9", day = "25", month = mar, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6020009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:26 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/2/9", abstract = "The majority of plant proteins used in aquatic feeds are derived from seed meals, which may contain antinutritional factors. Protein concentrates from plant foliage have received less attention in fish feeding trials. Alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) is derived from fresh alfalfa foliage that contains approximately 52\% protein and is low in fiber. A feeding trial was done to assess growth and feed efficiency responses of yellow perch (\bioname{Perca flavescens}) fed a formulated diet with 180 g/kg APC replacing all fishmeal compared to a control isonitrogenous diet with fishmeal. Yellow perch accepted the APC diet but gained weight at a lower specific growth rate (\minus 0.07\% per day) and had an elevated feed conversion ratio (+0.32 g feed/g growth) than fish on the control diet containing fishmeal. There was no impact on survivorship or condition nor differences in fillet yield or composition in fish on the diet with APC compared to the control fishmeal diet. These findings indicate that although replacing fishmeal with APC in a perch diet resulted in slower growth rates, the APC was accepted and has promise as a sustainable protein in aquatic feeds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Guo:2021:CAN, author = "Zhansheng Guo and Zhen Wang and Xuguang Hou", title = "Comparative Analysis of the {nrDNA} Repeat Unit of \geoname{Manila} Clam \bioname{Ruditapes philippinarum} and Quahog \bioname{Mercenaria mercenaria}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "42", day = "17", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030042", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/42", abstract = "\bioname{Ruditapes philippinarum} and \bioname{Mercenaria mercenaria} are economically important bivalve species. The complete ribosomal DNA (rDNA) unit sequences of R. philippinarum and M. mercenaria, with as-sembled rDNA unit lengths of 12,910 and 12,100 bp, respectively, were obtained in this study for the first time. The rDNA unit structural organisation was similar to that in other eukaryotes, in-cluding the following elements in order: 18S rRNA-internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1); 5.8S rRNA-ITS2-28S rRNA-intergenic spacer (IGS) (3\prime external transcribed spacer (ETS); non-transcribed spacer (NTS)-5\prime ETS). The genetic differences between R. philippinarum and M. mercenaria were mainly attributable to non-coding regions (ITS1, ITS2 and IGS), especially the IGS region. The boundaries of putative 3\prime ETS, NTS and 5\prime ETS were confirmed. Seven and three sub-repeat fragments were found in R. philippinarum and M. mercenaria, respectively. These frag-ments ranged from 4 to 154 bp in length, and were located at the NTS and 5\prime ETS regions. Five and six cytosine--guanine (CpG) islands were detected in R. philippinarum and M. mercenaria, respec-tively, and these covered 85.58\% and 79.29\% of the entire IGS sequence, respectively. The phylo-genetic tree was constructed based on Veneridae ITS and 18S rRNA sequences using the maxi-mum likelihood (ML) method. The ML tree based on ITS revealed that species within the same genus clearly clustered together with relatively high supporting values, and all the genera were recovered as monophyletic. The phylogenetic analyses using 18S rRNA provided a weaker phy-logenetic signal than ITS.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wei:2021:EEF, author = "Xinyi Wei and Qiuguang Hu and Jintao Ma", title = "Evaluation on the Effect of Fishery Insurance Policy: Evidence Based on Text Mining", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "41", day = "13", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030041", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/41", abstract = "As a quasi-public product, fishery insurance has become an important starting point for the construction of the modern fishery industry chain, supply chain and value chain risk management mechanism. We used visual data processing methods and text mining technology to screen policy samples. We then built a fishery insurance policy evaluation system based on the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model. We combined the PMC index score and PMC surface to quantitatively analyze the policy samples. This paper has four important findings: (1) After three adjustments and developments, the fishery insurance policy has grown in terms of initial attention, changes, and development and gradually matured. (2) A gap exists between the content of the fishing insurance policy text and the actual demand. The scoring results of the policy samples are concentrated in the acceptable range, the policy effects are not satisfactory, and the formulation of fishery insurance policies has weak links that need to be improved. (3) The consistency and effectiveness of fishery insurance policies have developed simultaneously with fishery insurance research, and the practical effects of high-quality fishery insurance policies are conducive to the development of theoretical research. (4) The policy text of fishery insurance has major problems, such as missing joint force of issuing institutions, low professionalism of the text, inadequate subdivision guidance of fishery insurance, weak social effectiveness, high dependence on financial subsidies, lack of incentive sustainability and corresponding laws and regulations and reduction in policy feasibility among others. Considering the above issues, this paper puts forward relevant policy optimization paths and safeguard measures on the basis of giving priority to greater absolute value.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chai:2021:IFS, author = "Panfeng Chai and Qiuguang Hu and Xinyi Wei", title = "Influence of Fishery Subsidies on Fishing: Empirical Test Based on {China}'s Provincial Panel Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "40", day = "13", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030040", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/40", abstract = "Controversies surrounding fishery subsidy policies are widespread. Many stakeholders believe that fishery subsidies play an important role in ensuring the livelihood of fishermen. At the same time, fishery subsidies pose a threat to the stock of fishery resources and affect the sustainable development of fisheries. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from 2007 to 2017, the article empirically examines the influence of fishery subsidies on fishing. The results of the study show that China\prime s fishery subsidies are negatively correlated with fishing. On average, for each 1\% increase in fishery subsidies, fishing will decrease by 2.9\%. That is to say, in general, fishery subsidies are conducive to the sustainable development of fisheries. The results of heterogeneity analysis based on geographic location and economic development level show that fishery subsidies do not have a palpable negative influence on fishing in coastal areas or developed regions, whereas have an obvious adverse influence on fishing in inland areas or underdeveloped regions. The deterioration of the fishing environment and the natural environment explains the occurrence of this differentiation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chu:2021:SLP, author = "Yuanming Chu and Mingtang Tan and Zhengkai Yi and Zhaoyang Ding and Dazhang Yang and Jing Xie", title = "Shelf-Life Prediction of Glazed Large Yellow Croaker (\bioname{Pseudosciaena crocea}) during Frozen Storage Based on {Arrhenius} Model and Long-Short-Term Memory Neural Networks Model", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "39", day = "10", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030039", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/39", abstract = "In this study, the changes in centrifugal loss, TVB-N, K-value, whiteness and sensory evaluation of glazed large yellow croaker were analyzed at \minus 10, \minus 20, \minus 30 and \minus 40 \degree C storage. The Arrhenius prediction model and long-short-term memory neural networks (LSTM-NN) prediction model were developed to predict the shelf-life of the glazed large yellow croaker. The results showed that the quality of glazed large yellow croaker gradually decreased with the extension of frozen storage time, and the decrease in quality slowed down at lower temperatures. Both the Arrhenius model and the LSTM-NN prediction model were good tools for predicting the shelf-life of glazed large yellow croaker. However, for the relative error, the prediction accuracy of LSTM-NN (with a mean value of 7.78\%) was higher than that of Arrhenius model (with a mean value of 11.90\%). Moreover, the LSTM-NN model had a more intelligent, convenient and fast data processing capability, so the new LSTM-NN model provided a better choice for predicting the shelf-life of glazed large yellow croaker.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Abo-Taleb:2021:GPF, author = "Hamdy A. Abo-Taleb and Mohamed M. M. El-feky and Ahmad M. Azab and Mohamed M. Mabrouk and Mohamed A. Elokaby and Mohamed Ashour and Abdallah Tageldein Mansour and Othman F. Abdelzaher and Khamael M. Abualnaja and Ahmed E. Sallam", title = "Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Gut Integrity, and Economic Revenue of Grey Mullet, \bioname{Mugil cephalus}, Fed an Increasing Level of Dried Zooplankton Biomass Meal as Fishmeal Substitutions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "38", day = "10", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030038", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/38", abstract = "Fishmeal is the most expensive feedstuff in the aquafeed and one of the most environmentally limiting factor of aquaculture development. Therefore, the search for alternative protein sources is a continuous process. The present feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal with zooplankton biomass meal (ZBM) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestine, and liver histological changes of grey mullet, \bioname{Mugil cephalus} (initial weight of 0.10 \pm 0.01 g). Five isoproteic (35\% crude protein) and isolipidic (8\% crude lipid) diets were formulated as the control diet (Z 0) and the other four diets (Z 25, Z 50, Z 75, and Z 100), where 25\%, 50\%, 75\%, and 100\% of fishmeal was replaced by ZBM, respectively. After 60 days of feeding, the final weight, weight gain, and daily growth index of the grey mullet fed the Z 100 diet were higher than those fed the control diet (p {$<$} 0.05). In addition, the better values of feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and lipid efficiency ratio were recorded in the fish fed with the Z 100 diet. Additionally, the intestinal villus length, crypts depth, and muscle thickness were significantly improved with ZBM inclusion (p {$<$} 0.05). Meanwhile, there were no histopathological changes observed on the liver when compared with the control group. From the economic point of view, dietary substitution of fishmeal by ZBM (Z 100) reduced the cost of diet formulation by 18\% and the price per kg weight gain by about 40\%. Overall, according to the findings of this study, substituting fishmeal with ZBM up to 100\% could improve growth performance, feed utilization, gut health status, and profit ability of rearing M. cephalus juveniles.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Haguenauer:2021:DHC, author = "Anne Haguenauer and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Zuberer and Gilles Siu and Daphne Cortese and Ricardo Beldade and Suzanne C. Mills", title = "Deep Heat: a Comparison of Water Temperature, Anemone Bleaching, Anemonefish Density and Reproduction between Shallow and Mesophotic Reefs", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "37", day = "09", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030037", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/37", abstract = "French Polynesia is experiencing increasing coral bleaching events in shallow waters triggered by thermal anomalies and marine heatwaves linked to climate change, a trend that is replicated worldwide. As sea surface thermal anomalies are assumed to lessen with depth, mesophotic deep reefs have been hypothesized to act as refuges from anthropogenic and natural disturbances, the \lq deep reef refugia hypothesis' (DRRH). However, evidence supporting the DRRH is either inconclusive or conflicting. We address this by investigating four assumptions of the DRRH focusing on the symbiotic association between anemones and anemonefish. First, we compare long-term temperature conditions between shallow (8 m) and mesophotic sites (50 m) on the island of Moorea from 2011--2020. Second, we compare the densities of the orange-fin anemonefish, \bioname{Amphiprion chrysopterus} between shallow and mesophotic (down to 60 m) reefs across three archipelagos in French Polynesia. Finally, we compare the percentage of anemone bleaching, as well as anemonefish reproduction, between shallow and mesophotic reefs. We found that the water column was well mixed in the cooler austral winter months with only a 0.19 \degree C difference in temperature between depths, but in the warmer summer months mixing was reduced resulting in a 0.71--1.03 \degree C temperature difference. However, during thermal anomalies, despite a time lag in warm surface waters reaching mesophotic reefs, there was ultimately a 1.0 \degree C increase in water temperature at both 8 and 50 m, pushing temperatures over bleaching thresholds at both depths. As such, anemone bleaching was observed in mesophotic reefs during these thermal anomalies, but was buffered compared to the percentage of bleaching in shallower waters, which was nearly five times greater. Our large-scale sampling across French Polynesia found orange-fin anemonefish, A. chrysopterus, in mesophotic zones in two high islands and one atoll across two archipelagos, extending its bathymetric limit to 60 m; however, orange-fin anemonefish densities were either similar to, or 25--92 times lower than in shallower zones. Three spawning events were observed at 50 m, which occurred at a similar frequency to spawning on shallower reefs at the same date. Our findings of thermal anomalies and bleaching in mesophotic reefs, coupled with mainly lower densities of anemonefish in mesophotic populations, suggest that mesophotic reefs show only a limited ability to provide refugia from anthropogenic and natural disturbances.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huang:2021:SDP, author = "Yongyu Huang and Lili Zhang and Hui Ge and Guodong Wang and Shiyu Huang and Zhangwu Yang", title = "{SNP} Development in \bioname{Penaeus vannamei} via Next-Generation Sequencing and {DNA} Pool Sequencing", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "36", day = "07", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030036", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/36", abstract = "Next-generation sequencing and pool sequencing have been widely used in SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) detection and population genetics research; however, there are few reports on SNPs related to the growth of \bioname{Penaeus vannamei}. The purpose of this study was to call SNPs from rapid-growing (RG) and slow-growing (SG) individuals' transcriptomes and use DNA pool sequencing to assess the reliability of SNPs. Two parameters were applied to detect SNPs. One parameter was the p -values generated using Fisher's exact test, which were used to calculate the significance of allele frequency differences between RG and SG. The other one was the AFI (minor allele frequency imbalance), which was defined to highlight the fold changes in MAF (minor allele frequency) values between RG and SG. There were 216,015 hypothetical SNPs, which were obtained based on the transcriptome data. Finally, 104 high-quality SNPs and 96,819 low-quality SNPs were predicted. Then, 18 high-quality SNPs and 17 low-quality SNPs were selected to assess the reliability of the detection process. Here, 72.22\% (13/18) accuracy was achieved for high-quality SNPs, while only 52.94\% (9/17) accuracy was achieved for low-quality SNPs. These SNPs enrich the data for population genetics studies of P. vannamei and may play a role in the development of SNP markers for future breeding studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Curiel-Bernal:2021:UOR, author = "Marcelo V. Curiel-Bernal and E. Alberto Arag{\'o}n-Noriega and Miguel {\'A}. Cisneros-Mata and Laura S{\'a}nchez-Velasco and S. Patricia A. Jim{\'e}nez-Rosenberg and Alejandro Par{\'e}s-Sierra", title = "Using Observed Residual Error Structure Yields the Best Estimates of Individual Growth Parameters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "35", day = "02", month = sep, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030035", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/35", abstract = "Obtaining the best possible estimates of individual growth parameters is essential in studies of physiology, fisheries management, and conservation of natural resources since growth is a key component of population dynamics. In the present work, we use data of an endangered fish species to demonstrate the importance of selecting the right data error structure when fitting growth models in multimodel inference. The totoaba (\bioname{Totoaba macdonaldi}) is a fish species endemic to the Gulf of California increasingly studied in recent times due to a perceived threat of extinction. Previous works estimated individual growth using the von Bertalanffy model assuming a constant variance of length-at-age. Here, we reanalyze the same data under five different variance assumptions to fit the von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models. We found consistent significant differences between the constant and nonconstant error structure scenarios and provide an example of the consequences using the growth performance index \varphi \prime to show how using the wrong error structure can produce growth parameter values that can lead to biased conclusions. Based on these results, for totoaba and other related species, we recommend using the observed error structure to obtain the individual growth parameters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Choi:2021:EMT, author = "Soo-Cheol Choi and In-Ah Lee", title = "Effect of {MMP\slash TIMP} Balancing of \bioname{Cynoglossus semilaevis} Shell Extracts on Skin Protection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "34", day = "24", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030034", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/34", abstract = "Cynoglossus semilaevis shell is a by-product of the Cynoglossus semilaevis, a species of fish mainly distributed along the west coast of Korea. As its skin is very tough and difficult to process, it is not useful as food. For this reason, most of it is discarded except for a small amount that is used as feed, which results in environmental pollution. Considering this, there is a need for research on the development of functional materials using Cynoglossus semilaevis shell. This study focused on the mechanism of in vitro expression function of \bioname{Cynoglossus semilaevis} shell extract (CSE) for skin tissue in human dermal fibroblasts that induced or did not induce wrinkles by UV-B irradiation and aims to use it as a functional material for human skin beauty or wrinkle improvement through extraction and purification. According to the ELISA results using human dermal fibroblast cells, CSE reduced MMP-1 and elastase activity by up to 21.89\% and 12.04\%, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner, and increased PIP synthesis by up to 62.24\% in a concentration-dependent manner. The RT-PCR test results using mRNA showed the MMP-1, 2, and 3 expression levels were suppressed in the CSE-treated group compared to the UVB-induced group and caused a concentration-dependent increase in TIMP-1 in the CSE-treat group. These results suggest that CSE can maintain and improve skin tissue conditions through MMP/TIMP balancing in human dermal fibroblast cell lines and indicate its potential as a functional material for improving skin diseases and suppressing photo-aging.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Faruque:2021:CSA, author = "Hasan Faruque and Hiroyuki Matsuda", title = "Conservative Scoring Approach in Productivity Susceptibility Analysis Leads to an Overestimation of Vulnerability: a Study from the Hilsa Gillnet Bycatch Stocks of \geoname{Bangladesh}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "33", day = "24", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030033", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/33", abstract = "Despite different approaches used to assign the risk scores for missing information in productivity susceptibility analysis (PSA) --- a widely used semi-quantitative risk assessment tool for target and non-target fisheries stocks --- for the selected attributes of a given species, no formal comparison has been made between scoring approaches in terms of how well they can predict species vulnerability. The present study evaluated the PSA findings of 21 bycatch stocks of the Hilsa (\bioname{Tenualosa ilisha}) gillnet fishery of Bangladesh using two different scoring approaches (the conservative scoring approach, CSA; and the alternative scoring approach, ASA) to determine the most reliable approach to minimize false estimates of species vulnerability. Our analysis revealed that the V scores increased by 0.0\minus 0.20 with a mean value of 0.09 for 21 selected bycatches when CSA was applied. The inconsistency between the vulnerability (V)-score-suggested fishing status (V \le 1.8 = underfishing, V $>$ 1.8 = overfishing) and the fishing status defined by exploitation rate (E $>$ 0.5 = overfishing, E {$<$} 0.5 = underfishing) were 38.1\% and 19.0\% under CSA and ASA, respectively. Likewise, the consistency between the V -score-suggested fishing status and fishers' perceived catch trends was found to be higher when using ASA than when using CSA. Our analysis suggests that CSA could overestimate species vulnerability. Therefore, ASA is more reliable than CSA in PSA, which may increase the confidence of fisheries stakeholders in PSA.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{daSilva:2021:VAA, author = "Elisia Gomes da Silva and Guerino Bandeira Junior and Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos and Andr{\'e} G{\"u}ndel and Bernardo Baldisserotto", title = "In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of {S}-(-)-Limonene and {R}-(+)-Limonene against Fish Bacteria", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "32", day = "19", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030032", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/32", abstract = "Brazilian fish farming goes together with the emergence of numerous bacterial diseases, with \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} being the main bacterial pathogen. As a consequence, antimicrobials are excessively used. Considering that antimicrobials are relatively stable and nonbiodegradable, medicinal plants and their phytochemicals have been used as alternative treatments of bacteriosis in fish farming. Limonene is a monoterpene available in two enantiomers: R-(+)-limonene and S-(-)-limonene. This study analyzed the antibacterial activity of the phytochemicals S-(-)-limonene and R-(+)-limonene against some bacteria isolated from silver catfish (\bioname{Rhamdia quelen}). Furthermore, by means of spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy, we also investigated the combination therapy of phytochemicals with antimicrobials and their activity in terms of inhibiting biofilm formation. Six clinical isolates and a standard strain were selected for antimicrobial activity testing. Biofilm formation was tested in 96-well plates and nylon cubes. The most sensitive of the strains tested was the A. hydrophila strain (MF 372510). S-(-)-limonene and R-(+)-limonene had high minimum inhibitory concentrations; however, they strongly inhibited A. hydrophila biofilm formation. R-(+)-limonene and S-(-)-limonene had an additive effect when combined with florfenicol and an antagonistic effect with oxytetracycline. In general, the phytochemicals tested showed strong antibiofilm activity against A. hydrophila, and when in combination therapy with florfenicol, they showed an additive effect against the treatment of \bioname{A. hydrophila}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Aride:2021:DGE, author = "Paulo Henrique R. Aride and Maria Fernanda S. Gomes and Darlan G. Azevedo and Gilson R. Sangali and Ana Cl{\'a}udia F. Silva and Henrique D. Lavander and Andr{\'e} B. Souza and Marcelo F. Polese and Douglas C. Mattos and Lucas A. Bassul and Leonardo D. Cardoso and Adriano T. Oliveira and Caterina Faggio", title = "Dusky Grouper \bioname{Epinephelus marginatus} Growth and Survival When Exposed to Different Photoperiods", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "31", day = "12", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030031", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/31", abstract = "Photoperiod is considered an environmental factor that influences reproduction and the growth processes of fish throughout the year. In the present study, we subjected dusky grouper \bioname{Epinephelus marginatus} to different photoperiods in order to evaluate growth and survival. Juvenile dusky grouper were randomly distributed in twelve 100 L tanks containing four fish per aquarium. The fish were exposed to continuous light, normal photoperiod or continuous darkness for 50 days. Fish were fed 3\% of their total biomass, twice a day, and the diet consisted of ground commercial dry pellets (42\% crude protein, 12\% humidity, 9\% ether extract, 15\% mineral matter, 4\% crude fiber, 3.5\% calcium and 3\% vitamin C, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions). There was no mortality during the experiment. After 50 days, the best performance was found for exposure to continuous light (24 h artificial light). The final weight of the fish reared under continuous light was significantly higher than that of the fish exposed to continuous darkness. The specific growth rate of the fish exposed to continuous light was significantly higher than that of the fish exposed to the natural photoperiod and to continuous darkness. Modifications to the photoperiod can be a key factor in increasing the efficacy of current production and the improvement of current aquaculture protocols.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nguyen:2021:BPF, author = "Van Bon Nguyen and San-Lang Wang and Anh Dzung Nguyen and Tu Quy Phan and Kuaanan Techato and Siriporn Pradit", title = "Bioproduction of Prodigiosin from Fishery Processing Waste Shrimp Heads and Evaluation of Its Potential Bioactivities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "30", day = "11", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030030", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/30", abstract = "The aim of this work was to reuse a fish processing waste, shrimp head powder (SHP), for the production of prodigiosin (PG) via microbial technology and to assess its potential bioactivities. PG was produced in a 12 L-bioreactor system, and the highest PG productivity of 6310 mg L \minus 1 was achieved when \bioname{Serratia marcescens} CC17 was used for fermentation in a novel designed medium (6.75 L) containing 1.5\% C/N source (SHP/casein = 9/1), 0.02\% K 2 SO 4, ans 0.025\% Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, with initial pH 7.0, and fermentation was performed at 28 \degree C for 8 h. The purified PG showed moderate antioxidants, efficient anti-NO (anti-nitric oxide), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. In a docking study, PG showed better binding energy scores (\minus 12.3 kcal/mol) and more interactions (6 linkages) with several prominent amino acids in the biding sites on AChE that were superior to those of Berberine chloride (\minus 10.8 kcal/mol and one linkage). Notably, this is the first investigation using shrimp heads for the mass bioproduction of PG with high productivity, and Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 salt was also newly found to significantly enhance PG production by S. marcescens. This study also provided available data on the anti-NO and anti-AChE effects of PG, especially from the docking simulation PG towards AChE that was described for the first time in this study. The above results suggest that SHP is a good material for the cost-effective bioproduction of PG, which is a potential candidate for anti-NO and anti-Alzheimer drugs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esteban:2021:FRF, author = "Maria Angeles Esteban and Bernardo Baldisserotto and Eric Hallerman", title = "{{\booktitle{Fishes}}} Receives Its First Impact Factor", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "29", day = "11", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030029", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/29", abstract = "The aim of this work was to reuse a fish processing waste, shrimp head powder (SHP), for the production of prodigiosin (PG) via microbial technology and to assess its potential bioactivities. PG was produced in a 12 L-bioreactor system, and the highest PG productivity of 6310 mg L \minus 1 was achieved when \bioname{Serratia marcescens} CC17 was used for fermentation in a novel designed medium (6.75 L) containing 1.5\% C/N source (SHP/casein = 9/1), 0.02\% K 2 SO 4, ans 0.025\% Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, with initial pH 7.0, and fermentation was performed at 28 \degree C for 8 h. The purified PG showed moderate antioxidants, efficient anti-NO (anti-nitric oxide), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. In a docking study, PG showed better binding energy scores (\minus 12.3 kcal/mol) and more interactions (6 linkages) with several prominent amino acids in the biding sites on AChE that were superior to those of Berberine chloride (\minus 10.8 kcal/mol and one linkage). Notably, this is the first investigation using shrimp heads for the mass bioproduction of PG with high productivity, and Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 salt was also newly found to significantly enhance PG production by S. marcescens. This study also provided available data on the anti-NO and anti-AChE effects of PG, especially from the docking simulation PG towards AChE that was described for the first time in this study. The above results suggest that SHP is a good material for the cost-effective bioproduction of PG, which is a potential candidate for anti-NO and anti-Alzheimer drugs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fronte:2021:FRH, author = "Baldassare Fronte and Rosario Licitra and Carlo Bibbiani and Lucia Casini and Mahanama De Zoysa and Vincenzo Miragliotta and Simona Sagona and Francesca Coppola and Letizia Brogi and Francesca Abramo", title = "Fishmeal Replacement with \bioname{Hermetia illucens} Meal in Aquafeeds: Effects on Zebrafish Growth Performances, Intestinal Morphometry, and Enzymology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "28", day = "05", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030028", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/28", abstract = "Fishmeal (FM) is still the most important protein source in aquafeeds. However, due to the reduction of wild fish stocks used for FM production, its manufacturing it is now unsustainable. Insect meal represents a valid alternative to FM, due to the low carbon footprint of its production and its high nutritional value. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentials of replacing FM with black soldier fly (\bioname{Hermetia illucens}) meal (HIM) in aquafeeds, using zebrafish as the animal model. Four diets were formulated with increasing HIM/FM replacement rate (the control diet contained 20\% FM). Mortality rates, growth performances, and feed consumptions were measured, and fish intestine samples were collected for histological and enzymatic analysis. After 49 days, all groups almost tripled their initial body weight (cumulative body weight gain ranged between 143.9 and 155.2 mg), and no statistically significant differences among treatments were observed in relation to growth performances and histological traits. Contrarily, trypsin, alkaline phosphatases, and alpha amylase--glucoamylase activities were significantly reduced when the FM replacement rate was increased. In conclusion, HIM may represent an alternative to FM, since no adverse effects were observed when it was included up to 20\% in the zebrafish diet, even when replacing 100\% of the FM.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kidd:2021:ESD, author = "Jess A. Kidd and Monica Boudreau and Robert C. Bailey and Michael R. van den Heuvel and Mark R. Servos and Simon C. Courtenay", title = "Evaluating the Sampling Design of a Long-Term Community-Based Estuary Monitoring Program", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "27", day = "02", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030027", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/27", abstract = "Community-based monitoring programs (CBMPs) are a cost-effective option to collect the long-term data required to effectively monitor estuaries. Data quality concerns have caused some CBMP datasets, which could fill knowledge gaps for aquatic ecosystems, to go unused. The Community Aquatic Monitoring Program (CAMP) is a CBMP that has collected littoral nekton assemblage data from estuaries in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence since 2003. Concerns with the CAMP sampling design (station placement and numbers) have prevented decision-makers from using the data to inform estuary health assessments. This study tested if CAMP's sampling design that accommodates volunteer participation provides similar information as a scientific sampling approach. Six CAMP stations and six stations selected using a stratified random design were sampled at ten estuaries. A permutational-MANOVA revealed nekton assemblages were generally not significantly different between the two sampling designs. The current six CAMP stations are sufficient to detect the larger differences in species abundances that may indicate differences in estuary condition. The predicted increase in precision (2\%) with twelve stations is not substantive enough to warrant an increased sampling effort. CAMP's scientific utility is not limited by station selection bias or numbers. Furthermore, well-designed CBMPs can produce comparable data to scientific studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rusco:2021:CMB, author = "Giusy Rusco and Michele {Di Iorio} and Roberta Iampietro and Alessandra Roncarati and Stefano Esposito and Nicolaia Iaffaldano", title = "Cryobank of \geoname{Mediterranean} Brown Trout Semen: Evaluation of the Use of Frozen Semen up to Six Hours Post-Collection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "26", day = "02", month = aug, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030026", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/26", abstract = "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different cold-storage time intervals between collection and semen-freezing on both fresh and cryopreserved semen motility parameters and the post-thaw fertilizing ability of Mediterranean brown trout semen. The ejaculates were split into six aliquots and stored on ice from 1 to 6 h, until freezing. Fresh and post-thaw sperm motility was evaluated by a Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis system, whilst the fertilizing ability was assessed by in vivo trials. In fresh semen, at 3 h of storage, a significant decrease of total motility, linear movement (STR, LIN) and beat cross frequency (BCF) was recorded, whilst the amplitude of lateral displacement of the spermatozoon head (ALH) underwent a significant increase. In frozen semen, no significant difference was observed for all the motility parameters evaluated, except for the total motility between 1 and 6 h of storage and the duration of sperm movement between 1 and 5 h. Cold-storage time did not significantly affect the percentage of live embryos following the use of frozen semen. In conclusion, our results showed that, if necessary, the Mediterranean brown trout semen can be frozen even until 6 h post-collection without losing its fertilizing ability.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pires:2021:MTE, author = "Luana da Costa Pires and Patricia Rodrigues and Quelen Iane Garlet and Luisa Barichello Barbosa and Bibiana Petri da Silveira and Guerino Bandeira Junior and Lenise de Lima Silva and Amanda Gindri and Rodrigo Coldebella and Cristiane Pedrazzi and Agueda Palmira Castagna de Vargas and Bernardo Baldisserotto and Berta Maria Heinzmann", title = "\bioname{Maclura tinctoria} Extracts: In Vitro Antibacterial Activity against \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} and Sedative Effect in \bioname{Rhamdia quelen}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "25", day = "27", month = jul, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030025", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/25", abstract = "Maclura tinctoria is a tree species native from Brazil and rich in phenolic compounds. Since plant antibacterial activity is highly associated with phenolic compound concentration, we aim to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different extracts against fish pathogenic bacteria. In addition, some phenolic compounds have central depressant effects and can be useful in aquaculture due to possible sedative and/or anesthetic effects. Four M. tinctoria extracts were extracted separately with ethanol; leaves (LE), bark (BE), heartwood (HE), and the sapwood (SE). In vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against Aeromonas strains at concentrations of 6400 to 3.125 \mu g/mL. The sedative effect was evaluated for 24 h with 30 and 100 mg/L concentrations. Chemical composition was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS. The HE extract had the best MIC (400 $ \mu $ g/mL) and MBC (800 $ \mu $ g/mL) compared to the LE, BE, and SE extracts. LE extract induced deep sedation and the BE, SE, and HE extracts induced light sedation. Additionally, BE, SE, and HE induced a normal behavior without side effects. Polyphenolic compounds with antimicrobial activity and sedative effects were identified mainly in HE. Thus, HE extract is safe and can be used as a sedative for silver catfish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Giovos:2021:ILB, author = "Ioannis Giovos and Fabrizio Serena and Dimitra Katsada and Athanasios Anastasiadis and Adi Barash and Charis Charilaou and Jason M. Hall-Spencer and Fabio Crocetta and Alexander Kaminas and Demetris Kletou and Mary Maximiadi and Vasileios Minasidis and Dimitrios K. Moutopoulos and Roxani Naasan Aga-Spyridopoulou and Ioannis Thasitis and Periklis Kleitou", title = "Integrating Literature, Biodiversity Databases, and Citizen-Science to Reconstruct the Checklist of Chondrichthyans in {Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea)}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "24", day = "26", month = jul, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030024", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/24", abstract = "Chondrichthyans are apex predators influencing the trophic web through a top-down process thus their depletion will affect the remaining biota. Notwithstanding that, research on chondrichthyans is sparse or data-limited in several biogeographic areas worldwide, including the Levantine Sea. We revise and update the knowledge of chondrichthyans in Cyprus based on a bibliographic review that gains information retrieved from peer-reviewed and grey literature, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (135 records of at least 18 species) and the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (65 records of at least14 species), and the citizen science project Mediterranean Elasmobranchs Citizen Observations (117 records per 23 species). Our updated checklist reports 60 species that account for about 70\% of the Mediterranean chondrichthyan biota. The list includes 15 more species than the previous checklist and our study reports three new species for Cyprus waters, namely the blackmouth catshark \bioname{Dalatias licha}, the round fantail stingray Taeniurops grabatus, and the sawback angelshark Squatina aculeata. Our research highlights the need for conservation measures and more studies regarding the highly threatened blackchin guitarfish Glaucostegus cemiculus and the devil ray \bioname{Mobula mobular}, and stresses the importance for training a new generation of observers to strengthen the knowledge and conservation of elasmobranchs in the region.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sorensen:2021:GCC, author = "Solveig Lysfjord S{\o}rensen and Ateshm Ghirmay and Yangyang Gong and Dalia Dahle and Ghana Vasanth and Mette S{\o}rensen and Viswanath Kiron", title = "Growth, Chemical Composition, Histology and Antioxidant Genes of {Atlantic Salmon} (\bioname{Salmo salar}) Fed Whole or Pre-Processed \bioname{Nannochloropsis oceanica} and \bioname{Tetraselmis} sp.", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "23", day = "23", month = jul, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030023", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/23", abstract = "New sustainable feed ingredients are a necessity for the salmon aquaculture industry. In this study, we examined the effect of pre-extrusion processing of two microalgae, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Tetraselmis sp., on the growth, fatty acid content in the flesh and health of Atlantic salmon. The fish were fed one of the following five diets for nine weeks: (1) CO: a fish meal-based control (basal) diet, (2) NU: a Nannochloropsis diet, (3) NE: a pre-extruded Nannochloropsis diet, (4) TU: a Tetraselmis diet, and (5) TE: a pre-extruded Tetraselmis diet. The algae-incorporated diets contained 30\% of the respective microalgae. Our results showed that the best growth performance was achieved by the CO diet, followed by the NE diets. Feeding of unprocessed Nannochloropsis and Tetraselmis resulted in a significant reduction in enterocyte vacuolization compared to the CO feeding. A significant effect of processing was noted in the fillet fatty acid content, the intestine and liver structure and the expression of selected genes in the liver. The expression of antioxidant genes in both the liver and intestine, and the accumulation of different fatty acids in the fillet and liver of the extruded algae-fed groups, warrants further investigation. In conclusion, based on the short-term study, 30\% inclusion of the microalgae \bioname{Nannochloropsis oceanica} and Tetraselmis sp. can be considered in Atlantic salmon feeds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{He:2021:NRD, author = "Qingsong He and Shuyang Ma and Qinwang Xing and Wenchao Zhang and Haiqing Yu and Zhenjiang Ye", title = "Nonstationary Responses of Demersal Fishes to Environmental Variations in Temperate Waters of the {Northwestern North Pacific} under a Changing Climate", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "3", pages = "22", day = "22", month = jul, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030022", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/22", abstract = "Although nonstationarity in marine ecosystems has attracted great attention, the nonstationary responses of demersal fishes to environmental variations induced by the changing climate are still not well understood. Here, we collected 21 time series of demersal fishes from 1956 to 2015 to investigate the climate-induced nonstationary responses in temperate waters of the northwestern North Pacific (NWP). We showed that these demersal fishes experienced state shifts in approximately 1986/87, accompanied by abrupt warming over this region. Moreover, the relationships between demersal fishes and sea surface temperature (SST) were found to change between the two identified eras (i.e., a weak relationship before 1986 and a strong negative relationship after 1986), which may be primarily caused by the alternating dominance of the East Asian winter monsoon and mega-ENSO on SST in temperate waters of the NWP. The identified climate-induced nonstationary responses of demersal fishes to SST variability in this study may provide implications for understanding climate-induced biological dynamics, predicting demersal fish fluctuations, coping with potential ecological risks, and the sustainable exploitation of fishery resources in the future climate. Note that the impact of fishing on the demersal fishes in temperate waters of the NWP was not assessed in this study due to the lack of fishing effort data and therefore the conclusions of our research should be approached with caution.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Abu-Alya:2021:EPS, author = "Ibrahim S. Abu-Alya and Yousef M. Alharbi and Said I. Fathalla and Ibrahim S. Zahran and Saad M. Shousha and Hassan A. Abdel-Rahman", title = "Effect of Partial Soybean Replacement by Shrimp By-Products on the Productive and Economic Performances in \geoname{African} Catfish (\bioname{Clarias lazera}) Diets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "84", day = "20", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040084", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/84", abstract = "The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean with shrimp by-products (SBp) in African catfish (\bioname{Clarias lazera}) diets on productive (growth, digestibility, body composition, dressing yield, blood parameters, immunity) and economic performances. Therefore, 750 fingerlings ($ \approx $20.0 g) were distributed into five groups of 150 fingerlings/group with three replicates (n = 50) per group. Group 1 was fed a basal diet, while G2 and G3 were fed diets containing 25\% SBp (autoclaved and acid-treated, respectively) as soybean replacer for 12 weeks, while, in G4 and G5, SBp level was 50\%. All growth and nutrient utilization parameters (body weight, Wg, ADG, PER, FCR, and digestibility), plasma proteins, and immunity significantly increased in G4 and G5. Anemia screening markers recorded insignificant differences between the tested groups and control one, whereas lipid markers of plasma and fish body decreased by autoclaved SBp and increased by acid-treated SBp. The African catfish body dry matter and crude protein percentages were enriched by the addition of SBp. Replacing the soybean meal decreases diet costs and diet costs/1 kg of weight gain. In conclusion, replacing soybean with SBp (especially 50\% acid-treated) positively influenced productive and economic performances with friendly effects to avoid the environmental pollution by these wastes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fu:2021:IEC, author = "Lulu Fu and Qiudie Chi and Yongbo Bao and Hanhan Yao and Zhihua Lin and Yinghui Dong", title = "Identification and Expression Characterization of the \gene{Smad3} Gene and {SNPs} Associated with Growth Traits in the Hard Clam (\bioname{Meretrix meretrix})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "83", day = "16", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040083", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/83", abstract = "It has been demonstrated that the sekelsky mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) plays an important role in the growth and development of vertebrates. However, little is known about the association between the Smad3 gene and the growth traits of mollusks. In this study, Smad3 from the hard clam \bioname{Meretrix meretrix} (Mm-Smad3) was cloned, characterized, and screened for growth-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its exons. The full-length cDNA of Mm-Smad3 was 1938 bp, encoding a protein with 428 amino acid residues. The protein sequence included an MH1 (27--135 aa) and MH2 domain (233--404 aa). Promoter analysis showed that the promoter sequence of Mm-Smad3 was 2548 bp, and the binding sites of Pit-1a, Antp, Hb, and other transcription factors are related to the growth and development of hard clams. The phylogenetic tree was divided into two major clusters, including mollusks and vertebrate. The expression level of Mm-Smad3 was predominantly detected in the mantle and foot, while extremely less expression was observed in the digestive gland. The low expression level of Mm-Smad3 was detected at the stages of unfertilized mature eggs, fertilized eggs, four-cell embryos, blastula, gastrulae, trochophore, and D-shaped larvae, whereas an opposite trend was observed regarding the highest expression at the umbo larvae stage (p {$<$} 0.05). In the mantle repair experiment, the time-course expression profiles showed that compared to the expression level at 0 h, Mm-Smad3 significantly decreased at 6 h (p {$<$} 0.05) but increased at 12 and 48 h. Further, the association analysis identified 11 SNPs in the exons of Mm-Smad3, of which three loci (c.597 C $>$ T, c.660 C $>$ T, c.792 A $>$ T) were significantly related to the growth traits of clam (p {$<$} 0.05). Overall, our findings indicated that Mm-Smad3 is a growth-related gene and the detected SNP sites provide growth-related markers for molecular marker-assisted breeding of this species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jeong:2021:CGS, author = "Min-A Jeong and Ye-Jin Jeong and Kwang-Il Kim", title = "Complete Genome Sequences and Pathogenicity Analysis of Two Red Sea Bream Iridoviruses Isolated from Cultured Fish in \geoname{Korea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "82", day = "15", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040082", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/82", abstract = "In Korea, red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), especially subtype II, has been the main causative agent of red sea bream iridoviral disease since the 1990s. Herein, we report two Korean RSIV isolates with different subtypes based on the major capsid protein and adenosine triphosphatase genes: 17SbTy (RSIV mixed subtype I/II) from Japanese seabass (\bioname{Lateolabrax japonicus}) and 17RbGs (RSIV subtype II) from rock bream (\bioname{Oplegnathus fasciatus}). The complete genome sequences of 17SbTy and 17RbGs were 112,360 and 112,235 bp long, respectively (115 and 114 open reading frames [ORFs], respectively). Based on nucleotide sequence homology with sequences of representative RSIVs, 69 of 115 ORFs of 17SbTy were most closely related to subtype II (98.48--100\% identity), and 46 were closely related to subtype I (98.77--100\% identity). In comparison with RSIVs, 17SbTy and 17RbGs carried two insertion/deletion mutations (ORFs 014R and 102R on the basis of 17SbTy) in regions encoding functional proteins (a DNA-binding protein and a myristoylated membrane protein). Notably, survival rates differed significantly between 17SbTy-infected and 17RbGs-infected rock breams, indicating that the genomic characteristics and/or adaptations to their respective original hosts might influence pathogenicity. Thus, this study provides complete genome sequences and insights into the pathogenicity of two newly identified RSIV isolates classified as a mixed subtype I/II and subtype II.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sanz-Ronda:2021:FUP, author = "Francisco Javier Sanz-Ronda and Francisco Javier Bravo-C{\'o}rdoba and Ana Garc{\'\i}a-Vega and Jorge Valbuena-Castro and Andr{\'e}s Mart{\'\i}nez-de-Azagra and Juan Francisco Fuentes-P{\'e}rez", title = "Fish Upstream Passage through Gauging Stations: Experiences with \geoname{Iberian} Barbel in Flat-{V} Weirs", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "81", day = "14", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040081", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/81", abstract = "The monitoring of river discharge is vital for the correct management of water resources. Flat-V gauging weirs are facilities used worldwide for measuring discharge. These structures consist of a small weir with a triangular cross-section and a flat ``V''-shaped notch. Their extensive use is a consequence of their utility in the measurement of both low and high flow conditions. However, depending on their size, local morphology and river discharge can act as full or partial hydraulic barriers to fish migration. To address this concern, the present work studies fish passage performance over flat-V weirs considering their hydraulic performance. For this, radio-tracking and video-monitoring observations were combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in two flat-V weirs, using Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) as the target species. Results showed that fish passage is conditioned by both hydraulic and behavioral processes, providing evidence for scenarios in which flat-V weirs may act as full or partial barriers to upstream movements. For the studied flat-V weirs, a discharge range of 0.27--8 m 3 /s, with a water drop difference between upstream and downstream water levels lower than 0.7 m and a depth downstream of the weir of higher than 0.3 m can be considered an effective passage situation for barbels. These findings are of interest for quantifying flat-V weir impacts, for engineering applications and for establishing managing or retrofitting actions when required.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2021:RBE, author = "Jinfei Hu and Ping Wang and Hailong Zhang", title = "The Relationship between Environmental Factors and Catch Abundance of Hairtail in the \geoname{East China Sea} Using Empirical Dynamic Modeling", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "80", day = "13", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040080", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/80", abstract = "The East China Sea population of hairtail (\bioname{Trichiurus lepturus}, also known as T. japonicus) is a commercially important element of Chinese fisheries. Hairtail has long been widely exploited. Due to overfishing, however, its production declined over the years. One of solutions to this dilemma is to institute reasonable fishery policies. Generally, skillful short-term and long-term prediction of fish catch is a central tool for guiding the development of fishery policy. Accurate predictions require a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between fluctuations in fish catch and variability in both fishing effort and marine environmental conditions. To investigate the combined impact of fishing effort and marine environments on hairtail catch and to develop models to predict hairtail catch, we applied empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) to data on East China Sea fisheries, including hairtail catch, fishing effort, and marine environmental factors. EDM is an equation-free approach that enables the investigation of various complex systems. We constructed all possible multivariate EDM models to investigate the potential mechanisms affecting hairtail catch. Our analysis demonstrates that all key environmental factors (salinity, summer monsoon, sea surface temperature, precipitation, and power dissipation index of tropical cyclones) have an impact on nutrient supply, which we suggest is the central factor influencing hairtail catch. Finally, our comparison of EDM models with parametric models demonstrates that EDM models overwhelmingly outperform parametric models in analysis of these complex interactions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shan:2021:CTA, author = "Binbin Shan and Yan Liu and Changping Yang and Yuan Li and Liangming Wang and Dianrong Sun", title = "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Female and Male Fine-Patterned Puffer: Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Growth and Sex Differentiation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "79", day = "12", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040079", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/79", abstract = "Sexual growth dimorphism is a common phenomenon in teleost fish. However, the mechanism of this complex phenomenon remains unclear. The fine-patterned puffer (Takifugu poecilonotus; Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) exhibits female-biased sexual size dimorphism similar to other pufferfish. In this study, the transcriptomes of female and male T. poecilonotus were sequenced, 285.95 million raw read pairs were generated from sequence libraries. After identification and assembly, a total of 149,814 nonredundant unigenes were obtained with an N50 length of 3538 bp. Of these candidates, 122,719 unigenes (81.91\% of the total) were successfully annotated with multiple public databases. The comparison analysis revealed 10,385 unigenes (2034 in females and 8351 in males) were differentially expressed between different sexes of T. poecilonotus. Then, we identified many candidate growth- and sex-related genes, including Dmrt1, Sox3, Spatas, Prl / Prlr, fabps, Ghr, and Igf1r. In addition to these well-known genes, Fabp 4 was identified for the first time in fish. Furthermore, 68,281 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci were screened and identified in the transcriptome sequence of T. poecilonotus. The results of our study could provide valuable information on growth- and sex-associated genes and facilitate further exploration of the molecular mechanism of sexual growth dimorphism.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nousias:2021:GVP, author = "Orestis Nousias and Konstantinos Tzokas and Leonidas Papaharisis and Katerina Ekonomaki and Dimitrios Chatziplis and Costas Batargias and Costas S. Tsigenopoulos", title = "Genetic Variability, Population Structure, and Relatedness Analysis of Meagre Stocks as an Informative Basis for New Breeding Schemes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "78", day = "10", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040078", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/78", abstract = "This study evaluates the genetic diversity of different meagre broodstocks sampled in Greece. A multiplex of twelve microsatellite markers was used to genotype 946 fish from eleven stocks and batches used for broodstock selection, and the genetic data was used to calculate genetic population parameters as well as to investigate the genetic differentiation between stocks. The results from a relatedness analysis were used as the guiding lines for a fine-tuned and overall evaluation of the genetic distance between stocks, and the choice of candidate breeders from some of them. The approach implemented in this study uses well-established population genetics methods to evaluate the selection of breeder candidates in aquaculture commercial conditions utilizing a descriptive genetic data set based on microsatellite analyses, and to outline an efficient methodology for establishing the basis of new breeding schemes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mao:2021:MCN, author = "Zhuangwen Mao and Shengwei Luo and Dafang Zhao and Xiang Zhou and Zilong Zhang and Yangbo Xiao and Shenping Cao and Yonghua Zhou and Shaojun Liu and Jianzhou Tang and Zhen Liu", title = "Molecular Characterization and Nutrition Regulation of the Neutral Amino Acid Transporter {ASCT2} in Triploid Crucian Carp", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "77", day = "09", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040077", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/77", abstract = "AlaSerCys Transporter 2 (ASCT2), encoded by the SLC1A5 gene, plays an important role in the absorption of glutamine. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of ASCT2 was cloned from triploid crucian carp. It encodes 539 amino acid residues and a stop codon. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences of the ASCT2 ORF region in cyprinid fishes shared high sequence homology. Comparing the abundance of ASCT2 in different tissues, we found its expression level in muscle was significantly higher than that in intestine (p {$<$} 0.05). In addition, the expression levels of ASCT2 also appeared different in diurnal variation. Then we found the addition of 2.5\% glutamate in a feeding diet significantly increased the expression levels of ASCT2 in intestine and muscle (p {$<$} 0.05). However, in glutamine experiments, the muscle showed the highest expression level of ASCT2 when fish were fed the diet containing 3.0\% glutamine (p {$<$} 0.05). In vitro, ASCT2 was sensitive to glutamine and its expression level appeared down-regulated when the addition of glutamine was added to 0.1 mg/mL. Finally, we found that the diet with 29\% protein level significantly increased the expression level of ASCT2 in intestine (p {$<$} 0.05). Nevertheless, different protein sources (fish meal and soybean meal) had no significant effect on the expression levels of ASCT2 in intestine and muscle (p $>$ 0.05). These results provided data for the study of ASCT2 in triploid crucian carp regulated by feeding nutrition, which had a potential application in improving feed formulation in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nathanailides:2021:PPS, author = "Cosmas Nathanailides and Markos Kolygas and Konstantina Choremi and Theodoros Mavraganis and Evangelia Gouva and Kosmas Vidalis and Fotini Athanassopoulou", title = "Probiotics Have the Potential to Significantly Mitigate the Environmental Impact of Freshwater Fish Farms", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "76", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040076", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/76", abstract = "Probiotics for freshwater fish farming can be administered as single or multiple mixtures. The expected benefits of probiotics include disease prophylaxis, improved growth, and feed conversion parameters, such as the feed conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). In the current work, we review the impact of probiotics on freshwater finfish aquaculture. Data were gathered from articles published during the last decade that examined the effects of probiotics on fish growth, FCR, and water quality in freshwater fishponds/tanks. While the expected benefits of probiotics are significant, the reviewed data indicate a range in the level of effects, with an average reduction in ammonia of 50.7\%, SGR increase of 17.1\%, and FCR decrease of 10.7\%. Despite the variability in the reported benefits, probiotics appear to offer a practical solution for sustainable freshwater aquaculture. Disease prophylaxis with probiotics can reduce the need for antibiotics and maintain gut health and feed conversion. Considering that fish feed and waste are two significant parameters of the aquaculture ecological footprint, it can be argued that probiotics can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture. In this direction, it would be beneficial if more researchers incorporated water quality parameters in future aquaculture research and protocols to minimize aquaculture's environmental impact.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ciepiela:2021:BIB, author = "Lindsy R. Ciepiela and Ryan M. Fitzpatrick and Samuel T. Lewis and Yoichiro Kanno", title = "Behavioral Interactions between a Native and an Invasive Fish Species in a Thermally Heterogeneous Experimental Chamber", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "75", day = "07", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040075", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/75", abstract = "Mechanisms of the displacement of native fish by nonnative fish can include agonistic behaviors that push native fish species out of their preferred habitat, including their thermal optima. To examine these interactions, we built an experimental thermal preference chamber to evaluate: (1) the thermal preference of native, glacial relict northern redbelly dace \bioname{Chrosomus eos}; (2) if the thermal preference and movement changed in the presence of the invasive western mosquitofish \bioname{Gambusia affinis}; and (3) the direction of agonistic interactions. We hypothesized that G. affinis would express agonistic behavior toward C. eos, because G. affinis is widely recognized as an aggressive invader. Given the temperature range of the experimental chamber, i.e., 20--30 {$^\circ $}C, C. eos selected an average of 24.3 {$^\circ $}C as its thermal preference. After G. affinis ' introduction, the thermal preference of C. eos increased by 1.7 {$^\circ $}C and the movement, given by distance (cm) travelled, increased by 21\%. Contrary to our prediction, more agonistic interactions were observed in C. eos toward G. affinis. These results indicate that agonistic behavior of G. affinis toward native fish species may be species- and condition-specific, and may not always be the primary mechanism of native species' displacement. Biological invasions are a global issue and altered thermal regimes are expected to continue. This study provided the novel approach using of a thermally heterogeneous thermal chamber to examine thermal preferences and aggressive interactions between a native and an invasive species. Future research should examine other life history traits that may be conveying the competitive advantage to G. affinis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shal:2021:DFA, author = "Ahmed Mohamed {El Shal} and Faisal Mohamed {El Sheikh} and Atef Mohamed Elsbaay", title = "Design and Fabrication of an Automatic Fish Feeder Prototype Suits Tilapia Tanks", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "74", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040074", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/74", abstract = "The conventional methods of supplying feed to tilapia tanks are ineffective. It is better to find new a automatic feeder saving pellets from crushing and cohesion without hitting pellets during feeding at a predetermined interval of time and an accurate amount of food with a larger surface area covered by pellets. Developing-country fish farmers use manual feeding to be more cost-effective than with costly mechanized feeding, so this research aimed to design and construct an automatic fish feeder prototype to feed tilapia in a recirculation aquaculture system's tank. The performance of the prototype was studied after it was designed and installed. The dispensed feed operated by a DC motor located underneath the pellet hopper and the feed material was discharged into the tank through a gate in the bottom of the feeder. Three pellet sizes, three rotation speeds, and three feeder heights from the water's surface were used to test the automatic feeder's efficiency. The results showed that the optimal speed for the automatic feeder was 14 rpm with a height of 70 cm, resulting in a distribution width of 26.6 cm and a high automatic feeder efficiency of 99.9\%. Furthermore, the feeder used very little electricity and saved time, cost, labor, energy, and pellets.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Thomson:2021:HGS, author = "Damian P. Thomson and Anna K. Cresswell and Christopher Doropoulos and Michael D. E. Haywood and Melanie Orr and Andrew S. Hoey", title = "Hidden Giants: the Story of \bioname{Bolbometopon muricatum} at \geoname{Ningaloo Reef}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "73", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040073", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/73", abstract = "\bioname{Bolbometopon muricatum} (bumphead parrotfish, Valenciennes, 1839) is a conspicuous, iconic and ecologically important coral reef fish species. B. muricatum plays an important role in the bioerosion of the reef framework and as a result has been described as both an ecosystem engineer and keystone species. Despite the complete absence of B. muricatum from 32 years of scientific surveys across the Ningaloo Reef World Heritage Area, we recorded a total of 155 individuals of B. muricatum across 63.2 ha of reef crest surveys, equating to mean density of 2.38 ind/ha. Our observations represent the first record of this iconic species in scientific surveys at Ningaloo and in combination with qualitative observations of B. muricatum by expert witnesses, indicate B. muricatum is likely to have been present in ecologically relevant densities since 2006. The densities of B. muricatum observed at northern Ningaloo in 2021 suggest this species is removing an estimated 13.42 tonnes/ha or 1.34 kg/m 2 of calcium carbonate per year, which is broadly comparable with estimates of total parrotfish bioerosion across many reefs in the central Indian and Pacific Oceans. Although not currently afforded elevated conservation status within management plans, B. muricatum possess many life-history characteristics that make them vulnerable to overfishing and may justify consideration for increased protection within the world heritage listed Ningaloo Reef Marine Park.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Castaneda-Chavez:2021:CMN, author = "Mar{\'\i}a del Refugio Casta{\~n}eda-Ch{\'a}vez and Fabiola Lango-Reynoso and Gabycarmen Navarrete-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Armando Toyokazu Wakida-Kusunoki", title = "Concentration of Metals in Native and Invasive Species of Fish in the Fluvial-Lagoon-Deltaic System of the {Palizada River, Campeche}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "72", day = "03", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040072", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/72", abstract = "Aquatic organisms, such as fish, are important indicators of the bioavailability of metals in coastal environments, demonstrating the capacity of different species to bioaccumulate these metallic elements. The fluvial-lagoon system of the Palizada River is an important ecosystem for its terrestrial and aquatic biological diversity where fishing is an important productive activity in this system. The objective of this research was to evaluate the concentration of Pb and Cd in the muscle tissue of native and invasive fish species in this area. For this, the digestion of fish muscle samples was carried out with a CEM MARS 5 Digestion Microwave System, while the quantification of metals was performed with an atomic absorption equipment. All analysis muscle samples from native and invasive fish showed Pb and Cd in their content. By sampling site there was a statistically significant difference (p {$<$} 0.05), with a maximum Pb concentration of 7.760 $ \mu $ g g {-1} at the LLAR site (Laguna Larga). In terms of species, the maximum Cd concentration was obtained in the \bioname{Cyprinus carpio} with 6.630 {\pm} 0.127 and in Pterygoplichthus pardalis with 6.547 {\pm} 0.873 $ \mu $ g g {-1} (dry weight). The presence of metals such as Pb and Cd in muscle tissue of native and invasive fish species represents an important bioindicator of environmental exposure in the study area and a potential risk to public health, as these species are commonly consumed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Espinola-Novelo:2021:STV, author = "Juan F. Esp{\'\i}nola-Novelo and Marcelo E. Oliva", title = "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Parasite Communities: Implications for Fish Stock Identification", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "71", day = "03", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040071", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/71", abstract = "The spatial and temporal variability of parasite communities have received little attention when used as biological tags for identifying fish stocks. This study evaluated the potential spatial and temporal variability of the parasite communities affecting three marine fish species collected between 1993 and 2017. To avoid the potential effect of host age in parasite communities, individuals of similar ages were selected: 1123 \bioname{Engraulis ringens} (12--24 months old), 1904 \bioname{Trachurus murphyi} (24--36 months old), and 630 \bioname{Merluccius gayi} (36--48 months old). Most taxa show differences in the prevalence at the spatial and temporal scales, but the prevalence of some larval endoparasites remains constant at the temporal scale. At the spatial scale, an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed differences in the parasite communities of three species; a canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) showed low values of correct allocations (CA; {\SGMLasymp}50\%) and values of allocation due to chance (AdC) were lower than the CA. At the temporal scale, an ANOSIM showed differences between the three species. A CAP showed low values of CA ({\SGMLasymp}50--60\%) and the AdC was always lower than CA. Samples at the spatial scale were well allocated to their localities or nearby localities, suggesting a spatial stability. Samples from different years were not well discriminated, suggesting temporal variability. Therefore, in studies regarding parasites as a tool for stock identification, temporal variability must be taken into account.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mukherjee:2021:EPG, author = "Subham Mukherjee and Old{\v{r}}ich Barto{\v{s}} and Kamila Zde{\v{n}}kov{\'a} and Petr Han{\'a}k and Petra Hork{\'a} and Zuzana Musilova", title = "Evolution of the Parvalbumin Genes in Teleost Fishes after the Whole-Genome Duplication", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "70", day = "01", month = dec, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040070", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/70", abstract = "Parvalbumin is considered a major fish allergen. Here, we report the molecular evolution of the parvalbumin genes in bony fishes based on 19 whole genomes and 70 transcriptomes. We found unexpectedly high parvalbumin diversity in teleosts; three main gene types (pvalb-{\alpha}, pvalb-{\beta}1, and pvalb-{\beta}2, including oncomodulins) originated at the onset of vertebrates. Teleosts have further multiplied the parvalbumin gene repertoire up to nine ancestral copies---two copies of pvalb-{\alpha}, two copies of pvalb-{\beta}1, and five copies of pvalb-{\beta}2. This gene diversity is a result of teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. Two conserved parvalbumin genomic clusters carry pvalb-{\beta}1 and {\beta}2 copies, whereas pvalb-{\alpha} genes are located separately in different linkage groups. Further, we investigated parvalbumin gene expression in 17 tissues of the common carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio}), a species with 21 parvalbumin genes in its genome. Two pvalb-{\alpha} and eight pvalb-{\beta}2 copies are highly expressed in the muscle, while two alternative pvalb-{\alpha} copies show expression in the brain and the testes, and pvalb-{\beta}1 is dominant in the retina and the kidney. The recent pairs of muscular pvalb-{\beta}2 genes show differential expression in this species. We provide robust genomic evidence of the complex evolution of the parvalbumin genes in fishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sorensen:2021:IBC, author = "Peter W. Sorensen", title = "Introduction to the Biology and Control of Invasive Fishes and a Special Issue on This Topic", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "69", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040069", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/69", abstract = "Across the globe, dozens of species of invasive fish are now found in fresh as well as marine waters, where they alter habitats, compete with native fish for food, and prey on native fishes, exerting both indirect and direct effects on ecosystems and economies. While efforts to understand and control these species are growing, most are still in their infancy; however, a few examples stand out. This special issue is comprised of 11 notable articles on freshwater invasive fish and is the first to address this topic. This introductory article serves as an introduction to these articles which focus on 5 topics on invasive freshwater fish: (1) the damage they cause (one article); (2) techniques to ascertain their presence (one article); (3) techniques to restrict their movement (one article); (4) strategies to control them (three articles); and (5) lessons learned from ongoing management efforts (five articles). This introduction notes that successful management efforts share a few approaches: (1) they develop and use a deep understanding of local species and their abundance as well as distribution; (2) they focus on reducing reproductive success; (3) they use multiple complimentary control strategies; and (4) they use a long-term approach.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martin:2021:CPT, author = "Miriam Martin and Stephen Smith and Michael Kleinhenz and Geraldine Magnin and Zhoumeng Lin and David Kuhn and Shawnee Montgomery and Johann Coetzee", title = "Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Concentrations of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam in Tilapia ({Oreochromis} spp.)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "68", day = "25", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040068", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/68", abstract = "Evidence of pain perception in fish is well established, but analgesic use in aquaculture is limited. The objective was to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of flunixin administered intramuscularly (IM) and meloxicam administered IM or orally (PO) in tilapia. Two hundred and seventy fish were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: flunixin meglumine IM (2.2 mg/kg); meloxicam IM (1 mg/kg); or meloxicam PO (1 mg/kg). Blood and tissue samples were collected from 6 fish per treatment at 14 time points for 10 days. Drug concentrations were determined using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Plasma concentration versus time data were analyzed with a non-compartmental approach using a commercially available software. Flunixin reached a mean maximum concentration (C max) of 4826.7 ng/mL at 0.5 h, had a terminal half-life (T 1 / 2) of 7.34 h, and an area under the concentration--time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC INF\_obs) of 25,261.62 h{\cdot}ng/mL. Meloxicam IM had a T 1 / 2 of 9.4 h after reaching a C max of 11.3 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUC INF\_obs of 150.31 h{\cdot}ng/mL. Meloxicam PO had a T 1 / 2 of 1.9 h after reaching a C max of 72.2 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUC INF\_obs of 400.83 h{\cdot}ng/mL. Tissue concentrations of both drugs were undetectable by 9 h. Flunixin reached a sufficient plasma concentration to potentially have an analgesic effect, while meloxicam, when administered at the given dosage, likely would not.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fitzpatrick:2021:UID, author = "Ryan M. Fitzpatrick and Dana L. Winkelman and Brett M. Johnson", title = "Using Isotopic Data to Evaluate \bioname{Esox lucius} ({Linnaeus}, 1758) Natal Origins in a Hydrologically Complex River Basin", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "67", day = "22", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040067", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/67", abstract = "Otolith microchemistry has emerged as a powerful technique with which to identify the natal origins of fishes, but it relies on differences in underlying geology that may occur over large spatial scales. An examination of how small a spatial scale on which this technique can be implemented, especially in water bodies that share a large proportion of their flow, would be useful for guiding aquatic invasive species control efforts. We examined trace isotopic signatures in northern pike (\bioname{Esox lucius}) otoliths to estimate their provenance between two reservoirs in the Upper Yampa River Basin, Colorado, USA. This is a challenging study area as these reservoirs are only 11-rkm apart on the same river and thus share a high proportion of their inflow. We found that three isotopes (86 Sr, 137 Ba, and 55 Mn) were useful in discriminating between these reservoirs, but their signatures varied annually, and the values overlapped. Strontium isotope ratios (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) were different between sites and relatively stable across three years, which made them an ideal marker for determining northern pike provenance. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of otolith microchemistry for natal origin determination within the same river over a relatively small spatial scale when there are geologic differences between sites, especially geologic differences underlying tributaries between sites.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2021:EDT, author = "Bin Wang and Guoxin Ma and Yong Liu and Yafei Wang and Xiaoxue Du and Qiang Shi and Hanping Mao", title = "Effects of Different Temperatures on the Antibacterial, Immune and Growth Performance of Crucian Carp Epidermal Mucus", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "66", day = "22", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040066", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/66", abstract = "Fish is one of the important sources of energy and protein, and proper water temperature is key to successful fish breeding. The authors of this study evaluated crucian carp growth, mucus antibacterial properties, and immune indicators at 17, 21, 24, 27, and 31 \degree C. The results indicated that in the range of 17--31 \degree C, the resistance of epidermal mucus to \bioname{Vibrio harveyi} decreased with temperature rising. At 24 and 27 \degree C, the activities of lysozyme and catalase significantly increased; alkaline phosphatase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and total protein concentration first increased and then decreased with rising temperature; the highest values were observed at 24 \degree C, with increases of 56.55\%, 26.64\%, and 44.52\%, respectively, compared to those under the 17 \degree C treatment. When the treatment reached 27 \degree C, the temperature had an effect on the growth and antibacterial properties of crucian carp, and the activities of alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced. At temperatures of 17--24 \degree C, the survival rate of crucian carp could reach more than 93\%, and at the temperature of 24 \degree C, the specific growth rate reached the highest value of 43.29\%. Therefore, the most favorable temperature for the long-term breeding of crucian carp was found to be 24 \degree C. This study provides a favorable experimental basis for the establishment of intelligent aquaculture systems and the setting of water environment parameters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lin:2021:FRF, author = "Bin Lin and Kailin Jiang and Zhiqi Xu and Feiyi Li and Jiao Li and Chaoli Mou and Xinyao Gong and Xuliang Duan", title = "Feasibility Research on Fish Pose Estimation Based on Rotating Box Object Detection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "65", day = "19", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040065", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/65", abstract = "A video-based method to quantify animal posture movement is a powerful way to analyze animal behavior. Both humans and fish can judge the physiological state through the skeleton framework. However, it is challenging for farmers to judge the breeding state in the complex underwater environment. Therefore, images can be transmitted by the underwater camera and monitored by a computer vision model. However, it lacks datasets in artificial intelligence and is unable to train deep neural networks. The main contributions of this paper include: (1) the world's first fish posture database is established. 10 key points of each fish are manually marked. The fish flock images were taken in the experimental tank and 1000 single fish images were separated from the fish flock. (2) A two-stage attitude estimation model is used to detect fish key points. The evaluation of the algorithm performance indicates the precision of detection reaches 90.61\%, F1-score reaches 90\%, and Fps also reaches 23.26. We made a preliminary exploration on the pose estimation of fish and provided a feasible idea for fish pose estimation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ruiz-Jarabo:2021:SPR, author = "Ignacio Ruiz-Jarabo and Miriam Fern{\'a}ndez-Castro and Ismael Jerez-Cepa and Cristina Barrag{\'a}n-M{\'e}ndez and Montse P{\'e}rez and Evaristo P{\'e}rez and Juan Gil and Jes{\'u}s Canoura and Carlos Farias and Juan Miguel Mancera and Ignacio Sobrino", title = "Survival and Physiological Recovery after Capture by Hookline: the Case Study of the Blackspot Seabream (\bioname{Pagellus bogaraveo})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "64", day = "17", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040064", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/64", abstract = "Evaluating the survival of discarded species is gaining momentum after the new European Common Fisheries Policy (Article 15 of the European Regulation No. 1380/2013). This regulation introduced a discard ban, with an exemption for those species with demonstrated high survival rates after their capture and release. Candidate species should be evaluated for each fishing gear and geographical area. In this study, we assessed not only survival, but also physiological recovery rates of blackspot seabream (\bioname{Pagellus bogaraveo}) below commercial size captured with a hookline called `` voracera '' in the Strait of Gibraltar (SW Atlantic waters of Europe). Experiments onboard a commercial fishing vessel were paralleled with studies in controlled ground-based facilities, where the capture process was mimicked, and physiological recovery markers were described. Our results confirmed that hookline capture induced acute stress responses in the target species, such as changes in plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose, and osmolality. However, 90.6\% of the blackspot seabreams below commercial size captured with this fishing gear managed to survive, and evidenced physiological recovery responses 5 h after capture, with complete homeostatic recovery occurring within the first 24 h. Based on this study, the European Commission approved an exemption from the discard (EU Commission Delegated Regulation 6794/2018). Thus, the robust methodology described herein can be an important tool to mitigate the problem of discards in Europe.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Safari:2021:ESC, author = "Omid Safari and Mehrdad Sarkheil and Davar Shahsavani and Marina Paolucci", title = "Effects of Single or Combined Administration of Dietary Synbiotic and Sodium Propionate on Humoral Immunity and Oxidative Defense, Digestive Enzymes and Growth Performances of \geoname{African} Cichlid (\bioname{Labidochromis lividus}) Challenged with \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "63", day = "15", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040063", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/63", abstract = "The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of dietary synbiotic (SYN) (Pediococcus acidilactici + Galactooligosaccharides; 10 g kg \minus 1), sodium propionate (SP; 5, 10 and 20 g kg \minus 1) and a combination of SYN + SP on the growth performance, humoral immunity, antioxidant responses and disease resistance against \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} of African cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) fingerlings (0.52 \pm 0.05 g) in a feeding trial lasting 63 days. A completely randomized design was run with eight treatments, including 0 (control) and supplemented diets containing SYN + SP (e.g., 10 + 5, 10 + 10, 10 + 20, 0 + 5, 0 + 10, 0 + 20 and 10 + 10). The lowest feed conversion ratio value was observed in fish fed the 5 g kg \minus 1 -SP and 10 g kg \minus 1 -SYN (p {$<$} 0.05). The highest values of protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were recorded in fish fed the 10 g kg \minus 1 -SYN (p {$<$} 0.05). Fish fed the 10 g kg \minus 1 -SYN diet had the highest activities of immunity (lysozyme, immunoglobulin) and antioxidant responses (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) (p {$<$} 0.05). After 28 days post-challenge, the highest survival rate (57\%) was recorded in the diet containing 10 g kg \minus 1 SYN and 5 g kg \minus 1 SP. The results indicated that the single administration of SYN or combined with SP, especially at the level of 5 g kg \minus 1 of diet, enhanced the survival and growth performances, humoral immune response, antioxidant and digestive enzymes of African cichlid.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2021:SCP, author = "Huiqin Chen and Baoliang Bi and Lingfu Kong and Hua Rong and Yanhua Su and Qing Hu", title = "Seasonal Changes in Plasma Hormones, Sex-Related Genes Transcription in Brain, Liver and Ovary during Gonadal Development in Female Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "62", day = "12", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040062", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/62", abstract = "The purpose of this study was to investigate the periodic seasonal changes in endocrine activity and gonadal development of female rainbow trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) in a high-altitude cold-water environment. The fish were sampled monthly from January to November and the levels of plasma hormones (estradiol (E 2), cortisol and thyroid hormones (TH S)) and vitellogenin (VTG) were measured by ELISA. Moreover, the transcriptions of sex-related genes in the ovary, brain, and liver were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed a seasonal fluctuation of plasma hormones and VTG together with the development of the ovary, which reached a peak from August to October. Similarly, the transcription of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone-2 (cgnrh-2), hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (gnrhr) and follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) in the brain varied from January to September, but the highest level was detected in September to November. In addition, the transcription of sex-related genes located in the ovary and liver increased significantly during August to October, accompanied by a continuous increase in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and a decrease in the hepatosomatic index (HSI). Therefore, plasma hormones and sex-related genes regulate the development and maturation of O. mykiss oocytes with the change in seasons and peaked in November. The results of this study provide a reference for improving the efficiency of the artificial reproduction of \bioname{O. mykiss}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garcia-Marquez:2021:ATA, author = "Jorge Garc{\'\i}a-M{\'a}rquez and Andre Barany and {\'A}lvaro Broz Ruiz and Benjam{\'\i}n Costas and Salvador Arijo and Juan Miguel Mancera", title = "Antimicrobial and Toxic Activity of Citronella Essential Oil (\bioname{Cymbopogon nardus}), and Its Effect on the Growth and Metabolism of Gilthead Seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata} {L.})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "61", day = "12", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040061", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/61", abstract = "Aquaculture procedures usually induce stress that affects the physiological status of fish. For this reason, the inclusion of additives in fish feeds to palliate stress might be a good alternative. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil (CEO) against bacterial pathogens and to determine its dietary impact on the growth performance of \bioname{Sparus aurata}. In vitro tests confirmed that CEO possesses antimicrobial activity against several fish-specific pathogens. For the in vivo tests, three experimental groups were fed for 60 days with different concentrations of CEO: CTRL (0 mL kg \minus 1 fish feed); CEO1 (1 mL kg \minus 1 fish feed); and CEO2 (2 mL kg \minus 1 fish feed). At the end of the experiment, the physiological status was characterized. Subsequently, the specimens of the CTRL and CEO2 groups were subjected to a challenge with an injection of Poly I:C for immune stimulation. Although S. aurata individuals tolerated CEO inclusion without compromising growth performance, it significantly reduced glycogen in the CEO2 group, concomitant to an increment of total peripheral leucocytes. Moreover, different hematological profiles' responsive patterns against an inflammatory stimulus were observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of CEO as a fish feed additive can prevent bacterial outbreaks and improve potential in vivo disease resistance in S. aurata without negatively affecting growth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Castillo-Vargasmachuca:2021:SDS, author = "Sergio G. Castillo-Vargasmachuca and Eugenio Alberto Arag{\'o}n-Noriega and Guillermo Rodr{\'\i}guez-Dom{\'\i}nguez and Leonardo Mart{\'\i}nez-C{\'a}rdenas and Eulalio Ar{\'a}mbul-Mu{\~n}oz and {\'A}lvaro J. Burgos Arcos", title = "The Standard Deviation Structure as a New Approach to Growth Analysis in Weight and Length Data of Farmed \bioname{Lutjanus guttatus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "60", day = "12", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040060", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/60", abstract = "In the present study, size-at-age data (length and weight) of marine cage-reared spotted rose snapper \bioname{Lutjanus guttatus} were analyzed under four different variance assumptions (observed, constant, depensatory, and compensatory variances) to analyze the robustness of selecting the right standard deviation structure to parametrize the von Bertalanffy, Logistic, and Gompertz models. The selection of the best model and variance criteria was obtained based on the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). According to the BIC results, the observed variance in the present study was the best way to parametrize the three abovementioned growth models, and the Gompertz model best represented the length and weight growth curves. Based on these results, using the observed error structure to calculate the growth parameters in multi-model inference analyses is recommended.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Thach:2021:TEO, author = "Keo Sa Rate Thach and Hong Tu Vo and Ji-Yong Lee", title = "Technical Efficiency and Output Losses in Shrimp Farming: a Case in {Mekong Delta, Vietnam}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "59", day = "11", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040059", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/59", abstract = "The conversion from black tiger shrimp farming and crop farming to white leg shrimp production is widespread in Vietnam's Mekong Delta provinces. However, this conversion trend also contains many risks related to the technical aspects of the production process. The study mainly aims to estimate the technical efficiency of white leg shrimp farming. It also compares the technical efficiency of white leg shrimp farming between the traditional group that historically has cultivated white leg shrimp and the group that recently converted from black tiger shrimp and crops to white leg shrimp, in order to evaluate the efficiency and adaptability of shrimp farming. Primary data were collected by directly interviewing 99 farmers in traditional areas and 101 farmers in recently converted areas in the study sites and analyzed by using the stochastic frontier method. The calculated technical efficiency was around 72.9 percent, suggesting that farmers could increase their output level by about 27.1\%, given constant inputs. There was no difference in the technical efficiency of the two groups, indicating that the converted farms have sufficient adaptability when switching to white leg shrimp farming. The output loss in farmers' production is still very high, with an average loss of 1973 kg/hectare.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shen:2021:EFD, author = "Fengyuan Shen and Zonghang Zhang and Yiqiu Fu and Zhen Zhang and Xin Sun and Jianyu Dong and Xiayang Ding and Muyan Chen and Xiumei Zhang", title = "Effects of Food Deprivation Duration on the Behavior and Metabolism of Black Rockfish (\bioname{Sebastes schlegelii})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "58", day = "06", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040058", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/58", abstract = "Fish often undergo food shortages in nature, especially for juveniles that are relatively vulnerable in most aspects. Therefore, the effects of food deprivation on fish behavior and physiology are worth exploring. Here, we investigated the behavioral and metabolic adaptations of the juvenile black rockfish \bioname{Sebastes schlegelii} to different durations of food deprivation. In this study, three treatments were set: control group, short-term food deprivation (STFD) group, and long-term food deprivation (LTFD) group. The rearing lasted for six weeks. During this period, videos were recorded three times per week to assess the locomotor activity and aggression. After this, the fishes' boldness, neophobia, and aggressiveness were assessed using different behavioral assessment devices, while the standard metabolic rate (SMR) was measured by flow-type respirometry. In general, the values of the four indicators (swimming time, the number of turns, movement number, and attack number) for the STFD group were significantly higher than those for the control and LTFD group during the same period of rearing. In a subsequent personality assessment, the STFD group was observed to be significantly bolder in an assessment measuring boldness than the control and LTFD group (indicated by time in the circle, swimming time, number of times through the circle, and frequency in the circle). The LTFD group was observed to be more exploratory in the assessment of neophobia (indicated by duration in the exploratory area, distance from novelty item, and frequency of stay in the exploratory area). Indeed, the LTFD group was observed to be significantly less aggressive in the assessment of aggressiveness than the control and STFD group (indicated by attack number, attack range frequency, first attack, and winner). SMR was noted to be significantly higher in the STFD group than in the control and LTFD group. In conclusion, this study firstly reported the effects of food deprivation duration on the personalities of black rockfish, as well as the behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Thus, we hope to provide insights into the work of stock enhancement.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2021:IIR, author = "Yanping Yang and Fengjiao Ma and Juanjuan Dong and Lianxing Li and Ping Ren and Yuning Zhang and Yatao Wu and Yinping Wang and Kai Liu and Fang Zhang", title = "The Innate Immune Response to Infection by \bioname{Polyascus gregaria} in the Male \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}), Revealed by Proteomic Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "57", day = "04", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040057", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/57", abstract = "The Chinese mitten crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) is a representative catadromous invertebrate of the Yangtze River and a commercial species widely cultivated in China. Both cultivated and wild crabs suffer from a variety of parasites and pathogens, which can result in catastrophic economic losses in aquaculture revenue. Polyascus gregaria, a parasitic barnacle with a highly derived morphology, is specialized in invading these crabs. This study examines the immunological mechanism in E. sinensis infected with P. gregaria. Tandem mass tags (TMT), a specialized method of mass-spectrometry, was used to analyze the infection by P. gregaria resistance at the protein level. In the hepatopancreas of infected crabs, 598 proteins differentially expressed relating to physiological change, of which, 352 were upregulated and 246 were downregulated. Based on this differential protein expression, 104 GO terms and 13 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. Differentially expressed proteins, such as ATG, cathepsin, serpin, iron-related protein, Rab family, integrin, and lectin, are associated with the lysosome GO term and the autophagy-animal KEGG pathways, both of which likely relate to the immune response to the parasitic P. gregaria infection. These results show the benefit of taking a detailed, protein-level approach to understanding the innate immune response of aquatic invertebrates to macroparasite infection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pradhan:2021:CCC, author = "Pravata Kumar Pradhan and Dev Kumar Verma and Shrish Chandra Yadav and Atul Krishna Dev and Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan and Anutosh Paria and Rajendran Kooloth Valappil and Neeraj Sood", title = "Carps, \bioname{Catla catla}, \bioname{Cirrhinus mrigala} and \bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix} Are Resistant to Experimental Infection with Tilapia Lake Virus ({TiLV})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "56", day = "01", month = nov, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040056", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/56", abstract = "\bioname{Tilapia tilapinevirus}, also known as tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is an emerging fish virus that primarily affects tilapines. However, the virus has also been detected in a few non-tilapines. As tilapia is generally farmed in polyculture systems along with carps in South Asian countries, there is a likelihood that TiLV-infected tilapia can transmit the virus to the co-cultured species. In view of the above, the susceptibility of three carp species, namely catla (\bioname{Catla catla}), mrigal (\bioname{Cirrhinus mrigala}) and silver carp (\bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}) was evaluated vis-{\`a}-vis tilapia, following experimental infection with TiLV. No clinical signs and histopathological alterations could be observed in carps. RT-qPCR revealed that TiLV copy numbers in liver and brain of all the three carps were almost negligible and did not show any increase with time, suggesting that the virus did not replicate in liver and brain, the target organs of TiLV. Further, TiLV could not be isolated from pooled liver and brain tissues of carps using permissive CFF cell line. On the contrary, in tilapia, typical clinical signs and histopathological lesions were observed and there was significant increase in TiLV copy number up to 6 days post-injection. Furthermore, the virus was successfully isolated from pooled liver and brain tissue of infected tilapia. From the above findings, it could be concluded that C. catla, C. mrigala and H. molitrix are resistant to TiLV infection and unlikely to be carriers for this virus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2021:FPW, author = "Junyi Li and Hao Du and Jinming Wu and Hui Zhang and Li Shen and Qiwei Wei", title = "Foundation and Prospects of Wild Population Reconstruction of Acipenser dabryanus", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "55", day = "30", month = oct, year = "2021", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6040055", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:27 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/4/55", abstract = "Acipenser dabryanus is an endemic fish inhabiting the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. It is classified as a first-class nationally protected animal in China and is listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Critically Endangered Species (CR). Recently, there has been a decrease in natural reproduction of A. dabryanus, and the wild population is almost extinct. This paper summarizes the changes observed in the natural population of A. dabryanus and the factors leading to its endangerment. Based on the process of artificial propagation and achievement of relevant protection goals, this paper presents the concept and technical framework for reconstruction of the wild population of A. dabryanus. In addition, by comprehensively reviewing the research findings and existing problems in the resource protection and monitoring of A. dabryanus in recent years, we assessed the possibility of wild population reconstruction and resource restoration for A. dabryanus. Reconstruction and restoration measures for the wild population of A. dabryanus are proposed, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for the reconstruction of the natural population and the improvement and restoration of critical habitat of this species. Furthermore, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a reference for the protection and restoration of other endangered fishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2022:CBF, author = "Jae Goo Kim and Su Hwan Kim and Jong Young Park and Su-Hyang Yoo", title = "Correlation between Feeding Behaviors and Retinal Photoreceptor Cells of Largemouth Bass, \bioname{Micropterus salmoides}, in \geoname{Korea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "25", day = "19", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010025", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/25", abstract = "The largemouth bass (\bioname{Micropterus salmoides}), a food resource in Korea, is a highly voracious predator, designated as an invasive species. It is both diurnal and nocturnal, with high adaptability and reproducibility. Since the predation characteristics are associated with sensitive dynamic visual acuity, we examined the ocular structure of the largemouth bass to investigate the association between photoreceptor cells and feeding behavior. Furthermore, the comparison of the prey-tracking ability of M. salmoides with that of other predatory fish (Coreoperca herzi and \bioname{Lepomis macrochirus}) with similar ecological characteristics revealed the structure and arrangement of photoreceptor cells, typical of a predatory fish in M. salmoides. The double and single cone cells in the retina were present in the regular mosaic patterns of the quadrilateral units, with four double cone cells surrounding a single cone cell. The photoreceptor cells, i.e., the rod, single, and double cone cells of M. salmoides, were smaller (2.3 {\pm} 0.2, 3.82 {\pm} 0.2, and 7.5 {\pm} 0.2 {\mu}m, respectively) than those of other species (3.1 {\pm} 0.24, 6.6 {\pm} 0.5, and 11.3 {\pm} 0.4 {\mu}m in diameter, respectively, in C. herzi). A smaller diameter of cone cells allows for a high-density arrangement of visual cells, possibly affecting the dynamic visual acuity for prey tracking.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2022:ICD, author = "Dunhua Zhang and Miles D. Lange and Craig A. Shoemaker and Benjamin H. Beck", title = "Identification and Characterization of Differentially Expressed {IgM} Transcripts of Channel Catfish Vaccinated with Antigens of Virulent \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "24", day = "19", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010024", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/24", abstract = "Channel catfish (\bioname{Ictalurus punctatus}) is the top species produced in US aquaculture and motile Aeromonas septicemia, caused by virulent \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} (vAh), is one of the most severe diseases that afflict catfish farms. Previously, vaccination of fish with extracellular proteins (ECP) of vAh was shown to produce a robust antibody-mediated immune response against vAh infection. In this study, we analyzed IgM transcripts that were differentially expressed in the head kidney and liver of ECP-immunized and mock-immunized (control) fish with emphasis on a variable domain of heavy chain. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that immunized fish produced significantly more IgM transcripts than control fish. Full-length IgM heavy chain cDNA was cloned, which encoded typical IgM peptide, including signal peptide, variable domain (VH), constant domain (CH), and carboxyl terminal peptide. Great sequence diversity was revealed in a VH segment, with the third complementarity diversity region (CDR3) being most variable. Using germline VH gene grouping method, variants (clones) of VH characterized in this study belonged to nine VH families. The most unique variants (approximately 49\%) were found in the VH2 family. Vaccinated fish apparently had more unique variants than in the control fish. There were 62\% and 79\% of unique variants in the head kidney and liver of vaccinated fish, respectively, while 44\% and 27\% unique variants in the head kidney and liver of control fish, respectively. Among the unique variants in VH2 family, approximately 87\% of them were found in vaccinated fish. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of semi-purified IgM protein confirmed that matured IgM protein was as variable as IgM transcripts identified in this study, with isoelectric points crossing from 6 to 10. Results of this study provided insight into the molecular and genetic basis of antibody diversity and enriched our knowledge of the complex interplay between antigens and antibodies in Ictalurid catfish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2022:OMD, author = "Gongpei Wang and Qindong Tang and Zhi Chen and Dingli Guo and Lei Zhou and Han Lai and Guifeng Li", title = "Otolith Microchemistry and Demographic History Provide New Insight into the Migratory Behavior and Heterogeneous Genetic Divergence of \bioname{Coilia grayii} in the \geoname{Pearl River}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "23", day = "17", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010023", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/23", abstract = "Coilia grayii is the anadromous form of anchovy that is distributed in the East and South China Seas. It is a common fish species in the estuarine area of the Pearl River. Nevertheless, freshwater populations appear upstream in the Pearl River, but the migratory pathway has been mostly impeded by dam construction. Behavioral differences and constrained habitat within tributaries are suspected of promoting genetic divergence in these populations. In this study, we investigated the migratory behavior and genetic divergence of six populations of C. grayii fragmented by dams based on the otolith strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) ratio, mitochondrial DNA, and microsatellite genotyping. All populations were in freshwater with low Sr/Ca ratios, except the estuarine population (Humen population) hatched in brackish water. Reduced nucleotide diversity corresponding to distance was observed. Populations from distant hydrological regions exhibited a decline in genetic diversity and a significant difference with the remaining populations after fitting the isolation by distance model. Pairwise fixation indices confirmed these results and moderate and significant differentiation was found between Hengxian site and downstream sites. Furthermore, STRUCTURE analyses revealed that all separated populations exhibited an admixed phylogenetic pattern except for individuals from the Hengxian locality. The upstream sites showed significantly increased resistance to gene flow from the estuarine population because of isolation by the dam. The results of the neutrality test and Bayesian skyline plots demonstrated complex demography---individuals' experienced historical expansion and partial upper-dam populations had recently undergone a colonization, forming a new genetic structure. Accordingly, this study demonstrates differences in the migration pattern and genetic differentiation of C. grayii as a consequence of demographic history and current processes (habitat fragmentation and colonization).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Seibel:2022:MAE, author = "Henrike Seibel and Elvis Chikwati and Carsten Schulz and Alexander Rebl", title = "A Multidisciplinary Approach Evaluating Soybean Meal-Induced Enteritis in Rainbow Trout \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "22", day = "14", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010022", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/22", abstract = "This study evaluated a diverse range of markers of feeding stress to obtain a more precise assessment of the welfare of rainbow trout in relation to inadequate husbandry conditions. A feeding stress model based on dietary soybean meal was employed to identify suitable minimally invasive ``classical'' stress markers, together with molecular signatures. In a 56-day feeding experiment, rainbow trout were fed diets containing different levels of soybean meal. The impact of these different soybean meal diets on rainbow trout was assessed by water quality analyses, clinical health observations, classic growth and performance parameters, gut histopathology, blood-parameter measurements and multigene-expression profiling in RNA from whole blood. Soybean meal-induced enteritis was manifested phenotypically by an inflammatory reaction in the posterior section of the intestine and by diarrhoea in some trout. These inflammatory changes were associated with decreased supranuclear vacuolation. The haematocrit values and the levels of plasma cortisol and circulating lymphocytes in the blood were increased in trout that had consumed high amounts of SBM. Notably, the increased haematocrit depended significantly on the bodyweight of the individual trout. The transcript levels of certain genes (e.g., MAP3K1, LYG, NOD1, STAT1 and HSP90AB) emerged as potentially useful indicators in the blood of rainbow trout providing valuable information about inadequate nutrition. The expression-profiling findings provide a basis for improved, minimally invasive monitoring of feeding regimens in trout farming and may stimulate the development of practical detection devices for innovative aquaculture operations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sikora:2022:DLH, author = "Logan W. Sikora and Joseph T. Mrnak and Rebecca Henningsen and Justin A. VanDeHey and Greg G. Sass", title = "Demographic and Life History Characteristics of Black Bullheads \bioname{Ameiurus melas} in a North Temperate {USA} Lake", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "21", day = "14", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010021", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/21", abstract = "Black bullheads \bioname{Ameiurus melas} are an environmentally tolerant omnivorous fish species that are found throughout much of North America and parts of Europe. Despite their prevalence, black bullheads are an infrequently studied species making their biology, ecology, and life history poorly understood. Although limited information has been published on black bullheads, evidence suggests that bullheads can dominate the fish biomass and have profound influences on the fish community in some north temperate USA lakes. The goal of our study was to provide additional information on black bullhead population demographics, growth rates, life history characteristics, and seasonal diet preferences in a northern Wisconsin lake. Using common fish collection gears (fyke netting, electrofishing), fish aging protocols, fecundity assessments, and diet indices, our results suggested that black bullheads exhibited relatively fast growth rates, early ages at maturity, moderate fecundity, and a diverse omnivorous diet. Due to these demographic and life history characteristics, black bullheads have the potential to dominate fish community biomass in their native and introduced range. Results from our study may inform the management of black bullhead as native and invasive species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2022:ERT, author = "Yutong Li and Jiaojiao Kong and Jianyue Ji", title = "Environmental Regulation, Technological Innovation and Development of Marine Fisheries---Evidence from Ten Coastal Regions in {China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "20", day = "14", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010020", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/20", abstract = "This study aims to examine the relationship between environmental regulation, technological innovation and the development of China's marine fisheries. We make a theoretical overview of the relationship between environmental regulation, technological innovation and the development of marine fisheries. Using data from 10 coastal regions of China, we calculate the comprehensive development level of China's marine fisheries in each region from 2009 to 2018 through the entropy method. Then, we use a double logit model to analyze the effects of environmental regulation and technological innovation on the development level of China's marine fisheries, and further test the mediating effect of technological innovation. The results show that environmental regulations have a ``U-shaped'' effect on the development of China's marine fisheries. Moreover, technological innovation is crucial in promoting the development of China's marine fisheries. Further, we identify the mediating role of technological innovation, that is, environmental regulation affects the development of China's marine fisheries by influencing technological innovation. These findings offer theoretical support for the development of China's marine fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ivanauskas:2022:MAC, author = "Edgaras Ivanauskas and Andrius Skersonas and Vaidotas Andra{\v{s}}{\=u}nas and Soukaina Elyaagoubi and Art{\=u}ras Razinkovas-Baziukas", title = "Mapping and Assessing Commercial Fisheries Services in the \geoname{Lithuanian} Part of the \geoname{Curonian Lagoon}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "19", day = "14", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010019", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/19", abstract = "The spatial distribution of biomass of main commercial fish species was mapped to estimate the supply of a provisioning fishery service in the Curonian lagoon. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was used as a proxy to estimate the efficiency of commercial fishing and, subsequently, the potential biomass of fishes. The relationship between distinctive characteristics of the fishing areas and corresponding commercial catches and CPUE was analyzed using multivariate analysis. The total catch values and CPUE used in the analyses were derived from the official commercial fishery records. RDE analysis was used to assess the variation of both catch and CPUE of commercial fish species, while the percentages of bottom sediment type coverage, average depth, annual salinity, and water residence time in each of the fishing squares were used as explanatory variables. This distance e-based redundancy analysis allowed for the use of non-Euclidean dissimilarity indices. Fisheries data spatial distribution map indicated the lack of coherence between the spatial patterns of commercial catches and CPUE distribution in the northern part of the lagoon. Highest CPUE values were estimated in the central-eastern part of the lagoon as compared to the western part of the lagoon where CPUE values were substantially lower. Both total catch and CPUE appeared not to be related to the type of bottom habitats statistically while being spatially correlated in-between. However, the impact of salinity and water residence time calculated using the 3D hydraulic circulation model on the distribution of both CPUE and commercial catches was statistically significant.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2022:EDE, author = "Yan Xu and Yiqun Li and Mingyang Xue and Zidong Xiao and Yuding Fan and Lingbing Zeng and Yong Zhou", title = "Effects of Dietary \bioname{Enterococcus faecalis} {YFI-G720} on the Growth, Immunity, Serum Biochemical, Intestinal Morphology, Intestinal Microbiota, and Disease Resistance of Crucian Carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "18", day = "12", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010018", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/18", abstract = "Diseases of crucian carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus}) are closely related to intestinal parameters. Enterococcus faecalis has strong colonization ability in the intestinal tract, and produces natural antibiotics, bacteriocin, and other bacteriostatic substances, which can effectively inhibit some pathogenic bacteria and improve the intestinal microenvironment. This study aimed to assess the effects of E. faecalis YFI-G720 which was isolated from the intestinal of crucian carp on the growth, immunity, intestinal health, and disease resistance of crucian carp. Fish (48.16 {\pm} 0.55 g) were fed four diets, commercial diet or diet containing E. faecalis at 10 5 CFU/g (EF1), 10 6 CFU/g (EF2), or 10 7 CFU/g (EF3) for 28 days. The results showed that supplementation of E. faecalis significantly improved the weight gain ratio (WGR) and the specific growth rate (SGR) compared with control group (p {$<$} 0.05). Intestinal mucosal epithelial cells in EF2 were intact and normal, but there was obvious vacuolation in CG. Compared with CG, serum C3 and IgM in EF2 were significantly increased at the end of the experiment (p {$<$} 0.05), and serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in all experimental groups (p {$<$} 0.05). Among studied immune-related genes, expression was detected by qPCR, C3, IgM, and IL-1{\beta}were upregulated in all experimental groups to varying degrees from 14 days, with highest expression in EF2 at 28 days. Intestinal microbiota structure analyzed through high-throughput sequencing, and the results showed that the relative abundance of Aeromonas and Acinetobacter decreased while Cetobacterium increased in all experimental groups, with the greatest changes in EF2. Challenge tests showed that fish fed E. faecalis were more resistant to \bioname{Aeromonas veronii} (p {$<$} 0.05). In conclusion, dietary E. faecalis YFI-G720 at 10 6 CFU/g can improve the health status, immune parameters, intestinal microbiota composition, and disease resistance of crucian carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2022:DRD, author = "Xiaomeng Li and Yuanzhen Tan and Zheng Zhang and Yupeng Huang and Pengfei Mu and Zhengwei Cui and Xinhua Chen", title = "Development of Recombinant Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Subunit Vaccine against \bioname{Vibrio} Infection in Large Yellow Croaker", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "17", day = "11", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010017", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/17", abstract = "Large yellow croaker (\bioname{Larimichthys crocea}), an economically important marine fish in China, has suffered from serious vibriosis, which has resulted in great economic losses for the large yellow croaker industry. Vaccination has been considered to be a safe and effective method to prevent and control vibriosis. However, due to the complex diversity and serotypes of the Vibrio genus, the progress of Vibrio vaccine development is still slow. In this study, we prepared recombinant Vibrio dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (rDLD) protein and investigated its potential as a candidate to be a subunit vaccine against Vibrio. The lysozyme activity and the rDLD-specific antibody level in sera of large yellow croakers immunized with rDLD were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1{\beta}), MHC II{\alpha}/{\beta}, CD40, CD8{\alpha}, IL-4/13A, and IL-4/13B were significantly up-regulated in the spleen and head kidney of large yellow croakers immunized with rDLD, suggesting that rDLD could induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in this species. In addition, rDLD protein increased the survival rate of large yellow croakers against \bioname{Vibrio alginolyticus} and \bioname{Vibrio parahaemolyticus}, with the relative percent of survival (RPS) being 74.5\% and 66.9\%, respectively. These results will facilitate the development of a potential subunit vaccine against Vibrio in large yellow croaker aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{laCruz:2022:LDT, author = "Simrith E. Cordova-de la Cruz and Marta F. Riesco and Gil Mart{\'\i}nez-Bautista and Daniel Calzada-Ruiz and Talhia Mart{\'\i}nez-Burguete and Emyr S. Pe{\~n}a-Mar{\'\i}n and Carlos Alfonso {\'A}lvarez-Gonzalez and Ignacio Fern{\'a}ndez", title = "Larval Development in Tropical Gar (\bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}) Is Dependent on the Embryonic Thermal Regime: Ecological Implications under a Climate Change Context", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "16", day = "11", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010016", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/16", abstract = "In ectotherm species, environmental temperature plays a key role in development, growth, and survival. Thus, determining how temperature affects fish populations is of utmost importance to accurately predict the risk of climate change over fisheries and aquaculture, critical to warrant nutrition and food security in the coming years. Here, the potential effects of abnormal thermal regimes (24, 28 and 32 {$^\circ $}C; TR24, TR28, and TR32, respectively) exclusively applied during embryogenesis in tropical gar (\bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}) has been explored to decipher the potential consequences on hatching and growth from fertilization to 16 days post-fertilization (dpf), while effects on skeletal development and body morphology were explored at fertilization and 16 dpf. Egg incubation at higher temperatures induced an early hatching and mouth opening. A higher hatching rate was obtained in eggs incubated at 28 {$^\circ $}C when compared to those at 24 {$^\circ $}C. No differences were found in fish survival at 16 dpf, with values ranging from 84.89 to 88.86\%, but increased wet body weight and standard length were found in larvae from TR24 and TR32 groups. Thermal regime during embryogenesis also altered the rate at which the skeletal development occurs. Larvae from the TR32 group showed an advanced skeletal development, with a higher development of cartilaginous structures at hatching but reduced at 16 dpf when compared with the TR24 and TR28 groups. Furthermore, this advanced skeletal development seemed to determine the fish body morphology. Based on biometric measures, a principal component analysis showed how along development, larvae from each thermal regime were clustered together, but with each population remaining clearly separated from each other. The current study shows how changes in temperature may induce craniofacial and morphological alterations in fish during early stages and contribute to understanding the possible effects of global warming in early development of fish and its ecological implications.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Miura:2022:ESD, author = "Takeshi Miura and Munenori Nishikawa and Yuki Otsu and Muhammad Fariz Zahir Ali and Atsushi Hashizume and Chiemi Miura", title = "The Effects of Silkworm-Derived Polysaccharide (Silkrose) on Ectoparasitic Infestations in Yellowtail (\bioname{Seriola quinqueradiata}) and White Trevally (\bioname{Pseudocaranx dentex})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "14", day = "09", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010014", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/14", abstract = "The effect of silkworm-derived polysaccharide silkrose on fish ectoparasites was investigated. When juvenile yellowtail (\bioname{Seriola quinqueradiata}) fed diets containing silkrose were artificially infected with \bioname{Benedenia seriolae}, a fish ectoparasite, the numbers of parasitized B. seriolae were significantly lower compared to that in fish in the control group without silkrose treatment. Furthermore, when juvenile yellowtails were severely infected with B. seriolae, no mortality was observed in the silkrose-treated group, compared to more than 60\% in the control group. In field studies carried out at a fish farm with yellowtail and white trevally (\bioname{Pseudocaranx dentex}), oral treatment with silkrose significantly reduced B. seriolae parasitism in yellowtail and Caligus longipedis and Neobenedenia girellae parasitism in white trevally. Silkrose treatment also reduced blood levels of cortisol, a stress hormone in both species. The changes in gene expression in the epidermis of yellowtail by silkrose treatment were also investigated, showing that the expression of various genes, including factors involved in immunity, stress response, and wound healing, was changed by the treatment. These findings indicate that silkworm-derived silkrose effectively prevents infection by external parasites in yellowtail and white trevally.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Urias-Sotomayor:2022:SRA, author = "Ricardo Ur{\'\i}as-Sotomayor and Guillermo Rodr{\'\i}guez-Dom{\'\i}nguez and Jos{\'e} Ad{\'a}n F{\'e}lix-Ortiz and Gilberto G. Ortega-Liz{\'a}rraga and Horacio A. Mu{\~n}oz-Rub{\'\i} and Eugenio Alberto Arag{\'o}n-Noriega", title = "Stock Reduction Analysis of Bigeye Croaker Micropogonias megalops in the {Upper Gulf of California, Mexico}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "15", day = "08", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010015", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/15", abstract = "A stock reduction analysis (SRA) of bigeye croaker Micropogonias megalops was performed based on commercial catch data. SRA solutions were restricted to a 2011 bigeye croaker stock biomass estimate of 14,412 t. The viable solution indicated a reduction in stock of 73.6\% from 1983 to 2020 with an initial biomass of 22,186 t. In addition, a possible effect of hyperstability of the stock was evaluated by applying different versions of the Cobb--Douglas catch function. The most probable function based on a multi-model selection procedure was the one wherein the catch does not depend on biomass and is directly proportional to the applied fishing effort of small boats ($ \approx $7 m) and vessels ($ \approx $24 m). This situation suggests that in a free access regime, fishing can deplete the resource until it collapses, without observing a significant reduction in its catches until the event is very close.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pan:2022:CFP, author = "Weicong Pan and Soottawat Benjakul and Chiara Sanmartin and Alessandra Guidi and Xiaoguo Ying and Lukai Ma and Xudong Weng and Jin Yu and Shanggui Deng", title = "Characterization of the Flavor Profile of Bigeye Tuna Slices Treated by Cold Plasma Using {E-Nose} and {GC-IMS}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "13", day = "08", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010013", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/13", abstract = "To avoid heat, treatment induces numerous physicochemical changes under severe conditions in the tuna, cold plasma (CP), as a non-thermal technology, possess objective potential on tuna processing. The effect of cold plasma on the volatile flavor compounds of bigeye tuna (\bioname{Thunnus obesus}) sashimi has been evaluated using electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). GC--IMS results revealed a total of 33 volatile compounds in tuna slices. The effect of CP treatment on tuna flavor was not significant, furthermore CP could protect volatile freshness compounds such as 1-hexanol. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the E-nose and GC--IMS results could effectively differentiate the effect of storage to tuna sashimi. There was a high correlation between the E-nose and GC--IMS results, providing a theoretical basis for establishing the flavor fingerprint of tuna sashimi.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sarais:2022:EIR, author = "Fabio Sarais and Ruth Montero and Sven Ostermann and Alexander Rebl and Bernd K{\"o}llner and Tom Goldammer", title = "The Early Immune Response of Lymphoid and Myeloid Head-Kidney Cells of Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) Stimulated with \bioname{Aeromonas salmonicida}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "12", day = "07", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010012", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/12", abstract = "The teleost head kidney is a highly relevant immune organ, and myeloid cells play a major role in this organ's innate and adaptive immune responses. Because of their complexity, the early phases of the innate immune reaction of fish against bacteria are still poorly understood. In this study, na{\"\i}ve rainbow trout were stimulated with inactivated \bioname{A. salmonicida} and sampled at 12 h, 24 h and 7 d poststimulation. Cells from the head kidney were magnetically sorted with a monoclonal antibody mAB21 to obtain one (MAb21-positive) fraction enriched with myeloid cells and one (MAb21-negative) fraction enriched with lymphocytes and thrombocytes. The gene expression pattern of the resulting cell subpopulations was analysed using a panel of 43 immune-related genes. The results show an overall downregulation of the complement pathway and cytokine production at the considered time points. Some of the selected genes may be considered as parameters for diagnosing bacterial furunculosis of rainbow trout.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xue:2022:MME, author = "Junren Xue and Tao Jiang and Xiubao Chen and Hongbo Liu and Jian Yang", title = "Multi-Mineral Element Profiles in Genuine and {``Bathing''} Cultured \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crabs (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) in {Yangcheng Lake, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "11", day = "07", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010011", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/11", abstract = "The authentication of high-quality fishery products originating from specific geographical regions is urgently needed worldwide. Chinese mitten crabs (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}), originating from Yangcheng Lake, are prime counterfeiting targets for the same reasons. Foreign crabs that are cultured briefly in the lake, known as ``bathed'' crabs, are illegally marketed as natives, negatively impacting the product quality. To establish a method for distinguishing ``bathed'' and genuine crabs, in this paper we conduct a comparative investigation by an Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS on multi-mineral element profiling of the third pereiopod from genuine and one month deliberately ``bathing'' cultured crabs. The profiles of 11 elements were significantly different between the genuine and foreign crabs before and after bathing. The discriminant analysis reached 100\% accuracy to separate the genuine and ``bathed'' crabs into different groups. Bathing culture was unable to converge element profiles between the genuine and foreign crabs. The biogeochemical profiles can be effective for distinguishing ``bathed'' crabs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Guo:2022:DST, author = "Jingya Guo and Yongming Li and Yaping Wang and Boyong Chen and Yingxin Hu and Yasheng Musha and Xiaoyun He and Tao Tong and Kunlun Huang", title = "A 90-Day Subchronic Toxicity Study of Consumption of {GH}-Transgenic Triploid Carp in {Wistar} Rats", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "10", day = "05", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/10", abstract = "Genetic modification (GM) offers an alternative strategy to conventional animal breeding. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential health effects of the consumption of growth hormone-transgenic triploid carp (GH-ttc) through a 90-day subchronic rodent feeding study. Wistar rats (n = 10/sex/group) were given formulated diets containing GH-ttc or non-GM carp at an incorporated rate of 2.5\%, 5\%, or 10\% (w / w) for 90 days. An additional control group of rats (n = 10/sex/group) was fed a basic rodent diet. During the 90-day study, clinical observation, ophthalmic examination, body weight, and food intake were evaluated. At the end of the study, rats were killed, and the hematology, serum chemistry, urine test, necropsy, and histopathology were assessed. Compared with the non-GM carp and the basic control groups, no biologically significant differences were observed on clinical signs of toxicity, body weights, food intake, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, and histopathology on selected organs for the GH-ttc group. The results of this 90-day subchronic feeding study indicated that, at the dose level used in this study, consumption of GH-ttc showed no subchronic toxicity to Wistar rats.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Andrasunas:2022:AFM, author = "Vaidotas Andra{\v{s}}{\=u}nas and Edgaras Ivanauskas and Arvydas {\v{S}}vag{\v{z}}dys and Art{\=u}ras Razinkovas-Baziukas", title = "Assessment of Four Major Fish Species Stocks in the \geoname{Lithuanian} and {Russian} Parts of {Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea)} Using {CMSY} Method", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "9", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/9", abstract = "Fisheries in the Curonian Lagoon (1584 km 2 coastal lagoon in South-East Baltic) can be classified as artisanal, small-scale, multi-species, and multi-gear. Such types of fisheries are characterised as data-poor and require appropriate investigation methods. We used CMSY (version CMSY\_2019\_9f. R) to assess maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and related indicators for freshwater bream, roach, pike-perch, and European perch. A decline in pike-perch and roach was identified, while the stocks of freshwater bream and European perch were sustained. As the CMSY model does not consider the impact of environmental factors, the decline in roach stock may be attributed to the increase in salinity rather than to overfishing. In the case of freshwater bream and pike-perch, the method cannot consider the increase of the percentage of small-sized fishes in catches due to the allowance of low-selectivity gears in the fishery. Additionally, in the case of the pike-perch, the model does not take into account the interannual fluctuations in the stock-recruitment system. The assessment of the European perch stock can be considered to be good. However, the accuracy of CMSY is limited, and it should be used for fisheries management only in combination with other methods.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bosi:2022:MCM, author = "Giampaolo Bosi and Paolo Merella and Barbara J. Maynard and Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli", title = "Microscopic Characterization of the Mucous Cells and Their Mucin Secretions in the Alimentary Canal of the Blackmouth Catshark \bioname{Galeus melastomus} ({Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "8", day = "01", month = jan, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/8", abstract = "Sharks belong to the most primitive group of jawed vertebrates and have some special structural and functional features such as a cartilaginous skeleton, a spiral intestinal valve, and a rectal gland for osmoregulation. In January 2020, ten specimens of \bioname{Galeus melastomus}, the Blackmouth catshark, were collected from the Gulf of Asinara (North Sardinia, Italy) and the entire alimentary canal was studied using histochemical reactions to characterize the mucous cell types. In the alimentary canal of G. melastomus, mucous cells mainly secrete a mixture of acidic and neutral mucins. Of the acidic mucins, only the carboxylated type was present in mucous cells of the stomach, while the sulfated type predominated in the esophagus and the intestines. The use of lectins revealed a distribution of sugar residues in mucins related to cellular activities of the different regions of the catshark alimentary canal. The current study is the first report to characterize the intestinal mucous cells of G. melastomus and to provide quantitative data on their different populations in the alimentary canal.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shertzer:2022:MDS, author = "Kyle W. Shertzer and Erik H. Williams and Skyler R. Sagarese", title = "Modeling Discards in Stock Assessments: Red Grouper \bioname{Epinephelus morio} in the {U.S. Gulf of Mexico}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "7", day = "28", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/7", abstract = "To be as accurate as possible, stock assessments should account for discard mortality in fisheries if it occurs. Three common approaches to modeling discards in assessments are to lump dead discards with landings, treat dead discards as their own fleet, or link them conversely with landings through use of a retention function. The first approach (lumping) implicitly assumes that the selectivity of landings applies also to discards. In many cases, that assumption is false, for example, if discards comprise smaller fish than do landings. The latter two approaches avoid the assumption by modeling discards explicitly with their own selectivity pattern. Here, we examine these approaches to modeling discards. Using a simulation study, we demonstrate that the two approaches to modeling discards explicitly can provide identical results under both static and time-varying conditions. Then, using a stock assessment case study of red grouper \bioname{Epinephelus morio} in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, we demonstrate that in practice the approaches to modeling discards can provide different outcomes, with implications for the resultant management advice. We conclude by comparing and contrasting the different approaches, calling for more research to elucidate which approach is most suitable under various sources of error typically encountered in discard data.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ghosh:2022:FEA, author = "Sampat Ghosh and Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow and Chuleui Jung", title = "Farming the Edible Aquatic Snail \bioname{Pomacea canaliculata} as a Mini-Livestock", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "6", day = "28", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/6", abstract = "In the present paper, we describe the farming system of Pomacea canaliculata, an edible freshwater snail, as it is practiced by a farmer as mini-livestock in the vicinity of Andong in Korea. We visited the snail farm several times in the summer and winter of the year and conducted interviews with the farm manager using a semi-structured questionnaire. The farm is housed in polythene tunnels and uses a tank pen of trench type made up of propylene and measuring 1 m $ \times $ 2 m $ \times $ 0.5 m (length $ \times $ width $ \times $ height) in size. A regulated inflow of fresh water and outflow of used water was installed, with water level not exceeding 5 to 7 cm. As feed of snails, commercial fish feed is generally provided. The life cycle of the P. canaliculata might differ in captivity under the controlled environmental conditions than that of an individual in the wild environment. The farming system of snails, particularly P. canaliculata, does not involve high labor-intensive, high capital investment and also does not require high through-put cutting edge technology. In addition to providing nutrient-dense snail meat, establishing a snailery could therefore augment the economic condition of farmers in the poorer regions of the world and encourage sustainability and biodiversity conservation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lian:2022:GWC, author = "Jiaying Lian and Liyuan Lv and Hanhan Yao and Zhihua Lin and Yinghui Dong", title = "Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of Expression of the Histone Gene Family in Razor Clam, \bioname{Sinonovacula constricta}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "5", day = "25", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/5", abstract = "The Chinese razor clam (\bioname{Sinonovacula constricta}), a bivalve species widely distributed in estuaries and mudflats, is often exposed to extreme environmental and microbial stresses. Histones are fundamental components of chromatin and play an important role in innate immunity, as demonstrated by its antimicrobial activities in clams. However, little attention has been paid to histones in bivalves. To fill this gap, we investigated the genomic distribution, structural characteristics, conserved motifs, and phylogenetic relationships of histones in S. constricta. A total of 114 histone genes were detected in the S. constricta genome, which were divided into 25 types in phylogenetic analysis. Among them, partial histones exhibited a tissue-dependent expression pattern, indicating that they may be involved in sustaining the homeostasis of organs/tissues in adult S. constricta. Furthermore, mRNA expression of certain histones changed significantly in S. constricta when infected with \bioname{Vibrio parahaemolyticus}, suggesting that histones play a role in the immune defense of S. constricta. All together, this study on histone genes in S. constricta not only greatly expands our knowledge of histone function in the clam, but also histone evolution in molluscs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez-Antequera:2022:SSH, author = "Francisca P. Mart{\'\i}nez-Antequera and Isabel Barranco-{\'A}vila and Juan A. Martos-Sitcha and Francisco J. Moyano", title = "Solid-State Hydrolysis ({SSH}) Improves the Nutritional Value of Plant Ingredients in the Diet of \bioname{Mugil cephalus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "25", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/4", abstract = "The possibility of improving the nutritional quality of plant byproducts (brewers' spent grain and rice bran) through an enzyme treatment was tested in a formulated feed for grey mullet (\bioname{Mugil cephalus}). The enzyme treatment was carried out by Solid-State Hydrolysis (SSH) using a commercial preparation including carbohydrases and phytase. A feed prepared without the treatment and a commercial feed for carp were used as controls. In a preliminary short-term trial carried out at laboratory facilities, fish receiving the enzyme-treated feed showed significant improvement in both FCR and SGR when compared to those obtained with the untreated diet, although both experimental diets presented worse values than those obtained with the commercial feed. Different metabolic indicators including higher values of muscle glycogen and plasmatic triglycerides supported the positive effect of the enzyme treatment on the nutritional condition of the fish over those fed on the diet containing non-treated ingredients. Results of growth and feed efficiency that were obtained in a second long-term trial developed for 148 days under real production conditions evidenced the equivalence among the experimental and commercial diets and confirmed that enzyme pretreatment of plant ingredients by SSH may be a useful procedure to improve the nutritive value of high fiber plant byproducts when included in practical diets for this species and others with similar nutritional features.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Baloch:2022:CSC, author = "Ali Asghar Baloch and Ehdaa Eltayeb Eltigani Abdelsalam and Veronika Pia{\v{c}}kov{\'a}", title = "Cytokines Studied in Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio} {L.}) in Response to Important Diseases", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "24", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/3", abstract = "Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio} {L.}). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Miqueleiz:2022:CSG, author = "Imanol Miqueleiz and Rafael Miranda and Arturo Hugo Ari{\~n}o and Elena Ojea", title = "Conservation-Status Gaps for Marine Top-Fished Commercial Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "23", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/2", abstract = "Biodiversity loss is a global problem, accelerated by human-induced pressures. In the marine realm, one of the major threats to species conservation, together with climate change, is overfishing. In this context, having information on the conservation status of target commercial marine fish species becomes crucial for assuring safe standards. We put together fisheries statistics from the FAO, the IUCN Red List, FishBase, and RAM Legacy databases to understand to what extent top commercial species' conservation status has been assessed. Levels of assessment for top-fished species were higher than those for general commercial or highly commercial species, but almost half of the species have outdated assessments. We found no relation between IUCN Red List traits and FishBase Vulnerability Index, depreciating the latter value as a guidance for extinction threat. The RAM database suggests good management of more-threatened species in recent decades, but more data are required to assess whether the trend has reverted in recent years. Outdated IUCN Red List assessments can benefit from reputed stock assessments for new reassessments. The future of IUCN Red List evaluations for commercial fish species relies on integrating new parameters from fisheries sources and improved collaboration with fisheries stakeholders and managers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jia:2022:FDM, author = "Hui Jia and Hui Zhang and Weiwei Xian", title = "Fish Diversity Monitored by Environmental {DNA} in the \geoname{Yangtze River} Mainstream", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "22", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Jan 22 12:17:28 MST 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/1/1", abstract = "Surveys and assessments based on environmental DNA are not only efficient and time-saving, but also cause less harm to monitoring targets. Environmental DNA has become a common tool for the assessment and monitoring of aquatic organisms. In this study, we investigated fish resources in the Yangtze River mainstream using environmental DNA, and the variations in fish during two seasons (spring and autumn) were compared. The results showed that 13 species were identified in spring, and nine species of fish were identified in autumn. The fish with higher eDNA detection were Sinibotia superciliaris, \bioname{Tachysurus fulvidraco}, \bioname{Cyprinus carpio}, Ctenopharyngodon Idella, \bioname{Monopterus albus}, Acanthogobius hasta, Saurogobio dabryi, \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}, \bioname{Mugil cephalus}, Odontamblyopus rubicundus. Seasonal variation between spring and autumn was not significant, and the environmental factors had different effects on fish assemblages during the two seasons. Our study used the eDNA technique to monitor the composition of fish in the spring and autumn in the Yangtze River mainstream, providing a new technology for the long-term management and protection of fishery resources in the region. Of course, problems such as pollution and insufficient databases are the current shortcomings of environmental DNA, which will be the focus of our future research and study.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ferri:2022:AGU, author = "Josipa Ferri and An{\dbar}ela Brzica", title = "Age, Growth, and Utility of Otolith Morphometrics as Predictors of Age in the \geoname{European} Barracuda, \bioname{Sphyraena sphyraena} ({Sphyraenidae}): Preliminary Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "68", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020068", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/68", abstract = "Age and growth of the European barracuda, Sphyraena sphyraena, were determined by examining sagittal otoliths belonging to fish sampled in the eastern Adriatic Sea, as the northernmost region of the Mediterranean. A total of 113 specimens (59 females, 53 males, and one individual of indeterminate sex), ranging from 23.4 to 42.5 cm in total length, were analyzed. The maximum observed age was 5 years for both females and males, and this barracuda population was dominated by 3 year old fish. Growth was described by the von Bertalanffy growth curve (L {\infty} = 55.58 cm, K = 0.12 year {$-$1}, t 0 = {$-$4}.29 year, R 2 = 0.580), and the growth performance index ({\Phi}') was 2.57. Otolith length, width, and mass were measured, and the utility of these morphometrics as predictors of age in S. sphyraena was evaluated. The results showed that counting otolith annuli produced a better estimation of age than proposed linear models based on relationships between observed fish age and otolith morphometrics. In comparison with age and growth data available in the literature for S. sphyraena, our results from the Adriatic Sea provide more insights into the life-history traits of this species and can be used in the future effective management and conservation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{DiPaola:2022:SZE, author = "Davide {Di Paola} and Carmelo Iaria and Giovanni Lanteri and Marika Cordaro and Rosalia Crupi and Rosalba Siracusa and Ramona D'Amico and Roberta Fusco and Daniela Impellizzeri and Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Nunziacarla Span{\`o} and Enrico Gugliandolo and Alessio Filippo Peritore", title = "Sensitivity of Zebrafish Embryogenesis to Risk of Fotemustine Exposure", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "67", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020067", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/67", abstract = "Several anthropogenic products in wastewater are considered a threat to the aquatic environment. In addition to common industrial pollutants, levels of pharmaceuticals have been increasingly found in the environment in recent years, which may present a strong risk to the aquatic species that live there. The constant consumption of biologically active chemicals for human health has been matched by an increase in the leaking of these compounds in natural habitats over the last two decades. This study is aimed at evaluating the developmental toxicity of fotemustine in the ecological environment. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to doses of 25, 50 and 100 $ \mu $ g/mL from 4 h post-fertilization to 120 h. This study confirms that fotemustine exposure at 50 and 100 $ \mu $ g/mL affects the survival and hatching rate, morphology score and body length. Additionally, it significantly disturbs the antioxidant defense system and increases ROS in zebrafish larvae. From the molecular point of view, fotemustine exposure strongly induces apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the Wnt signaling pathway.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhu:2022:PSA, author = "Yahua Zhu and Tao Jiang and Xiubao Chen and Hongbo Liu and Quinton Phelps and Jian Yang", title = "A Pilot Study Assessing a Concentration of 100 {mg/L} Alizarin Complexone ({ALC}) to Mark Calcified Structures in \bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "66", day = "16", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020066", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/66", abstract = "The effectiveness of chemical compounds for marking hard tissues in juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is not well known. We analyzed the use of alizarin complexone (ALC) as a fluorescent marker to mark the various hard structures of juvenile silver carp. Experimental fish ($ \approx $2 months old) were randomly assigned to either control or marking groups, which were immersed in 0 or 100 mg/L ALC solutions, respectively, for 2 days. The otoliths, fin rays, and scales of the fish were then sampled, visualized using fluorescence microscopy, and evaluated after 10 days. The ALC treatment was effective for marking certain hard structures and the marking color was affected by the light source. There were no obvious differences in the marking efficiency of rays from pectoral, dorsal, ventral, anal, and caudal fins, but the lapilli and lateral line scales were marked most effectively from the sampled otolith and scale types, respectively. Our findings indicate that ALC immersion and fin ray and scale sampling can be used for the effective marking and non-lethal evaluation of hard structures in juvenile silver carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Su:2022:CAI, author = "Xin Su and Da Ji and Junjie Yao and Yuanlong Zou and Mengzhi Yan", title = "Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Characteristics of Largemouth Bass (\bioname{Micropterus salmoides}) and Intestinal Flora with Different Growth Rates", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "65", day = "15", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020065", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/65", abstract = "To explore the causes of different growth rates among juvenile populations of largemouth bass, in the present study, a batch of largemouth bass juveniles reared under the same conditions were divided into a fast-growing group and a slow-growing group. We used histological, enzymatic and molecular biology methods to analyze and determine their histomorphological changes, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal floral composition. The fast-growing group had a significantly (p {\leq} 0.01) greater intestinal fold height and muscle thickness than the slow-growing group. Lipase activity was significantly (p {\leq} 0.01) higher in the fast-growing group than in the slow-growing group. Intestinal microbial analysis showed that the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Halomonas in the fast-growing group was higher than that in the slow-growing group. This research shows that the differentiation of growth rates in juvenile largemouth bass populations is closely related to intestinal fold status, lipase activity, and intestinal flora.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2022:SDR, author = "Zhicong Zhang and Fengyu Ji and Shouwen Jiang and Zhichao Wu and Qianghua Xu", title = "Scale Development-Related Genes Identified by Transcriptome Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "64", day = "12", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020064", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/64", abstract = "Scales, as key structures of fish skin, play an important role in physiological function. The study of fish scale development mechanisms provides a basis for exploring the molecular-level developmental differences between scaled and non-scaled fishes. In this study, alizarin red staining was used to divide the different stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) scale development. Four developmental stages, namely stage I ($ \approx $17 dpf, scales have not started to grow), stage II ($ \approx $33 dpf, the point at which scales start to grow), stage III ($ \approx $41 dpf, the period in which the scales almost cover the whole body), and stage IV ($ \approx $3 mpf, scales cover the whole body), were determined and used for subsequent transcriptome analysis. WGCNA (weighted correlation network analysis) and DEG (differentially expressed gene) analysis were used for screening the key genes. Based on the comparison between stage II and stage I, 54 hub-genes were identified by WGCNA analysis. Key genes including the Scpp family (Scpp7, Scpp6, Scpp5, and Scpp8), the Fgf family (Fgfr1b and Fgfr3), Tcf7, Wnt10b, Runx2b, and Il2rb were identified by DEG analysis, which indicated that these genes played important roles in the key nodes of scale development signal pathways. Combined with this analysis, the TGF-{\beta}, Wnt/{\beta}-catenin, and FGF signaling pathways were suggested to be the most important signal pathways for scales starting to grow. This study laid a foundation for exploring the scale development mechanism of other fishes. The scale development candidate genes identified in the current study will facilitate functional gene identifications in the future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vaz:2022:EIM, author = "Mariana Vaz and Damiana Pires and Pedro Pires and Marco Sim{\~o}es and Ana Pombo and Paulo Santos and Beatriz do Carmo and Ricardo Passos and Janina Z. Costa and Kim D. Thompson and Teresa Baptista", title = "Early Immune Modulation in \geoname{European} Seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax}) Juveniles in Response to \bioname{Betanodavirus} Infection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "63", day = "11", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020063", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/63", abstract = "The early host--pathogen interaction between European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Betanodavirus was examined by using juvenile fish infected intramuscularly with RGNNV (red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus). The time course selected for sampling (0--144 h post-infection (hpi)) covered the early stages of infection, with hematological, antioxidant and immunological responses examined. Early activation of the host's immune system was seen in the first few hours post-infection (6 to 9 hpi), as evidenced by an increase in tnf{\alpha}, cd28 and c3 expression in the head kidney of infected fish. Most hematological parameters that were examined showed significant differences between sampling times, including differences in the number of thrombocytes and various leukocyte populations. The plasma lysozyme concentration decreased significantly over the course of the trial, and most antioxidant parameters examined in the liver showed significant differences over the infection period. At 144 hpi, peak expression of tnf{\alpha} and il-1{\beta} coincided with the appearance of disease symptoms, peak levels of virus in the brain and high levels of fish mortality. The results of the study show the importance of analyzing the early interactions between European seabass and Betanodavirus to establish early indicators of infection to prevent more severe outcomes of the infection from occurring.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tanaka:2022:BCO, author = "Teruyoshi Tanaka and Tomoki Honryo and Yoshifumi Sawada and Daniel Margulies and Vernon Scholey and Jeanne Wexler and Maria Stein and Amal Biswas and Kenji Takii", title = "Biochemical Changes Occurring in Yellowfin Tuna Eggs during Embryonic Development", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "62", day = "11", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020062", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/62", abstract = "Changes in nutritional constituents and enzyme activities were clarified in yellowfin tuna (YFT, Thunnus albacares) eggs during embryonic development, from eggs immediately after fertilization to hatching. The protein levels in the eggs gradually increased with development until the completion of hatching. In contrast, the triglyceride (TG) and free amino acid (FAA) levels in the eggs gradually declined with embryonic development until hatching was complete, although the energy composition of the FAAs was lower than that of the TGs throughout embryonic development. These results indicate that endogenous TGs are preferentially expended as an energy source during embryonic development. Overall, changes in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase showed similar patterns throughout development. First, the enzyme levels diminished; then, they remained at constant, low levels just before hatching, when they rapidly increased. This rapid increase was consistent with the protein content, suggesting that organ differentiation and functionalization were promoted during this period. These results will contribute to the establishment of mass-seeding production of YFT.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fang:2022:CAB, author = "Di-An Fang and Kai Liu and Dong-Po Xu and Yin-Ping Wang and Pao Xu", title = "Comparative Analysis of Blood Transcriptome in the {Yangtze} Finless Porpoise (\bioname{Neophocaena asiaeorientalis})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "61", day = "10", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020061", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/61", abstract = "The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) is the sole freshwater subspecies of Neophocaena phocaenoides, and there is a lack of data on its transcriptome. In this study, we applied RNA-seq technology to assemble, de novo, a transcriptome and analyzed differential expressed genes (DEGs). About 6 Gb of clean data was generated for the Yangtze finless porpoise blood (n = 6) through de novo sequencing. In total, 151,211 unigenes were generated and a total of 119,039 of these unigenes (78.72\%) were functionally annotated when searched for within the NCBI Nr, SwissProt, GO, COG, and KEGG databases. Diverse and extensive expressed gene catalogs were sampled for the Yangtze finless porpoise. DESeq2 was used to analyze the differential expression genes (DEGs) obtained from the assembled transcriptome. The results indicated that DEGs have close relationships with the Yangtze finless porpoise's development, evolution and adaptation. Further, we found that genes involved in cetacean TAG synthesis might directly explain the molecular basis of cetacean blubber thickening. These transcriptome data will assist in understanding molecular mechanisms of Yangtze finless porpoise adaptation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ma:2022:CEP, author = "Qian Ma and Jiehua Kuang and Gang Chen and Jiandong Zhang and Jiansheng Huang and Feifan Mao and Qiling Zhou", title = "Cloning and Expression Profiling of the Gene \gene{vasa} during First Annual Gonadal Development of Cobia (\bioname{Rachycentron canadum})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "60", day = "10", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020060", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/60", abstract = "The vasa gene is essential for germ cell development and gametogenesis both in vertebrates and in invertebrates. In the present study, vasa (Rcvasa) cDNA was cloned from cobia (Rachycentron canadum) using the RACE amplification method. We found that the full-length cDNA sequence of Rcvasa comprises 2571 bp, containing a 5{\prime}-UTR of 145 bp, a 3{\prime}-UTR of 341 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2085 bp, encoding a protein of 694 aa. The deduced amino acid sequence contains 8 conserved motifs of the DEAD-box protein family, 7 RGG repeats, and 10 RG repeats in the N-terminal region. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequence with those of other teleosts revealed the highest percentage identity (86.0\%) with Seriola quinqueradiata. By using semiquantitative RT-PCR, Rcvasa appeared to be specifically expressed in the testis and ovary, among 13 tissues analyzed. In addition, annual changes in Rcvasa expression levels were examined in the gonads by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of Rcvasa in the testis first increased significantly at 120 dph (stage II--III), then stabilized as the testis developed from 185 dph (stage III) to 360 dph (stage V). During the development of the ovary (stage I to II), the expression of Rcvasa first increased and reached the highest level at 210 dph (stage II), then decreased. Furthermore, the results of chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) revealed that Rcvasa mRNA was mainly expressed in germ cells and barely detected in somatic cells. In the testis, Rcvasa mRNA signal was concentrated in the periphery of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes and was significantly weaker in spermatids and spermatozoa. In the ovary, Rcvasa mRNA signal was uniformly distributed in the perinuclear cytoplasm and was intense in early primary oocytes (stage I and II). These findings could provide a reference for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of vasa expression during the development of germ cells in cobia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Basto-Silva:2022:EDP, author = "Catarina Basto-Silva and Irene Garc{\'\i}a-Meil{\'a}n and Ana Couto and Cl{\'a}udia R. Serra and Paula Enes and Aires Oliva-Teles and Encarnaci{\'o}n Capilla and In{\^e}s Guerreiro", title = "Effect of Dietary Plant Feedstuffs and Protein\slash Carbohydrate Ratio on Gilthead Seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata}) Gut Health and Functionality", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "59", day = "07", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020059", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/59", abstract = "This study investigated, for the first time, the integrated effects of dietary protein source and protein/carbohydrate (P/CH) ratio on gilthead seabream gut histomorphology, microbiota composition, digestive enzymes activity, and immunological and oxidative stress-related gene expressions. Four isolipidic diets: two fishmeal-based (FM) and two plant feedstuff (PF)-based diets, with P/CH ratios of 50/10 or 40/20 each (FM-P50/CH10; FM-P40/CH20; PF-P50/CH10; PF-P40/CH20), were tested. PF-based diets lead to more histomorphological alterations than FM-based diets. P/CH ratio had no relevant effect on gut histomorphology. Gut mucosa of fish fed PF-based diets presented a higher number of operational taxonomic units, and richness and diversity indices, while the P/CH ratio did not affect those parameters. The {\alpha}-amylase activity was lower in fish fed with PF-based diets and in fish fed the P40/CH20 diets. Regarding the immune-related genes, only cyclooxygenase-2 was affected, being higher in fish fed the P50/CH10 diets than the P40/CH20 diets. Fish fed the FM-based diets presented higher expression of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, while fish fed the P50/CH10 diet had higher expression of superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, PF-based diets can compromise gut absorptive and digestive metabolism, but decreasing the dietary P/CH ratio had little effect on the parameters measured.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lipej:2022:AAI, author = "Lovrenc Lipej and Marcelo Kova{\v{c}}i{\'c} and Jakov Dul{\v{c}}i{\'c}", title = "An Analysis of \geoname{Adriatic} Ichthyofauna---Ecology, Zoogeography, and Conservation Status", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "58", day = "04", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020058", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/58", abstract = "The paper presents an analysis of biogeographic and habitat distribution patterns, and the conservation status data of Adriatic fishes, based on the last published checklist and evidence-based critical analyses of species presence. The total number of species recorded in the Adriatic is 449. The Adriatic has 58.8\% of Mediterranean species richness, 76.1\% of its families, and 87.8\% of its orders. Among species discovered in the Adriatic after 2010, twelve species were attributed to biological invasion, mostly Atlantic immigrants or alien species, and ten species were attributed to improved research on the native ichthyofauna of the Adriatic area. About 58\% of species are native species of Atlanto-Mediterranean origin, 21\% are native species of wider global occurrence, 15\% are Mediterranean or Mediterranean and Black Sea endemics and 5\% originated outside Mediterranean Sea. The majority of species inhabit the benthic environment (71.9\%), while others occur in the pelagic environment (20.7\%) or are euryhaline (7.3\%). The benthic littoral species are the most numerous Adriatic fishes, representing 40\% of all species richness, whereas pelagic fishes are mainly eurybathic or epipelagic; only 3.6\% of species are deep pelagic species. A Red Book of marine fishes of the Adriatic Sea is urgently needed to assess their conservation status, covering the entire Adriatic Sea and reviewing all fish species to assess their conservation status.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gao:2022:GMF, author = "Minghui Gao and Zhiqiang Wu and Liangliang Huang and Xichang Tan and Mingsi Li and Haibo Huang", title = "Growth and Microstructural Features in Otoliths of Larval and Juvenile \bioname{Sinogastromyzon wui} ({F. Balitoridae, River Loaches}) of the {Upper Pearl River, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "57", day = "01", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020057", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/57", abstract = "Otolith growth and microstructural features of fish are essential to the understanding of the early fish lifecycle. This paper assesses the features of otoliths from laboratory-reared larval and juvenile Sinogastromyzon wui (S. wui, 0 to 25 days post-hatching) that were obtained as eggs from the Shilong Reach of Xijiang River between April and August 2021. We observed the development of the three pairs of otoliths (lapilli, sagittae, and asterisci) and compared the shape changes and growth of the lapilli and sagittae, as well as the timing and deposition rate of increments of the lapilli. The lapilli and the sagittae were visible on hatching, whereas the asterisci were present at four days post-hatching (dph). The shape of the sagitta changed more obviously than that of the lapillus, and a strong correlation was observed between sagitta shape changes and fish ontogenesis. The otolith shape greatly modulated during the post-flexion larval stage (Post-FLS), it corresponded with the formation period of individual fins. Analysis of the microstructural features indicated that lapilli were the optimal otolith for age determination and increment deposition rate confirmation. Using regression analysis of the known age and the number of lapillus daily increments, we demonstrated that the lapillus developmental increments were deposited daily, and the first increment formed at two days post-hatching. Our conclusions support employing the lapillus increment deposition rate and the time of the first daily increments in the determination of the age of wild larval and juvenile S. wui.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zemah-Shamir:2022:SRB, author = "Ziv Zemah-Shamir and Shiri Zemah-Shamir and Aviad Scheinin and Dan Tchernov and Teddy Lazebnik and Gideon Gal", title = "A Systematic Review of the Behavioural Changes and Physiological Adjustments of Elasmobranchs and Teleost's to Ocean Acidification with a Focus on Sharks", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "56", day = "28", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020056", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/56", abstract = "In recent years, much attention has been focused on the impact of climate change, particularly via ocean acidification (OA), on marine organisms. Studying the impact of OA on long-living organisms, such as sharks, is especially challenging. When the ocean waters absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2), slow-growing shark species with long generation times may be subjected to stress, leading to a decrease in functionality. Our goal was to examine the behavioral and physiological responses of sharks to OA and the possible impacts on their fitness and resilience. We conducted a systematic review in line with PRISMA-Analyses, of previously reported scientific experiments. We found that most studies used CO 2 partial pressures (pCO 2) that reflect representative concentration pathways for the year 2100 (e.g., pH $ \approx $7.8, pCO 2 $ \approx $1000 {\mu}atm). Since there is a considerable knowledge gap on the effect of OA on sharks, we utilized existing data on bony fish to synthesize the available knowledge. Given the similarities between the behaviors and physiology of these two superclasses' to changes in CO 2 and pH levels, there is merit in including the available information on bony fish as well. Several studies indicated a decrease in shark fitness in relation to increased OA and CO 2 levels. However, the decrease was species-specific and influenced by the intensity of the change in atmospheric CO 2 concentration and other anthropogenic and environmental factors (e.g., fishing, temperature). Most studies involved only limited exposure to future environmental conditions and were conducted on benthic shark species studied in the laboratory rather than on apex predator species. While knowledge gaps exist, and more research is required, we conclude that anthropogenic factors are likely contributing to shark species' vulnerability worldwide. However, the impact of OA on the long-term stability of shark populations is not unequivocal.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lobel:2022:DEB, author = "Lisa Kerr Lobel and Phillip S. Lobel", title = "Damselfish Embryos as a Bioindicator for Military Contamination on Coral Reefs at \geoname{Johnston Atoll, Pacific Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "55", day = "26", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020055", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/55", abstract = "This study investigated the association between sediment contamination, PCB accumulation in adult nesting males and the occurrence of embryonic abnormalities in the damselfish, Abudefduf sordidus, from two sites with high PCB contamination and three ``reference'' sites (contaminants very low or not measurable) within Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Developmental abnormalities were assessed in damselfish embryos collected in the field during four natural spawning seasons (1996, 1998, 1999, and 2001). Laboratory incubations of abnormal embryos demonstrated that the observed abnormalities were lethal. PCBs were measured in fish collected in three years. Mean whole-body concentrations of total PCBs ranged from 364.6 to 138,032.5 ng/g lipid. A significant residue--effect relationship was found between total PCB concentration and embryo abnormalities. The occurrence of embryo abnormalities was positively related to fish PCB concentration (other contaminants were also evaluated including metals and dioxins). This study demonstrates the utility of using damselfish embryos as a bioindicator tool for monitoring coral reefs. It also provides baseline-monitoring criteria and evaluates sediment quality benchmarks used for ecological risk assessments on coral reefs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2022:ERD, author = "Qian Xu and Zheng Yang and Siyu Chen and Wenjuan Zhu and Siyuan Xiao and Jing Liu and Hongquan Wang and Shile Lan", title = "Effects of Replacing Dietary Fish Meal by Soybean Meal Co-Fermented Using \bioname{Bacillus subtilis} and \bioname{Enterococcus faecium} on Serum Antioxidant Indices and Gut Microbiota of Crucian Carp \bioname{Carassius auratus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "54", day = "25", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020054", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Xu:2023:CXA}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/54", abstract = "Fermented soybean meal (FSM) is an important feed material that can replace fish meal to solve the shortage of animal protein. To improve the utilization of FSM, we optimized the co-fermentation conditions of soybean meal using Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium and studied the effects of replacing fish meal with different proportions of FSM on serum antioxidant indices and gut microbiota (GM) composition of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Our results showed that the co-fermentation of soybean meal was the most effective when the ratio of B. subtilis X-2 and E. faecium X-4 was 2:3, glucose addition was 4.5\%, KH 2 PO 4 addition was 0.15\%, MgSO 4 {\cdot}7H 2 O addition was 0.1\%, anhydrous sodium acetate addition was 0.4\%, fermentation time was 120 h, and the solid--water ratio was 1:1. Replacing 40\% fish meal with FSM in the feed significantly improved the serum T-AOC, POD, and IgM levels in C. auratus. Although there were significant differences in the midgut and hindgut microbiota structures of C. auratus, the addition of FSM to the feed did not cause significant differences in the GM structure, whether in the midgut or hindgut. Therefore, 40\% FSM is the most suitable substitute for fish meal in the feed of C. auratus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Blanco:2022:ARE, author = "Miguel Blanco and Lydia Bares and Marcos Ferasso", title = "Analysis of Regional Efficiency in the Use of the {European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (FEMP)} in the {Eurozone} Countries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "53", day = "22", month = apr, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020053", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 17 11:56:42 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/2/53", abstract = "The European Union (EU) launched the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in the 1970s. Currently, a large part of the CFP has been financed with the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (FEMP). This research aims to determine whether there is a high degree of homogeneity in the levels of efficiency achieved by the fishing projects financed by European Funds for the period 2014 to 2020. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology was adopted. The main results showed that there is a high degree of heterogeneity in the level of efficiency achieved by European countries during the analyzed period. Moreover, despite the fact that regional efficiency has been increasing during the years under study, territorial disparities persist over time. This research provides a contribution for policymakers targeting better use of the FEMP funds for the upcoming funding package 2021--2027.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Peixoto:2022:TFF, author = "Ualerson I. Peixoto and Adauto S. Mello-Filho and Bianca Bentes and Victoria J. Isaac", title = "Trawl Fishing Fleet Operations Used to Illustrate the Life Cycle of the Southern Brown Shrimp: Insights to Management and Sustainable Fisheries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "141", day = "17", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030141", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/141", abstract = "The purpose of this study was to better understand the life cycle of brown shrimp along the Amazon Continental Shelf by using spatial and temporal trawl fleet activities. A total of 208,121 specimens and 1281 trawls were studied throughout the course of 13 years of shrimp size composition. To investigate differences in length composition between fishing grounds, months, and depth, a PERMANOVA analysis was employed. A geographic information system was developed for environmental characterisation and spatiotemporal trawl fleet distribution. Our findings show that the industrial trawl shrimp fleet has a close relationship with shrimp biological characteristics, following shrimp migration patterns in different months, locations, and depths during different stages of their life cycle, and that this fleet acts on two-yearly cohorts. The management measures of limiting effort (number of vessels) appear enough to avoid overcapitalisation, but the closed period and a proposed no-take fishing zone appear insufficient for what was originally proposed. Ecosystem-based management strategies should be addressed immediately because they would be far more effective than traditional fishery-based management measures in promoting sustainable fishing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tran:2022:CFW, author = "Thi Ngoc Tran and Chien Thang Doan and Van Bon Nguyen and Anh Dzung Nguyen and San-Lang Wang", title = "Conversion of Fishery Waste to Proteases by \bioname{Streptomyces speibonae} and Their Application in Antioxidant Preparation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "140", day = "14", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030140", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/140", abstract = "Proteinaceous wastes from the fishery process are an abundant renewable resource for the recovery of a variety of high-value products. This work attempted to utilize several proteinaceous wastes to produce proteases using the Streptomyces speibonae TKU048 strain. Among different possible carbon and nitrogen sources, the protease productive activity of S. speibonae TKU048 was optimal on 1\% tuna head powder. Further, the casein/gelatin/tuna head powder zymography of the crude enzyme revealed the presence of three/nine/six proteases, respectively. The crude-enzyme cocktail of S. speibonae TKU048 exhibited the best proteolytic activity at 70 {$^\circ $}C and pH = 5.8. Sodium dodecyl sulfate strongly enhanced the proteolytic activity of the cocktail, whereas FeCl 3, CuSO 4, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid could completely inhibit the enzyme activity. Additionally, the crude-enzyme cocktail of S. speibonae TKU048 could efficiently enhance the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2{\prime}-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities of all tested proteinaceous materials including the head, viscera, and meat of tuna fish; the head, viscera, and meat of tilapia fish; the head, meat, and shell of shrimp; squid pen; crab shell; and soybean. Taken together, S. speibonae TKU048 revealed potential in the reclamation of proteinaceous wastes for protease production and antioxidant preparation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2022:MCH, author = "Jianlu Zhang and Jiqin Huang and Cheng Fang and Wanchun Li and Hu Zhao and Fei Kong and Han Zhang and Hongxing Zhang and Qijun Wang", title = "Molecular Cloning of Heat Shock Protein 60 ({Sp HSP60}) from \bioname{Schizothorax prenanti} and the Gene Expressions of Four {Sp HSPs} during Lipopolysaccharide ({LPS}) Infection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "139", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030139", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/139", abstract = "Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a key role in anti-stress and immune processes and are associated with autoimmune diseases. In order to explore the immunological role of HSPs from Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti), Sp HSP60 was cloned for the first time in this study, and the gene expressions of Sp HSP27, Sp HSP60, Sp HSP70 and Sp HSP90 in the hepatopancreas, head kidney, hindgut and spleen were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The open reading frame of the Sp HSP60 gene (GenBank accession number ON245159) is 1728 bp. It encodes a protein of 575 amino acids. Its C-terminus is a highly conserved and repeated glycine sequence, which is an important cofactor in ATP binding. Compared with the control group, most of the Sp HSPs were significantly upregulated in the tissues examined at 12 or 24 h after LPS challenge. The most abundant expression of Sp HSP70 was found in the head kidney at 24 h after LPS injection, followed by Sp HSP27 in the spleen at 24 h; both of these Sp HSPs displayed strong expression under the LPS stresses, about 20--70 fold more than that of Sp HSP60 and Sp HSP90. The temporal expression patterns of the four Sp HSP genes were different in the four tissues examined. Taken together, the results suggest that Sp HSP27, Sp HSP60, Sp HSP70 and Sp HSP90 participate in innate immunity stimulated by LPS, and the response intensity of the Sp HSPs was organ-specific, indicating they could provide early warning information against bacterial infection. The findings in our study will contribute to better understanding the biological processes and important roles of Sp HSPs involved in defending against pathogenic bacterial challenge.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jin:2022:PAE, author = "Jiali Jin and Zhipeng Chu and Rui Ruan and Wei Liu and Xihua Chen and Chuangju Li", title = "Phosphorus Absorption and Excretion in Hybrid Sturgeon (\bioname{Huso dauricus} [female] {X} \bioname{Acipenser schrenckii} [male]) Intubated with Different {Ca/P} Ratios", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "138", day = "10", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030138", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/138", abstract = "To study the effect of Ca/P ratio on the P and Ca absorption and excretion in hybrid sturgeon (Huso dauricus {[female-sign]} X Acipenser schrenckii {[male-sign]}), five groups of fish were intubated with 100 mg P{\cdot}kg {$-$1} BW with the Ca/P ratios of 0:1, 0.25:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, and 2:1. Plasma P concentrations were significantly elevated at Ca/P ratios below 2:1, and the highest value was obtained at Ca/P ratio of 0.5:1. Plasma Ca content was significantly increased at the highest Ca/P ratio. Urine P excretion rate in the fish intubated with Ca/P ratio of 0.5:1 was significantly higher than that of the groups with Ca/P ratios of 0:1 and 2:1. The highest urea excretion rates were observed at Ca/P ratio of 0.5:1 and 1:1. The total P excretion at 48 h post intubation reached about 30 mg{\cdot}kg {$-$1} BW, which was recorded for the group with Ca/P ratio of 0.5:1. The present study showed that P absorption efficiency was improved in hybrid sturgeon at Ca/P ratio of 0.5:1, indicating that P inclusion level in sturgeon feed can be further optimized to reduce dietary P input and lower the excessive undigested P discharge into the rearing water.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Perez-Jimenez:2022:IFD, author = "Graciela M. P{\'e}rez-Jim{\'e}nez and Emyr Saul Pe{\~n}a-Mar{\'\i}n and Claudia I. Maytorena-Verdugo and Cesar Antonio Sep{\'u}lveda-Quiroz and Luis Daniel Jim{\'e}nez-Mart{\'\i}nez and Susana {De la Rosa-Garc{\'\i}a} and Gloria Gertrudys Asencio-Alcudia and Rafael Mart{\'\i}nez and Dariel Tovar-Ram{\'\i}rez and Mario A. Galaviz and Talhia Mart{\'\i}nez-Burguete and Carlos A. Alvarez-Gonz{\'a}lez and Carina Shianya Alvarez-Villagomez", title = "Incorporation of Fructooligosaccharides in Diets Influence Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Expression of Intestinal Barrier Function Genes in Tropical Gar (\bioname{Atractosteus tropicus}) Larvae", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "137", day = "10", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030137", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/137", abstract = "This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the growth, survival rate, digestive enzyms activity, and the expression of intestinal barrier function genes in tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) larvae. A total of 960 larvae (0.030 {\pm} 0.006 g) were fed three diets supplemented with increasing FOS concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg {$-$1}) and a control diet for 15 days. Results revealed that a 7.5 g kg {$-$1} FOS supplementation improved weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate (p {$<$} 0.05). Furthermore, 5 g kg {$-$1} FOS supplementation increased alkaline protease and amylase activities and induced an upregulation of the claudin-17 gene expression (p {$<$} 0.05). Meanwhile, the inclusion of 7.5 g kg {$-$1} FOS induced the upregulation of mucin 2 (muc-2), and the tight junction genes zo-2 and claudin-3 (p {$<$} 0.05). In addition, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg {$-$1} FOS promoted the downregulation of the claudin-15 gene expression (p {$<$} 0.05). At the same time, FOS inclusion did not increase the pro-inflammatory cytokine il-8 expression. We can conclude that 7.5 g kg {$-$1} FOS supplementation improves growth performance, survival rate, and digestive capacity, and could contribute to the reinforcement of the intestinal barrier function of Tropical gar larvae.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Falsone:2022:ASD, author = "Fabio Falsone and Vita Gancitano and Michele Luca Geraci and Giacomo Sardo and Danilo Scannella and Fabrizio Serena and Sergio Vitale and Fabio Fiorentino", title = "Assessing the Stock Dynamics of \bioname{Elasmobranchii} off the \geoname{Southern Coast of Sicily} by Using Trawl Survey Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "136", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030136", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/136", abstract = "Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), which have peculiar and vulnerable life-history traits, are highly threatened by fishing activities. Indeed, between 53\% and 71\% of Mediterranean elasmobranch species are at risk of extinction. In this context, using the abundance MSY (AMSY) model, the present study provides an assessment of 20 batoids and 16 shark species in the Strait of Sicily, sampled during a bottom trawl survey from 1995 to 2020. Overall, the outputs underline a progressively improving condition for shark and ray assemblages of both shelf and eurybathic zones. As for slope-dwelling species, a horseshoe-shaped dynamic, characterized by a progressive decrease in relative harvesting pressure and an increase in relative biomass followed by an increase in fishing pressure and decrease in biomass, was detected. The dynamics of the Elasmobranchii living in the Strait of Sicily appear to be affected by changes in the fishing patterns of trawlers, showing a shift from shallow water to bathyal fishing grounds and targeting deep-water red shrimp. In this context, it seems wise to limit the impact of deep-water fisheries on Elasmobranchii by reducing fishing efforts and implementing ad hoc management measures aimed at safeguarding these vulnerable species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Moura:2022:RPS, author = "Ana Moura and Ester Dias and Rodrigo L{\'o}pez and Carlos Antunes", title = "Regional Population Structure of the \geoname{European} Eel at the Southern Limit of Its Distribution Revealed by Otolith Shape Signature", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "135", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030135", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/135", abstract = "Given the European eel population's marked decrease since the 1980s, it has become urgent to collect information describing its regional population structure to improve management plans. The Minho River (NW-Portugal, SW-Europe) is an important basin for the eel at the southern limit of its distribution, but the species is poorly described. Thus, we aimed to study the structure of the European eel population in the Minho River using otolith shape analysis, which has proven to be effective in discriminating fish groups experiencing different environmental conditions through ontogeny. Our results showed complete discrimination between the two main types of habitats studied (tributaries and estuaries). Otoliths of eels from the estuary were rectangular and elliptic, whereas in the tributaries they presented a more round and circular form. Eels collected in both habitats were mostly yellow-stage eels with a similar age range, but the eels from the tributaries showed smaller length-at-age and lower body condition than those collected in the estuary. Additionally, the sex ratio was skewed towards males in the tributaries and females in the estuary. This study reveals that there are at least two distinct groups of eels in this basin, likely with different development characteristics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yi:2022:SAM, author = "Hong Yi and Qinglu Bai and Ying Li and Honglei Zhan and Yujia Liu and Bingnan Liu and Jihui Wang", title = "Sporosarcina aquimarina {MS4} Regulates the Digestive Enzyme Activities, Body Wall Nutrients, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolites of \bioname{Apostichopus japonicus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "134", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030134", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/134", abstract = "Sporosarcina aquimarina MS4 is a microecological preparation for overwintering Apostichopus japonicus, which has an immune regulation function, but its role in the nutritional regulation of A. japonicus is not clear. This study aimed to describe the effects of S. aquimarina MS4 on the growth, digestion, and body wall nutrition of A. japonicus through feeding experiments and to discuss the potential mechanism of S. aquimarina MS4 regulating gut function through the detection of gut microbiota and metabolites. After 60 days of culture, the growth performance of A. japonicus fed S. aquimarina MS4 (10 8 cfu/g) significantly improved, and the content of polysaccharide, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and docosahexaenoic acid in the body wall significantly increased. Gut microbiota analysis showed that although Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the predominant phyla in all the sea cucumbers, Haloferula and Rubritalea showed significant difference between the group fed with or without S. aquimarina MS4. Metabolomics analysis showed that differential metabolites in the gut were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. The association analysis of differential metabolites and microbiota showed that the production of some differential metabolites was significantly related to differential microorganisms, which improved the understanding of the function of microorganisms and their roles in the gut of A. japonicus. This study reveals the life activities such as growth and metabolism of A. japonicus, and it provides support for the functional study of the gut microbiome of A. japonicus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Junior:2022:UCE, author = "Guerino Bandeira Junior and Adriane Erbice Bianchini and Carine de Freitas Souza and Sharine Nunes Descovi and Liana da Silva Fernandes and Lenise de Lima Silva and Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti and Bernardo Baldisserotto", title = "The Use of Cinnamon Essential Oils in Aquaculture: Antibacterial, Anesthetic, Growth-Promoting, and Antioxidant Effects", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "133", day = "06", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030133", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/133", abstract = "Cinnamon essential oils (EOs) are widely known for their pharmaceutical properties; however, studies investigating the use of these EOs in aquaculture are scarce. The aims of this study were to evaluate the anesthetic effect of bathing silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) with Cinnamomum cassia EO (CCEO) and its nanoemulsion (NCCEO); the growth-promoting and antioxidant effects of dietary supplementation with CCEO in silver catfish; and the in vitro antibacterial effect of CCEO, NCCEO, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (CZEO) against bacteria isolated from diseased silver catfish. The two cinnamon EOs showed promising antibacterial activity, which was potentiated by the nanoemulsion. CCEO showed satisfactory anesthetic activity in silver catfish, and its nanoemulsion intensified the sedative activity. Supplementation of 1.0 mL CCEO per kg of diet for 60 days increased weight, length, and weight gain when compared to the control group, evidencing the growth-promoting activity of this EO. Dietary supplementation of CCEO for 30 and 60 days also showed an antioxidant effect, as it decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the liver of silver catfish. Therefore, cinnamon EOs have a promising use in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Durazzo:2022:NBC, author = "Alessandra Durazzo and Gabriella {Di Lena} and Paolo Gabrielli and Antonello Santini and Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia and Massimo Lucarini", title = "Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Seafood: Quantitative Literature Research Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "132", day = "05", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030132", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/132", abstract = "This perspective presents current and updated advances in research on nutrients and bioactive compounds in seafood. It is based on a literature quantitative research analysis approach. The main features of seafood components are introduced. This perspective aims at providing a current framework that relates nutrients, bioactive compounds, and seafood in a novel integrated and multidisciplinary manner, highlighting the current knowledge, the main research lines, and emerging strategies. The literature search was carried out by means of the Scopus database, and 22,542 documents were retrieved in the period from 1932 to 2024. Particularly, from the perspective of nutrition and health outputs, the main terms correlated with research on the relationship between seafood and nutritional and bioactive components, and the main existing research lines focused on this topic, were identified. The top recurring keywords were human/s, female, diet, nutrition, fish, male, adult, food intake.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Muringai:2022:SSA, author = "Rodney Tatenda Muringai and Paramu Mafongoya and Romano Trent Lottering", title = "{Sub-Saharan Africa} Freshwater Fisheries under Climate Change: a Review of Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation Measures", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "131", day = "02", month = jun, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030131", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/131", abstract = "Sub-Saharan Africa's freshwater fisheries contribute significantly to the livelihoods and food security of millions of people within the region. However, freshwater fisheries are experiencing multiple anthropogenic stressors such as overfishing, illegal fishing, pollution, and climate change. There is a substantial body of literature on the effects of climate change on freshwater fisheries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study reviews the existing literature and highlights the effects of climate change on freshwater fisheries, the adaptation strategies of fishery-dependent households in response to the effects, and fisheries' management and mitigation efforts in the face of climate change. The general effects of climate change on freshwater environments include warming water temperatures, increased stratification, modified hydrological processes, and increased pollutants. These effects adversely affect the physiological processes of fish and the overall wellbeing of fishery-dependent people. To cope with the effects of fluctuating fishery resources due to climate change, fishery-dependent people have adopted several adaptation strategies including livelihood diversification, changing their fishing gear, increasing their fishing efforts, and targeting new species. Several management attempts have been made to enhance the sustainability of fishery resources, from local to regional levels. This study recommends the participation of the resource users in the formulation of policies aimed at promoting climate change adaptation and the resilience of freshwater fisheries for sustainable development.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yu:2022:CGC, author = "Hailuo Yu and Yi Liu and Tiaoyi Xiao and Hongquan Wang and Baohong Xu", title = "Cloning of Grass Carp Chemokine {XC} Receptor 1 ({XCR1}) Gene and Evaluation of Its Expression in Various Organs after {GCRV} Infection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "130", day = "31", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030130", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/130", abstract = "Interaction between the chemokine receptor XCR1 and its ligand is closely related to the immune function in animals; however, there are only a few reports on role of XCR1 in the immune system of fish. We aimed to analyze the expression of XCR1 in various organs or tissues of grass carp before and after Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) infection to better understand the function of XCR1 in resistance to GCRV infection. We cloned and sequenced the cDNA of grass carp XCR1 and analyzed the molecular structure of XCR1 based its amino acid sequence. Further, we analyzed the relative expression levels of XCR1 in different organs or tissues of male parent grass carp with GCRV resistance (P1) and their first-generation offspring (F1) before and after GCRV infection. Our results show that the total length of cDNA of the grass carp XCR1 gene is 1659 bp and encodes 365 amino acids. XCR1 contains seven conserved transmembrane helical domains. The homologous tertiary structure of XCR1 is similar to its homologs in other species. After artificial GCRV infection, there were significant differences in the expression of the grass carp XCR1 gene in different tissues, at different time points, and between P1 and F1 fish. These results will contribute to our understanding of the role of XCR1 in fish immune responses and contribute to the development of GCRV-resistant grass carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2022:MFT, author = "Haoran Zhang and Kun Li and Fayang Zhang and Jikui Wu and Junling Zhang", title = "The {miR-200} Family Targeting amh Affects the Gonadal Development of \geoname{Japanese} Flounder", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "129", day = "31", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030129", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/129", abstract = "Four members of the miR-200 family in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) have sex-biased expression patterns, but their target genes and how they work in the development of the gonads are rarely known. Anti-M{\"u}llerian hormone (AMH) can inhibit the development of Muller's duct in female mammals and regulate the formation of gametes after sexual maturity. There is no Muller's duct in teleosts, but the amh gene still exists. Knockout of amh results in sex reversal from male to female. Therefore, it is essential to explore the relationship between the miR-200 family and amh to clarify what role miR-200 plays in the development of the gonads. In Japanese flounder, the two binding sites for the miR-200 family in the 3{\prime}UTR of amh were found through bioinformatic prediction. Double luciferase and green fluorescent protein reporter experiments demonstrated amh to be directly targeted by miR-200a and miR-200b. Moreover, miR-200a and miR-200b reduced the expression of amh through site 1 rather than site 2. To explore the regulatory role of miR-200a in gonadal development, we further overexpressed miR-200a in the primary Sertoli cells of the testis. With the overexpression of miR-200a, the expression of amh decreased, while the expression of the other two male sex-related genes, dmrt1 (doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1) and gsdf (diagonal soma driven factor), increased significantly. This result indicates that the miR-200 family regulates the gonadal differentiation and development by targeting amh in Japanese flounder.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2022:TAJ, author = "Hongbo Liu and Junren Xue and Jing Tang and Tao Jiang and Xiubao Chen and Jian Yang", title = "Taste Attributes of the {``June Hairy Crab''} Juveniles of \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) in {Yangcheng Lake, China}--- a Pilot Study", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "128", day = "31", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030128", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/128", abstract = "This is the first report on the use of a taste sensing system to quantitatively evaluate the taste attributes of two groups of native ``June hairy crab'' juveniles (commonly referred to as ``Liu-Yue-Huang'') of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir Sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853) from a net enclosure culture area in Yangcheng Lake (lake culture) and aquaculture ponds near the lake (pond culture). We showed that umami was the predominant basic taste of steamed June hairy crabs, followed by bitterness and astringency. The intensity value of saltiness was aberrant and could not be determined using this system. The average values of aftertaste-U reached 8.7 and 10.7 in the male June hairy crabs from the lake and pond cultures, respectively, which was significantly higher than their respective aftertaste-B and aftertaste-A values (p {$<$} 0.01). Female crabs did not have aftertaste-B, while their aftertaste-U was significantly higher than aftertaste-A (p {$<$} 0.01). Although principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were not able to completely distinguish among crabs from different cultures, they could robustly distinguish between male and female crabs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Maytorena-Verdugo:2022:IMO, author = "Claudia I. Maytorena-Verdugo and Emyr S. Pe{\~n}a-Mar{\'\i}n and Carina S. Alvarez-Villag{\'o}mez and Graciela M. P{\'e}rez-Jim{\'e}nez and C{\'e}sar A. Sep{\'u}lveda-Quiroz and Carlos A. Alvarez-Gonz{\'a}lez", title = "Inclusion of Mannan-Oligosaccharides in Diets for Tropical Gar \bioname{Atractosteus tropicus} Larvae: Effects on Growth, Digestive Enzymes, and Expression of Intestinal Barrier Genes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "127", day = "31", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030127", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/127", abstract = "Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates, and their use in aquaculture as prebiotics is well documented. The objective of this work was to test whether MOS supplemented in the diet of A. tropicus larvae (2, 4, and 6 g kg {$-$1}) influence growth parameters, the activity of digestive enzymes, and the expression of genes related to the intestinal barrier. The highest total length was observed in larvae fed 6 g kg {$-$1} MOS compared to control larvae. Trypsin activity increased with the addition of MOS to the diets, but leucine aminopeptidase activity only increased with 6 g kg {$-$1} MOS. Lipase and {\alpha}-amylase activities increased in larvae fed with 2 and 4 g kg {$-$1} MOS. The expression of zo-2 was higher with the 6 g kg {$-$1} MOS treatment. The cl-3 transcripts were lower with 2 g kg {$-$1} MOS but higher with 6 g kg {$-$1} MOS. All tested concentrations of MOS increased the expression of muc-2. In this study, incorporating mannan-oligosaccharides into the diet of A. tropicus larvae had a positive effect, and the concentration of 6 g kg {$-$1} produced the best results. Therefore, including this prebiotic in the diets for the culture of A. tropicus larvae is suitable.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Arechavala-Lopez:2022:SSR, author = "Pablo Arechavala-Lopez and Samira Nu{\~n}ez-Velazquez and Carlos Diaz-Gil and Guillermo Follana-Bern{\'a} and Jo{\~a}o L. Saraiva", title = "Suspended Structures Reduce Variability of Group Risk-Taking Responses of \bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax} Juvenile Reared in Tanks", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "126", day = "31", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030126", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/126", abstract = "Structural enrichment is considered a useful tool to improve the welfare conditions of captive fish by deliberately increasing the physical heterogeneity and complexity of captivity environments. However, the potential effects of structural enrichment on the stress response at the group level and on social interactions have not been well studied yet. In this study, we demonstrate that suspended vertical structures (U-shaped ropes) can reduce behavioural variability among fish groups (tank level) of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Differences in behavioural responses during group risk-taking tests (e.g., number of passes per fish) between treatments were detected, and these responses in seabass in enriched captive conditions were more homogeneous among tanks compared to fish from non-enriched tanks. These results suggest a positive effect of the structural enrichment on social stabilisation and response to stressful events at the tank level in seabass. However, further research is still needed to improve the knowledge of the potential effects of structural enrichment on fish welfare and aquaculture management, considering different enrichment designs, intensities, and strategies according to farming conditions, biological needs, and preferences of the fish species and life-stage reared in captivity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lee:2022:ITA, author = "Chorong Lee and Hye Jin Jeon and Bum Keun Kim and Seong-Kyoon Choi and Sumi Kim and Gwang Il Jang and Ji Hyung Kim and Jee Eun Han", title = "Infectivity and Transmissibility of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Associated \bioname{Vibrio parahaemolyticus} in Frozen Shrimp Archived at $ - 80^\circ ${C}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "125", day = "30", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030125", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/125", abstract = "Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp AHPND) has been reported in commodity shrimp, but the potential risk of its global spread via frozen shrimp in the shrimp trade is yet to be fully explored. We hypothesized that frozen shrimp with AHPND could be a source of Vp AHPND transmission; thus, the infectivity of frozen shrimp with AHPND was evaluated using a shrimp bioassay. To prepare infected frozen shrimp, 12 Penaeus vannamei (average weight, 2 g) were exposed to Vp AHPND by immersion in water with a Vp AHPND concentration of 1.55 $ \times $ 10 7 CFU mL {$-$1}; once dead, the shrimp were stored at {$-$80} {$^\circ $}C for further analysis. After two weeks, a PCR assay was used to confirm AHPND positivity in frozen shrimp (n = 2), and Vp AHPND was reisolated from the hepatopancreases of these shrimp. For the infectivity test, 10 P. vannamei (average weight, 4 g) were fed with the hepatopancreases of Vp AHPND -infected frozen shrimp (n = 10). After feeding, 70\% of the shrimp died within 118 h, and the presence of Vp AHPND was confirmed using a PCR assay and histopathology examination; moreover, Vp AHPND was successfully reisolated from the hepatopancreases of the dead shrimp. We are the first to evaluate the potential transmissibility of Vp AHPND in frozen shrimp, and our results suggest that frozen shrimp with AHPND are a potential source of disease spreading between countries during international trade.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Su:2022:LTC, author = "Li Su and Youwei Xu and Yongsong Qiu and Mingshuai Sun and Kui Zhang and Zuozhi Chen", title = "Long-Term Change of a Fish-Based Index of Biotic Integrity for a Semi-Enclosed Bay in the \geoname{Beibu Gulf}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "124", day = "30", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030124", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/124", abstract = "The Beibu Gulf in the northwestern South China Sea is one of the world's most productive fishing grounds, yet its biotic resources appear to be in rapid decline because of overexploitation. Assessments of the health status of the fisheries' resources in the gulf provide a foundation for their conservation and management. As fish accounted for 84\% to 97\% of the total catch in the Beibu Gulf in the period 1962--2017, a Fish-based Index of Biotic Integrity (F-IBI) was developed for the Beibu Gulf, and data from otter trawl surveys during the period 1962--2017 were used to measure variations in the fish community. The assessment revealed a generally downward trend in total fish catch density (kg/km 2), catch density of 12 traditional commercial demersal fish species, and percentage of nektonic-feeding species, but an upward trend for the percentage of fishes with a planktivorous or detritus diet, percentage of pelagic species, and percentage of the dominant species. The dominant species varied greatly over the 50 year period and showed a tendency towards small-sized species. The synthetic F-IBI variable showed a downward trend and has indicated a `fair' state since 1998. The decline in the F-IBI over the last three decades suggests that anthropogenic disturbances, especially overfishing, have had a serious impact on the fish community of the Beibu Gulf. The F-IBI is currently at risk of becoming `poor.' Consequently, we suggest that rigid and enforceable fishery management measures should be taken by both China and Vietnam to prevent further deterioration of the fisheries' resources in the gulf.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shrimpton:2022:FNT, author = "J. Mark Shrimpton and Paige W. Breault and Luc A. Turcotte", title = "Fidelity to {Natal} Tributary Streams by {Kokanee} Following Introduction to a Large Oligotrophic Reservoir", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "123", day = "30", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030123", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/123", abstract = "The WAC Bennett Dam was completed in 1968 and impounded the Upper Peace River to form the Williston Reservoir in north central British Columbia. In 1990, an enhancement project was initiated to stock Columbia River Kokanee (non-anadromous Sockeye Salmon; Oncorhynchus nerka) from southeastern British Columbia into tributary streams that drained into regions of the reservoir that were accessible by anglers. The current distribution of spawning Columbia-origin Kokanee in the Williston Reservoir watershed, however, does not reflect the locations where these fish were initially stocked and suggests extensive straying. Whether or not Kokanee will develop fidelity to specific spawning locations is not known, but it is important information to effectively manage these introduced fish. We used otolith microchemistry to estimate fidelity to natal streams by Columbia-origin Kokanee in the Williston Reservoir. Otolith elemental signatures for the region of the otolith that formed during the larval period and characterized the natal redd environment showed considerable variation among samples. Natal signatures tended to cluster for each river but not for all spawners, suggesting elemental signatures from other rivers. Homing to one of the four natal streams we examined was classified to be 73\% based on linear discriminant analysis, although variation in the elemental signatures within each group suggests that homing by Kokanee to specific natal streams may be as low as 55\%. Based on similarity of water elemental signatures for tributaries within large rivers, however, the proportion of fish that returned to their general region was likely higher and estimated to be approximately 83\%. The result of regional homing could be reproductive isolation and adaptation to local conditions. It is unclear, however, if the current estimated level of straying will limit genetic differentiation and prevent local adaptation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Podhorec:2022:EHT, author = "Peter Podhorec and Jind{\v{r}}i{\v{s}}ka Knowles and Jakub Vyslou{\v{z}}il and Sergii Boryshpolets and Anatolii Sotnikov and Martina Holick{\'a} and Jan Kou{\v{r}}il and Borys Dzyuba", title = "The Effect of Hormonal Treatment on Selected Sperm Quality Parameters and Sex Steroids in Tropical Cyprinid Bala Shark \bioname{Balantiocheilos melanopterus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "122", day = "30", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030122", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/122", abstract = "Hormone treatments are routinely employed with bala shark Balantiocheilos melanopterus male broodstock to stimulate the production of high-quality sperm. In the current trial, three spermiation-inducing treatments were evaluated: 20 {\mu}g/kg body weight (BW) recombinant hCG; 20 {\mu}g/kg BW [D-Ala 6, Pro 9, NEt]- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa) with 20 mg/kg BW metoclopramide; and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles with slow release of 10 {\mu}g/kg BW GnRHa. A 0.9\% saline AS negative control was also included. Administration of the GnRHa through the form of slow release of PLGA microparticles 24 h after treatment resulted in a significantly higher sperm volume, motility percentage, and total sperm count compared to the control. Injection of GnRHa with metoclopramide induced sperm parameters that did not differ from the control, with the exception of motility percentage. The lowest potency to induce spermiation in bala sharks was in the treatment with recombinant hCG. Both PLGA microparticles and GnRHa with metoclopramide significantly increased blood plasma concentrations of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone compared to the control. The PLGA microparticle system with continuous release of 10 {\mu}g/kg BW GnRHa was the most effective treatment in inducing spermiation in bala sharks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Politikos:2022:DVO, author = "Dimitris V. Politikos and Nikolaos Sykiniotis and Georgios Petasis and Pavlos Dedousis and Alba Ordo{\~n}ez and Rune Vab{\o} and Aikaterini Anastasopoulou and Endre Moen and Chryssi Mytilineou and Arnt-B{\o}rre Salberg and Archontia Chatzispyrou and Ketil Malde", title = "\pkg{DeepOtolith v1.0}: an Open-Source {AI} Platform for Automating Fish Age Reading from Otolith or Scale Images", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "121", day = "29", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030121", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib; https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/gnu.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/121", abstract = "Every year, marine scientists around the world read thousands of otolith or scale images to determine the age structure of commercial fish stocks. This knowledge is important for fisheries and conservation management. However, the age-reading procedure is time-consuming and costly to perform due to the specialized expertise and labor needed to identify annual growth zones in otoliths. Effective automated systems are needed to increase throughput and reduce cost. DeepOtolith is an open-source artificial intelligence (AI) platform that addresses this issue by providing a web system with a simple interface that automatically estimates fish age by combining otolith images with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a class of deep neural networks that has been a dominant method in computer vision tasks. Users can upload otolith image data for selective fish species, and the platform returns age estimates. The estimates of multiple images can be exported to conduct conclusions or further age-related research. DeepOtolith currently contains classifiers/regressors for three fish species; however, more species will be included as related work on ageing will be tested and published soon. Herein, the architecture and functionality of the platform are presented. Current limitations and future directions are also discussed. Overall, DeepOtolith should be considered as the first step towards building a community of marine ecologists, machine learning experts, and stakeholders that will collaborate to support the conservation of fishery resources.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{DIglio:2022:BIA, author = "Claudio D'Iglio and Marco Albano and Sergio Famulari and Nunziacarla Span{\`o} and Paola Rinelli and Serena Savoca and Gioele Capillo", title = "Basic Intersexuality (Abnormal Hermaphroditism) in the Blackmouth Catshark, \bioname{Galeus melastomus}, ({Rafinesque}, 1810), from the {Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea)}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "120", day = "28", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030120", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/120", abstract = "The present paper represents the first description of abnormal hermaphroditism in Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810). The black mouth cat shark specimen, collected in summer from southern Tyrrhenian Sea at the entrance of Salerno gulf, showed a basic intersexuality characterized by the presence of male secondary and female primary sexual characters. The reproductive system has been described with an accurate morphological analysis, also including a histological assessment of oocytes. Results showed the presence of only right clasper, not exceeding the pelvic fin in length, with the absence of internal males' sexual organs. Concerning the female primary characters, the analysis of histological assessment showed the structure of mature oocyte, confirming the maturity stage of a mature female in active extruding stage, as highlighted by the macroscopic morphological analysis. Despite in many marine organisms' hermaphroditism is a physiological condition showed by specimens during their lifecycle, in Elasmobranchs this is considered an abnormal condition, with some exceptions. The lack of information on hermaphroditism in elasmobranchs form the Mediterranean Sea requires an increase of scientific community's attention, improving the knowledge on the reproductive biology of this sensitive taxon. This is essential to enhance the conservation of elasmobranchs populations in the entire Mediterranean basin.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xue:2022:IIC, author = "Mingyang Xue and Zidong Xiao and Yiqun Li and Nan Jiang and Wenzhi Liu and Yan Meng and Yuding Fan and Lingbing Zeng and Yong Zhou", title = "Isolation, Identification and Characteristics of \bioname{Aeromonas caviae} from Diseased Largemouth Bass (\bioname{Micropterus salmoides})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "119", day = "28", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030119", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/119", abstract = "The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is one of the most economically valuable fish species in China. In this study, a bacterial pathogen was isolated from the internal organs of diseased M. salmoides, and the strain was named WH21406. This isolate was identified as Aeromonas caviae on the basis of its morphology, biochemical features and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. Four virulence genes related to pathogenicity, namely, flagella (fla), elastase (ela), haemolysin (hly) and aerolysin (aer), were detected in this isolate. The median lethal dosage (LD50) of A. caviae WH21406 for M. salmoides was calculated to be 3.46 $ \times $ 10 5 CFU mL {$-$1}. The histopathological analysis showed obvious tissue damage in the gill, liver, kidney, spleen and gut of the diseased fish. The antibiotic susceptibility test demonstrated that strain WH21406 was highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and amikacin. The results of this study provide a foundation for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of A. caviae infection in M. salmoides.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2022:FCM, author = "Yingcen Li and Yunliang Miao and Xufang Liang and Shan He", title = "Functional Characterization and Molecular Marker Development of the Proenkephalin as Biomarker of Food Addiction in Food Habit Domestication of {Mandarin} Fish (\bioname{Siniperca chuatsi})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "118", day = "27", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030118", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/118", abstract = "Proenkephalin (PENK), as the precursor of endogenous opioid enkephalin (ENK), is widely present in the nervous system and plays an important role in animal food addiction and rewarding behavior. In our study, we intend to study the functional characterization and molecular marker development of the penk gene related to food habit domestication of mandarin fish. We found that the penk gene of mandarin fish had three types of endogenous opioid peptide sequences. Compared with other tissues, penk mRNA was highly expressed in the whole brain. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of lysine or methionine significantly increased the expression of penk mRNA. The expression of penk mRNA in the brain of mandarin fish that could be easily domesticated from eating live prey fish to artificial diets was significantly higher than those that could not. After feeding with high-carbohydrate artificial diets, the expression of penk mRNA showed no significant difference between mandarin fish with hypophagia and those that still ate normally. A total of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci related to easy domestication toward eating artificial diets were screened from the mandarin fish population. Additionally, the TT genotype at one of the loci was significantly correlated with the food habit domestication of mandarin fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vallecillos:2022:DFM, author = "Antonio Vallecillos and Emilio Mar{\'\i}a-Dolores and Javier Villa and Francisco Miguel Rueda and Jos{\'e} Carrillo and Guillermo Ramis and Mohamed Soula and Juan Manuel Afonso and Eva Armero", title = "Development of the First Microsatellite Multiplex {PCR} Panel for Meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius}), a Commercial Aquaculture Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "117", day = "24", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030117", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/117", abstract = "In this study, a microsatellite-based multiplex PCR panel for meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was developed as a useful and single tool in parental assignment and population studies. Twenty-one specific and interspecific microsatellites from different aquaculture species of meagre (Argyrosomus regius), Japanese meagre (A. japonicus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and yellow meagre (Acoupa weakfish) were assessed for genetic variability, allelic range and genotype reliability. Finally, a SuperMultiplex for Argyrosomus regius (SMAr) was designed with only the best eight microsatellite markers. The panel assessment was performed using a batch of brood stock from one company and a sample of 616 offspring. It was possible to assign 95\% of the offspring to a single pair of parents using the exclusion method. It is therefore considered an easy procedure, and a powerful and low-cost tool for parental assignment to support companies' breeding programs and to exchange information between research groups.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ho:2022:CRO, author = "Ching-Hsien Ho", title = "Climate Risks and Opportunities of the Marine Fishery Industry: a Case Study in \geoname{Taiwan}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "116", day = "21", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030116", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/116", abstract = "As climate change and extreme weather intensify, forecasting natural environmental changes involves high uncertainty and variation. Planned policy changes and the ability of fisheries to withstand these changes and impacts are major challenges in regard to addressing future climate hazards in Taiwan. Taiwan's geographic location is favourable for the marine fishery industry, which is an important primary industry and a source of animal protein for residents of Taiwan. Recently, both long-term climate change and extreme climate hazards have led to shocks in the marine fishery industry. The resulting instability of the industry directly affects the market supply of and demand for seafood. We conduct a case study of a marine fishery industry in Taiwan that incorporates social concern assessments of risk perception and judgements of risk acceptance through risk management processes. Furthermore, we incorporate stakeholder participatory processes to reduce the gap in awareness of adaptation and to increase the opportunity to reach consensus and develop an integrated risk management model that enables decision-makers to better meet the needs of society. These measures will enhance all parties' willingness to adapt and help achieve the goal of public--private collaboration in facing climate change challenges.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tang:2022:TSA, author = "Xuemei Tang and Shulun Jiang and Henglin Wang and Yanfeng Zhou and Fei Peng and Xizhao Zhang and Yifan Zhou and Shiyue Guo and Yang You", title = "Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Dynamic Changes in Major Biological Functions during the Early Development of Clearhead Icefish, \bioname{Protosalanx chinensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "115", day = "21", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030115", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/115", abstract = "Early development, when many important developmental events occur, is a critical period for fish. However, research on the early development of clearhead icefish is very limited, especially in molecular research. In this study, we aimed to explore the dynamic changes in the biological functions of five key periods in clearhead icefish early development, namely the YL (embryonic), PM (first day after hatching), KK (fourth day after hatching), LC (seventh day after hatching), and SL (tenth day after hatching) stages, through transcriptome sequencing and different analysis strategies. A trend expression analysis and an enrichment analysis revealed that the expression ofgenes encoding G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands, i.e., prss1\_2\_3, pomc, npy, npb, sst, rln3, crh, gh, and prl that are associated with digestion and feeding regulation gradually increased during early development. In addition, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that eleven modules were significantly associated with early development, among which nine modules were significantly positively correlated. Through the enrichment analysis and hub gene identification results of these nine modules, it was found that the pathways related to eye, bone, and heart development were significantly enriched in the YL stage, and the ccnd2, seh1l, kdm6a, arf4, and ankrd28 genes that are associated with cell proliferation and differentiation played important roles in these developmental processes; the pak3, dlx3, dgat2, and tas1r1 genes that are associated with jaw and tooth development, TG (triacylglycerol) synthesis, and umami amino acid receptors were identified as hub genes for the PM stage; the pathways associated with aerobic metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis were significantly enriched in the KK stage, with the foxk, slc13a2\_3\_5, ndufa5, and lsc2 genes playing important roles; the pathways related to visual perception were significantly enriched in the LC stage; and the bile acid biosynthetic and serine-type peptidase activity pathways were significantly enriched in the SL stage. These results provide a more detailed understanding of the processes of early development of clearhead icefish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2022:FVC, author = "Tsung-Yu Yang and Hsing-Chun Lin and Wen-Hong Liu", title = "The Fishery Value Chain Analysis in \geoname{Taiwan}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "114", day = "16", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030114", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/114", abstract = "Although the GDP of the fishery sector accounts for less than 0.3\% of Taiwan's GDP, there are many secondary and tertiary industries related to fisheries that add great value to the country's economy. Therefore, when analyzing and calculating the output value and value added of the fishery sector, the relevance of these upstream and downstream industries should be considered jointly, and the value chain of the fishery industry should be studied and analyzed in order to truly present the value added created by fishery. This study aims to do this by first analyzing not only the primary fishery industry, but the value chain of the fishery industry at different stages such as fishery production, marine fishing, aquaculture, fishery processing, retail and services, and supportive systems. Then the value added of the whole fishery value chain to Taiwan's GDP is estimated by using the Leontief input--output model, from the perspective of industry linkages and covering the period from 2011 to 2018. The empirical results suggest that the value added created by fishery and related industries accounted for 2.96\% of the GDP in 2011, which rose to 3.11\% in 2014, fell to 2.87\% in 2015, rose to 2.93\% in 2017, and fell to 2.84\% in 2018. From 2011 to 2018, the amount of value added created by fisheries and related industries rose from NT$ 422.8 b i l l i o n t o N T $ 520.9 billion. The primary fishery sector has the largest contribution, followed by the fishery input sector, and transportation and sale service sector, and the fishery product processing sector has the lowest contribution rate. The empirical results provide important implications and references to the policy makers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nguyen:2022:UFP, author = "Thi Hanh Nguyen and San-Lang Wang and Thi Huyen Nguyen and Manh Dung Doan and Thi Ha Trang Tran and Van Anh Ngo and Nhat Duoc Ho and Thi Ngoc Tran and Chien Thang Doan and Van Chung Do and Anh Dzung Nguyen and Van Bon Nguyen", title = "Utilization of Fishery-Processing By-Product Squid Pens for Scale-Up Production of Phenazines via Microbial Conversion and Its Novel Potential Antinematode Effect", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "113", day = "15", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030113", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/113", abstract = "Fishery by-products (FBPs) have been increasingly investigated for the extraction and production of a vast array of active molecules. The aim of this study was to produce phenazine compounds from FBPs via microbial fermentation and assess their novel antinematode effect. Among various FBPs, squid pen powder (SPP) was discovered as the most suitable substrate for phenazine production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa TUN03 fermentation. Various small-scale experiments conducted in flasks for phenazine production indicated that the most suitable was the newly designed liquid medium which included 1\% SPP, 0.05\% MgSO 4, and 0.1\% Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 (initial pH 7). Phenazines were further studied for scale-up bioproduction in a 14 L bioreactor system resulting in a high yield (22.73 {\SGMLmicro}g/mL) in a much shorter cultivation time (12 h). In the fermented culture broth, hemi-pyocyanin (HPC) was detected as a major phenazine compound with an area percentage of 11.28\% in the crude sample. In the bioactivity tests, crude phenazines and HPC demonstrate novel potential nematicidal activity against black pepper nematodes, inhibiting both juveniles (J2) nematodes and egg hatching. The results of this work suggest a novel use of SPP for cost-effective bioproduction of HPC, a novel potential nematodes inhibitor. Moreover, the combination of MgSO 4 and Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 was also found to be a novel salt composition that significantly enhanced phenazine yield by P. aeruginosa fermentation in this work.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhu:2022:IOD, author = "Yahua Zhu and Tao Jiang and Xiubao Chen and Hongbo Liu and Quinton Phelps and Jian Yang", title = "Inter-Otolith Differences in Strontium Markings: a Case Study on the Juvenile Crucian Carp \bioname{Carassius carassius} ({Linnaeus}, 1758)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "112", day = "15", month = may, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030112", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Wed Jul 6 07:29:57 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/3/112", abstract = "The release of hatchery-reared fish fry for restocking is important for the enrichment of fishery resources; however, the effective evaluation of the success rate of marking such fish is challenging. We exposed juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius) to a single concentration of SrCl 2 {\cdot}6H 2 O for 5 d and evaluated the efficiency of Sr marking of the fish otoliths (sagittae, asterisci, and lapilli) using an electron probe micro-analyzer. Sr marking signatures formed a peak in all otolith types, with a marking success rate of 100\%. The ratio of Sr to Ca in the lapilli and sagittae was higher than that in the asterisci. It took 2 d from the beginning of immersion to the deposition of Sr on the lapilli and sagittae, and the time delay for asterisci was 1 d. For the lapilli and sagittae, it took 16 d to terminate Sr marking and fully recover to the pre-marking Sr level, whereas it was 12 d for the asterisci. The application of the Sr dose had no effect on the survival or growth of the carp. This study demonstrated that the lapilli are the most suitable otolith type for Sr marking observations in crucian carp and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for carp restocking using the Sr marking approach.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Guimaraes:2022:OAP, author = "Mateus Cardoso Guimar{\~a}es and Isabel M. Cerezo and Miguel Frederico Fernandez-Alarcon and Mariene Miyoko Natori and Luciana Yuri Sato and Camila A. T. Kato and Miguel Angel Mori{\~n}igo and Silvana Tapia-Paniagua and Danielle de Carla Dias and Carlos Massatoshi Ishikawa and Maria Jos{\'e} T. Ranzani-Paiva and Luara Lucena Cassiano and Erna Elisabeth Bach and Patr{\'\i}cia B. Clissa and Daniele P. Orefice and Leonardo Tachibana", title = "Oral Administration of Probiotics (\bioname{Bacillus subtilis} and \bioname{Lactobacillus plantarum}) in \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Vaccinated and Challenged with \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "211", day = "22", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040211", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/211", abstract = "Streptococcus agalactiae is an important bacterial pathogen in intensive Nile tilapia production, causing high mortality rates and great economic losses. This work aimed to evaluate the Nile tilapia vaccination against S. agalactiae and fed with ration containing probiotic AQUA PHOTO {\reg} composed of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum, on the immune response action and gut microbiota. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (CON = control; ADJ = adjuvant; PRO = probiotic; VAC = vaccine; PRO + VAC = probiotic + vaccine) and five replicates. The vaccine (bacterin + adjuvant) was injected after 21 days (21d) of probiotic feeding and the vaccine was booster 14 days post-vaccination (35d). After 14 days of the booster (49d), the fish were challenged with S. agalactiae and observed for more than 14 days, completing 63 days. The immunized group showed a better survival rate (CON 40\%; ADJ 57\%; PRO 67\%; VAC 87\%; PRO + VAC 97\%). The treatments VAC and PRO + VAC, after booster produced higher levels of IgM antibodies compared with the control from the same time. The combination of probiotic and vaccination provided better protection against S. agalactiae infection, directly affecting the gut microbiological profile. These results indicated the contribution of probiotic to the adaptive immune response through the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, improving the effect of the vaccination. In conclusion, AQUA PHOTO {\reg}, composed of B. subtilis and L. plantarum, orally administered to Nile tilapia vaccinated against and challenged with S. agalactiae increases protection from infection and modifies the intestinal microbiota profile of the host, promoting the microbiota balance and improving adaptive immune response.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lokovsek:2022:IFE, author = "Ana Lokov{\v{s}}ek and Martina Orlando-Bonaca and Domen Trkov and Lovrenc Lipej", title = "An Insight into the Feeding Ecology of \bioname{Serranus scriba}, a Shallow Water Mesopredator in the \geoname{Northern Adriatic Sea}, with a Non-Destructive Method", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "210", day = "20", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040210", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/210", abstract = "Serranus scriba is a common member of the coastal fish community in the Adriatic Sea, but knowledge about its feeding ecology is scarce. The aim of this paper is to present new evidence about its food preferences and feeding habits. An innovative non-destructive method of fecal pellet analysis was used for this study. This method does not require sacrificing specimens and the fish can be released back into the sea alive after the laboratory work. The results demonstrated that S. scriba mainly preys on decapods, followed by polychaetes, isopods, fish, mollusks and swarming shrimps. The calculated index of trophic diversity (ITD) value of 0.89 indicates that it is an opportunistic feeder that feeds on a wide range of different prey. According to the calculated trophic level of 3.43, which is higher than that of other members of the community, S. scriba is also an important piscivorous predator. With age, S. scriba undergoes an ontogenetic shift. The proportion of crustaceans, gastropods and polychaetes decreases with age and body size, while the proportion of fish increases.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garcia-Marquez:2022:FEA, author = "Jorge Garc{\'\i}a-M{\'a}rquez and Isabel M. Cerezo and F{\'e}lix L. Figueroa and Roberto Te{\'o}filo Abdala-D{\'\i}az and Salvador Arijo", title = "First Evaluation of Associated Gut Microbiota in Wild Thick-Lipped Grey Mullets (\bioname{Chelon labrosus}, {Risso} 1827)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "209", day = "19", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040209", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/209", abstract = "This study aimed to characterize the intestinal microbiota of wild thick-lipped grey mullets (Chelon labrosus) and explore its potential functionality on the host. Intestinal contents of anterior and posterior sections from wild fish were collected and DNA was extracted. Subsequently, the V3--V4 regions of 16S rRNA were sequenced using the Illumina technology and results were analyzed by bioinformatics pipeline. The functional profile of the microbial community was analyzed using PICRUSt software. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were significantly higher in the posterior section of wild specimens. The overall taxonomic composition suggests a certain homogeneity in the anterior section of the intestine and heterogeneity in the posterior section. Due to this, no statistical differences were detected at any level among both intestinal sections. Predicted functions of intestinal microbiota showed the most abundant were those related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, membrane transport, and cell replication and repair. Furthermore, the analysis revealed microbial functional genes related to the elimination of environmental toxins.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garcia-Fernandez:2022:UDG, author = "Cristina Garc{\'\i}a-Fern{\'a}ndez and Rosario Dom{\'\i}nguez-Petit and Fran Saborido-Rey", title = "The Use of Daily Growth to Analyze Individual Spawning Dynamics in an Asynchronous Population: The Case of the \geoname{European} Hake from the Southern Stock", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "208", day = "18", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040208", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/208", abstract = "Daily growth patterns and their relationship with reproduction was analyzed in the European hake from the Galician Shelf, where it shows a very protracted spawning with three spawning peaks. The daily growth analysis was performed in otoliths of adult females on the transversal section of the sagittae otolith. Daily increments were measured from the border to the nucleus in females until they were discernible. Results show that daily growth of females decreases during the spawning period because they allocate less energy to somatic growth in favor of the production of gametes, with an increase in growth in July. Lastly, daily growth individual trends showed a ``spawning pattern'' in 28\% of medium and large females, suggesting an individual spawning period of one to two months, with 4--5 valleys of narrow daily increments, likely associated to batch release: individual spawning frequency would be 4--5 days. This is the first time that individual spawning frequency in hake is estimated based on individual data. Finally, the spawning pattern is detected only once per year, indicating that a single female participates only in one spawning peak per year, supporting the hypothesis of the existence of two or more spawning components in the stock.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pang:2022:CUL, author = "Yangyang Pang and Chao Niu and Lifeng Wu and Yameng Song and Xiaozhe Song and Ao-ya Shi and Xingliang Shi and Zong-wen Wu and Boping Tang and Xiaozhen Yang and Yongxu Cheng", title = "Comprehensive Utilization of Land Resources for Photovoltaic Power Generation to Culture \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}): Growth Performance, Nutritional Composition and Tissue Color", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "207", day = "18", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040207", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/207", abstract = "The assertive growth of photovoltaics (PV) will occupy a lot of land resources. There is also a needed land resource to expand the culturing area of Eriocheir sinensis. The aquavoltaic systems offer a potential solution to integrate PV power and E. sinensis culturing. In this study, we cultured E. sinensis in an area of PV panels (PV group) and an area with no PV panels (control group), respectively. The results showed that the weight gain rate, body length, body width, and meat yield of male crabs in the PV group significantly increases. In addition, the moisture of muscles, hepatopancreas, and testes in the PV group has significantly increased, and the total lipids of the hepatopancreas and muscles in the PV group were significantly decreased. Moreover, the PV panels affected the content of eight amino acids in different tissues, including Met, Arg, Cys, Pro, Gly, Leu, Tyr, and His. In addition, several saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) had been significantly influenced by the PV panels. {\SGMLsum}MUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), {\SGMLsum}n-3 PUFA, {\SGMLsum}n-6 PUFA, and n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio ($ p < 0.05$) in the PV group had significantly decreased. The results of tissue color showed that the L* value of ovaries was significantly higher than in the control group, and a* and b* values of hepatopancreas were significantly lower. In conclusion, PV panels could promote growth performance and amino acid nutrition of crabs. However, the PV panels had a few negative influences on the fatty acid composition and tissue color.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2022:EAA, author = "Mingshuai Li and Shihui Wang and Zhigang Zhao and Liang Luo and Rui Zhang and Kun Guo and Lanlan Zhang and Yuhong Yang", title = "Effects of Alkalinity on the Antioxidant Capacity, Nonspecific Immune Response and Tissue Structure of \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab \bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "206", day = "18", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040206", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/206", abstract = "The effects of various levels of alkalinity stress (0, 18.25, 35.41, 52.53 and 69.74 mmol/L) in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were investigated by means of measuring hepatopancreas antioxidant system and serum nonspecific immune system-related indices at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h, hepatopancreas tissue structure at 96 h. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in each concentration group generally showed a trend of a first increasing and then decreasing during the 96-h stress process ($ p < 0.05$)1, while no significant changes were observed in the blank group during this period ($ p > 0.05$). The activities of CAT, GSH and AST in all treatment reached peak values at 24--48 h. At 96 h of alkalinity stress, the activities of GSH, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatise (ACP) and alkaline phosphatise (AKP) in the 18.25 mmol/L group were not significantly different with the control group ($ p < 0.05$). The activities of SOD and CAT in the 52.53 and 69.74 mmol/L treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group ($ p < 0.05$), and the level of total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), ALT, ACP and AKP in the 69.74 mmol/L group were significantly higher than those in the other groups ($ p < 0.05$). Hepatopancreatic histological observation showed that the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis in the control group was normal. With increasing alkalinity, the basal membrane of the hepatopancreas fell off or even ruptured. Additionally, the number of hepatopancreas vacuoles increased, the volume of B cells and their internal transport vesicles increased, epithelial cells disintegrated, and the nucleus gradually shrank. E. sinensis can activate antioxidant and nonspecific immune systems to adapt to alkalinity stress. However, oxidative stress, immune system damage and hepatopancreas structure damage were caused when the stress exceeded the adaptive capacity of the body.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mahu:2022:CRA, author = "Edem Mahu and Salieu Sanko and Allieubakarr Kamara and Ernest Obeng Chuku and Elizabeth Effah and Zacharie Sohou and Yaovi Zounon and Victoria Akinjogunla and Ruth Oluwatoyin Akinnigbagbe and Hamet Diaw Diadhiou and Robert Marchant", title = "Climate Resilience and Adaptation in \geoname{West African} Oyster Fisheries: An Expert-Based Assessment of the Vulnerability of the Oyster \bioname{Crassostrea tulipa} to Climate Change", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "205", day = "16", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040205", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/205", abstract = "Globally, over 85\% of oyster reefs have been lost, and the combined effects of climate change, ocean acidification, and environmental degradation, including pollution and mangrove overharvesting, could further reduce global oyster fisheries in the coming decades. To understand the level of impact of climate change on the oyster fishery in West Africa, an expert-based vulnerability assessment to climate change was conducted for the West African mangrove oyster (Crassostrea tulipa, Lamarck 1819). Using a combination of the exposure of the oyster to climatic stressors (estuarine temperature, salinity, river flow, surface run-off, sea level rise, and estuarine circulation) together with an assessment of sensitivity to these stressors, we estimate the overall vulnerability of C. tulipa to climate change. A very high overall climate vulnerability score of 12 on a scale of 16 was calculated for C. tulipa. While the overall climate exposure score in the West African coastal region remained high, the high sensitivity of C. tulipa to hydrographic conditions of its habitat, in particular salinity, coupled with its sessile and habitat-specific nature, pushed the overall vulnerability to very high. Early life history settlement requirements, adult mobility, and sensitivity to salinity were the three most important biological and sensitivity attributes that determined the vulnerability score. By leaving each of these three sensitivity attributes out of the analysis, the overall vulnerability score was reduced to 9 (i.e., from very high to high). A negative directional effect of climate change, coupled with a low potential for change in distribution, threatens the C. tulipa fishery in a long-term adverse climate scenario. We recommend management efforts that incorporate climate resilience and adaptation practices to prioritize recruitment success, as well as the development of breeding lines with climate-resilient traits.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Armas:2022:IFP, author = "Elier Armas and Hugo Arancibia and Sergio Neira", title = "Identification and Forecast of Potential Fishing Grounds for Anchovy (\bioname{Engraulis ringens}) in {Northern Chile} Using Neural Networks Modeling", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "204", day = "15", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040204", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/204", abstract = "Engraulis ringens (E. ringens) is a small pelagic fish of which the geographic and bathymetric distribution is conditioned by fluctuations in oceanographic conditions at different time scales (daily, weekly, monthly, annually, supra-annually, and longer) and by fishing. Understanding the {organism$-$ environment} interactions and predicting the spatial distribution of its schools can improve conservation actions and fishery management, along with the operation of the fleets targeting E. ringens. There is an important fishery of E. ringens in Northern Chile ({18$^\circ $}21{\prime} S--{26$^\circ $}00{\prime} S), which provides about 80\% of the purse seine catch. To identify and predict potential fishing grounds for E. ringens in this system, we implemented a predictive model of fishing grounds based on neural networks, which was trained with the georeferenced data of daily catches by industrial purse sein ships from 2003 to 2020 and information on oceanographic variables (sea surface temperature, salinity, depth of the mixed layer, sea height, and currents) obtained from the Copernicus Marine Enviroment Monitoring Service (CMEMS program). The neural network model had a very good performance (86\%). Longitude (23\%) was the most relevant variable for identifying potential fishing grounds, followed by the mixed layer depth (18\%), latitude (15\%), sea surface temperature (12\%), month (12\%), sea height (9\%), salinity (9\%), and the zonal and meridional components of the current velocity (2\%). The neural network model classified correctly the majority of the areas with and without fishing potential; thus, its use is recommended to predict fishing grounds for E. ringens in the study area. Its application could increase by 88\% of the probability of capture anchovy by the purse seine fleet of Northern Chile.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2022:EDC, author = "Mingliang Zhang and Xinyi Wu and Shaowei Zhai", title = "Effect of Dietary Compound Acidifiers Supplementation on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Body Composition of Juvenile \geoname{American} Eel (\bioname{Anguilla rostrata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "203", day = "12", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040203", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/203", abstract = "As growth-promoting feed additives, compound acidifiers (CAs) have been widely reported in many farmed fish species, whereas there is little information on the application of CAs in the eel diet. The present trial was conducted to evaluate the supplementation effects of CAs on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and body composition of the juvenile American eel (Anguilla rostrata). The CAs supplementation levels in the diet of American eel were 0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g/kg, respectively. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. The most beneficial effects of CAs on promoting growth performance, decreasing levels of serum lipid, modifying parameters of the liver function and immune function in the serum, and increasing the utilization of calcium and phosphorus in the diet were observed in the fish fed with 4.0 g/kg CAs. Dietary CAs supplementation had no significant effects on the body composition of whole fish, whereas 5.0 g/kg of dietary CAs supplementation exerted negative effects on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and utilization of calcium and phosphorus. The recommended level of CAs in the diet was 3.5--3.7 g/kg to achieve the optimal weight gain and feed conversion ratio for the juvenile American eel.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huang:2022:DPM, author = "Dongyu Huang and Hualiang Liang and Jian Zhu and Mingchun Ren and Xianping Ge", title = "Dietary Protein Modifies Hepatic Glycolipid Metabolism, Intestinal Immune Response, and Resistance to \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae} of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia ({GIFT}: \bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Exposed to High Temperature", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "202", day = "12", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040202", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/202", abstract = "The present study investigates the effects of dietary protein levels on glucolipid metabolism, immune function, and resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) exposed to high temperature. Six practical diets were prepared to feed 360 fish (initial weight 43.78 {\pm} 0.12 g) with graded protein levels (26.45\%, 29.28\%, 31.69\%, 33.68\%, 36.18\%, and 38.75\% dry matter). The results showed that 26.45\% dietary protein significantly improved glycolysis by increasing PK mRNA levels, while the 29.28\% and 31.69\% dietary protein levels promoted gluconeogenesis by increasing PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA levels. For lipid metabolism, 26.45\% dietary protein enhanced lipid synthesis by increasing PPAR-{\gamma}, SREBP1c, and FAS mRNA levels, while 31.69\% dietary protein enhanced the level of lipolysis by increasing the PPAR-{\alpha} and CPT1 mRNA levels. The highest plasma TG and TC contents were observed in the 29.28\% and 31.69\% dietary protein groups, respectively. In terms of antioxidants and immunity, the 31.69\% dietary protein level activated the expression levels of HSP90 mRNA, thus increasing the expression levels of antioxidant-related genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx), and upregulating the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 mRNA levels. In addition, regarding the antioxidant enzymes, the highest GSH content was found in the 29.28\% dietary protein group, while the 31.69\% dietary protein group had the maximum GSH-Px activity. The lowest plasma ALT and AST activities were observed in the 31.69\% dietary protein group. Ultimately, the survival rate of juvenile GIFT fed 31.69\% dietary protein was highest after a Streptococcus agalactiae challenge. Overall, 29.28--31.69\% dietary protein was recommended in the diet of GIFT in a high-temperature environment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Iqbal:2022:IDF, author = "Usama Iqbal and Daoliang Li and Muhammad Akhter", title = "Intelligent Diagnosis of Fish Behavior Using Deep Learning Method", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "201", day = "11", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040201", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/201", abstract = "Scientific methods are used to monitor fish growth and behavior and reduce the loss caused by stress and other circumstances. Conventional techniques are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to accidents. Deep learning (DL) technology is rapidly gaining popularity in various fields, including aquaculture. Moving towards smart fish farming necessitates the precise and accurate identification of fish biodiversity. Observing fish behavior in real time is imperative to make better feeding decisions. The proposed study consists of an efficient end-to-end convolutional neural network (CNN) classifying fish behavior into the normal and starvation categories. The performance of the CNN is evaluated by varying the number of fully connected (FC) layers with or without applying max-pooling operation. The accuracy of the detection algorithm is increased by 10\% by incorporating three FC layers and max pooling operation. The results demonstrated that the shallow architecture of the CNN model, which employs a max-pooling function with more FC layers, exhibits promising performance and achieves 98\% accuracy. The presented system is a novel step in laying the foundation for an automated behavior identification system in modern fish farming.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sung:2022:PTF, author = "Wei-Ying Sung and Hsiao-Chien Lee and Wen-Hong Liu", title = "The Path from Traditional Fisheries to Ecotourism in \geoname{Cimei Island}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "200", day = "10", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040200", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/200", abstract = "Cimei Island is a second-class outlying island. In recent years, due to the lack of coastal fishery resources and restrictions on traffic and climate, the traditional fishery and tourism industries that residents rely on for a living have faced challenges. This research is based on the Barbados Programme of Action, from the perspective of environmental conservation, industrial economy, and social development in sustainable development, and from the perspective of local stakeholders, to construct a sustainable tourism action approach and development mechanism in Cimei Island. A qualitative research method was adopted. Various sources of data, including focus discussions and in-depth interviews with local stakeholders, textual materials, and field observations, were collected and analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) Cimei faces great threats in social, economic, and environmental aspects, which has led to Cimei Islands' promotion of permanent development. (2) The current development of Cimei cannot effectively drive industrial development or the transformation of fishing villages. However, residents are worried that overdevelopment will impact the ecological environment and lifestyle on the Islands. (3) Cimei's sustainable tourism development approach should be to first take inventory of the ecological environment and cultural resources, plan related environmental laws and regulations, and finally, use sustainable tourism to drive industrial development to carry out island development.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Giovos:2022:UGN, author = "Ioannis Giovos and Roxani Naasan Aga-Spyridopoulou and Fabrizio Serena and Alen Soldo and Adi Barash and Nikolaos Doumpas and Georgios A. Gkafas and Dimitra Katsada and George Katselis and Periklis Kleitou and Vasileios Minasidis and Yannis P. Papastamatiou and Eleana Touloupaki and Dimitrios K. Moutopoulos", title = "An Updated \geoname{Greek} National Checklist of Chondrichthyans", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "199", day = "09", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040199", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/199", abstract = "Accurate checklists of species are essential for evaluating their conservation status and for understanding more about their distribution, biology and ecology and, therefore, the first step in order to effectively protect them. According to the existing literature, the Greek seas are rich in chondrichthyan biodiversity and herein, we update the most recent chondrichthyan checklist for the country regarding the species that are present in the Greek waters, correct unvalidated miscellaneous sightings and observations and provide guidelines about future research to improve their conservation. In total, 330 sources were collected from which 276 were used for further analysis, resulting in 1485 records of 67 species, among which 61 are confirmed by experts, including 34 sharks, 26 batoids and one chimaera. We are further listing six species as ``Questionable/Not Confirmed''.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2022:DMP, author = "Bin Wang and Hanping Mao and Jian Zhao and Yong Liu and Yafei Wang and Xiaoxue Du", title = "Designing a Multi-Parameter Method to Assess the Adaptation Period of Crucian Carp under Stress Conditions of the Bionic Robot Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "198", day = "08", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040198", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/198", abstract = "Changes in the physiological and behavioral states of fish are affected by foreign substances. Therefore, fish need a certain adaptation period to eliminate the stress response. Herein, in order to determine the adaptation period, the bionic robot fish was used to obtain behavioral information about crucian carp, which was tested at five time points (1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day) within 28 days. First, the fear response and exploratory behavior of crucian carp affected by three-color bionic robot fish were explored. Then, according to the measurement results of the behavior, morphology, and feeding, and the physiological and biochemical properties of the crucian carp, a multi-parameter evaluation method was proposed to determine the adaptation period of the crucian carp under this monitoring mode. The results showed that more than 4 areas were occupied by crucian carp from the 21st day. From the 16th day, the number of crucian carp swimming with clear outlines gradually increased. The number of abnormal swimming occurrences decreased on day 13. More than 80\% of the crucian carp body color returned to dark on the 23rd day. The crucian carp did not respond to food until day 19, when most of the crucian carp began to scramble for food. Food consumption reached more than two thirds on day 22. In addition, glucose and total protein leveled off after day 21, when mean hemoglobin levels were highest. Triglycerides showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The pigmented area of the skin section gradually decreases and eventually stabilizes. In summary, it takes at least 23 days for the crucian carp to adapt to the influence of the bionic robot fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Axling:2022:BZL, author = "Johanna Axling and Hampus Jakobsson and Natalia Frymus and Per-Ove Th{\"o}rnqvist and Erik Petersson and Svante Winberg", title = "Boldness in Zebrafish Larvae---Development and Differences between a Domesticated Lab Strain and Offspring of Wild-Caught Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "197", day = "08", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040197", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/197", abstract = "Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are becoming one of the most important model organisms in behavioural neuroscience. It has been shown repeatedly that different zebrafish strains show large behavioural differences. These divergent behavioural profiles may have a genetic basis, but environmental factors and previous experience are also known to greatly affect the behavioural phenotype of zebrafish. It could be expected that behavioural differences at the larval stage should be less affected by environmental factors and experience. In the present study, we screened larvae of zebrafish of the AB strain and offspring of wild-caught zebrafish for boldness, using an open field test. In order to follow the behavioural development, we studied larvae at the age of 5-, 7-, 12- and 30-days post fertilization (dpf). Behaviour, as well as behavioural development, clearly differed between the larvae of the different strains. Wild larvae showed larger total distance moved than AB larvae, both at light and dark conditions. These differences were already present at 12 dpf but became more pronounced with age. Wild larvae had a greater variance compared to AB larvae for most of the variables. We have previously shown that bold and shy adult zebrafish differ in the brain expression of dopamine and opioid receptors. The results of the current study show that wild larvae display significantly higher brain expression of drd2b than AB larvae at 30 dpf, a difference that could be related to differences in activity. We did not detect any differences in the expression of opioid receptors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2022:MCN, author = "Xiaomei Zhou and Dafang Zhao and Yuan Chen and Yangbo Xiao and Zhuangwen Mao and Shenping Cao and Fufa Qu and Yutong Li and Junyan Jin and Zhen Liu and Jianzhong Li and Zhimin He", title = "Molecular Characterization and Nutrition Regulation of the Glutamine Synthetase Gene in Triploid Crucian Carp", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "196", day = "08", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040196", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/196", abstract = "Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate, which plays a role in the promotion of muscle cell growth and in improving the flavor of meats. In this study, a GS gene encoding 371 amino acids was cloned from triploid crucian carp and showed the highest level of similarity with the GS gene found in Cyprinus carpio. Meanwhile, GS was differentially expressed in different tissues, and its day--night expression changes showed obvious oscillation. Additionally, the effects of glutamate and glutamine on GS expression in muscle cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. We found that its expression was obviously increased due to high levels of glutamate (2 mg/mL) but decreased by glutamine in vitro. However, it was significantly promoted by glutamate and glutamine in vivo, with an optimal concentration of 2\%. Furthermore, the use of lysine--glutamate dipeptides as feed additives also had a positive influence on GS expression (the optimal concentration is 0.8\%). Finally, we explored the effects of different protein levels and sources on the expression of GS, and the results demonstrated that GS had the highest expression at the 35\% protein level, but no significant differences were observed in the different protein sources between the fish meal diet (FM) and the mixed diet comprising soybean meal and rapeseed meal (SM). This study sheds new light on the regulation of GS in teleost fish and provides new perceptions and strategies for the formulation of high-quality feed for triploid crucian carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jhan:2022:PCD, author = "Hao-Tang Jhan and Hsin-Ta Lee and Kuo-Huan Ting", title = "The Potential Compatibility of Designating Offshore Wind Farms within Wider Marine Protected Areas---Conservation of the \geoname{Chinese} White Dolphin Regarding Fishers' Perception", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "195", day = "05", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040195", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/195", abstract = "The population of the Chinese white dolphin along Taiwan's west coast is under a range of threats. The designation of marine protected areas (MPA) is urgently required for their protection. However, conflicts between specific species conservation and fishing rights mean that the success of such a designation relies on the fishers' perceptions and awareness of an MPA. Designating offshore wind farms within MPAs can be a mechanism for minimizing conflicts between fisheries and conservation. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential for designating an offshore wind farm within an MPA for Chinese white dolphin conservation by exploring the attitudes of local fishers. This study used face-to-face questionnaires. The results show that the main challenges are conflicts of interest, insufficient science-based information, and inadequate law enforcement. Offshore wind farms could be a way to maximize the benefits for different stakeholders and positively impact the marine environment and ecosystem. This study makes feasible recommendations on how to improve conservation, promote renewable energy, and encourage sustainable fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lopes:2022:DEF, author = "Ana F. Lopes and Robyn Murdoch and Sara Martins-Cardoso and Carolina Madeira and Pedro M. Costa and Ana S. F{\'e}lix and Rui F. Oliveira and Narcisa M. Bandarra and Catarina Vinagre and Ana R. Lopes and Emanuel J. Gon{\c{c}}alves and Ana Margarida Faria", title = "Differential Effects of Food Restriction and Warming in the Two-Spotted Goby: Impaired Reproductive Performance and Stressed Offspring", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "194", day = "05", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040194", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/194", abstract = "Climate change is a growing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems, and it is already modifying ocean properties by, for example, increasing temperature and decreasing pH. Increasing water temperature may also lead to an impairment of primary productivity and an overall depletion of available zooplankton. Understanding how the crossover between warming and zooplankton availability impacts fish populations has paramount implications for conservation and mitigation strategies. Through a cross factorial design to test the effects of ocean temperature and food availability in a temperate marine teleost, Pomatochistus flavescens, we showed that hindered feeding impacted sheltering and avoidance behaviour. Also, low food availability impaired fish reproduction, particularly male reproduction, as the expression of cyp11b1, a gene with a pivotal role in the synthesis of the most important fish androgen, 11-ketotestosterone, was significantly reduced under a low food regime. In contrast, temperature alone did not affect reproductive success, but offspring showed increased saturated fatty acid content (embryos) and increased lipid peroxidation (larvae). Altogether, food availability had a stronger effect on fitness, showing that coping with elevated temperatures, an ability that may be expected in shallow-water fish, can be indirectly impacted, or even overwhelmed, by the effects of ocean warming on primary productivity and downstream ecological processes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2022:CDS, author = "Haoyu Li and Xiaonan Zhang and Yang Zhang and Qi Liu and Fengwen Liu and Donglin Li and Hucai Zhang", title = "Climate-Driven Synchrony in Anchovy Fluctuations: A \geoname{Pacific}-Wide Comparison", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "193", day = "05", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040193", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/193", abstract = "Fish population fluctuations have been widely documented and are often attributed to climate variability, but little is known about their relationship. This is a barrier that restricts our capacity to understand climate effects on fish fluctuations. Here, we collected published data to conduct a comparative analysis of time series in terms of both scale deposition rate (SDR) and catch to indicate the abundance of anchovy and explored its relationships with climatic and environmental parameters. We first conducted a Spearman correlation analysis to identify the differences in the SDR between sites. Then, we used Generalized Additive Models to evaluate the effects of external forcing at multiple spatial scales (i.e., local and global scales) on the anchovy catches recorded at the California Current Ecosystem (CCE), Humboldt Current Ecosystem (HCE), and Kuroshio Current Ecosystem (KCE). We found that the SDRs at different sites in the same Current Systems are generally consistent, while there are more differences between different systems. We also found that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDOI), North Pacific index (NPI), North Pacific Gyre Oscillation index (NPGOI), Sea Surface Temperature anomaly (SSTA), and Air Temperature anomaly (ATA) were the most influential factors explaining the variability in anchovy catch for CCE, whereas the NPGOI was the most influential factor for HCE. The PDOI was the best at explaining the variability in anchovy catch for KCE. Our results suggest that anchovy fluctuations in the Pan-Pacific occurred synchronously. These seemingly unrelated events, which occurred thousands of kilometers apart, were actually not isolated. Therefore, we suggest that large-scale climate forcing may activate synchronous fluctuations for anchovy populations at the basin scale, whereas local-scale environmental forces are also responsible for anchovy fluctuations in the ``micro-environment''.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2022:ACE, author = "Peiwen Wang and Isabel Mendes", title = "Assessment of Changes in Environmental Factors Affecting Aquaculture Production and Fisherfolk Incomes in {China} between 2010 and 2020", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "192", day = "05", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040192", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/192", abstract = "The vast expanse of China's land surface results in the country's environment varying from region to region. Environmental changes impact on China's industries, markets, and trade, indirectly affecting not only the country's economy but also the people who depend on aquaculture resources. Regional differentiation leads to an imbalance that severely affects social fairness and equity, which becomes a key factor limiting the sustainable development of the economy and society. Analysis and assessment of the changes in environmental factors affecting aquaculture production and fisherfolk's income in 31 regions of China between 2010 and 2020 aim to provide a reference for regional differentiation in the economic development of aquaculture in the different regions in China, representing an essential step towards achieving the coordinated development of rural regional areas. This study's assessment and analysis procedures adopted the principal component analysis method. The findings suggest that regional differences in Chinese fisherfolk's income and the environmental factors affecting China's aquaculture production are veritable. There have been subtle changes in regional differentiation over a decade. It is necessary to implement contextualized environmental management measures, concessionary taxation, and additional subsidies to address the different characteristics of China's different regions for the future development of environmental management and narrowing the income gap, to address both the income disparities in Chinese fisherfolk's income and environmental factors affecting Chinese aquaculture production, to achieve the harmonious development of rural regional areas.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2022:MCS, author = "Xiaojuan Hu and Haochang Su and Peng Zhang and Zuozhi Chen and Yu Xu and Wujie Xu and Jie Li and Guoliang Wen and Yucheng Cao", title = "Microbial Community Structure and Metabolic Characteristics of Intestine and Gills of Dwarf-Form Populations of \bioname{Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis} in \geoname{South China Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "191", day = "04", month = aug, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040191", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/191", abstract = "Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is an important biological resource in the South China Sea. However, the microbiological characteristics of this squid, especially those of the dwarf-form, are poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the microbial community structure and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal and gill tissues of dwarf-form populations of S. oualaniensis. The dwarf-form squids of different sexes and gonadal maturities were collected from South China Sea in spring 2020. Results showed that Mycoplasma was the most dominant group of bacteria in the intestinal samples of the females with immature gonads (FN), females at sexual maturity (FY), and males at sexual maturity (MY) and the second-highest relative abundance group in males with immature gonads (MN). The microbial community structure in squid gills differed from that of intestinal flora. The BD1-7 clade was the dominant genus in gill samples of all groups. Furthermore, the microbial community activities in gills were higher than in intestinal groups, especially FYG. The larger dwarf-form populations had microbial communities with more robust utilization of carbon sources, assessed via average well color development (AWCD). Correlation and redundancy analysis determined that AWCD significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of BD1-7 clade ($ p < 0.05$). The results indicated that the dominant group of bacteria and microbial community structure were different between the intestinal and gill microbial communities in the dwarf-form S. oualaniensis populations of different sexes and maturities. Moreover, the metabolic potential of the gill microbial community was higher than that of the intestinal microbial community in the dwarf-form populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Subhan:2022:EUB, author = "Ujang Subhan and Iskandar and Zahidah and Camellia Panatarani and I Made Joni", title = "Effect of Ultrafine Bubbles on Various Stocking Density of Striped Catfish Larviculture in Recirculating Aquaculture System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "190", day = "29", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040190", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/190", abstract = "The effects of ultrafine bubbles on the high stock density of striped catfish larvae in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) are described in this research (UFBs-RAS). In this study, the various stock densities of striped catfish were investigated regarding the effect of oxygen saturation on the yolk sac absorption rate, length growth rate, and yolk sac utilization efficiency at the endogenous stage. The survival rate, the specific growth rate (weight, length, and biomass), and the gross feeding efficiency were examined at an exogenous stage. The results showed that the ultrafine bubbles generator in the recirculating aquaculture system (UFBs-RAS) provide the dissolved oxygen concentration up to 128.97\%sat. The oxygen saturated state in FBs-RAS at the stock density 100 fish/L (D100) provided high yolk sac utilization efficiency in the endogenous stage and high survival, specific growth rate, and gross feeding efficiency in the exogenous stage. It was emphasized that the performance was possible due to surplus oxygen up to 1.58 mg/L at the stock density of 100 fish/L and accomplished minimum ammonia (NH 3 -N) content much lower than the limit (0.12 {\SGMLmicro}g/L). Thus, the striped catfish larviculture with UFBs-RAS-provided oxygen balance subsequently improved the production rate significantly with cost-effective production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sumon:2022:EPA, author = "Md Afsar Ahmed Sumon and Mohammad Habibur Rahman Molla and Israa J. Hakeem and Foysal Ahammad and Ramzi H. Amran and Mamdoh T. Jamal and Mohamed Hosny Gabr and Md. Shafiqul Islam and Md. Tariqul Alam and Christopher L. Brown and Eun-Woo Lee and Mohammed Moulay and Amer H. Asseri and F A Dain Md Opo and Ahad Amer Alsaiari and Md. Tawheed Hasan", title = "Epigenetics and Probiotics Application toward the Modulation of Fish Reproductive Performance", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "189", day = "28", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040189", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/189", abstract = "Fish represent an excellent source of animal protein as well as a biomedical research model as a result of their evolutionary relatedness and similarity with the human genome. Commercial and ornamental fish culture has achieved popularity, but reproductive dysfunctions act as a limiting factor for quality fry production, interfering with the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Fish reproduction is crucial for any species' existence, and reproductive performance can potentially be improved through applications of epigenetics and probiotics. Epigenetics is a highly sensitive molecular approach that includes chromatin structure and function alteration, DNA methylation, and modification of non-coding RNA molecules for the transfer of desired information from parents to offspring. DNA methyltransferase improves reproductive cyp11a1, esr2b, and figla gene expression and feminizes zebrafish (Danio rerio). Moreover, epigenetics also contributes to genome stability, environmental plasticity, and embryonic development. However, methylation of specific genes can negatively affect sperm quality, resulting in poor fertilization. Probiotic administration is able to induce responsiveness of incompetent follicles to maturation-inducing hormones and can change oocyte chemical composition during vitellogenic development. The positive role of probiotics on testicular cells is validated by upregulating the transcription levels of leptin, bdnf, and dmrt1 genes facilitating the spermatogenesis. This review not only discusses the effects and mechanism of epigenetics and probiotics for improving fish reproduction, but also presents an overview of the causal factors and current techniques used to eradicate dysfunction. Moreover, key genes and hormones related to fish reproduction along with research gaps and future prospects are also considered. This review provides an overview of necessary information for students, scientists, researchers, and breeders to resolve fish reproduction-related problems to ensure profitable and sustainable aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dominguez-Petit:2022:PER, author = "Rosario Dom{\'\i}nguez-Petit and Cristina Garc{\'\i}a-Fern{\'a}ndez and Ezequiel Leonarduzzi and Karina Rodrigues and Gustavo Javier Macchi", title = "Parental Effects and Reproductive Potential of Fish and Marine Invertebrates: Cross-Generational Impact of Environmental Experiences", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "188", day = "27", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040188", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/188", abstract = "The reproductive success of aquatic animals depends on a complex web of relationships between the environment, the attributes of the reproductive individuals and human-induced selection. All of them are manifested directly or indirectly through parental effects, which can also compensate for certain external impacts. Parental effects refer to the influence that the phenotype and environmental conditions in which individuals develop exert on the phenotype of their offspring, and they can even have transgenerational impact. This paper describes the different types of parental effects and reviews the published literature to analyze the causes of their variation and their impact on reproductive resilience and population dynamics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2022:BME, author = "Ziyue Chen and Huajie Lu and Wei Liu and Kai Liu and Xinjun Chen", title = "Beak Microstructure Estimates of the Age, Growth, and Population Structure of Purpleback Flying Squid (\bioname{Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis}) in the \geoname{Xisha Islands} Waters of the \geoname{South China Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "187", day = "26", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040187", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/187", abstract = "This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using an upper beak microstructure to estimate the age of purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis). From these microstructures, the age and growth of squid caught from January to March and May to August in 2018, 2019, and 2020 in the waters surrounding the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea were determined. We found three typical growth zones (the hood region, crest region, and axis), abnormal increments (checks), and erosion in the beak examination. The average dorsal mantle length (ML) of males and females was 112.13 ({\pm}15.23 mm) and 119.67 mm ({\pm}24.50 mm), respectively, and no squid were older than 10 months. The peak hatching dates, according to back calculations, were from October to January of the next year. All sampled squid belonged to the autumn/winter cohort. Significant sex differences were found in the relationship between ML and age in squid with similar growth patterns. Exponential models best described the relationships of ML with age and body weight (BW) for both sexes. However, a linear model best described the relationship between age and upper rostrum length (URL). The maximum absolute daily growth rates (AGR) of BW were reached during days 240--270 for both sexes. The maximum AGRs in ML were reached during days 180--210 and 240--270 for males and females, respectively. The period of 120--150 days (4--5 months) was considered the sub-adult stage of S. oualaniensis in the Xisha Islands waters of the South China Sea. This study confirmed that the beak microstructure provides good age estimates for purpleback flying squid (S. oualaniensis).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Eegunjobi:2022:DGV, author = "Ruth Eegunjobi and Nicholas Ngepah", title = "The Determinants of Global Value Chain Participation in Developing Seafood-Exporting Countries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "186", day = "26", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040186", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/186", abstract = "Global value chain (GVC) participation has played a significant role in boosting the trade gains of both developed and developing seafood-exporting countries over the past three decades. In addition, the extent of GVC participation has become the most important platform for addressing gains from trade in developing seafood-exporting countries to ensure that their participation enhances economic growth. Recent studies on GVC participation in developing countries have highlighted the importance of domestic institutions. However, the literature is silent on the quality of the domestic institutions--GVC participation nexus. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of GVC participation and the effect of the quality of domestic institutional governance on seafood-exporting developing countries' GVC participation indices. Using the Hausman--Taylor (HT) estimator and the system generalised method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel data methodology to examine seafood export data from 32 countries from 2009 to 2018, we find that economic potential drives backward GVC participation, while low forward participation might not only lead to lower gains from trade, but also limit countries to the supply of primary seafood products with little value addition. In addition, the quality of domestic institutional governance constrains GVC participation. Overall the results indicate that the quality of domestic institutional governance matters for the GVC participation of seafood-exporting developing countries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Araujo:2022:DAA, author = "Bruno Cavalheiro Ara{\'u}jo and Arleta Krystyna Skrzynska and Victor Hugo Marques and Aurora Tinajero and Oscar Bas{\'\i}lio {Del Rio-Zaragoza} and Maria Teresa Viana and Jos{\'e} Antonio Mata-Sotres", title = "Dietary Arachidonic Acid (20:4n-6) Levels and Its Effect on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, Gene Expression for Lipid Metabolism, and Health Status of Juvenile \geoname{California} Yellowtail (\bioname{Seriola dorsalis})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "185", day = "25", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040185", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/185", abstract = "Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) fed to Seriola dorsalis juveniles at different levels was evaluated. After a seven-week feeding trial, growth performance, hepatopancreas and muscle fatty acid (FA) composition, expression of lipid-relevant genes, and blood parameters were evaluated. Four isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain 44\% crude protein and 11\% lipids with graded inclusion levels of ARA, 0\% (Control), 0.4, 0.9, and 1.4\% of the total diet. S. dorsalis juveniles (14.54 {\pm} 0.18 g) were randomly divided into twelve tanks with fifteen animals each. The animals were hand fed three times per day to apparent satiation. Dietary treatments did not significantly affect the growth performance, SGR, FCR, and feed intake of fish. Different levels of ARA in the experimental diets directly influenced liver and muscle FA profiles, with significant changes in ARA and EPA deposition between Control treatment and 1.4\%, in both tissues. The expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (alox5), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long chain (acadvl), carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1(cpt1a) was significantly affected by dietary treatments, with an expression increasing accordingly to the increasing ARA levels. In contrast, a reduction of fatty acid synthase (fas) and proliferator-activated receptor alpha (ppara) expression was significantly reduced as ARA increased in the diet. In addition, a significant reduction in blood cortisol and glucose was found at a 0.9\% ARA level compared to the other treatments. Based on the performance, cortisol levels, the gene expression for eicosanoids synthesis, and lipid metabolic pathways, the present study suggests a maximum ARA inclusion of 0.9\% in diets for California yellowtail juveniles, S. dorsalis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kindong:2022:LBA, author = "Richard Kindong and Ousmane Sarr and Feng Wu and Siquan Tian", title = "Length-Based Assessment Methods for the Conservation of a Pelagic Shark, \bioname{Carcharhinus falciformis} from the \geoname{Tropical Pacific Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "184", day = "25", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040184", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/184", abstract = "The silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis is one of the most heavily exploited sharks, being the main by-catch species in both tuna longline and purse-seine fisheries in tropical waters worldwide. Despite this severe exploitation, little is known about the species' life history and population status. Silky sharks, like many other sharks, exhibit slow growth and low fecundity, indicating the urgency of developing assessment studies to aid in the implementation of conservation plans for their stocks. Because information on the catch and effort of this species is scarce, some length-based data-limited methods were applied in the present study to provide estimates of the status of the tropical Pacific silky shark population. As evident from the LBSPR analysis, the current spawning potential ratio (SPR) was found to be below the target reference point of SPR 40\% and slightly above the limit reference point of SPR 20\%. In addition, the LBB model also confirmed that this stock's status is overfished with relatively low biomass levels. Furthermore, both models showed estimates of size selectivity at 50\% and 95\% that were lower than the estimated size at sexual maturity. In conclusion, the data-limited models developed in this study indicated that the silky shark stock in the tropical Pacific Ocean may be at risk of further decline. Additionally, the results show that growth and recruitment overfishing may be occurring in the silky shark's population calling for immediate intensification of monitoring programs for these sharks as a pre-requisite to develop efficient management and conservation plans in the Pacific Ocean.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Harris:2022:EAT, author = "Michaela Harris and Nathalie Brodeur and Francis LeBlanc and Scott Douglas and Paul Chamberland and Thomas Guyondet and Royce Steeves and Nellie Gagn{\'e}", title = "{eDNA} and Acoustic Tag Monitoring Reveal Congruent Overwintering Distributions of Striped Bass in a Hydrologically Complex Estuarine Environment", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "183", day = "23", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040183", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/183", abstract = "After collapsing in the late 1990s, the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence population of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) is recovering. Here, we evaluate the use of under-ice eDNA sampling to monitor the population and confirm overwintering locations. From 2018 to 2020, water samples were collected from transects spanning 35 km of the Miramichi River system, accounting for the effects of sampling site, month, sampling depth and tidal influence on eDNA concentration. We examined the distribution of eDNA in a complex tidal river system with a time series consisting of 12 h of continuous sampling throughout a tidal cycle, in conjunction with the use of artificial DNA tracers and acoustic Doppler current profiler flow measurements. The eDNA distribution correctly identified overwintering grounds based on acoustic tag data, including a perceptible upstream shift in 2020. Overall, there was no significant effect of year, sampling month (February or March), sampling depth or tidal phase on eDNA concentrations. The tidal time series revealed only weak patterns of eDNA recirculation. Monitoring eDNA concentration and distribution allows for a relative comparison of population size and location between years, and has the potential to be expanded to other river systems more easily than traditional acoustic fish tags and surveys.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2022:PGD, author = "Shihui Wang and Liang Luo and Rui Zhang and Kun Guo and Wei Xu and Zhigang Zhao", title = "Population Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Mitten Crab, Genus \bioname{Eriocheir}, Based on Microsatellite Markers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "182", day = "22", month = jul, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7040182", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:12 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/4/182", abstract = "Mitten crab, Eriocheir sensu stricto, is an important indigenous aquatic species and food source in Eastern Asia. Genetic diversity is an important prerequisite for the conservation and utilization of germplasm resources. However, the genetic diversity and differentiation of Eriocheir s. s. remains unclear. This study evaluated population genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of three Eriocheir s. s. populations from Suifenhe (SFH), Liaohe (LH), and Nanliujiang (NLJ), China, based on 19 microsatellite markers. The mean observed number of alleles (N a) was 22.84 alleles, and the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.86, which demonstrated high genetic diversity. The allele frequency distribution showed an ``L'' shape, ranging from 0.01 to 0.74. The genetic diversity parameter values of the LH population were higher than those of the other two populations. All pairwise F ST values showed significant differences among the three Eriocheir s. s. populations (p {$<$} 0.01). The value of Nei's genetic distance (D S) varied from 0.31 (between SFH and NLJ populations) to 0.33 (between SFH and LH populations). Overall, The results illustrate that the three wild Eriocheir s. s. populations have high genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation. This study provides the basis for Eriocheir s. s. utilization in China.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2022:EEE, author = "Guobin Chen and Tong Zhou and Meng Chen and Guiwei Zou and Hongwei Liang", title = "Effect of Estradiol on Estrogen Nuclear Receptors Genes Expression on Embryonic Development Stages in \geoname{Chinese} Soft-Shelled Turtle (\bioname{Pelodiscus sinensis})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "223", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050223", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/223", abstract = "Among Chinese soft-shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis, males have a richer nutritional value and higher market price than females. All-male offspring were obtained by 17{\beta}-estradiol (E2). However, the molecular mechanisms of E2 inducing sexual reversal remain unclear. In this study, we cloned estrogen nuclear receptors (ERs) from P. sinensis and investigated their expression profiles. We examined the responses of ER{\alpha} and ER{\beta} after treatment with different concentrations of 1.0, 5.0, and 10 mg/mL E2. ERs showed abundant expressions in the adult gonad, ER{\alpha} for ovary, and ER{\beta} for testis. E2 can up-regulate the expression of ER{\alpha}, which showed a remarkable increase while the promotion of ER{\beta} was unobvious. They reached a high level at stage 17 after the treatment of E2, genes of the female-related genes Rspo1, Wnt4, {\beta}-catenin, Foxl2, Cyp19a1, and Sox3 exhibited a significant raise at stage 17 with the increase in the concentration of E2 while the male-related genes Sox9, Dmrt1, and Amh were significantly inhibited. Our study cloned the full length of ERs and analyzed their structures and expressions, laying a foundation for the further study of the effect of estrogen on sex determination.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2022:FSR, author = "Yin Liu and Lun Song and Guangjun Song and Jinhao Wu and Kun Wang and Zhaohui Wang and Suxuan Liu", title = "Feeding Selectivity of \bioname{Ruditapes philippinarum} on Phytoplankton", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "222", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050222", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/222", abstract = "A monthly survey of the feeding selectivity of Ruditapes philippinarum in the Yalu River Estuary in 2020--2021 was conducted using high-throughput sequencing identification and visual grading technology. The results showed that the most-dominant species in the water of the shellfish culture area and in the stomachs of R. philippinarum was Karlodinium veneficum in those years. The selectivity index (E) indicated that R. philippinarum avoided consuming Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta and Cryptophyta throughout the year and preferentially consumed Dinophyta and Chlorophyta. In 2020, the annual average biomass of Dinophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Dictyochophyta, Cryptophyta and Chrysophyta in the stomach contents of R. philippinarum was 54:14:16:1:10:4; it was 41:12:28:0:1:17 in 2021. The annual average biomass ratio of picophytoplankton, nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton in the stomachs of R. philippinarum was 13:48:39 in 2020; it was 14:66:20 in 2021. R. philippinarum actively fed on nanophytoplankton and avoided picophytoplankton. Among the phytoplankton of different sizes and groups that R. philippinarum prefer to feed, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic phosphorus (DOP) have a significant negative effect on the nanophytoplankton community, pH has a positive effect on the Dictyochophyta community and COD and the inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (DI-N/P) have a significant positive effect on the Chlorophyta community.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2022:FAP, author = "Guanyu Hu and Zhenfang Zhao and Bilin Liu and Dongming Lin and Jiawei Liang and Zhou Fang and Xinjun Chen", title = "Fatty Acid Profile of Jumbo Squid (\bioname{Dosidicus gigas}) off the {Peruvian Exclusive Economic Zone}: Revealing the Variability of Feeding Strategies", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "221", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050221", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/221", abstract = "Jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas play a critical role in the marine ecosystems and are an important commercial species in the East Pacific. Generally, three size groups have been distinguished on the basis of the mantle length (ML) of an adult. Here, fatty acid (FA) analyses of muscle tissues were used to explore the feeding strategies of D. gigas off the Peruvian exclusive economic zone in terms of different size groups and sexes. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition between the small- and medium-sized groups, whereas the large-sized group differed significantly from other groups. The higher content of C20:4n6 and (C18:2n6 + C18:3n3) indicates that the large-sized group may feed more frequently in nearshore and deep waters. Furthermore, the niches of the three size groups were consistent with the results of fatty acid composition, with the large-sized group occupying the widest trophic niche, followed by the medium-sized group and then the small-sized group. In addition, there was evidence of trophic niche overlap between the small and medium groups. In terms of sexual variability of the small and medium groups, the fatty acid composition significantly differed between females and males. In terms of sexual variation of the large group, the fatty acid composition between females and males was similar, indicating that similar feeding strategies may be adopted by them. This study revealed the variability of the feeding strategies of three size groups of D. gigas off the Peruvian exclusive economic zone.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Imsland:2022:LWT, author = "Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland and Patrick Reynolds", title = "In lumpfish We Trust? {The} Efficacy of Lumpfish \bioname{Cyclopterus lumpus} to Control \bioname{Lepeophtheirus salmonis} Infestations on Farmed \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "220", day = "25", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050220", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/220", abstract = "In this review, we have systematized current knowledge about the effect of stocking lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) as cleaner fish to control Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar} {L.}). The review was prompted by recent reports in which the usefulness of lumpfish has been doubted, and the urgent need to investigate whether common lumpfish can be used to reduce L. salmonis numbers on farmed Atlantic salmon by active grazing on this species. Available published data clearly indicate that lumpfish graze on L. salmonis, and can significantly lower the lice burden in Atlantic salmon farming. It is possible to enhance the lice grazing behavior of lumpfish with the assistance of live feed conditioning prior to sea pen transfer, and with selective breeding. Data indicate that lice grazing of lumpfish is size dependent, and grazing effect is low for lumpfish larger than 200--250 g. Observations from large-scale rearing of Atlantic salmon in open sea cages in Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland also indicate that lumpfish can be effective in lowering infestations of L. salmonis on salmon. Overall, this present review reveals that lumpfish can actively contribute to lower numbers of L. salmonis on farmed Atlantic salmon.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2022:FFI, author = "Danyang Li and Houcheng Su and Kailin Jiang and Dan Liu and Xuliang Duan", title = "Fish Face Identification Based on Rotated Object Detection: Dataset and Exploration", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "219", day = "25", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050219", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/219", abstract = "At present, fish farming still uses manual identification methods. With the rapid development of deep learning, the application of computer vision in agriculture and farming to achieve agricultural intelligence has become a current research hotspot. We explored the use of facial recognition in fish. We collected and produced a fish identification dataset with 3412 images and a fish object detection dataset with 2320 images. A rotating box is proposed to detect fish, which avoids the problem where the traditional object detection produces a large number of redundant regions and affects the recognition accuracy. A self-SE module and a fish face recognition network (FFRNet) are proposed to implement the fish face identification task. The experiments proved that our model has an accuracy rate of over 90\% and an FPS of 200.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2022:EST, author = "Xingxing Zhou and Zuozhi Chen and Pengli Xiong and Yancong Cai and Jie Li and Peng Zhang and Jun Zhang and Miao Li and Jiangtao Fan", title = "Exploring the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Frigate Tuna (\bioname{Auxis thazard}) Habitat in the \geoname{South China Sea} in Spring and Summer during 2015--2019 Using Fishery and Remote Sensing Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "218", day = "25", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050218", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/218", abstract = "Frigate tuna Auxis thazard fishery is considered a potential marine resource in the open South China Sea (SCS). However, little is known about the spatial and temporal distribution of its habitat, and how this may respond to environmental changes. Using fish survey and remote sensing data from 2015--2019, we applied generalized additive models to identify relationships between environmental factors and the distribution of A. thazard in the SCS. To examine seasonal patterns in the habitat of A. thazard in the SCS, we generated a habitat suitability index model using environmental factors screened by generalized additive models. Results showed that A. thazard migrates from south to north in the SCS, and its suitable habitat is patchily distributed. Significant environmental factors affecting the habitat of A. thazard distribution were different in different seasons; we demonstrated A. thazard to be sensitive to Chl-a in spring (optimum 0.155, optimal range $ \approx $0.1252--0.1840), and in summer to be sensitive to SST (optimum 30.405, optimal range $ \approx $29.789--31.021) and SSH (optimum 0.741, optimal range $ \approx $0.618--0.864). Suitable habitat in spring occurs mainly in northeastern areas, while in summer it occurs mainly around the southeastern Nansha Islands. Compared with that in spring, the area of suitable habitat increases in summer, as does the habitat suitability index of the entire sea area. These results improve our understanding of environmental factors that affect the distribution of A. thazard habitat in the SCS, and provide a scientific basis for the development and management of A. thazard resources.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rabbane:2022:TEA, author = "Md. Golam Rabbane and Md. Alamgir Kabir and Md. Habibullah-Al-Mamun and Md. Ghulam Mustafa", title = "Toxic Effects of Arsenic in Commercially Important Fish Rohu Carp, \bioname{Labeo rohita} of \geoname{Bangladesh}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "217", day = "25", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050217", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/217", abstract = "This study was designed to elucidate the effects of arsenic (As) on the morpho-behavior, growth development and molecular mechanisms of a commercially important fish, rohu carp, Labeo rohita, in Bangladesh. Fish fry with an average weight of 387.5 {\pm} 169.25 mg and an average length of 3.35 {\pm} 0.37 cm were collected from a local hatchery in Mymensingh, Bangladesh and acclimatized for a week in the Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka before starting the exposure with arsenic. Fishes were exposed for a period of 14 days with three treatments of NaAsO 2, namely treatment 1(T1)---2.5 mg/L; treatment 2 (T2)---15 mg/L; and treatment 3 (T3)---30 mg/L, along with a control (C)---0.0 mg/L, with three replicates. These concentrations were determined based on the LC 50 value for 96 h measured for this experiment. This study revealed remarkable morphological abnormalities and deformities in arsenic-exposed rohu carp. In fish exposed to 30 mg/L, caudal fin erosion was a frequent deformity. There was no significant difference in RNA:DNA ratio among the treatments. The overall weight of fish was decreased as the concentration of arsenic was increased. The T3 fish had a statistically significant negative weight gain ({$-$0}.05 {\pm} 0.07 g), but the other treatments (T1 and T2) and control fish had no significant weight gain. Different types of histopathological changes were observed in the gills and intestines of arsenic-treated fish. Necrosis and severe damages were found in the secondary lamellae of gills at the highest arsenic concentration (30 mg/L). Epithelial lifting, irregular shape and damages in the gill raker were also observed in the primary lamellae of the gills for the same treatment. In this study, the expression of heat shock protein (HSP 60) and metallothionein (MT) genes was assessed by qPCR, and these genes were upregulated in different treatments compared to controls. The findings of the present study suggest that arsenic pollution significantly changes the morphology, behavior, growth, development, histopathology and molecular mechanisms of this economically important fish, rohu carp, in Bangladesh.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2022:RHT, author = "Yan Zhou and Yanjie Zhang and Shang Wei and Wei Li and Wenhao Li and Zhichao Wu and Shouwen Jiang and Ying Lu and Qianghua Xu and Liangbiao Chen", title = "Reduced Hypoxia Tolerance and Altered Gill Morphology at Elevated Temperatures May Limit the Survival of Tilapia ({GIFT}, \bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) under Global Warming", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "216", day = "24", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050216", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/216", abstract = "Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important food fishes in global aquaculture. The optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is 27--30 {$^\circ $}C; however, in some Asian breeding areas, such as south China, water temperatures in summer frequently exceed 35 {$^\circ $}C for several days. Potential effects of long-term exposure to high temperatures on the survival and metabolism of tilapia are unclear. In this study, genetically improved farmed tilapia, age six weeks, were exposed to water temperatures of 28, 32, and 36 {$^\circ $}C for 15 weeks. Mean survival rates and tolerance to hypoxia were significantly reduced, and respiratory rates were increased in fish reared at 36 {$^\circ $}C, compared to the 28 and 32 {$^\circ $}C treatments (p {$<$} 0.05). Partial temperature compensation for routine metabolic rates was observed after 15 weeks at 36 {$^\circ $}C. Gill morphology changes in the 36 {$^\circ $}C treatment included curling of the lamellae and hyperplasia of the filament end, which became more pronounced after acute hypoxia (0.2 mg/L O 2). Transcriptomics demonstrated that expression of numerous genes related to aerobic metabolism was altered in the 36 {$^\circ $}C treatment, including down-regulation of nine genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In summary, high temperature affected tilapia gill morphology, reduced hypoxia tolerance, and inhibited aerobic metabolism, thus ultimately threatening tilapia viability and survival.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lu:2022:AGP, author = "Huajie Lu and Yuzhe Ou and Yurong Teng and Ziyue Chen and Xinjun Chen", title = "Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the \bioname{Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi} in the \geoname{Japan Sea} by Statolith Microstructure", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "215", day = "24", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050215", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/215", abstract = "Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi is a new subspecies in the Japan Sea, and thus, little is known about its fisheries biology, especially age and population structure. Based on the 296 samples collected by the Chinese commercial jigging vessel in December 2018 in the Japan Sea. The age, growth, and population structure of B. magister shevtsovi were studied based on the microstructure of the statolith. The results indicated that the range of mantle length (ML) was 90--148 mm for females and 94--141 mm for males, the body weight (BW) ranged from 49 to 116 g and 38 to 110 g for females and males, and the ages were estimated from 52 to 166 days for females and 51 to 143 days for males, respectively. The hatching date extended from March to October, with a peak from July to September, suggesting the presence of one spawning group (summer--autumn group). The ANCOVA showed that there was no significant sex difference between the ML and BW growth; however, there was a significant difference between the sexes in the relationship between ML--age and BW--age. The relationship between the ML and BW was best described by the power function, the ML--age relationship of females was best described by linear function; the ML--age relationship of males and BW--age relationships of females and males were best described by the exponential function. B. magister shevtsovi is a high-growing squid, and the growth rate seemed to be high at the young life stage and decreased after the subadult stage (60--120 days older). This study provided basic information on the age, growth, and population structure of B. magister shevtsovi.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sultana:2022:SAS, author = "Rokeya Sultana and Qun Liu and Petra Schneider and Md. Abdullah Al-Mamun and Al Mamun and Md. Farhan Tazim and Mohammad Mojibul Hoque Mozumder and Mohammed Rashed Parvej and Md. Mostafa Shamsuzzaman", title = "Stock Assessment of Six {Sciaenidae} Species in the \geoname{Bay of Bengal}, \geoname{Bangladesh} Water Using a {Length-Based Bayesian Biomass (LBB)} Method", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "214", day = "24", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050214", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/214", abstract = "Six most abundant and commercially valuable croakers (Sciaenidae) stocks in the coastal water of Bangladesh were evaluated using a length-based Bayesian Biomass (LBB) approach. The ratios B/B 0 (current relative biomass) were smaller than the B MSY /B 0 in five of the six stocks. For the six estimated populations, two (Otolithes ruber and Pterotolithus maculatus) are grossly overfished, one (Otolithoides pama) is overfished, two (Johnius belangerii and Panna heterolepis) are slightly overfished, and only donkey croaker (Pennahia anea) is in the healthy (B/B 0 {$>$} B MSY /B 0) status. Furthermore, the optimal length at first capture (Lc\_opt) was higher than the length at first capture (Lc) in four populations, indicating growth overfishing, suggesting that increasing mesh size would benefit the catch and biomass. Findings from the present study confirm the declining trend of fisheries resources, particularly the croaker species in the BoB, Bangladesh coastal water. Management strategies (such as effort control, choosing the appropriate mesh size, total allowable catch limit, identify and enhance protection of the feeding, breeding, and nursery ground, etc.) should be taken for the sustainable management and recovery of the country's marine fishing resources, particularly the valuable croaker species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Denis:2022:AGE, author = "J{\'e}r{\'e}my Denis and K{\'e}lig Mah{\'e} and Rachid Amara", title = "Abundance and Growth of the \geoname{European} Eels (\bioname{Anguilla anguilla} {Linnaeus}, 1758) in Small Estuarine Habitats from the \geoname{Eastern English Channel}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "213", day = "23", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050213", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/213", abstract = "Abundance and growth of the European eel from six small northern French estuaries during their growth phase were examined to explore variations according to the local habitat characteristics. The length--weight relationships and growth models fitted to length-at-age back-calculated otolith growth increments were used to compare the growth. Higher abundances were observed in the smaller estuaries (2.4 to 10.5 ind. fyke nets 24 h {$-$1}). The eel length ranged from 215--924 mm with an age range of 4--21 years. There was no significant difference in fish eel lengths or age except in the Liane estuary where the individuals were larger. The length--weight relationships showed an isometric or positive allometric growth in most estuaries. The Gompertz growth models, which best fits the growth, showed no significant differences between estuaries except for female eels from the Liane and the Somme estuaries where the growth performance index was higher. The estimated annual growth rate varied from 2.7 to 115.0 mm{\cdot}yr {$-$1} for female and from 4.4 to 90.5 mm{\cdot}yr {$-$1} for male. The present study shows that eels in the six estuaries had CPUE and growth rates similar to those previously reported in larger habitats. These results reinforce the idea that small estuaries are important habitats that contribute significantly to the eel population and, therefore, play an essential role in conservation strategies for European eel.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Guo:2022:CEE, author = "Kun Guo and Zhigang Zhao and Jun Xie and Liang Luo and Shihui Wang and Rui Zhang and Wei Xu and Xiaoli Huang", title = "Combined Effects of Eco-Substrate and Carbon Addition on Water Quality, Fish Performance and Nutrient Budgets in the Pond Polyculture System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "212", day = "23", month = oct, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050212", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Aug 27 12:39:13 MDT 2022", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/5/212", abstract = "Traditional aquaculture can cause serious environmental pollution. Biofilm and biofloc technology have the potential to limit aquaculture pollution. An outdoor experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of eco-substrates and carbon addition on water quality, fish performance and nutrient budgets in the pond polyculture system. In the treatment group, the total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and total nitrogen of the water were significantly lower compared to the control group (p {$<$} 0.05). The growth performance of H. molitrix and A. nobilis, including the final individual weight, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, total production and net production, was significantly higher in the treatment groups compared to the control (p {$<$} 0.05), while there was no significant difference in those of C. carpio between the two groups. Feed was the main N ({$>$92}\%) and P ({$>$95}\%) input during the experiment. Comprehensive accumulation was the main N ({$>$58}\%) and P ({$>$69}\%) output. The N and P feed input and comprehensive accumulation output declined in the treatment group. The N utilization efficiency in the experimental group increased slightly ($ p < 0.05$), while the P utilization efficiency in the experimental group was significantly higher compared to the control ($ p < 0.05$). Therefore, the application of eco-substrates and carbon addition can increase water quality, improve fish growth, and promote nutrient utilization efficiency in pond polyculture systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhao:2022:PSR, author = "Hu Zhao and Jiqin Huang and Cheng Fang and Hongying Ma and Han Zhang and Jie Deng and Wei Jiang and Fei Kong and Hongxing Zhang and Hong Liu and Qijun Wang", title = "Predicting Sex-Related Transcripts in the \geoname{Chinese} Giant Salamander (\bioname{Andrias davidianus}): a Transcriptomics Study, Selection Gender for Preservation, Breeding and Reintroduction", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "399", day = "19", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060399", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/399", abstract = "The Chinese giant salamander (\bioname{Andrias davidianus}) is the biggest extant and endangered amphibian, which has an incongruous sex ratio during the artificial breeding process and is sex indistinguishable in appearance. The sex development mechanism of this rare species thus needs to be explored. We therefore conducted this study to explore the molecular mechanisms of sex hallmarks or gonad maintenance genes for CGS. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the sexually mature male and female gonads of Chinese giant salamanders (CGSs) using RNA-seq technology and found a total of 15,063 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the testicular and ovarian tissues, of which 7973 (52.93\%) were expressed in testicular and 7090 (47.07\%) in ovarian tissues. Thirteen gonad DEGs were selected based on gene expression abundance and quantified in the muscle and skin tissues of both male and female CGSs. The results showed that these 13 DEGS, out of the 20 analyzed DEGs, were expressed in both the muscle and skin tissues and only two of them (\gene{Bmp15} and \gene{ZP3}) were consistent in the muscle and skin compared to the gonads of CGSs of the two sexes. Overall, our study should provide an important reference for the sex-characteristics-related genes in this type of species, shedding new light on future research on this topic.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Linh:2022:EDR, author = "Nguyen Vu Linh and Le Thanh Dien and Ha Thanh Dong and Nuttapon Khongdee and Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa and Mahmoud A. O. Dawood and Hien Van Doan", title = "Efficacy of Different Routes of Formalin-Killed Vaccine Administration on Immunity and Disease Resistance of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Challenged with \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "398", day = "19", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060398", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/398", abstract = "Vaccines prepared from formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae were administered to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) via three different routes: immersion in a water-based vaccine, injection with an oil-based vaccine, and as a water-based oral vaccine. All vaccination treatments increased lysozyme and peroxidase activity in skin mucus of Nile tilapia by 1.2- to 1.5-fold compared to their activities in unvaccinated control fish. Likewise, alternative complement, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activities in the blood serum of the vaccinated fish were 1.2- to 1.5-times higher than in the unvaccinated fish. In addition, the expression transcripts of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were 2.3- to 2.9-fold higher in the vaccinated fish compared to those in the unvaccinated control. The unvaccinated fish challenged with Streptococcus agalactiae had a survival rate of 25\% compared to a survival rate of 78--85\% for the vaccinated fish. The differences between the unvaccinated and vaccinated fish were all statistically significant, but there was no significant difference in any of the indicators of immunity between the three vaccinated groups. Collectively, these results confirm that vaccination with formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae significantly improved the resistance of Nile tilapia to infection by the pathogen. Overall, the efficacy of oral administration of the vaccine was comparable to that of vaccine administered via injection, indicating that oral vaccination is a viable cost-effective alternative to administering vaccines by injection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Stathopoulou:2022:AEP, author = "Paraskevi Stathopoulou and Adamantia Asimaki and Panagiotis Berillis and Nikolaos Vlahos and Efi Levizou and Nikolaos Katsoulas and Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis and Christos I. Rumbos and Christos G. Athanassiou and Eleni Mente", title = "Aqua-Ento-Ponics: Effect of Insect Meal on the Development of Sea Bass, \bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax}, in Co-Culture with Lettuce", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "397", day = "18", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060397", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/397", abstract = "The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 10 and 20\% replacement of fishmeal (FM dietary group) with the superworm Zophobas morio larvae meal (ZM10 and ZM20 dietary groups) on the growth performance of sea bass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax}) and lettuce plants (\bioname{Lactuca sativa}) reared in aquaponics. Ninety juvenile sea bass with an average body weight of 21.55 g/individual were placed in aquaponic fish tanks, together with 24 lettuce plants with an average initial height of 8.90 cm/plant and an average number of leaves of 5.75/plant over a 45-day trial period. At the end of that period, all feeding groups exhibited high survival. In fact, {\Zeta}{\Mu}10 and ZM20 groups showed similar fish weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) ($ p > 0.05$), but significantly lower SGR ($ p < 0.05$) than the FM group. Nevertheless, final fish body weight and length were similar ($ p > 0.05$) for all feeding groups. No plant mortality was observed during the 45-day study period. All three aquaponic systems resulted in similar leaf fresh weight, as well as fresh and dry aerial biomass. At the end of the experimental period, plants in the third system showed higher fresh leaf weight, total weight of fresh leaves, total dry aerial biomass, and total produced biomass compared to the other two systems. The results of the present study show that fish fed with the ZM10 diet had higher weight gain (WG) than fish fed with the ZM20 diet, while the SGRs for ZM10 and ZM20 were similar. Both ZM10 and ZM20 diets result in efficient lettuce production. This study also provides data that enlighten the feasibility of integrating insect meals as fish feeds for aquaponics which helps towards the development of an ento-aquaponic approach.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dai:2022:FRG, author = "Chen Dai and Xiaoxin Li and Dapeng Luo and Qingming Liu and Yun Sun and Zhigang Tu and Minghui Shen", title = "First Report on Genome Analysis and Pathogenicity of \bioname{Vibrio tubiashii} {FP17} from Farmed Ivory Shell (\bioname{Babylonia areolata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "396", day = "17", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060396", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/396", abstract = "Ivory shell (\bioname{Babylonia areolata}) is a commercially important aquaculture species mainly found on the southeast coast of China. However, it has been greatly affected by vibriosis in recent years. In this study, FP17 (a potential pathogen) was isolated from a dying ivory shell with ``acute death syndrome'' and confirmed as a pathogen via infectious experiment. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis based on the average nucleotide identity (ANI) sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping genes (\gene{ftsz}, \gene{gapA}, \gene{gyrB}, \gene{mreB}, \gene{pyrH}, \gene{rpoA}, and \gene{topA}) indicated that FP17 was identical to Vibrio tubiashii. Transmission electron microscopy showed that FP17 is curved and has a short rod shape, with a single flagellum. Besides, the calculated LD 50 after the intramuscular injection of FP17 was 2.11 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU/g at 14 d. The genome of the FP17 strain consists of two chromosomes and one plasmid with 5,261,336 bp and 45.08\% GC content, including 4824 open reading frames (ORFs) and 150 non-coding RNAs (\gene{ncRNA}). Genome mining revealed that 120 candidate gene clusters, including vibrioferrin and flagellum-related proteins, are responsible for virulence. Comparative genomic analysis showed that vibrioferrin genes, such as pvs and type \SGMLentity{8549} secretion system protein genes (\gene{vas}), are specific in \bioname{V. tubiashii} FP17 but not in the ATCC19109 strain. Furthermore, 92 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, such as \gene{tufA}, \gene{tet(35)}, \gene{crp}, etc., were mapped within the genome as the potential candidate for virulence, consistent with antibiotic susceptibility assay. This is the first study to describe the complete genome sequence of \bioname{V. tubiashii} infecting ivory shell. The genetic characteristics, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance of the \bioname{V. tubiashii} strain FP17 were also explored.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hameed:2022:SAI, author = "Amna Hameed and Waqar Majeed and Muhammad Naveed and Uzma Ramzan and Matteo Bordiga and Maryam Hameed and Saud Ur Rehman and Naureen Rana", title = "Success of Aquaculture Industry with New Insights of Using Insects as Feed: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "395", day = "17", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060395", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/395", abstract = "Most of world's fish and seafood are produced by aquaculture, which is one of the biggest contributors to the world's food security. The substantial increase in prices of conventional feed ingredients and the over-exploitation of natural resources are some of the biggest constraints to aquaculture production. To overcome this stress, different approaches and techniques are used, among which the use of non-conventional feed ingredients in the aquaculture sector is the most recent approach. Different non-conventional feed ingredients such as plant-based products, algae (both micro and macroalgae), single-cell protein (bacteria and yeast), and insect meal are currently used in aquaculture for sustainable food production. Amongst all these novel ingredients, insects have greater potential to replace fishmeal. The existence of about 1.3 billion tons of food and agriculture waste from the food chain supply poses a serious environmental threat. Insects are tiny creatures that can thrive on organic waste and thus can convert the waste to wealth by the bioconversion and nutritional upcycling of organic waste. Insects have the potential to recover nutrients from waste aquaculture products, and many fish species feed on insects naturally. Therefore, employing insects in the aquaculture sector to replace fishmeal is an eco-friendly approach. The present review briefly highlights emerging non-conventional feed ingredients, with special attention given to insects. The current review also focuses on the nutritional value of insects, factors affecting the nutritional value of insects, potential insects that can be employed in the aquaculture sector, the physiological response of fish when fed with insect meal, techno-functional properties of insect meal, and emerging approaches for addressing possible downsides of employing insect meal in fish diets. Finally, it suggests avenues for further research into these inventive fishmeal replacements.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Qin:2022:IIP, author = "Gaixiao Qin and Jin Xu and Xiaohui Ai and Yibin Yang", title = "Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of \bioname{Aeromonas veronii}, the Causal Agent of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Channel Catfish (\bioname{Ictalurus punctatus}) in \geoname{China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "394", day = "17", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060394", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/394", abstract = "Herein, we isolated the pathogenic strain ZZ051 from hemorrhagic channel catfish (\bioname{Ictalurus punctatus}). Physiological and biochemical identification, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and MALDI-TOF-MS showed that the ZZ051 strain was \bioname{Aeromonas veronii}. After artificial infection, the diseased fish showed symptoms similar to the natural disease, and the characteristics of the bacteria reisolated from the tissues were the same as those of the original infection, indicating that the isolated strain ZZ051 was the pathogen responsible for the channel catfish disease. The ZZ051 isolate was highly sensitive to enrofloxacin but resistant to florfenicol. This study provided a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling hemorrhagic disease in channel catfish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kennedy:2022:UFS, author = "Emily K. C. Kennedy and David M. Janz", title = "The Use of Fish Scale Hormone Concentrations in the Assessment of Long-Term Stress and Associated Adverse Effects on Reproductive Endocrinology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "393", day = "16", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060393", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/393", abstract = "Investigation of the use of fish scales as a medium for non-lethal biomonitoring has recently commenced. Fish scales have been shown to incorporate cortisol over longer periods of time than blood and thus provide a promising means of assessing long-term stress in many species of teleost fish. However, while cortisol is a major mediator of the stress response in fishes, downstream effects of chronic stress on reproduction can involve gonadal steroids such as progesterone and testosterone. The quantification of these additional hormones alongside cortisol could therefore allow for the assessment of both stress and consequential reproductive alterations. To investigate these concepts, we artificially elevated circulating cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone in rainbow trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) using coconut oil implants for three weeks. Following this we quantified these three hormones as well as 11-ketotestosterone, a potent androgen in teleost fishes. In all cases serum samples reflected a significant increase in the injected hormone confirming the efficacy of this method; however, this did not result in significantly elevated scale concentrations of the same hormone in all cases. As the stress and reproductive axes are closely integrated, these findings are likely a result of interactions along the steroidogenic pathway indicating that a further investigation of the relationship between scale concentrations of these hormones and actual physiological processes is required. Nevertheless, the successful quantification of both stress and gonadal steroid hormones within the scale suggests that such measurements could provide a novel and informative tool in the assessment of long-term stress and the resulting effects on reproductive endocrinology in teleost fishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lu:2022:CES, author = "Min Lu and Zenghou Xing and Yurui Zhou and Youhou Xu and Huijing Peng and Jie Zou and Solomon Felix Dan and Zhicai She and Pengliang Wang and Jinfeng Liu and Shaomin Qin and Jialin Yang and Peng Zhu", title = "Cloning and Expression of \gene{Sox2} and \gene{Sox9} in Embryonic and Gonadal Development of \bioname{Lutraria sieboldii}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "392", day = "16", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060392", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/392", abstract = "The Sox family plays essential roles as transcription factors in vertebrates; however, little is known about the Sox family in Lutraria sieboldii. L. sieboldii are pleasant to eat with a short growth cycle and have become one of the best bottom-seeded enrichment species in Guang Xi. In this study, \gene{Sox2} (named \gene{LsSox2}) and \gene{Sox9} (named \gene{LsSox9}) from \bioname{L. sieboldii} were cloned, and their expression patterns were analyzed. The length of the \gene{LsSox 2} gene coding sequence was 1011 bp, encoding 336 amino acids, and \gene{LsSox 9} was 1449 bp, encoding 482 amino acids. \gene{LsSox 2} had its highest expression levels in the ovary, which were 356 times those in testis, whereas \gene{LsSox 9} presented higher expression in testis, which was 6 times more highly expressed than in the ovary. \gene{LsSox 2} exhibited the highest expression during the morula stage, which was 20 times that of the D-shaped larvae or zygote. \gene{LsSox 9} exhibited two expression peaks, one at the four-cell stage and the other at the trochophore stage, while the lowest expression was in the zygote. \gene{LsSox 9} was 73 times more highly expressed in the four-cell stage than in the zygote stage. During gonadal development, \gene{LsSox 2} presented the highest expression in the mature ovary, which was 756 times more highly expressed than in mature testis. \gene{LsSox 9} presented higher expression in testis at the emission stage which was 6 times more highly expressed than in the ovary. These results indicate that \gene{LsSox 2} and \gene{LsSox 9} may play important roles in embryonic and gonadal development.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2022:CDM, author = "Yang Liu and Yiying Jiang and Zhaobin Pei and Limin Han and Hongrun Shao and Yang Jiang and Xiaomeng Jin and Saihong Tan", title = "Coordinated Development of the Marine Environment and the Marine Fishery Economy in \geoname{China}, 2011--2020", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "391", day = "15", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060391", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/391", abstract = "The marine environment is the material basis for the survival and development of fishery resources, and changes in the marine environment affect the fishery economy. Therefore, against the background of sustainability and environmental uncertainty, it is important to investigate the development of the marine environment and the marine fishery economy to improve the quality of both. Taking the panel data for 11 coastal cities in China from 2011 to 2020, we use several methods, including the entropy method, a coupling harmonious degree model, and a Tobit model, to measure the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality, their coordination, and the factors affecting that coordination. We find that (1) the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery economy quality show a significant upward trend over time, but they are spatially unbalanced, with obvious interprovincial differences. (2) Coordination between the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality has risen steadily, but the level of coordination is still low, remaining at the primary level in most areas. (3) The important factors affecting coordination between the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality include the strength of the marine fishery industry, scale of the marine fishery economy, production capacity of marine fisheries, marine-environment quality, and quality of the marine environment and its resources. In light of these findings, we should increase the coordination between the marine-environment quality and marine-fishery-economy quality by upgrading the marine fishery industry, modernizing marine fisheries, linking the environmental governance of marine and land areas, and strengthening the ecological construction of the marine environment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Carral:2022:RDF, author = "Jose M. Carral and Mar{\'\i}a S{\'a}ez-Royuela", title = "Replacement of Dietary Fishmeal by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (\bioname{Hermetia illucens}) Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Tench (\bioname{Tinca tinca})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "390", day = "15", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060390", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/390", abstract = "The development of specific diets for the juvenile stage is a main target for culture intensification of tench (\bioname{Tinca tinca}). Aquafeeds still rely heavily on the use of fishmeal (FM) but concerns about economic and ecological sustainability make the use of alternative protein sources necessary. Insect meals are considered a promising substitute to replace FM. In a 90-day experiment, 6 diets with different replacement levels of FM by partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM): 0\%, 15\%, 30\%, 45\%, 60\% and 75\%, were tested on juvenile tench. Survival rates were high (95.8--100\%) without differences between treatments. Diet with 45\% FM replacement allowed for best growth performance in terms of total length (TL = 66.4 mm) and weight (W = 4.19 g), without differences with 60\% and 75\% of replacement. A cubic relationship was evidenced between the level of FM replacement and growth. From the regression equations, the estimated optimal level of FM replacement was 47\% (356 g BSFLM kg {$-$1} diet). Externally visible deformities were always under 0.05\%. The whole-body lipid content of the fish had a significantly negative linear regression with BSFLM (r 2 = 0.80). The content of the essential amino acids (EAA) arginine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, and threonine in diets decreased with dietary BSFLM inclusion. However, it did not have a negative effect on growth performance, suggesting that EAA requirements were covered. The amount of essential amino acids in whole-body juveniles was similar independently of the diet provided. The results allow considering BSFLM as a sustainable protein source for juvenile tench feeding.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Qu:2022:SAT, author = "Yunfeng Qu and Ruiyang Liu", title = "A Sustainable Approach towards Fisheries Management: Incorporating the High-Seas Fisheries Issues into the {BBNJ Agreement}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "389", day = "14", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060389", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/389", abstract = "The issue of high-seas fisheries is the main threat to biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The BBNJ Agreement, which focuses on biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, is under vigorous discussion. Subject to the ``not undermine'' requirement and considerations of practical interests, it is highly possible that the BBNJ Agreement may not address the issue of fisheries on the high seas. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the high-seas fisheries issue and the BBNJ Agreement for the purposes of the conservation of marine biodiversity, the unity of the marine ecosystem, and the consistency of regulations. It maintains that from the perspective of protecting the oceans, enacting legislation in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and transforming marine management mode, the issue of high-seas fisheries should be included in the BBNJ Agreement. In the future, the BBNJ agreement needs to clarify its scope of application, resolve overlapping issues through general regulations and conflict rules, clarify the methods and contents of international cooperation, and establish international law obligations for integrated ocean management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pizzul:2022:ENT, author = "Elisabetta Pizzul", title = "Editorial: New Trends in Freshwater Fishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "388", day = "13", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060388", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/388", abstract = "The issue of high-seas fisheries is the main threat to biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The BBNJ Agreement, which focuses on biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, is under vigorous discussion. Subject to the ``not undermine'' requirement and considerations of practical interests, it is highly possible that the BBNJ Agreement may not address the issue of fisheries on the high seas. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the high-seas fisheries issue and the BBNJ Agreement for the purposes of the conservation of marine biodiversity, the unity of the marine ecosystem, and the consistency of regulations. It maintains that from the perspective of protecting the oceans, enacting legislation in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and transforming marine management mode, the issue of high-seas fisheries should be included in the BBNJ Agreement. In the future, the BBNJ agreement needs to clarify its scope of application, resolve overlapping issues through general regulations and conflict rules, clarify the methods and contents of international cooperation, and establish international law obligations for integrated ocean management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Greco:2022:GEP, author = "Samuele Greco and Anastasia Serena Gaetano and Gael Furlanis and Francesca Capanni and Chiara Manfrin and Piero Giulio Giulianini and Gianfranco Santovito and Paolo Edomi and Alberto Pallavicini and Marco Gerdol", title = "Gene Expression Profiling of \bioname{Trematomus bernacchii} in Response to Thermal and Stabling Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "387", day = "13", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060387", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/387", abstract = "The Antarctic continent is one of the most pristine environments on planet Earth, yet one of the most fragile and susceptible to the effects of the ongoing climate change. The overwhelming majority of the components of Antarctic marine trophic chain are stenotherm organisms, highly adapted to the extreme, but extremely stable, freezing temperatures of the Antarctic ocean, which have not changed significantly during the past fifteen million years. Notothenioid fishes are the most abundant representatives of ichthyofauna at these latitudes, being ubiquitously found in coastal areas across the entire continent. While different Antarctic fish species have been previously subjected to studies aimed at defining their range of thermal tolerance, or at studying the response to acute thermal stress, just a handful of authors have investigated the effects of the exposure to a moderate increase of temperature, falling within the expected forecasts for the next few decades in some areas of the Antarctica. Here, the emerald rockcod Trematomus bernacchii was used as a model species to investigate the effects of a 20-day long exposure to a +1.5 {$^\circ $} C increase in the brain, gills and skeletal muscle, using a RNA-sequencing approach. In parallel, the experimental design also allowed for assessing the impact of stabling (including acclimation, the handling of fishes and their confinement in tanks during the experimental phase) on gene expression profiling. The results of this study clearly identified the brain as the most susceptible tissue to heat stress, with evidence of a time-dependent response dominated by an alteration of immune response, protein synthesis and folding, and energy metabolism-related genes. While the gills displayed smaller but still significant alterations, the skeletal muscle was completely unaffected by the experimental conditions. The stabling conditions also had an important impact on gene expression profiles in the brain, suggesting the presence of significant alterations of the fish nervous system, possibly due to the confinement to tanks with limited water volume and of the restricted possibility of movement. Besides providing novel insights in the molecular mechanisms underlying thermal stress in notothenioids, these findings suggest that more attention should be dedicated to an improved design of the experiments carried out on Antarctic organism, due to their extreme susceptibility to the slightest environmental alterations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lin:2022:APP, author = "Pei-Hui Lin and Sai-Wei Chen and Zhi-Hong Wen and Shao-Yang Hu", title = "Administration of the Potential Probiotic \bioname{Paenibacillus ehimensis} {NPUST1} Enhances Expression of Indicator Genes Associated with Nutrient Metabolism, Growth and Innate Immunity against \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} and \bioname{Streptococcus indie} Infections in Zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "386", day = "12", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060386", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/386", abstract = "Probiotics as antibiotic alternatives for preventing and controlling infectious diseases are a relatively eco-friendly strategy in aquaculture. The bacteriocin-producing probiotic \bioname{Paenibacillus ehimensis} NPUST1 was isolated from tilapia culture pond water in our previous study. The present study demonstrated that \bioname{P. ehimensis} NPUST1 produced hydrolytic enzymes, including protease, amylase, cellulase, xylanase and lipase. The effects of \bioname{P. ehimensis} NPUST1 on zebrafish nutrient metabolism, growth performance and innate immunity were evaluated by measuring the expression of indicator genes in zebrafish after feeding \bioname{P. ehimensis} NPUST1 at doses of 10 6 and 10 7 CFU/g for 8 weeks. There was an obvious increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related genes, including glucokinase, hexokinase 1, glucose-6-phosphatase, and pyruvate kinase, and growth-related genes, including the growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1. The expression of the innate immune-related genes including interleukin (IL)-$ 1 \beta $, IL-6, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor-$ \alpha $, toll-like receptor (TLR)-1, TLR-4, complement component C3b and lysozyme were significantly increased in \bioname{P. ehimensis} NPUST1-supplemented fish. A significant reduction in cumulative mortality was exhibited in \bioname{P. ehimensis} NPUST1-supplemented fish after infection with \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} and \bioname{Streptococcus iniae}. In conclusion, our data suggested that \bioname{P. ehimensis} NPUST1 supplementation in feed could potentially improve nutrient metabolism and growth in addition to enhancing innate immunity and disease resistance against \bioname{A. hydrophila} and \bioname{S. iniae} in zebrafish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luo:2022:MEI, author = "Wei Luo and Chen Li and Kang Wu and Songming Zhu and Zhangying Ye and Jianping Li", title = "A Method for Estimating the Injection Position of Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maximus}) Using Semantic Segmentation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "385", day = "11", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060385", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/385", abstract = "Fish vaccination plays a vital role in the prevention of fish diseases. Inappropriate injection positions will cause a low immunization rate and even death. Currently, traditional visual algorithms have poor robustness and low accuracy due to the specificity of the placement of turbot fins in the application of automatic vaccination machines. To address this problem, we propose a new method for estimating the injection position of the turbot based on semantic segmentation. Many semantic segmentation networks were used to extract the background, fish body, pectoral fin, and caudal fin. In the subsequent step, the segmentations obtained from the best network were used for calculating body length (BL) and body width (BW). These parameters were employed for estimating the injection position. The proposed Atten-Deeplabv3+ achieved the best segmentation results for intersection over union (IoU) on the test set, with 99.3, 96.5, 85.8, and 91.7 percent for background, fish body, pectoral fin, and caudal fin, respectively. On this basis, the estimation error of the injection position was 0.2 mm--4.4 mm, which is almost within the allowable injection area. In conclusion, the devised method was able to correctly differentiate the fish body from the background and fins, meaning that the extracted area could be successfully used for the estimation of injection position.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barua:2022:ALB, author = "Suman Barua and Qun Liu and Mohammed Shahidul Alam and Petra Schneider and Mohammad Mojibul Hoque Mozumder", title = "Application of Length-Based Assessment Methods to Elucidate Biological Reference Points of Black Pomfret Stock in the \geoname{Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "384", day = "11", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060384", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/384", abstract = "The black pomfret (\bioname{Parastromateus niger}) is one of the high-income-generating carangid fish species and the only known member of its genus. This study aims to identify existing gaps in stock status and population demography of this species and provide viable management recommendations to enhance the sustainability of this fishery. Therefore, three methodological approaches have been used in this study; TropFishR to present the current exploitation status, the length-based spawning potential ratio (LB-SPR) to quantify stock spawning biomass, and Froese's sustainability indicators (LBI) to establish a basic standard for sustainable management of the fishery. In the length--weight relationship of black pomfret, an allometric growth pattern ($ b = 2.19$) was found. The VBGF life history parameters for black pomfret were L {\infty} = 55.25 cm, K = 0.54 year {$-$1}, and based on LCCC analysis, the total mortality ($ Z = 1.61$ year - 1), natural mortality ($ M = 0.69$ year - 1) and fishing mortality ($ F = 0.91$ year -1) are calculated. The result reveals that this fishery is currently suffering from overexploitation and the stock's spawning biomass (SPR = 13\%) is below the limit reference point because most of the catch (82\%) was found to be under the maturity level. Based on the results, this study recommended strictly maintaining the mesh size of the net to ensure not to catch immature fish with a length smaller than 30.63 cm, recommended the length to catch be between 29 and 35 cm, and reducing fishing pressure by one-third to ensure the sustainability of the black pomfret fishery.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rodriguez-Rey:2022:DDS, author = "Marta Rodr{\'\i}guez-Rey and Ga{\"e}l Grenouillet", title = "Disentangling the Drivers of the Sampling Bias of Freshwater Fish across \geoname{Europe}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "383", day = "10", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060383", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/383", abstract = "The Wallacean shortfall refers to the knowledge gap in biodiversity distributions. There is still limited knowledge for freshwater fish species despite the importance of focusing conservation efforts towards this group due to their alarming extinction risk and the increasing human pressure on freshwater ecosystems. Here, we addressed the Wallacean shortfall for freshwater fish faunas across Europe by using the completeness indicator derived from species accumulation curves to quantify the fish sampling efforts. The multiple potential drivers of completeness that were previously related to the sampling efforts for other species (i.e., population density, nature reserves, or distance to cities) were tested using a 10 $ \times $ 10 km 2 grid resolution, as well as environmental (e.g., climatic) factors. Our results suggested that although there was an overall spatial pattern at the European level, the completeness was highly country-dependent. Accessibility parameters explained the sampling efforts, as for other taxa. Likewise, climate factors were related to survey completeness, possibly pointing to the river conditions required for fish sampling. The survey effort map we provide can be used to optimize future sampling, aiming at filling the data gaps in undersampled regions like the eastern European countries, as well as to account for the current bias in any ecological modeling using such data, with important implications for conservation and management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ren:2022:CFA, author = "Xiaoliang Ren and Shulun Jiang and Long Ren and Yidong Liang and Di'an Fang and Dongpo Xu", title = "Changes in Fish Assemblage Structure after Pen Culture Removal in \geoname{Gehu Lake, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "382", day = "09", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060382", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/382", abstract = "The removal of the net enclosure has been used as a lake management strategy in various regions of China as ecological development is given more attention. Nevertheless, little is known about the substantive impact of this measure on fish communities in inland lakes. To this end, the fish community composition and structural features after the removal of the net enclosure in Gehu Lake were explored and evaluated in this study from 2021 to 2022 and compared to the investigation before the net enclosure removal from 2017 to 2018. Belonging to 7 orders, 10 families, and 46 species, a total of 17,151 fish were collected, with pelagic, sedentary, and omnivorous species dominating. In comparison, the number of species increased by 10 after removal, and fish alpha diversity increased. The Index of Relative Importance (IRI) revealed that the composition of dominating species remained constant, including Coilia nasus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis; Parabramis pekinensis, Megalobrama amblycephal, and Culter mongolicus were upgraded from common species to general species. Culter alburnus, Hemiculter bleekeri, and Pseudobrama simoni were downgraded from general species to common species. Elopichthys bambusa had become a common species (IRI = 109.35), which was not discovered before removal. According to the hierarchical clustering (HC) and non-metric multidimensional sequencing (NMDS), the fish community of the northern reserve was highly aggregated. As the Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC) curve and biodiversity index indicated, the fish community structure of the whole lake was in a state of moderate anthropogenic disturbance with reduced stability, while that of the northern reserve was in a state of light anthropogenic disturbance with greater stability. The number of fish species increased in this survey compared to the period before removal, species and dominant species composition altered dramatically, and total lake stability declined. This study demonstrates that the fish diversity in Gehu Lake increased after the removal of the net enclosure. Meanwhile, the stability of the fish community structure was decreased temporarily. Lake restoration is a long-term process, and the underlying impact of the removal of the net enclosure still requires continuous monitoring and further studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zaccone:2022:INI, author = "Giacomo Zaccone", title = "Immunity and Neuroimmune Interactions at the Mucosal Barriers in Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "381", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060381", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/381", abstract = "The removal of the net enclosure has been used as a lake management strategy in various regions of China as ecological development is given more attention. Nevertheless, little is known about the substantive impact of this measure on fish communities in inland lakes. To this end, the fish community composition and structural features after the removal of the net enclosure in Gehu Lake were explored and evaluated in this study from 2021 to 2022 and compared to the investigation before the net enclosure removal from 2017 to 2018. Belonging to 7 orders, 10 families, and 46 species, a total of 17,151 fish were collected, with pelagic, sedentary, and omnivorous species dominating. In comparison, the number of species increased by 10 after removal, and fish alpha diversity increased. The Index of Relative Importance (IRI) revealed that the composition of dominating species remained constant, including Coilia nasus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis; Parabramis pekinensis, Megalobrama amblycephal, and Culter mongolicus were upgraded from common species to general species. Culter alburnus, Hemiculter bleekeri, and Pseudobrama simoni were downgraded from general species to common species. Elopichthys bambusa had become a common species (IRI = 109.35), which was not discovered before removal. According to the hierarchical clustering (HC) and non-metric multidimensional sequencing (NMDS), the fish community of the northern reserve was highly aggregated. As the Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC) curve and biodiversity index indicated, the fish community structure of the whole lake was in a state of moderate anthropogenic disturbance with reduced stability, while that of the northern reserve was in a state of light anthropogenic disturbance with greater stability. The number of fish species increased in this survey compared to the period before removal, species and dominant species composition altered dramatically, and total lake stability declined. This study demonstrates that the fish diversity in Gehu Lake increased after the removal of the net enclosure. Meanwhile, the stability of the fish community structure was decreased temporarily. Lake restoration is a long-term process, and the underlying impact of the removal of the net enclosure still requires continuous monitoring and further studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bakit:2022:DEE, author = "Jos{\'e} Bakit and Gonzalo {\'A}lvarez and Patricio A. D{\'\i}az and Eduardo Uribe and Rodrigo Sfeir and Sebastian Villasante and Tomas Gabriel Bas and Germ{\'a}n Lira and Hern{\'a}n P{\'e}rez and Andr{\'e}s Hurtado and Ra{\'u}l Gonz{\'a}lez-{\'A}valos and Jose Castillo-Venenciano", title = "Disentangling Environmental, Economic, and Technological Factors Driving Scallop (\bioname{Argopecten purpuratus}) Aquaculture in \geoname{Chile}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "380", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060380", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/380", abstract = "The boom-and-bust trajectory of the Argopecten purpuratus industry in Chile shows the progression from resource extraction (fishing) to production (aquaculture). This paper analyses the effects of environmental, economic, and scientific--technological factors. The influence of each factor on scallop production in Chile was reviewed for the period between the 1980s and 2020. The evaluation of the effects allows the visualisation of the industry's productive evolution and reveals the current challenges. The occurrence of abrupt environmental disturbances, commercialisation under imperfect market configurations, and public and private efforts in scientific and technological advances have acted favourably on scallop production. However, an industry mainly focused on prices and high production volumes did not devote much effort to develop low-cost climate-resilient technologies. Today, economic challenges must be addressed by helping to reduce production costs and add economic value to products and by-products. Our results show that the industry must focus on low-cost technologies, the use of renewable energy, and the circularity of its processes. The environment ensures the capture of natural seeds and their adaptation to climate change. These challenges must not lose sight of the emerging effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ding:2022:GMN, author = "Liyun Ding and Yanping Zhang and Jiacheng Chen and Wenjing Chen and Shouqi Xie and Qingtang Chen", title = "Growth, Muscle Nutrition Composition, and Digestive Enzyme Activities of the Juvenile and Adult \bioname{Siniperca chuatsi} Fed on Live Baits and a Formulated Diet", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "379", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060379", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/379", abstract = "The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a formulated diet to replace live baits as feed for Siniperca chuatsi. A 2 $ \times $ 2 factorial design with three replicates was used to investigate the effects of conventional live baits (LB) and a formulated diet (FD) on the growth, muscle nutrition composition, and digestive enzyme activities of S. chuatsi at two growth stages. The results showed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the FD group was significantly lower than that in the LB group. The final body weight (FBW) and weight gain (WG) were not significantly different between the two feeding modes. However, at the juvenile stage, the specific growth rate (SGR) in the FD group was significantly lower than that in the LB group. Muscle moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid contents were not influenced by dietary treatments. There were no significant differences in {\SGMLsum}EAA, {\SGMLsum}NEAA, and {\SGMLsum}AA compositions of the juvenile and adult stages fed the two kinds of diets. At the juvenile stage, histidine (His) content in the FD group was significantly higher than that in the LB group; at the adult stage, cysteine (Cys) content in the FD group was significantly higher than that in the LB group; at both growth stages, Met content in the FD group was significantly lower than that in the LB group. The FD group showed higher levels of {\SGMLsum}SFA, {\SGMLsum}HUFA, {\SGMLsum}n-3PUFA, n-3/n-6, EPA, and DHA than the LB group did, whilst the opposite occurred in the MUFA levels. In addition, fish fed with LB had significantly higher values of pepsin and intestinal trypsin activities in the juvenile fish compared to the FD group, but the activities were not significantly different between the two feeding modes at the adult stage. The activities of stomach and intestine amylase in the FD group were significantly higher than those in the LB group. Overall, these results showed that under long-term feeding conditions, S. chuatsi fed with the artificial diet had no significant difference in muscle crude protein, crude lipid, amino acid composition, and digestive capacity, but showed superiority in the composition of fatty acids such as EPA and DHA levels compared to the live baits group. Therefore, the artificially formulated diet might be a more appropriate feeding approach for sustainable development of the S. chuatsi industry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2022:EDP, author = "Ronghua Wang and Chaobo Lei and Zhenyu Li and Yanju Lei and Congqiang Luo and Liye Shao and Chunhong Huang and Pinhong Yang", title = "Effects of a Diet of \bioname{Phragmites australis} instead of \bioname{Triticum aestivum} {L.} on Immune Performance and Liver Tissue Structure of \bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idellus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "378", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060378", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/378", abstract = "This experiment aimed to study the effects on liver tissue structure and immune performance of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus when the common reed Phragmites australis is in its diet, instead of wheat Triticum aestivum L. Seventy-two healthy grass carps (145.52 {\pm} 2.56 g) were randomly divided into three groups according to their body weight. Fishes in each group were fed an essential diet with 0\% (control group), 50\% and 100\% (test group) common reed, instead of wheat, respectively. After feeding for 41 days, the changes of serum biochemical indices, liver tissue structure and immune related indices of grass carp were detected. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the activities of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the substitution groups were significantly increased ($ p < 0.05$), but still at a normal level. The contents of total protein, albumin and globulin did not change significantly ($ p > 0.05$). Compared with the control group, the liver cells of grass carp in the substitution groups had clear boundaries, tight arrangement and less vacuolation. The contents of serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) and complement 3 (C3) in the 100\% substitution group were significantly higher than those in the control group ($ p < 0.05$), and the contents of liver IL-1 and total complement (CH50) in the 100\% substitution group were significantly higher than those in the control group ($ p < 0.05$). The contents of IL-1, C3 in serum and IL-1, CH50 in liver in the 50\% substitution group were significantly higher than those in the control group ($ p < 0.05$). The mRNA relative expression levels of C3, IL-1, MHC-I and interferon (IFN) in the head-kidney, kidney, liver and spleen of grass carp were significantly affected by feeding the grass carp with different common reed substitution ratios ($ p < 0.05$). In summary, common reed, instead of wheat, in feed can improve the liver tissue structure, and increase the non-specific immune response level, of grass carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xiao:2022:MCD, author = "Yangbo Xiao and Rong Huang and Shenping Cao and Dafang Zhao and Zhuangwen Mao and Chuchu Xiao and Zhehua Xu and Xiaomei Zhou and Xinran Zhang and Yu Zhang and Jianzhou Tang and Junyan Jin and Yaoguo Li and Jun Zou and Zhen Liu", title = "Molecular Characterization and Dietary Regulation of Glutaminase 1 (\gene{gls1}) in Triploid Crucian Carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "377", day = "07", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060377", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/377", abstract = "Kidney-type glutaminase, encoded by the gls1 gene, plays a critical role in glutamate production and improvement of meat flavor. In this study, a gls1 gene encoding 595 amino acids was cloned from triploid crucian carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus}) (TCC) and showed a high similarity with the gls1 gene found in Cyprinus carpio, Sinocyclocheilus rhinocerous and Puntigrus tetrazona. Comparing the abundance of gls1 in different tissues, we found its expression level in the brain and liver were significantly higher than that in heart, gut, kidney, spleen and muscle. gls1 expression in the brain reached the highest value. In addition, the expression levels of gls1 also appeared different in diurnal variation, with the highest expression seen at 9:00, while it was low at 3:00, 6:00, 15:00 and 24:00. Furthermore, dietary regulation of gls1 expression was investigated in our study. In each feeding trial, each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate tanks. Fish were fed one of the tested diets up to satiation twice daily. The results showed that gls1 expression increased in 32\% protein group and decreased in 35--41\% protein group. The results of different protein source experiments showed that the expression of gls1 gene in the mixed protein group (the control group) was significantly higher than that in the fish meal and soybean meal groups. Glutamate treatment revealed that appropriate concentrations (0.10 mg/mL in vivo and 2.00\% in vitro) of glutamate remarkably improved the expression of gls1. Besides, diets supplemented with 0.80--1.60\% lysine-glutamate dipeptide exhibited a down regulatory impact on gls1 expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the expression of gls1 in TCC was increased by 32\% protein diet, mixed protein source diet and diet with 2.00\% glutamate concentration, while decreased by 0.80--1.60\% lysine-glutamate dipeptide. The findings of this study provide a reference for the regulation of gls1 and have a potential application in the optimization of dietary formula in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Silkin:2022:ERA, author = "Yuriy A. Silkin and Mikhail Yu. Silkin and Sergey M. Korotkov and Elizaveta N. Silkina and Alla Silkina", title = "Erythrocyte Respiratory Activity of the Mitochondrial Complex of the Black Sea Thornback Ray (\bioname{Raja clavata} {L.}) under the Influence of Certain Activators and Inhibitors In Vitro", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "376", day = "07", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060376", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/376", abstract = "Global warming implies the risk of a changing oxygen regime in the seas and oceans of our planet. The mitochondrial complex of nuclear erythrocytes of cartilaginous fish, as the energy basis of blood cells, has repeatedly encountered such climatic fluctuations throughout their evolutionary history. In this regard, the features of the adaptive strategy of the erythrocyte mitochondrial complex in the thornback ray (\bioname{Raja clavata} {L.}) are of interest from the evolutionary and ecological points of view. The rate of oxygen consumption in resuspended (Ht = 25--30\%) erythrocytes taken from the Black Sea thornback ray in saline was studied by the polarographic method. A high ``basal'' rate of respiration in the erythrocytes of the thornback ray was shown, which ranged from 10.5 to 21.6 pmol O 2 min {$-$1} {\cdot}10 6 cells. The addition of substrates of the mitochondrial respiration activators glutamate, maleate, and succinate to the erythrocyte suspension caused a 2--6-fold increase in the respiratory activity of thornback ray erythrocytes. In cases where the rate of respiration of erythrocytes was high, protonophore--dinitrophenol caused an inhibition of the activity of mitochondrial respiration. At low respiration rates of erythrocytes, its effect was opposite and caused a stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. Oligomycin caused a significant inhibition of the respiratory activity of the red blood cell suspension of the thornback ray. This suppression of cell respiration was enhanced under conditions of exposure to the permeabilization of erythrocytes with digitonin. This can be recommended as one of the ways to block the respiratory activity of erythrocytes in cartilaginous fish. Another way of effectively blocking the respiration of the mitochondrial complex of the thornback ray's erythrocytes was the effect of the blockers rotenone and sodium azide. The peculiarity of the mitochondria of the erythrocytes of the thornback ray was the absence of the complete inhibition of respiration by sodium azide (NaN 3), which is characteristic of the mitochondria of other fish species. Our data on the activation of the ``respiration'' of erythrocytes in fish indicate that the potential capabilities of cold-blooded and warm-blooded vertebrates have rather similar characteristics. This may indicate the initial ``laying'' of the architecture of the inner membrane to support the energy potential of the mitochondria of the cell.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Reyes-Mero:2022:YAR, author = "Byron Manuel Reyes-Mero and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Santana-Pi{\~n}eros and Leonela Griselda Mu{\~n}oz-Chumo and Yanis Cruz-Quintana and Enric Gisbert", title = "Yolk Absorption Rate and Mouth Development in Larvae of \bioname{Dormitator latifrons} ({Perciformes: Eleotridae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "375", day = "07", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060375", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/375", abstract = "Fish larvae suffer high starvation mortality during the transition from yolk absorption to exogenous feeding, and the size of the developing buccal structures limits the food they can consume. Determining the suitable timing and size of live or inert foods could decrease this mortality. We described mouth development and determined the yolk absorption rate and point-of-no-return (PNR) of Dormitator latifrons larvae. One male and one female specimen were induced to spawn using salmon GnRHa implants, and 45 of their larvae were sedated and observed under a microscope every 24 h to measure total length, standard length, yolk sac length, yolk sac width, oil globule length, oil globule width, width of the oesophagus, and length of the upper and lower jaw longitudinal. The growth model, maximum mouth opening, daily survival, and starvation period were determined. The larval growth was fastest during the first 24 h {post$-$ hatching} (HPH) at 28 {\pm} 1 {$^\circ $}C with an average increase of 625.42 $ \mu $ m in total length and 573.51 $ \mu $ m in standard length. The highest percentage of yolk absorption (52\%) occurred within 24 HPH and at 96 HPH the yolk sac was completely reabsorbed. The PNR was reached at 156.41 HPH ($ p < 0.05$). At 96 HPH, the upper and lower jaw were distinguishable by mouth movements. Our results suggest that the larvae of {$ D. l a t i f r o n s$} should be fed at 96 HPH with prey measuring 50--65 $ \mu $ m.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2022:EWT, author = "Xingbing Wu and Xuemei Li and Yongjiu Zhu and Jinling Gong and Tingbing Zhu and Jiajia Ni and Deguo Yang", title = "Effects of Water Temperature on the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gut Microbiota of \bioname{Percocypris pingi} Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "374", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060374", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/374", abstract = "It is necessary to determine the optimal temperature for Percocypris pingi growth in recirculating aquaculture systems. To describe the effects of temperature, we evaluated the growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, and gut microbiota structure of \bioname{P. pingi} at different temperatures, including 14, 18, 22, and 26 {$^\circ $}C. Results showed that increases in body weight of individuals of the groups subjected to 18 and 22 {$^\circ $}C temperatures were considerably higher than those in the groups subjected to temperatures of 14 and 26 {$^\circ $}C between 20 and 60 d after the experiment started. Acid phosphatase activity in the liver and kidneys of \bioname{P. pingi} did not differ significantly among the various temperature groups ($ p > 0.05$). A gradual restoration of the alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase activities to variations in the surrounding temperature was observed in the liver and kidney of P. pingi. Interestingly, the water temperature did not affect the {\alpha}-diversity or composition of the gut microbiota of P. pingi. In conclusion, water temperatures between 14 and 26 {$^\circ $}C significantly impacted the growth of P. pingi ($ p < 0.05$) but not the liver and kidney antioxidant capacity or the gut microbiota within 60 d.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dimitriadi:2022:EET, author = "Anastasia Dimitriadi and George Koumoundouros", title = "Elevated Embryonic Temperature Has Persistent Adverse Effects on Zebrafish Swimming Capacity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "373", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060373", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/373", abstract = "In recent years, global warming of anthropogenic origin and its impacts on biodiversity have increasingly gained public awareness. Here, we demonstrate that embryonic temperature can have persistent and crucial effects on zebrafish swimming capacity and cardiac shape. Three different embryonic temperature treatments (T E = 24, 28 or 32 {$^\circ $}C) were applied to zebrafish embryos until hatching. Fish were then raised in common conditions (28 {$^\circ $}C) until adulthood. Ventricle roundness was found to increase significantly with a rise in T E in juvenile (10\% increase) and male (8\% increase), but not female fish. T E and sex significantly affected zebrafish swimming performance. Juveniles, males and females raised in cold (24 {$^\circ $}C) presented significantly greater swimming capacity than those raised at 28 and 32 {$^\circ $}C T E. Our results represent a direct link between the physical capacity of adult fish and embryonic temperature fluctuations that add to the emerging rationale of the potential climate change scenarios on wild fish populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fu:2022:CTH, author = "Qianni Fu and Jinxia Liu and Tianjiao Ren and Zining Zhang and Zihang Ma and Zhenyu Lan and Yitao Duan and Ziwei Liang and Boyu Chen and Yan Zhang and Peng Zhu and Yongyan Liao", title = "Cloning of Two {HSP} Genes of \bioname{Eriocheir hepuensis} and Their Expression under \bioname{Vibrio parahaemolyticus} Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "372", day = "05", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060372", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/372", abstract = "Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperone proteins that can help maintain cellular protein homeostasis, assist in correcting the folding of cellular proteins, and protect organisms from stress when the body is under stress conditions such as temperature changes or bacterial infections. In this study, the HSP 10 and HSP 40 genes of Eriocheir hepuensis were cloned and named Eh-HSP10 and Eh-HSP40. The results show that the coding sequence length of the HSP 10 and HSP 40 genes of E. hepuensis was 309 bp and 1191 bp, encoding 102 and 396 amino acids, respectively. The results of protein domain prediction show that Eh-HSP10 has a Cpn10 domain. The Eh-HSP40 protein contains a DnaJ domain, which is characteristic of the HSP 40 gene family. The results of qRT-PCR show that the Eh-HSP 10 and Eh-HSP 40 genes were expressed in different normal tissues, with the highest expression in the heart. Under Vibrio parahaemolyticus stress, the Eh-HSP 10 genes peaked at 6 h, and the Eh-HSP40 peaked at 9 h in the hepatopancreas. In the gill, Eh-HSP10 showed a double peak at 24 and 48 h, and the expression of Eh-HSP40 was time-dependent. In the heart, the expression of Eh-HSP10 increased first and then decreased, whereas Eh-HSP40 peaked at 48 h. The results indicate that the Eh-HSP10 and Eh-HSP40 proteins may play a role in protecting E. hepuensis under V. parahaemolyticus infection and that they may be involved in the innate immune response of E. hepuensis against bacteria.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gu:2022:EEM, author = "Lingling Gu and Hui Zhang and Guangpeng Feng and Yong Liu and Zhiqiang Han and Feng Zhao and Qing Ye and Wangjiao Hu and Chao Song", title = "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Marking Juvenile \bioname{Takifugu obscurus} Otoliths with Strontium", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "371", day = "05", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060371", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/371", abstract = "Strontium marking technology is commonly used for extensive marking in stock enhancement and releasing activities. In order to explore the feasibility of this technology for juvenile Takifugu obscurus, five different concentrations of strontium (0, 12, 18, 36, and 72 mg/L) were set up by strontium chloride hexahydrate (SrCl 2 {\cdot}6H 2 O) and T. obscurus were immersed for 7 days. Then, T. obscurus were reared in non-additive water for 25 days. The results showed that the survival rate of all groups was 100\%, except the 72 mg/L group, after 7 days of immersion. Moreover, the growths of all the marked groups were better than that of the control group. There was no significant difference between the control and marked groups, except for the 18 mg/L group, indicating that the appropriate concentration of strontium might have positive effect for T. obscurus. The strontium to calcium (Sr / Ca) ratios of otoliths in the marked groups increased with increasing concentration and time, which were higher than the baseline, respectively. Then, the Sr / Ca ratios returned to the original level, but the peak value was still retained, suggesting that the success rate of the strontium marking reached 100\%. Notably, the residual strontium content of 18 mg/L group was insufficient for causing negative effects for T. obscurus after 25 days. Therefore, in consideration of the growth, survival, and effect of strontium marking on otolith, 18 mg/L is an appropriate concentration for strontium marking of juvenile T. obscurus. This study confirmed the feasibility of strontium marking for T. obscurus and provided a new approach to rationally and scientifically evaluate the stock enhancement and releasing efficiency of T. obscurus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Seo:2022:DID, author = "Haneul Seo and Andre Ditya Maulana Lubis and Tae-Jin Choi and Tae-Sung Jung and Taek-Kyun Lee and Sukchan Lee", title = "Development of an Immunoassay Detection System for Koi Herpesvirus Using Recombinant Single-Chain Variable Fragments", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "370", day = "02", month = dec, year = "2022", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7060370", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:32 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/7/6/370", abstract = "Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious virus that causes high mortality in koi and common carp, leading to a reduction in production worldwide. Recent diagnostic tests based on molecular methods alone (nucleic acid amplification) and indirect immunoassay methods (antibody detection) can be confirmed over KHV infections or prior exposure and latent infections. Unfortunately, there is no established method to detect KHV virus particles, especially when virus titers are low. Therefore, we propose an alternative, direct immunoassay method for viral detection using a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), a specific region of IgG antibodies that binds specifically to KHV particles. The results of functional analyses indicated that four putative scFv candidates, C5, F8, F6, and E4, were specific to KHV, but only F6 and C5 had a high binding affinity. The binding characteristics were confirmed by indirect competitive and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, which indicated that F6 and C5 have a broad penetration area to the binding region and share a similar epitope with commercial KHV monoclonal antibodies. These characteristics were further confirmed by their interactions with purified KHV coat protein by indirect ELISA and Western blot analyses. In conclusion, the F6 and C5 scFvs have adequate binding affinity to KHV particles to permit their use in immunoassays.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sun:2023:RAO, author = "Shuang-Shuang Sun and Shi-Wei Ma and Jun Li and Qin Zhang and Guang-Zhou Zhou", title = "Review on the Antiviral Organic Agents against Fish Rhabdoviruses", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "57", day = "16", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010057", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/57", abstract = "Fish rhabdoviruses are harmful single-stranded RNA viruses with high mortality rates which cause considerable economic losses in aquaculture. It is imperative to explore and develop new antiviral compounds against them. In recent years, in addition to inorganic antiviral substances, more than 50 different organic compounds have been confirmed to be effective in the prevention and treatment of rhabdovirus infection and its dissemination in fish. The main types of extracts or agents and their trial designs are here considered for review. This review reveals the reported antiviral activities of extracts from organisms, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, coumarin derivatives, arctigenin derivatives, and other antiviral organic molecules against fish rhabdoviruses, respectively. Additionally, their antiviral mechanisms of action include direct virucidal effects, inhibiting virus-induced host cell apoptosis, the blocking of the viral replication cycle, affecting gene expression and innate antiviral immune responses, and so on. This review also gives perspectives on how to comprehensively explore the potential applications of the candidate molecules, which lay the foundation for the future development of new compounds or strategies for the prevention and control of fish rhabdoviruses in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:AFH, author = "Siqing Xu and Peng Sun and Chi Zhang and Jianchao Li and Xiaoyu Xi and Shuyang Ma and Wenchao Zhang and Yongjun Tian", title = "Age and Feeding Habits of Caml Grenadier \bioname{Macrourus caml} in \geoname{Cosmonauts Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "56", day = "16", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010056", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/56", abstract = "Macrourus caml is a main by-catch in the Southern Ocean fishery and a main prey species of Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni; it plays an important role in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. In this study, age estimation and stomach content analysis were conducted by using samples collected from the Cosmonauts Sea in 2021. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the age and diet of grenadier M. caml and explore the feeding habits of M. caml. Morphological analysis and molecular identification were conducted to determine the diet of M. caml in this study. Stomach content analysis showed that M. caml mainly fed on Malacostraca, Sagittoidea, Cnidaria and Algae, with the Malacostraca accounting for over 50\%. The feeding habits of male and female M. caml were similar. The age of M. caml ranged from 9 to 19 years. Additionally, with the increase of body size, the proportion of Cnidaria was decreasing whereas the proportion of Malacostraca was increasing. The results would provide a reference for exploring the trophic level of M. caml and the food web in the Cosmonauts Sea.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Campbell:2023:GDP, author = "Matthew R. Campbell and Eric D. Tretter and James C. Trainer and Richard A. Wilkison", title = "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of {Shoshone} Sculpin \bioname{Cottus greenei} in the \geoname{Hagerman Valley of South-Central Idaho}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "55", day = "16", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010055", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/55", abstract = "The Shoshone sculpin Cottus greenei is a micro-endemic species and an extreme habitat specialist, geographically restricted to the spring outlets that flow from the Snake River Plain Aquifer into the Snake River within the Hagerman Valley of south central Idaho. Although previous studies documented the range of the species and its relative abundance, no studies have assessed genetic diversity and structure. We sampled 20 populations from throughout the species range and genotyped 1311 with a panel of 12 microsatellite loci. Results indicate very high levels of genetic differentiation among most populations (average pairwise F ST = 0.24), indicating limited gene flow. Preservation of the genetic diversity of this species will require the protection and preservation of multiple isolated populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Henry-Silva:2023:PPW, author = "Gustavo Gonzaga Henry-Silva and Joseanna Alves and Dallas Flickinger and Renata Gomes-Rebou{\c{c}}as and Ambrosio Bessa-Junior", title = "Polyculture of \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei} ({Boone}) and Red Seaweed \bioname{Gracilaria birdiae} ({Greville}) under Different Densities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "54", day = "15", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010054", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/54", abstract = "The present study evaluated a polyculture system with Pacific white shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}) and the macroalga \bioname{Gracilaria birdiae} and its potential to remove nutrients. The experimental design consisted of a shrimp monoculture of 100 animals/m 2 (T0) and three multitrophic cultures with L. vannamei (100 animals/m 2) and with G. birdiae at densities of 500 (T500), 1000 (T1000), and 2000 (T2000) g/m 2. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decreased at the beginning of the experiment in the treatments with macroalgae, but this reduction was not maintained throughout the cultivation period. The stable values of G. birdiae biomass were perhaps related to the high turbidity of the water. There was an increase in shrimp biomass during cultivation, which reached the final individual averages of 7.5 g (T0), 7.6 g (T500), 5.9 g (T1000), and 7.5 g (T2000), with no significant differences between treatments. Nevertheless, the absence of macroalgae growth provides no added profit for the producer. Thus, there is no economic advantage in using G. birdiae in an integrated multitrophic system with L. vannamei at a high density and conditions of high water turbidity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fernandez-Muela:2023:EFI, author = "Montserrat Fern{\'a}ndez-Muela and Rub{\'e}n Bermejo-Poza and Almudena Cabezas and Concepci{\'o}n P{\'e}rez and Elisabet Gonz{\'a}lez de Chavarri and Mar{\'\i}a Teresa D{\'\i}az and Fernando Torrent and Morris Villarroel and Jes{\'u}s De la Fuente", title = "Effects of Fasting on Intermediary Metabolism Enzymes in the Liver and Muscle of Rainbow Trout", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "53", day = "14", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010053", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/53", abstract = "Fish can go through periods of feed deprivation, either due to natural causes influenced by temperature or management techniques in animal production, affecting their energy metabolism differently, depending on the duration of fasting in days and water temperature. This study showed the effect of different days of fasting before slaughter in rainbow trout by analyzing the intermediary metabolic enzymes in the muscle and liver. For this purpose, a non-fasting group was compared with trout that fasted for 5, 10, and 20 days (55, 107, and 200 degree days ({$^\circ $}C d), respectively). A first phase of increased activity of enzymes involved in glycolysis was observed, increasing hexokinase enzyme activity in muscle and pyruvate kinase enzyme activity in muscle and liver. As the fasting days progressed, enzymes involved in the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways in the liver such as lactate dehydrogenase and glycogen phosphorylase increased their activity regarding the no fasted group. After 20 days of fasting (200 {$^\circ $}C d), lipogenic and protein related enzyme activity depletion was observed, leading to significant changes in energy metabolism. Therefore, prolonged fasting with high degree days duration may compromise the energy supply for the vital development of rainbow trout.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gao:2023:TAI, author = "Jie Gao and Hua-Yang Guo and Ming-Jian Liu and Ke-Cheng Zhu and Bo Liu and Bao-Suo Liu and Nan Zhang and Shi-Gui Jiang and Dian-Chang Zhang", title = "Transcriptome Analysis of the Immune Process of Golden Pompano (\bioname{Trachinotus ovatus}) Infected with \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "52", day = "13", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010052", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/52", abstract = "The golden pompano (\bioname{Trachinotus ovatus}) is one of the most economically valuable marine fishes in South China. \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae}, an infectious Gram-positive bacterium that is highly destructive for golden pompano culture, has recently caused massive losses to the golden pompano industry. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic immune response of golden pompano to \bioname{S. agalactiae} infection, using RNA-seq analysis at two different time points after infection. Abundances of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) gradually increased in the liver and spleen 48--120 h post-infection, whereas those in the head kidney were lower at 120 h than at 48 h. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that genes related to the complement system were continuously transcribed between 48 and 120 h. Metabolic and immune-regulation-related pathways were highly enriched in the liver 48 h after infection. Transcriptome analysis was verified using quantitative PCR for eight genes with similar expression trends. This study revealed the inflammatory response of golden pompano after \bioname{S. agalactiae} infection, including inflammation-related chemokines and signaling pathways. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for studying \bioname{S. agalactiae} resistance in golden pompano and provide a reliable resource for the genetic breeding of fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wahltinez:2023:CSS, author = "Sarah J. Wahltinez and Kevin J. Kroll and Donald C. Behringer and Jill E. Arnold and Brent Whitaker and Alisa L. Newton and Kristina Edmiston and Ian Hewson and Nicole I. Stacy", title = "Common Sea Star (\bioname{Asterias rubens}) Coelomic Fluid Changes in Response to Short-Term Exposure to Environmental Stressors", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "51", day = "12", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010051", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/51", abstract = "Common sea stars (\bioname{Asterias rubens}) are at risk of physiological stress and decline with projected shifts in oceanic conditions. This study assessed changes in coelomic fluid (CF) blood gases, electrolytes, osmolality, and coelomocyte counts in adult common sea stars after exposure to stressors mimicking effects from climate change for 14 days, including decreased pH ({$-$0}.4 units, mean: 7.37), hypoxia (target dissolved oxygen $ \approx $1.75 mg O 2 /L, mean: 1.80 mg O 2 /L), or increased temperature (+10 {$^\circ $}C, mean: 17.2 {$^\circ $}C) and compared sea star CF electrolytes and osmolality to tank water. Changes in CF blood gases, electrolytes, and/or coelomocyte counts occurred in all treatment groups after stressor exposures, indicating adverse systemic effects with evidence of increased energy expenditure, respiratory or metabolic derangements, and immunosuppression or inflammation. At baseline, CF potassium and osmolality of all groups combined were significantly higher than tank water, and, after exposures, CF potassium was significantly higher in the hypoxia group as compared to tank water. These findings indicate physiological challenges for A. rubens after stressor exposures and, given increased observations of sea star wasting events globally, this provides evidence that sea stars as a broad group are particularly vulnerable to changing oceans.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Alvarez:2023:IAI, author = "Paula Alvarez and Dorleta Garcia and Unai Cotano", title = "Investigating the Applicability of Ichthyoplanktonic Indices in Better Understanding the Dynamics of the Northern Stock of the Population of \geoname{Atlantic} Hake \bioname{Merluccius merluccius} ({L.})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "50", day = "12", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010050", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/50", abstract = "Abundance indices are essential data for the application of stock assessment models to obtain fish abundance estimates. Abundance indices have usually been derived from fishery-dependent data, yet the increase in fisheries-independent surveys is now offering new opportunities for these calculations. In this study, we explored the usefulness of ichthyoplankton indices derived from scientific surveys in estimating spawning biomass. In addition, we also investigated whether the strength of the year--class of the commercial cohort of Atlantic hake, as a determinant, could be defined at an early life stage. We used samples collected during the triennial mackerel and horse mackerel egg surveys (MEGS), which cover the hake spawning area in the Bay of Biscay. The biomass indices were determined as the abundance of eggs in the early development stage (stage 1) when transformed into egg production (EP) from 1995 to 2019 in the months of March and April---which is considered a period of high spawning activity for hake in this area. Additionally, we built a metric for larval abundance and converted larval length into age. This was in addition to constructing a pre-recruit year-class index (YCI) while using the EVHOE bottom trawl abundance database for hake for the period of 1997 to 2016. The results of regression analysis of egg production and spawning stock biomass indicate that both parameters are significantly correlated (r = 0.76). By connecting the abundance of eggs and larvae in the adjoining stages, we are able to identify two periods of high mortality associated with the transition from ``yolk-sac-first'' to ``feeding larvae'' and ``late larvae-YCI10'', but we were unable to discover when the strength of the recruitment year--class is determined. As such, it appears that for the northern stock of hake, recruitment is established in the late juvenile stages.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ndashe:2023:ARF, author = "Kunda Ndashe and Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe and Katendi Changula and John Yabe and Mulemba Tillika Samutela and Mwansa M. Songe and Alexander Shula Kefi and Loziwe Njobvu Chilufya and Martin Sukkel", title = "An Assessment of the Risk Factors Associated with Disease Outbreaks across Tilapia Farms in \geoname{Central and Southern Zambia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "49", day = "12", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010049", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/49", abstract = "The study investigated the management practices that contribute to disease outbreaks in farmed tilapia in Lusaka and central and southern provinces in Zambia. It was a cross-sectional qualitative study undertaken from January to March 2021 in which questionnaires were administered to 49 farmers to assess their fish health management and biosecurity competence. Data were analysed using means, percentages, ratios, and logistical regression. The results showed that the majority of the farms had high stocking densities ({$>$8} fish/m 2, 44.4\%), reared Nile tilapia (67.7\%), and sourced water for farming from rivers and streams (45.7\%). A few farmers measured water quality parameters daily (16.7\%) and removed dead fish from ponds daily (20.8\%). The stocking density ($ p = 0.013$), fish species ($ p = 0.031$), dead fish disposal methods ($ p = 0.023$), and control of predator birds ($ p = 0.016$) influenced the total mortality recorded on farms, while pond type ($ p = 0.031$ and $ p = 0.045$), water source ($ p = 0.023$), and stocking density ($ p = 0.027$) influenced the duration of a mortality episode. It is evident that some fish health management practices and biosecurity concepts among tilapia farmers in the study area are inadequate and may not contain disease outbreaks or the spread of pathogens.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kovacic:2023:CQB, author = "Ines Kova{\v{c}}i{\'c} and Ante {\v{Z}}unec and Mauro Mate{\v{s}}kovi{\'c} and Petra Buri{\'c} and Neven Ive{\v{s}}a and Mauro {\v{S}}tifani{\'c} and Jadranka Frece", title = "Commercial Quality, Biological Indices and Biochemical Composition of Queen Scallop \bioname{Aequipecten opercularis} in Culture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "48", day = "11", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010048", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/48", abstract = "Market demand for scallops has considerably increased in recent decades. Although natural populations of scallops are vulnerable, the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis, can represent a possible alternative to at-risk species. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of seawater parameters on the commercial quality, biological indices and nutritional quality of the scallop A. opercularis in 1900 L tanks in ex situ conditions. The condition index (CI) and meat yield (MY) peaked in autumn (89.92\% and 40.29\%, respectively). The muscle index (MI) showed the highest peak during the winter season (5.96\%), while the gonadosomatic index (GSI) (34.06\%) peaked in the spring months. Protein content (6.89--9.56 g/100 g), lipids (2.58--2.79 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (0.12--0.33 g/100 g) varied during the study period. Seasonal fluctuations in seawater temperature and pH negatively influenced the CI, MY and protein and lipid content, while positively affecting carbohydrate and moisture content. The most suitable period of the year for the consumption of the scallop A. opercularis was found to be the winter and spring periods, when the scallops achieved their highest nutritional value. It can be stated from this study that queen scallops in the Adriatic Sea have a high nutritional quality and that they can be proposed for higher human consumption.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Long:2023:EFD, author = "Qiaolin Long and Jian Liu and Yunfei Sun and Zhigang Yang and Boping Tang and Yongxu Cheng", title = "The Effect of Food Deprivation on Foraging Behavior and Digestive and Metabolic Capacities of the \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab, \bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "47", day = "11", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010047", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/47", abstract = "Food deprivation is a common stress in crustaceans that can affect their behavior and physiology. In this study, a video recording analysis system was used to compare the predation rate and behavior of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, foraging on the freshwater snail, Bellamya quadrata, under different degrees of food deprivation. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase, {\alpha}-amylase, pepsin, and lipase in the hepatopancreas of crabs were determined after food deprivation for 0, 3, 9, and 15 days. The results showed that the predation and encounter rates of E. sinensis increased and then decreased with an increase in food deprivation time. The proportion of stationary time of E. sinensis initially decreased and then increased, whereas the proportion of searching and handling time increased initially and then decreased. There was a significant difference in the probability of capture upon encountering; however, food deprivation did not significantly affect the probability of consumption upon capture. Under food deprivation, the proportion of E. sinensis crushing tactics after nine-day food deprivation was significantly lower than that in the first nine days. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the E. sinensis hepatopancreas after food deprivation was significantly higher than that in those not subjected to food deprivation, and the activities of {\alpha}-amylase and pepsin in the hepatopancreas were consistent with the predation rate trend, showing an initial increase followed by a decrease. In conclusion, different degrees of food deprivation significantly affected the predation cycle of E. sinensis on B. quadrata. These results lay a solid foundation for further studies on the foraging behavioral ecology of E. sinensis and provide important information for improving E. sinensis production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:ECA, author = "Jiaqi Wang and Chunxia Gao and Feng Wu and Libin Dai and Qiuyun Ma and Siquan Tian", title = "Environmental Characteristics Associated with the Presence of the Pelagic Stingray (\bioname{Pteroplatytrygon violacea}) in the \geoname{Pacific} High Sea", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "46", day = "10", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010046", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/46", abstract = "The pelagic stingray (\bioname{Pteroplatytrygon violacea}), perhaps the only stingray to inhabit open ocean waters, is highly interactive with longline and purse seine fisheries. The threat to \bioname{P. violacea} posed by high bycatch mortality has received widespread attention. To date, the environmental preference of \bioname{P. violacea}, which is important in designing conservation and management measures, has not been well studied. Based on data collected during a 2016--2019 survey in the Pacific Ocean by national observers of tuna longline fisheries, the relationship between the presence of \bioname{P. violacea} and spatiotemporal and environmental variables was first analyzed using the Generalized Additive Model. The results showed that geographic location (latitude and longitude) was the most influential variable. Monthly, \bioname{P. violacea} is frequently present in the Pacific high sea from December to May. The El Ni{\~n}o--Southern Oscillation had a significant impact on the presence of \bioname{P. violacea} in the Pacific high sea, with both the cold (Ocean Nino Index $ < - 0.5$) and warm (Ocean Nino Index $ > 1 $) phases leading to a decrease in its presence. Regarding the environmental factors, we found that high presence was associated with low salinity (33.0 $ \approx $ 34.5 psu), a relatively high concentration of chlorophyll (0.2 -- 0.35 m g / m 3), and warm water ($ > 20^\circ $C). \bioname {P. violacea} was most likely observed in the waters offshore, closer to seamounts, and with water depths between 4000 and 5000 m. Four areas, including those east of the Solomon Islands and east of Kiribati, areas west of the Galapagos Islands, and areas near the coastal upwelling of northern Peru, related to upwelling systems or seamounts, were identified as the potential key habitats of \bioname {P. violacea}. Predicted distribution maps showed a significant seasonal variation in the presence of \bioname {P. violacea}. Moreover, the yearly change in the presence of \bioname {P. violacea} in the Pacific high sea indicated a possible decreasing trend in recent years. The information first provided here is essential for developing conservation and management measures for \bioname {P. violacea} to prevent the unavoidable ecological consequences of bycatch or other anthropogenic factors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zheng:2023:CAF, author = "Yueping Zheng and Jiehao Liu and Jianan Xu and Houyong Fan and Youji Wang and Ping Zhuang and Menghong Hu", title = "Comparison of Artificial Feed and Natural Food by the Growth and Blood Biochemistry in \geoname{Chinese} Sturgeon \bioname{Acipenser sinensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "45", day = "10", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010045", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/45", abstract = "As an endangered animal species, the Chinese sturgeon (\bioname{Acipenser sinensis}) has been artificially cultured during recent years. In the present experiment, the performance of a common formulated feed and a mixed natural feed on the growth and blood physiology of Chinese sturgeon were compared during one year of indoor culture. In terms of specific growth rate, the formulated diet group showed a higher value (4.2\%) compared with the natural food group ({$-$1}.8\%) during one year of indoor culture. Alanine aminotransferase activities of the sturgeons in formulated diet group was significantly higher than that in the natural food group throughout whole experiment period ($ p < 0.05$). The total protein albumin, albumin and globulin contents of the natural food group were significantly higher than that of the formulated diet group in February and May ($ p < 0.05$). The C-reactive protein contents of the formulated diet group were significantly higher than that of natural food group in May and August ($ p < 0.05$). The activities of total cholesterol, high-density cholesterol, and low-density cholesterol were significantly higher in the natural food group than those in the formulated diet group ($ p < 0.05$). The activities of triglycerides were significantly higher in the natural food group than those in the formulated diet group in February and May ($ p < 0.05$). Almost half of the biochemical indicators examined show significant seasonal fluctuations, indicating that seasons have a substantial impact on the Chinese sturgeon. Overall, these results indicate that natural food exerted a positive impact on physiological indicators compared to the formulated diet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Quigg:2023:FWC, author = "Antonietta Quigg and R. J. David Wells and Jay R. Rooker and Ronald L. Hill and Larissa L. Kitchens and Michael A. Dance and David L. Moulton and Phillip J. Sanchez and Beatrice Padovani Ferreira", title = "Food Web Connectivity in a Mangrove--Seagrass--Patch Reef ({MSP}) Seascape: Lessons from a Tropical Back-Reef in \geoname{Puerto Rico}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "44", day = "08", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010044", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/44", abstract = "Alterations to the functions and connectivity of mangrove--seagrass--patch reef (MSP) seascapes have the potential to impact the survival, foraging activities, and movement of reef-dependent invertebrates (e.g., crabs and shrimp) and fishes. In the current study, we examined carbon flow in the Gu{\'a}nica Biosphere Reserve in southwestern Puerto Rico using pigment analysis of particulate organic matter and stable isotope analysis of carbon ({\delta} 13 C) and nitrogen ({\delta} 15 N) in flora and fauna. Several lines of evidence pointed to N 2 fixers (cyanobacteria) being important for fueling primary productivity in this oligotrophic ecosystem including low ({$<$0}.7 $ \mu $ g L {$-$1}) chlorophyll, prevalence of cyanobacteria based on pigment signatures, and the isotope signatures of seagrass and red mangrove leaf tissue (enriched {\delta} 15 N values) and consumers (depleted {\delta} 15 N values). Food web mixing models based on stable isotopes ({\delta} 13 C and {\delta} 15 N) revealed that multiple producers (phytoplankton, benthic microalgae, seagrasses, etc.) contributed organic matter to the consumers (zooplankton, invertebrates, and fishes) in the MSP seascape at the center of the reserve. Contribution estimates for common benthic invertebrates (crabs and shrimp) were taxon-specific, and the highest input was generally linked to particulate organic matter (POM) and benthic microalgae (BMA)/seagrass producer categories, although meaningful mangrove contribution was observed for some taxa. Similarly, contribution estimates for fishes were highest for POM and BMA/seagrass, with the latter producer category being more important for species known to migrate from mangroves or patch reefs to seagrass beds at night (bluestriped grunt, French grunt, and white grunt). Although all fish investigated were observed in mangrove prop-root habitats, input of organic matter from mangroves to these consumers was typically limited for most of the species examined. Understanding these complex seascapes contributes to our understanding of the ecology of these vital ecosystems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zaccone:2023:LAA, author = "Giacomo Zaccone and Alessio Alesci and Doaa M. Mokhtar and Marialuisa Aragona and Maria Cristina Guerrera and Gioele Capillo and Marco Albano and Jorge de Oliveira Fernandes and Viswanath Kiron and Ramy K. A. Sayed and Marwa M. Hussein and Patrizia Lo Cascio and Michal Kuciel and Krystyna Zuwala and Antonino German{\`a} and Jose Manuel Icardo and Eugenia Rita Lauriano", title = "Localization of Acetylcholine, Alpha 7-{NAChR} and the Antimicrobial Peptide Piscidin 1 in the Macrophages of Fish Gut: Evidence for a Cholinergic System, Diverse Macrophage Populations and Polarization of Immune Responses", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "43", day = "08", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010043", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/43", abstract = "The recognition and elimination of invading pathogens are vital for host survival. Macrophages play a central role in host protection and cells functionally reminiscent of vertebrate macrophages are present in all multicellular organisms. A pattern responsible for bacterial recognition found on the surface of macrophages is CD14. These cells possess a repertoire of antimicrobial molecules stored in their granules and lysosomes. Polarization states observed in mammalian macrophages termed M1 and M2 also likely exist in fish macrophages. Markers for macrophage subtypes are slowly but definitively emerging in fish species. In the present study cell markers such as CD14, acetylcholine, alpha 7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (nAChR) subtype, the inducible nitric oxidase synthase (iNOS), and the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 1 are reported for the first time in the intestinal macrophages of both catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) and the African bonytongue Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) along the anterior and the posterior axis and the concentric muscle layers. Many antimicrobial effector responses of vertebrate macrophages including respiratory burst and NO induction are similar across the diverse animal taxa. Antibodies against calbindin coupled with ones to VAChT and tubulin revealed the localization of myenteric and submucosal plexuses, which are made up of enteric neurons, glial cells, and nerves near macrophages. Current studies allow for the elucidation of multiple roles of macrophages in disease models providing an insight into their in vivo function in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barnes:2023:CAM, author = "Megan Barnes and Brad Ebanks and Andrew MacColl and Lisa Chakrabarti", title = "A Common Anaesthetic, {MS-222}, Alters Measurements Made Using High-Resolution Respirometry in the Three-Spined Stickleback (\bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "42", day = "07", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010042", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/42", abstract = "Submersion in the anaesthetic MS-222 is a well-established and effective method used during the euthanasia of fish, but the consequences of treatment with this anaesthetic for mitochondrial respiration are yet to be established. This is important to evaluate, as an increasing amount of research is conducting high-resolution respirometry to measure respiration across multiple species of fish, including looking at thermal sensitivity and mitochondrial responses to the warmer temperatures faced with climate change. Analysis often occurs after euthanasia with MS-222 without knowledge of how MS-222 itself affects any measured parameters of mitochondrial respiration, leaving potential for a misinterpretation of results. Here, high-resolution respirometry was conducted to explore how MS-222 affects oxidative phosphorylation in the brain and skeletal muscle of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, which is a model species in evolutionary ecology. In the brain, differences in respiration were observed between three-spined sticklebacks euthanised with MS-222 and those where no anaesthetic was implemented. No differences between treatments were observed in the skeletal muscle, although variation between individuals was high and oxygen flux was lower than in the brain. Overall, this study highlights the need for a consistent method of euthanasia when conducting high-resolution respirometry in fish, as MS-222 may alter measures of oxidative phosphorylation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Przybyla-Kelly:2023:RGD, author = "Kasia J. Przybyla-Kelly and Ashley M. Spoljaric and Meredith B. Nevers", title = "Round Goby Detection in \geoname{Lakes Huron and Michigan} --- an Evaluation of {eDNA} and Fish Catches", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "41", day = "06", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010041", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Przybyla-Kelly:2023:CPK}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/41", abstract = "Aquatic surveys for fish in large water bodies (e.g., Laurentian Great Lakes of North America) often require a flexible approach using multiple methods, surveying different depths, and sampling across seasons, especially when the target species is elusive in its natural habitat. The round goby (\bioname{Neogobius melanostomus}) is an invasive, bottom-dwelling fish inhabiting rocky areas of all five Great Lakes. While trawl surveys are typically used for abundance assessments, angling has been demonstrated as a means of supplementing surveys with additional data. Yet, round goby abundance and distribution is still not well described. Recently, with considerable success, scientists have explored sampling environmental DNA (eDNA) to complement traditional monitoring techniques for population abundance estimates, early detection of invasive species, and spawning or migration events. Therefore, we collected eDNA from water samples alongside bottom trawls and hook and line angling in Lakes Huron and Michigan to detect round goby. eDNA samples were analyzed by both droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to maximize the likelihood of detection. Overall, round goby was captured in 23\% of the trawls, but the eDNA based methods detected round goby in 74\% and 66\% of samples by ddPCR and qPCR, respectively, mostly in samples collected at {$<$30} m depths, and mostly in the fall. More studies comparing eDNA based methods to traditional monitoring, especially trawls in large open waters, may contribute to a better understanding of using eDNA in population assessments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kang:2023:SSE, author = "Chang-Keun Kang and Hyun-Woo Kim and Hyun Je Park and Chung Il Lee", title = "Sharing Scientific Evidence of the Response of Aquatic Animals to Environmental Change", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "40", day = "05", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010040", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/40", abstract = "Aquatic animals, which are ecologically important consumers in aquatic ecosystems and widely distributed in rivers, lakes, and seas, which occupy 70\% of the earth's surface, respond in unique ways to environmental changes at various temporal and spatial scales, and have optimized strategies for survival \ldots{}", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Samy-Kamal:2023:DMS, author = "Mohamed Samy-Kamal and C{\'e}lia M. Teixeira", title = "Diagnosis and Management of Small-Scale and Data-Limited Fisheries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "39", day = "05", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010039", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/39", abstract = "Aquatic animals, which are ecologically important consumers in aquatic ecosystems and widely distributed in rivers, lakes, and seas, which occupy 70\% of the earth's surface, respond in unique ways to environmental changes at various temporal and spatial scales, and have optimized strategies for survival \ldots{}", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vercelli:2023:TRI, author = "Cristina Vercelli and Michela Amadori and Massimiliano Tursi and Graziana Gambino and Paolo Pastorino and Marino Prearo and Ugo Ala and Raffaella Barbero and Giovanni Re", title = "{TRPV1} Receptor Identification in Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) and Evaluation of the Effects Produced by \bioname{Ocimum basilicum} Super Critical Fluid Extract", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "38", day = "04", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010038", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/38", abstract = "Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) has been investigated in humans and mammals; in recent years, some researchers have focused on this receptor in fishes. The present study aimed to identify TRPV1 receptors in cultures of RT-gill W1 cells and in the organs of rainbow trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}), in addition to evaluating the possible modulation induced by super critical fluid extract of basil (\bioname{Ocimum basilicum}), named F1-BEO. In vitro evaluation consisted of cell cultures and immunocytochemistry assays. During in vivo experimental sessions, eighty trout were divided into five groups that received a fish diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3\% w / w F1-BEO. Forty trout were euthanized after 15 and 30 days; organs were collected and processed according to the immunohistochemistry technique. Receptor expression was quantitatively measured using Image Pro Plus software. TRPV1 was identified in RT-gill W1 cells and in all organs, with a higher positivity in the muscle layers of the stomach, intestine and kidneys. F1-BEO induced an increased expression of TRPV1 in the stomach while a lower expression was appreciated in the bowel. No morphological alterations have been highlighted in the liver or kidneys. Further investigation will be necessary to evaluate the functionality of this receptor in rainbow trout.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gauthier:2023:TCR, author = "Nath{\'a}lia Byrro Gauthier and Filipe Scavone G{\'o}es and Virg{\'\i}nia Fonseca Pedrosa and F{\'a}bio Roselet and Luis Alberto Romano and Ronaldo Olivera Cavalli", title = "Towards the Control of the Reproduction of the Yellow Clam \bioname{Amarilladesma mactroides} ({Reeve}, 1854) in Captivity: Effects of Different Stimuli on the Spawning of Laboratory-Conditioned and Unconditioned Breeders", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "37", day = "04", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010037", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/37", abstract = "The effects of temperature manipulation, addition of sperm solution, and exposure to alkalized pH and/or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) as possible spawning inducers in laboratory-conditioned and unconditioned adults of the yellow clam (\bioname{Amarilladesma mactroides}) were evaluated. In three trials, clams were laboratory-conditioned for 14 days and exposed to thermal shocks (from 20 {$^\circ $}C to 23--29 {$^\circ $}C), while clams from three additional trials were not conditioned but acclimatized for 45 min before spawning induction. Although conditioning advanced gonad maturity and increased the condition factor, none of the thermal treatments triggered spawning in these first trials. Histological analysis indicated that the gonads of conditioned clams were not mature. Alternatively, unfertilized and fertilized eggs, and larvae were observed after unconditioned clams were induced to spawn. The gonads of unconditioned clams were in an advanced stage of maturity. Exposure to temperature shocks, alone or in combination with the addition of sperm solution and with H 2 O 2, resulted in spawning. Clams exposed to H 2 O 2 kept their valves closed and had a high mortality rate. Temperature manipulation is the most promising stimulus to induce spawning in A. mactroides. As the success of conditioning depends on the stage of gonadal development at the time of capture in the wild, a period longer than 14 days may be necessary.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:IUU, author = "Xidi Chen and Qi Xu and Lun Li", title = "Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing Governance in Disputed Maritime Areas: Reflections on the International Legal Obligations of States", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "36", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010036", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/36", abstract = "Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the disputed maritime areas causes significant damage to the marine ecology and authorized fisheries, increases the risk of conflicts among disputed states, and violates human rights at sea. Both unilateral measures and cooperative governance for IUU fishing are often inadequate in these areas. In light, this study aims to clarify the regulatory obligations of relevant states and explore feasible solutions based on international cooperation to promote IUU governance in disputed areas worldwide. The rapidly evolving international fisheries legal framework requires that states, such as coastal states, flag states, port states, or market states, fulfill their respective obligations to prevent and deter IUU and that the presence of disputes in a specific maritime area does not typically constitute grounds for derogation from these obligations or exemption from possible state responsibility. However, the implications of the conflicting claims in disputed maritime areas should be taken into consideration while interpreting and applying international legal rules. Therefore, this study suggests that regional and inter-regional cooperation is necessary for states to fulfill their obligations to regulate IUU fishing and prevent state responsibilities under international law. Parties to the dispute, as well as third parties, are encouraged to participate in the cooperative mechanism in order to coordinate legislative and enforcement measures and advance the institutionalization of IUU fishing regulation in the disputed maritime areas, which will not only advances the effective governance of IUU fishing but also reduces tensions among the disputing states and contributes to the peaceful settlement of the dispute.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ferri:2023:OTA, author = "Josipa Ferri", title = "Otoliths and Their Applications in Fishery Science", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "35", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010035", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/35", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zuo:2023:EUF, author = "Chenxia Zuo and Tingting Zhang and Chenchen Zhang and Daotan Zhao and Yi Zhu and Xiaojie Ma and Haiyan Wang and Peizhen Ma and Zhen Zhang", title = "Evaluating the Utility of Five Gene Fragments for Genetic Diversity Analyses of \bioname{Mytella strigata} Populations", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "34", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010034", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/34", abstract = "Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843) is an invasive mussel species that has rapidly spread in China in recent years. Here, we tested the utility of three mitochondrial gene fragments, COI, 12S, and 16S, and two nuclear gene fragments, D1 28S and 18S-ITS1, for characterizing the levels of genetic diversity among and within populations using 191 M. strigata specimens collected in China to aid ongoing efforts to identify the origin of the invasion as well as molecular genetic studies. M. strigata exhibited two sex-associated haplogroups according to the COI and 12S sequences. The ratio of female-lineage to male-lineage COI and 12S sequences was 149:22 and 72:7, and the genetic distances between haplogroups were 6.56 and 9.17, respectively. Only one haplotype was detected among the 18S-ITS1 sequences (413 bp), and three haplotypes were detected among the D1 28S sequences (296 bp). The haplotype diversity of both the female-lineage COI and 12S sequences was greater than 0.5, and the nucleotide diversity of the 12S, 16S, D1 28S, and 18S-ITS1 sequences was less than 0.005 in all six populations in China. Our findings indicated that COI is the most useful gene fragment for genetic diversity studies of M. strigata populations; D1 28S and 18S-ITS1 sequences would be useful for species identification because of their low intraspecific diversity. Our genetic analysis of the COI sequences revealed Colombia as the most likely origin of M. strigata in China and showed that the invasive populations in China have recently experienced or are currently experiencing a population bottleneck.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huang:2023:CMC, author = "Zengchao Huang and Liwen Xu and Shiping Yang and Shuanghu Cai and Jichang Jian and Yucong Huang", title = "A Case of Mycobacteriosis in Cultured \geoname{Japanese} Seabass (\bioname{Lateolabrax japonicus}) in \geoname{Southern China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "33", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010033", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/33", abstract = "Japanese seabass (\bioname{Lateolabrax japonicus}) is an important species of cultured marine fish with high economic value in China. Nevertheless, from May to November 2019, mass mortality among cultured Japanese seabass occurred in Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province of China. Approximately 0.2--0.5\% mortality was recorded daily, and the cumulative mortality was up to 30\% during this disease outbreak. In this study, the clinical signs and pathological characteristics of diseased fish were investigated. Furthermore, the pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity of identified pathogenic bacteria from diseased fish were analyzed. The infected fish showed clinical signs of uncoordinated swimming; anorexia; pigment changes; and a number of 1--5 mm grayish-white nodules in the liver, spleen, and kidney tissues was also found. A bacterial strain, which was designated as ZHLJ2019, was isolated from the diseased fish. To ensure that ZHLJ2019 isolate was the causative agent, a Koch postulate trial was performed. Healthy Japanese seabass were infected by the intraperitoneal injection of 5 $ \times $ 10 4, 5 $ \times $ 10 5 and 5 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU/fish, and cumulative mortalities within 42 days were 75\%, 90\%, and 100\%, respectively. The bacteria colony had traditional morphological and biochemical characteristics similar to that of Mycobacterium marinum. Phylogenetic molecular analyses of 16S rRNA, rpoB, hsp65, erp, and ITS genes confirmed that the isolated strain ZHLJ2019 was M. marinum. The granulomatous inflammation in internal organs of Japanese seabass naturally and experimentally infected with ZHLJ2019 isolate was consistent with the classic pathological features of mycobacteriosis. Drug susceptibility of ZHLJ2019 isolate to 11 antibiotics was determined by broth dilution method in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of minocycline, rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid, streptomycin, doxycycline hydrochloride, kanamycin sulfate, levofloxacin, roxithromycin, and prothionamide against the strain ZHLJ2019 were 4, 2, 8, 4, 16, 8, 8, 8, 4, and 8 {\mu}g/mL, respectively. The results of this study suggest that M. marinum is the causal agent responsible for the morbidity and mortality of Japanese seabass cultured in intensive brackish water dirt ponds in southern China.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:IRB, author = "Junwei Li and Suwen Chen and Peng Wu and Changbo Zhu and Ruiping Hu and Ting Li and Yongjian Guo", title = "Insights into the Relationship between Intestinal Microbiota of the Aquaculture Worm \bioname{Sipunculus nudus} and Surrounding Sediments", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "32", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010032", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/32", abstract = "Sipunculus nudus is an important intertidal aquaculture species that can ingest organic matter from the surface sediment and shows a high transportation capacity in sediment. However, little is known about the influence of intertidal aquaculture species on the sediment microbial community and the exchange of microbiota between the intestine and the surrounding sediment. In this study, the microbial communities in the intestine of S. nudus and three kinds of surrounding sediments were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicon, and the relationships between different communities were examined. Principal coordinate analysis and ANOSIM/Adonis analysis showed that the microbial communities of worm intestine samples were significantly different from those of surrounding sediments ($ p < 0.05$). Meanwhile, compared with the sediment samples, the microbial {\alpha}-diversity was significantly lower in the intestinal samples. Although the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were high in all samples, three phyla (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Latescibacteria) showed a great difference between the four groups, as the abundances of the three phyla were significantly lower in the intestinal samples. Moreover, several microbial interactions were found between the worm intestine and surrounding sediments. BugBase functional prediction analysis indicated that the oxygen status of the sediment and the intestine was changed by bioturbation by the worm. Therefore, the microenvironment and microbial community in sediment were affected by the activity of S. nudus in the intertidal aquaculture zone.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sorensen:2023:HRJ, author = "Karl Sorensen and Steven R. Craig and Avner Cnaani and Ewen McLean", title = "Hematological Response of Juvenile Cobia to Three Anesthetics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "31", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010031", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/31", abstract = "Optimal concentrations of three anesthetics for use with juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) were determined using time-to-recovery and hematological datasets. Buffered MS-222, clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) were examined. Juvenile cobia were exposed to three concentrations of each anesthetic at 24 {$^\circ $}C. Based on time to recovery, optimal doses for MS-222 was determined as 120-mg L {$-$1}, that for 2-PE, 0.4-mL L {$-$1} and, for clove oil, 5-mL L {$-$1}. The hematological response of cobia to anesthesia included quantification of whole blood pH, p CO$_2$, p O 2, and Ca 2+, K +, Na +, Cl {$-$}, hematocrit and glucose. Irrespective of anesthetic employed, cobia expressed metabolic acidosis, with changes in blood pH ($ p < 0.001$) being matched by increases ($ p < 0.001$) in p CO$_2$. Anesthesia tended to increase blood Na +, hematocrit, p O 2, Ca 2+, and K + although differential responses between anesthetics were recorded, suggesting different modes of action. A combination of recovery and hematological data indicated that when anesthesia is necessary, MS-222 represents the sedative of choice.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2023:EIA, author = "Jicheng Yang and Yaoyao Lin and Zhaohui Wei and Zhenbing Wu and Qianqian Zhang and Jingwen Hao and Shuyi Wang and Aihua Li", title = "\bioname{Edwardsiella ictaluri} Almost Completely Occupies the Gut Microbiota of Fish Suffering from Enteric Septicemia of Catfish ({Esc})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "30", day = "03", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010030", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/30", abstract = "To reveal the changes in the gut microbiota of yellow catfish after being infected by Edwardsiella ictaluri, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the microbial composition and diversity of the healthy and diseased yellow catfish. The gut microbial richness and diversity of the diseased fish were significantly lower than those of healthy fish. The composition and predicted function of yellow catfish gut microbiota were drastically altered after infection by E. ictaluri. Fusobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the gut of the healthy fish, while Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the gut of the diseased fish. At the genus level, the gut of healthy fish was dominated by Cetobacterium, Plesiomonas, and Romboutsia, while the gut of diseased fish was overwhelmed by the pathogenic E. ictaluri (99.22 {\pm} 0.85\%), and Cetobacterium, Plesiomonas, and Romboutsia disappeared. This is the most characteristic feature of the intestinal microbiota composition of yellow catfish edwardsiellosis. The same sequence of E. ictaluri was detected in the intestine of the healthy fish and the liver and intestine of the diseased fish. The anaerobic and Gram-positive bacteria were significantly decreased, and the digestive system, immune system, and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota were significantly reduced in the diseased fish gut. This may be part of the pathogenesis of fish edwardsiellosis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Belkin:2023:RSS, author = "Igor M. Belkin and Xin-Tang Shen", title = "Remote Sensing of the Subtropical Front in the \geoname{Southeast Pacific} and the Ecology of \geoname{Chilean} Jack Mackerel \bioname{Trachurus murphyi}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "29", day = "02", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010029", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/29", abstract = "The Subtropical Front (STF) plays a key role in the ecology of Chilean jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi. Nonetheless, there are few remote sensing studies of the STF in the open Southeast Pacific, and almost all of them have been conducted by satellite oceanographers in Russia and Ukraine to support respective large-scale fisheries of jack mackerel in this region. We reviewed these studies that documented long-term seasonal and interannual variability of the STF from sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) data. We also mapped the STF from satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) data of the SMOS mission (2012--2019). The Subtropical Front consists of two fronts--North and South STF about 500 km apart--that border the Subtropical Frontal Zone (STFZ) in-between. The STF is density-compensated, with spatially divergent manifestations in temperature and salinity. In the temperature field, the STF extends in the WNW to ESE direction in the Southeast Pacific. In the salinity field, the STFZ appears as a broad frontal zone, extending zonally across the entire South Pacific. Three major types of satellite data-SST, SSH, and SSS-can be used to locate the STF. The SSH data is most advantageous with regard to the jack mackerel fisheries, owing to the all-weather capability of satellite altimetry and the radical improvement of the spatial resolution of SSH data in the near future. Despite the dearth of dedicated in situ studies of the South Pacific STFZ, there is a broad consensus regarding the STFZ being the principal spawning and nursing ground of T. murphyi and a migration corridor between Chile and New Zealand. Major data/knowledge gaps are identified, and key next steps are proposed to mitigate the data/knowledge gaps and inform fisheries management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Eckelbecker:2023:RCP, author = "Robert W. Eckelbecker and Nathaniel M. Heili and Christopher S. Guy and David A. Schmetterling", title = "Relative Condition Parameters for Fishes of \geoname{Montana, USA}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "1", pages = "28", day = "31", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010028", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Feb 18 07:10:33 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/1/28", abstract = "Body condition indices are commonly used in the management of fish populations and are a surrogate to physiological attributes such as tissue-energy reserves. Relative condition factor (K n) describes the condition of species relative to populations in a geographic area. We developed models to allow for the calculation of K n in Montana, USA by using the weight--length data collected by Montana Fish, Wildlife \& Parks. We generated log 10 weight--log 10 length relationships to obtain Montana specific parameter estimates for relative condition equations (W\prime) for 51 species and three subspecies. We developed separate models by water type (e.g., lotic and lentic) and sex for five species due to varying growth based on sexual dimorphism and varying ecosystem types. Relative condition offers the advantage of describing body condition relative to species in Montana, provides a condition index for species that do not have standard-weight models developed for relative weight (Wr), and affords more information for the global database on weight--length relationships of fishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2023:SRG, author = "Zhilong Liu and Tuo Wang and Peng Liu and Dongneng Jiang and Xi Liu and Siping Deng and Tianli Wu and Yang Huang and Chunhua Zhu and Guangli Li and Mouyan Jiang", title = "Selection of Reference Gene for Expression Studies in the Ovary and Pituitary of Spotted Scat (\bioname{Scatophagus argus}) at Different Ovarian Stages", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "120", day = "20", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020120", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/120", abstract = "The spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is the most widely commercially cultured fish in eastern and southern Asia that possess potential economic value. However, up to date, there are no studies reported on the selection of suitable reference genes in this fish, which is crucial for guaranteeing accurate and reliable results in RT-qPCR analyses. This study aimed at screening the most stable reference genes in the ovary and pituitary at different ovarian stages, which is of great significance for further research on the reproductive regulation mechanism of female S. argus. In this study, we selected twenty-one genes as the candidate reference genes, including four genes in the ovary (EEF1A, ACTB, B2M, and HPRT1), and seventeen genes in the pituitary (B2M, APOA1, CGBA, RPLP0, GNRHR, GUSB, TBP, SLC25A5, RPL4, PLA1A, GAPDH, GNB2L1, CTFS, HPRT1, RPS2, TFRC, and TUBB4B). To analyze the stability of the potential reference genes, we first used four commonly used software, BestKeeper, GeNorm, NormFinder, and {\Delta}Ct, and then we established comprehensive rankings with ReFinder. The results indicate that RPL4 and GNB2L1, and EEF1A and HPRT1 were the most appropriate reference genes for the pituitary and ovary of S. argus, respectively, in the three developmental stages of the ovary. Additionally, GeNorm analysis suggested that for the accurate normalization of gene expression, two reference genes were reliable in the ovary and pituitary of S. argus. To the best of our knowledge and understanding, this is the first study to identify appropriate reference genes for analyzing gene expression in S. argus. Consequently, this study can be used as a foundation for future research on the reproduction of S. argus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fedorcak:2023:TCG, author = "Jakub Fedor{\v{c}}{\'a}k and Radek {\v{S}}anda and Tihomir Stefanov and Jan Mendel and Michal Nowak and Peter Kri{\v{z}}ek and Anabel Perdices and Jasna Vuki{\'c} and J{\'a}n Ko{\v{s}}{\v{c}}o", title = "The {``True} Colours'' of Golden Loaches ({Teleostei: Cobitidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "119", day = "20", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020119", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/119", abstract = "Loaches of the genus Sabanejewia are model organisms for many ichthyologic studies focusing on morphological and colour variation. The bright lateral spots---a part of the mimicry of this fish---cause a taxonomic puzzle. Common practice is that morphometric and molecular studies lack habitat assessments of species originating from different environments. In this study, we analysed body shape and colour variation within two species of Sabanejewia in order to reveal whether they are more affected by phylogeny or environmental conditions. The environmental parameters were obtained using satellite mapping tools, body shape using geometric morphometry, and the molecular identification of specimens using an analysis of mitochondrial DNA (sequence of the cytochrome b gene). Generalized linear mixed models were used for the analysis of lateral spot numbers, and principal components analysis to describe the changes in landmark position defined by the permutation tests. Results show a significant impact of the locality elevation and specimen's sex on the change of the body shape. We identified significant differences in the number of lateral spots, which are considered mimicry variation across an elevation gradient. Morphological differences of Sabanejewia spp. vary with ecological factors along the river continuum.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xing:2023:CCM, author = "Lili Xing and Lingyu Wang and Femke Roos and Michelle Lee and Gregory A. Wray", title = "{CRISPR\slash \gene{Cas9}}-Mediated Disruption of \gene{Endo16} Cis-Regulatory Elements in Sea Urchin Embryos", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "118", day = "20", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020118", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/118", abstract = "Sea urchins have become significant mariculture species globally, and also serve as invertebrate model organisms in developmental biology. Cis-regulatory elements (enhancers) control development and physiology by regulating gene expression. Mutations that affect the function of these sequences may contribute to phenotypic diversity. Cis-regulatory targets offer new breeding potential for the future. Here, we use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt an enhancer of Endo16 in developing Lytechinus variegatu s embryos, in consideration of the thorough research on Endo16' s regulatory region. We designed six gRNAs against Endo16 Module A (the most proximal region of regulatory sequences, which activates transcription in the vegetal plate and archenteron, specifically) and discovered that Endo16 Module A-disrupted embryos failed to undergo gastrulation at 20 h post fertilization. This result partly phenocopies morpholino knockdowns of Endo16. Moreover, we conducted qPCR and clone sequencing experiments to verify these results. Although mutations were not found regularly from sequencing affected individuals, we discuss some potential causes. In conclusion, our study provides a feasible and informative method for studying the function of cis-regulatory elements in sea urchins, and contributes to echinoderm precision breeding technology innovation and aquaculture industry development.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ferragut-Perello:2023:ECS, author = "Francesca Ferragut-Perello and Sergio Ram{\'\i}rez-Amaro and Athanassios C. Tsikliras and Natalia Petit-Marty and Donna Dimarchopoulou and Enric Massut{\'\i} and Alba Serrat and Francesc Ordines", title = "Exploitation and Conservation Status of the Thornback Ray (\bioname{Raja clavata}) in the \geoname{Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean)}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "117", day = "19", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020117", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/117", abstract = "Fisheries management requires the best scientific knowledge on the exploitation and conservation status of stocks. This is challenging for by-catch species, for which necessary data for their assessment is more limited than for target ones. That is the case for the thornback ray, Raja clavata, in the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean), whose exploitation and conservation status are addressed here for the first time, in an integrative approach, by using innovative assessment methods and genetic diversity analysis. The time series of fishing landings from 1964 and MEDITS trawl survey data from 2004 were used to apply CMSY++ and Bayesian state-space Schaefer production models. We also estimated the genetic diversity of the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene from 31 individuals collected during MEDITS surveys. The species showed overexploitation with a current fishing mortality (F) below that producing maximum sustainable yield (F MSY), but with a current stock biomass (B) lower than B MSY. Despite the fact that the exploitation status is stable or even has improved in the last decades, the overexploitation period since the late 1970s seems to have reduced levels of genetic diversity, below those of related species and other populations of R. clavata. This low genetic diversity may entail the loss of adaptive potential, making the species more vulnerable to fishing and the current climate change.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Khalil:2023:EMR, author = "Karim Khalil and Ahmed Elaswad and Hisham Abdelrahman and Maximillian Michel and Wenbiao Chen and Shikai Liu and Ramjie Odin and Zhi Ye and David Drescher and Khoi Vo and William S. Bugg and Guyu Qin and Yujia Yang and Nathan J. C. Backenstose and Zhanjiang Liu and Roger D. Cone and Rex Dunham", title = "Editing the Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene in Channel Catfish Using the {CRISPR-\gene{Cas9}} System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "116", day = "18", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020116", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/116", abstract = "The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a critical role in homeostasis and the regulation of body weight. Polymorphisms in the mc4r gene have been discovered and linked to growth, carcass composition, and meat quality traits. Therefore, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to target the mc4r gene in the most important freshwater aquaculture species in the USA, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Guide RNAs were designed to direct the Cas9 to the coding sequence of the channel catfish mc4r gene. gRNA(s)-Cas9 mixtures were delivered into one-cell embryos using electroporation and microinjection. For each treatment, the nature and rate of mutations were analyzed. Hatching and survival rates were calculated. The overall mutation rates were 30.6\% and 66.7--90.6\% for electroporation and microinjection, respectively. Mutated fish generated via electroporation or microinjection exhibited 38\% and 20\% improvement in body weight, respectively, when compared with the full-sib control. The mean feed conversion ratio of the mutants was 1.18 compared with 1.57 in the control fish. The improved growth and feed conversion indicate that the generation of mc4r -edited fish could economically benefit aquaculture production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Aarstad:2023:NAF, author = "Jarle Aarstad and Stig-Erik Jakobsen and Arnt Fl{\o}ysand", title = "\geoname{Norwegian} Aquaculture Firms' Emphasis on Environmental and Social Sustainability Compared to Firms in Other Industries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "115", day = "17", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020115", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/115", abstract = "Background: There has been a strong focus on environmental sustainability in the aquaculture industry, but we do not know how firms in this industry emphasize the issue compared to firms in other industries. Methods: Responding to this research gap, we compared survey data of Norwegian firms in the (1) aquaculture industry with those in the (2) manufacturing industry, (3) the consulting, finance and insurance industry, and (4) the hospitality, tourism and culture industry. Results: We found that firms in the aquaculture industry emphasize environmental sustainability more than those in the other industries do. Likewise, firms in the aquaculture industry emphasize social sustainability more than those in the other industries do, but the difference is less marked. Across industries, knowledge-intensive firms emphasize environmental sustainability and social sustainability to a lesser extent. Additionally, firms with local or regional major ownership emphasize social sustainability more than those with international major ownership do. Conclusion: Firms in the aquaculture industry have a relatively strong emphasis on environmental and social sustainability, which may be due to the industry's environmental challenges. Similarly, aquaculture firms have a relatively strong emphasis on social sustainability, which may be due to the industry's geographic and sociocultural proximity to numerous small local communities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2023:CRS, author = "Kyung-Ho Kim and Min-Soo Joo and Gyoungsik Kang and Won-Sik Woo and Min-Young Sohn and Ha-Jeong Son and Chan-Il Park", title = "Characterization of Red Sea Bream (\bioname{Pagrus major}) Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 and 6 Genes and Their Expression in Response to {RSIV} Infection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "114", day = "16", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020114", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/114", abstract = "Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play crucial roles in antiviral processes, such as in the transcriptional induction of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In this study, the genes encoding IRF5 and IRF6 were identified in Pagrus major, and their expression in various organs after pathogen infection was analyzed. In the coding sequences of P. major (Pm) IRF5 and PmIRF6, the DNA binding domain, IRF association domain, and viral-activated domain were found to be highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PmIRF5 and PmIRF6 were most closely related to IRF5 and IRF6 of large yellow croakers. The mRNAs for PmIRF5 and PmIRF6 were constitutively expressed in all organs analyzed but were highly expressed in the liver and gills. As a result of an infection with red sea bream iridovirus, a major pathogen of red sea bream, PmIRF5 and PmIRF6 expression was significantly upregulated in the spleen and kidney. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that IRF5 and IRF6 expression play an influential role in the immune system of red sea bream infected with viruses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2023:SMR, author = "Dong In Kim", title = "A Study on the Metabolic Rate Change Pattern in {F$_2$} Hybrid Sturgeon, the Bester (\bioname{Huso huso} $ \times $ \bioname{Acipenser ruthenus}), during the Early Developmental Stage", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "113", day = "15", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020113", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Kim:2023:CKD}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/113", abstract = "The primary goal in aquaculture is to maximize the growth and survival of farmed fishes at a minimal cost, which requires an understanding of the changes in metabolism undergone by different fish breeds during development. In particular, highly intensive aquaculture production systems, such as recirculating aquaculture systems, require a better understanding of oxygen consumption. Ontogenetic phase shifts (i.e., sudden changes) in metabolism have been observed in several aquaculture species during early development, and such metabolic phase shifts may help to predict the oxygen consumption of aquaculture species during different stages of their development. Here, I analyzed the pattern of metabolic changes in the F 2 hybrid sturgeon, the bester (Huso huso $ \times $ Acipenser ruthenus; hereafter, referred to as the F 2 bester), during its early development. I observed ontogenetic phase shifts in metabolism in the F 2 bester at body mass values of about 0.2 and 0.8 g. Thus, the F 2 bester undergoes ontogenetic phase shifts in metabolism during early development, which can help to characterize oxygen consumption at a specific developmental period. Therefore, oxygen can be appropriately adjusted and replenished during breeding.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hallerman:2023:GBS, author = "Eric M. Hallerman", title = "Genetics and Biotechnology --- The {Section Editor-in-Chief}'s View", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "112", day = "15", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020112", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/112", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{MacedoSantana:2023:FVS, author = "Thiago {Macedo Santana} and Francisco {de Matos Dantas} and Driely Kathriny {Monteiro Dos Santos} and Juliana {Tomomi Kojima} and Yugo {Moraes Pastrana} and Rog{\'e}rio {Souza De Jesus} and Ligia {Uribe Gon{\c{c}}alves}", title = "Fish Viscera Silage: Production, Characterization, and Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy for Tambaqui Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "111", day = "14", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020111", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/111", abstract = "Fish viscera can be an important source of protein and energy for aquafeed, and its use contributes to circular aquaculture. The aim of this study was to produce acid and fermented silage from fish viscera to determine their nutritional value and the apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients and energy for juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). An acid silage and three fermented silages with different sources of carbohydrates (molasses, wheat bran, and cassava waste) were produced with 0.25\% sorbic acid as an antifungal in the formulation. Silages presented an average of 55\% dry matter, 62.9\% lipids, and 12\% crude protein. Leucine and lysine predominated as essential amino acids in the acid silage and fermented silages. Fish viscera silages presented EPA and DHA content from 5.4 to 17.8 and 1.7 to 8.9 mg.g {-1} of lipids, respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) (indirect method) was above 82\% for gross energy for all the formulations. The ADCs for protein were similar for the fermented silages, with a maximum 92\% level for the fermented wheat bran silage. The bioconversion of fish viscera into silage makes it an energy ingredient for aquafeed that is well digested by tambaqui juveniles.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Saliba:2023:DAM, author = "Jaqueline Sim{\~o}es Saliba and Fabio Aremil Costa dos Santos and Elo{\'\i}sa de Oliveira Sim{\~o}es Saliba and Ronald Kennedy Luz", title = "Different Animal Metabolism Markers for Artemia Nauplii in Crude Protein Digestibility Assay for \bioname{Lophiosilurus alexandri} Larvae", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "110", day = "14", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020110", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/110", abstract = "This work aimed to develop a methodology for marking Artemia with different markers and evaluating their passage rate and digestibility in Lophiosilurus alexandri larvae of different ages. In the first phase, Artemia nauplii were marked 28 h after hatching with chromium oxide, titanium dioxide and NANOLIPE {\reg}. Contact times with the markers were 30, 60, 90 min at a concentration of 500 mg/L. Titanium dioxide had a higher concentration in Artemia than the other markers. The passage rate did not differ significantly between titanium and NANOLIPE {\reg}. In the second phase, the apparent digestibility of the protein in Artemia nauplii was evaluated for L. alexandri larvae at three ages. Average real protein digestibility at the three ages was 95.08\%, demonstrating Artemia as a good quality food. All ages exhibited the same final time of fecal excretion of 30 min after feeding. Artemia nauplii presented satisfactory results for assimilation for all markers tested. In determining the digestibility of Artemia protein, we can conclude that chromium oxide and NANOLIPE {\reg} were good markers of animal metabolism and titanium dioxide was the worst marker of Artemia digestibility for the initial stages of L. alexandri.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Romero:2023:HAC, author = "Jaime Romero and Natalia Catal{\'a}n and Carolina Ram{\'\i}rez and Claudio D. Miranda and Marcia Oliva and H{\'e}ctor Flores and Mar{\'\i}a Soledad Romero and Rodrigo Rojas", title = "High Abundance of Candidatus Arthromitus in Intestinal Microbiota of \bioname{Seriolella violacea} ({Palm Ruff}) under Reared Conditions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "109", day = "13", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020109", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/109", abstract = "Intestinal microbiota has been involved in several processes that benefit the host, such as digestion, nutrient metabolism, resistance to pathogens colonization and immune function. In this study, we investigated the diversity, composition and functional prediction of microbiota of reared Seriolella violacea (palm ruff) in the same cohort sampled at different times (7-, 8- and 9-month-old). Microbial community structure analyses, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, revealed that the intestinal microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes. At the genus level, Candidatus Arthromitus was the most abundant in all sampled timepoints, representing in average 78\% of the bacterial community (ranging from 18 to 98\%), corresponding to segmented filamentous bacteria, which are interesting because they have been associated with the maturation of immune responses in the gut and protecting the host from bacterial infections. The comparisons of the intestinal microbiota among the three groups showed differences in abundance of bacterial taxa and also in alpha diversity indexes (Shannon and Simpson), as well as beta diversity metrics (weighted and unweighted UniFrac). Potential functions of the intestinal microbiota of palm ruff were retrieved using Philipin and Tax4fun and these analyses revealed high levels of genes for sugar metabolism. To our knowledge, this study represents the first description of the intestinal microbiota of S. violacea.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Du:2023:EMF, author = "Ningning Du and Yanchun Sun and Zhongxiang Chen and Xiaoli Huang and Chenhui Li and Lei Gao and Shuyan Bai and Peng Wang and Qirui Hao", title = "Effects of Multiple Freeze--Thaw Cycles on Protein and Lipid Oxidation, Microstructure and Quality Characteristics of Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "108", day = "13", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020108", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/108", abstract = "Multiple freeze-thaw cycles due to temperature fluctuations irreversibly damage the muscle tissue of fish, thereby reducing their edibility. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the number of freeze-thaw (F--T) cycles on protein and lipid oxidation, microstructure, physical index, and nutritional quality of rainbow trout muscle. The results showed that F--T cycles accelerated protein carbonyl formation and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) generation (p {$<$} 0.05), as well as increased the loss of total sulfhydryl (SH) groups (p {$<$} 0.05). Moreover, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images illustrated that the microstructure of muscle fibers was loosed and disintegrated after the third F--T cycle, causing a reduction in water holding capacity (WHC). In addition, muscles lost the intrinsic color of fresh meat after the fifth cycle, with lightness L* and yellowness b* increasing, while redness a* declined (p {$<$} 0.05). The hardness, springiness, and chewiness of muscles decreased, and the shear force first increased and then decreased after the third cycle. Furthermore, the proximate components, essential amino acids (EAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs), decreased significantly after the third cycle (p {$<$} 0.05) due to the decrease of WHC as well as protein and lipid oxidation. The results indicated that the quality of rainbow trout muscle changed after the third cycle, deteriorated seriously after the fifth cycle, and was unacceptable after the seventh cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the temperature fluctuation to less than three times during freezing. The results provided a reference for the identification and classification of frozen aquatic products.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhan:2023:GWI, author = "Feifei Zhan and Liqun Liang and Shuangyi Wang and Honjung Liew and Yumei Chang and Limin Zhang", title = "Genome-Wide Identification, Phylogenetic Analysis and Expression Pattern Profiling of the Aquaporin Family Genes in \bioname{Leuciscus waleckii}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "107", day = "11", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020107", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/107", abstract = "Aquaporin (Aqp) is a transmembrane-specific channel for small molecules that help in regulating homeostasis in fishes when adapting to changing environments, but its role in Amur ide's response to alkaline stress is yet to be revealed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the response of the Aqp gene exposed to alkaline water in Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) using a genome-transcriptional assay. Based on the results, we classified the Aqps of the L. waleckii (LwAqps) genome and analyzed its transcriptional expression profile and genetic evolution under carbonate alkalinity stress. A total of 18 Aqp genes were identified in four grades in L. waleckii. The highest Aqp gene expression was found in the gill and kidney of L. waleckii from the Wusuli River (WSL) in comparison to those in the Dali Lake (DL), whereas aqp3a, -3ap1, -7, and -9a expressions were found at intensively higher levels in the gill rather than in the kidneys and livers. The experiment of L. waleckii under alkalinity stress (carbonate alkalinity 50 mmol{\cdot}L {-1}) and its recovery showed that the expressions of aqp0a, -3a, -3ap1, -7, -8aa, and -9a were upregulated in alkaline water and downregulated in freshwater. We identified 1460 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the Aqp genes. The average value of Fst of SNP markers in the CDS region was 0.177 {\pm} 0.256, and the first 5\% SNPs were identified at aqp3a and -11b. Residue Ser66 does not bring about an overall change in the three-dimensional structure of Aqp3a, but may change the penetration of solutes across the membrane. This indicates that Aqp genes are involved in the response of L. waleckii to alkaline stress, and aqp3a is one of the key genes involved in regulating L. waleckii 's adaptation to alkaline environments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lin:2023:RCP, author = "Pengcheng Lin and Huaming Hu and Zheng Gong and Jian Wang and Xin Gao", title = "Reproductive Characteristics of \bioname{Pseudecheneis sulcatus} ({Siluriforms: Sisoridae}) in the \geoname{Lower Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "106", day = "10", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020106", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/106", abstract = "The present research offers novel understandings of the reproductive biology of Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland, 1842) found in the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, a biodiversity hotspot. Reproductive characteristics of Pseudecheneis sulcatus, including their maturation age, fertility, spawning season, and maximum body size, constitute important aspects of its life-history traits. We collected a total of 310 specimens from the Yarlung Zangbo River's Motuo reach between March and November 2016 and found the male-to-female ratio to be 0.73:1, markedly different from the anticipated 1:1. The total length of individuals ranged from 72 to 207 mm, while overall weight ranged from 2.5 to 65.0 g. Their length at first maturity was estimated as 131 mm in males and 132 mm in females. Based on the adult proportion and fluctuation in the monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) and size distribution of oocytes, spawning was determined to occur from March to June. The absolute fecundity ranged between 247 and 2886 eggs, while the fluctuation in average relative fertility ranged between 16.8 and 77.1 eggs/g of fish. The fecundity of P. sulcatus was linearly correlated to the overall weight and length of the fish along with the ovarian weight. In conclusion, P. sulcatus spawned synchronously in spring and early summer, exhibiting low fecundity and large oocytes. Our results provided basic information in understanding how this species adapted well to the unique canyon environment, which may be useful for developing a sustainable conservation plan for P. sulcatus at the lower reach of the Yarlung Zangbo River.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Eissa:2023:PSE, author = "El-Sayed Hemdan Eissa and Ragaa A. Ahmed and Nadia A. Abd Elghany and Amal Elfeky and Saadea Saadony and Norhan H. Ahmed and Salah El-Sayed Sakr and Geraldine B. Dayrit and Charlene Princess S. Tolenada and Adlene Anne C. Atienza and Mahmoud Mabrok and Hala F. Ayoub", title = "Potential Symbiotic Effects of $ \beta $-1,3 Glucan, and Fructooligosaccharides on the Growth Performance, Immune Response, Redox Status, and Resistance of \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp, \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei} to \bioname{Fusarium solani} Infection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "105", day = "10", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020105", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/105", abstract = "The potential effects of dietary supplementation with {\beta}-1,3 glucan and fructooligosaccharides ({\beta}-1,3 GF) on antioxidant activities, immunological response, and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was investigated. Four diets (iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous) with different levels of {\beta}-1,3 GF (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g kg {-1}) were fed to healthy shrimp juveniles weighing 3 {\pm} 0.5 g for 75 days. Shrimps were randomly distributed into 12 net enclosures at a density of 30 shrimp/net, and the experiment was performed in triplicate. The results revealed that long-term supplementation with 1.5 g kg {-1} {\beta}-1,3 GF significantly improved shrimp weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and digestive enzyme profiles compared to the control diet group. However, there were no substantial variations in the contents of moisture, crude protein, total lipids, and ash in the muscles of shrimp fed on different diets. Surprisingly, all antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and immune biomarkers (lysozyme, total hemocyte count, phenol oxidase, and respiratory burst) activities were significantly elevated with increasing levels of {\beta}-1,3 GF in the shrimp diet, and the highest values were recorded in the 1.5 g kg {-1} diet groups. Challenge test results revealed that F. solani could cause a high mortality rate (86.7\%) in a group fed a normal basal diet within 14 days at a dose of 5 $ \times $ 10 4 conidia mL {-1}. Surprisingly, all dietary treated groups with different doses of {\beta}-1,3 GF showed high resistance against F. solani, represented by lower cumulative mortality rates (20--43.3\%) compared to the control group. Moreover, most of the infected shrimp showed a typical black to brown gill lesion similar to that observed in the natural infection, where an identical fungus was successfully re-isolated from infected gills and muscles. Overall, this study recommends an appropriate incorporation level of {\beta}-1,3 GF that could enhance growth performance and improve the antioxidant activities, non-specific immunity, and disease resistance of L. vannamei, with an optimal level of 1.5 g kg {-1}.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nenciu:2023:FDW, author = "Magda Nenciu and Victor Ni{\c{t}}{\u{a}} and Lumini{\c{t}}a Laz{\u{a}}r and Alina Sp{\^\i}nu and Elena Vl{\u{a}}sceanu-Mateescu", title = "Fostering the Development of \geoname{Western Black Sea} Aquaculture: a Scientific Case Study for Finfish Cage Farming Allocated Zone Designation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "104", day = "09", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020104", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/104", abstract = "Mariculture offers enormous potential for providing sustainable food, playing a key role in achieving nutrition security, employment, and Blue Growth. This is particularly true in geographical areas where the dependence of local economies on fishery products is high and yet access to sustainable landings is hindered by environmental drawbacks. One such area is represented by the Black Sea, which offers different degrees of suitability for aquaculture development. While the southern and eastern shores are sheltered enough to allow for the development of large aquaculture activities, the north-western shoreline is characterized by wide environmental fluctuations and the strong influence of the Danube. This study aimed at investigating the suitability of a selected area of the Romanian coast (Mangalia) for finfish cage farming by adapting an internationally endorsed methodology for determining its Degree of Compatibility (DC). The development and expansion of finfish aquaculture depends on the availability of space, so designating Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs) is essential. The result obtained (DC = 80) indicates that the Mangalia area is suitable for finfish aquaculture activities: there is no major interference with other uses of the maritime space, no conflicts with nature conservation, and the environmental conditions are appropriate for fish culture in floating cages. The novel information provided by this study can be the building block for authorities to settle the governance gap that has so far impeded the development of marine aquaculture in Romania. At a larger scale, this study can serve as a good practice example at the regional Black Sea level.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Voorhees:2023:ECI, author = "Jill M. Voorhees and Elizabeth R. J. M. Mamer and Daniel J. Schill and Mitchel Adams and Carlos Martinez and Michael E. Barnes", title = "{17$ \beta $}-Estradiol Can Induce Sex Reversal in Brown Trout", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "103", day = "09", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020103", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/103", abstract = "Hormones have been used to change phenotypic sex in many fish species. However, information specific to changing sex in brown trout Salmo trutta is lacking. This study compared the effectiveness of two different 17{\beta}-estradiol (estradiol) concentrations (20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) fed to brown trout for 60 days, beginning at initial feeding. At 456 days post-initial feeding, the 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg treatment groups were 84\% and 86\% female, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the 47\% females observed in the control group which did not receive dietary estradiol. At the end of the 60-day estradiol treatment period, weight gain, percent weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were all significantly lower in the tanks of fish receiving estradiol than in the control tanks. Individual fish fed estradiol also weighed significantly less and were significantly shorter than the fish not receiving estradiol-coated feed. Mortality ranged from 1.0 to 2.4\% among the treatments and was not significantly different. After 105 days post-initial feeding, weight gain, percent weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among the treatments. At 456 days post-initial feeding, individual fish were significantly longer and heavier in the 20 mg/kg estradiol treatment compared to the fish in the control treatment, and the fish in the 30 mg/kg estradiol treatment were similar to the other two treatments. This study is the first to document the successful sex reversal of brown trout using estradiol. While the estradiol treatments used in this study did not lead to complete feminization, the observed 85-to-15\% female-to-male phenotypic ratio indicates the successful feminization of genetic males. The levels of feminization observed in this study are suitable for this initial step to potentially develop a YY male broodstock to control invasive brown trout populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dvoretsky:2023:SBO, author = "Alexander G. Dvoretsky and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky", title = "Shellfish as Biosensors in Online Monitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems: a Review of \geoname{Russian} Studies", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "102", day = "08", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020102", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/102", abstract = "The use of biological objects in monitoring the state of the environment and the changes caused by the impact of environmental pollution on marine and fresh waters is a promising tool due to a lower cost in comparison to traditional monitoring and the ability to receive immediate information about the ecosystem status. In this review, we summarize the biological information about shellfish biomonitors and the results of studies focused on the development and use of the bioindicator species in early warning systems in Russia. Since the mid-1980s, Russian specialists have developed online biomonitoring systems; as in the rest of world, there are two main approaches that are currently applied to study the physiological status of potential biosensor shellfish species and to monitor freshwater and marine systems: valvometry (registration of gaping activity in bivalve mollusks) and photoplethysmography (registration of cardiac activity in mollusks and crustaceans). Valve movement responses to stressors such as abnormal conditions and pollutants include the closure of shell valves for a long period, decrease in the average distance between valves, rapid shell opening, and higher closing frequency. Cardiac activity reactions of shellfish to stress factors include rapid increases in heart rate and stress index, higher variability in heart rate than under normal conditions, and longer periods required for heart rate recovery after stress. The most common bioindicators used to monitor environmental disturbances in marine ecosystems are blue mussels, Iceland scallops, and red king crabs in cold-water habitats and Black Sea mussels in warmer waters as well as freshwater mussels and crayfish in fresh waters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kalan:2023:FFP, author = "Parker Kalan and John Steinbeck and Freddy Otte and Sean C. Lema and Crow White", title = "Filter-Feeding \geoname{Pacific} Lamprey (\bioname{Entosphenus tridentatus}) Ammocetes Can Reduce Suspended Concentrations of \bioname{E. coli} Bacteria", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "101", day = "08", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020101", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/101", abstract = "Filter-feeding invertebrates such as bivalves have been shown to improve the health of aquatic systems by reducing concentrations of bacteria and other harmful suspended organisms, but it remains unknown if microphagous suspension-feeding fishes can provide similar ecosystem services for water quality. Here, we tested whether the presence of the filter-feeding larval ammocoete life-stage of Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) can reduce suspended concentrations of Escherichia coli bacteria. Aquaria containing either filter-feeding ammocoete lamprey larvae (1.5 fish{\cdot}L {-1}), lamprey macropthalmia juveniles (1.5 fish{\cdot}L {-1}) that do not suspension-feed, or no lamprey (control) were filled with water contaminated with E. coli bacteria and then monitored for 5 d for E. coli concentration changes in the water column. The presence of ammocoete larvae generated a significantly faster decline in E. coli abundance compared to aquaria containing either macropthalmia-stage lamprey or no fish, which showed similar E. coli concentration profiles over that 5 d period. A higher density of ammocoetes (4.3 fish{\cdot}L {-1}) resulted in a more rapid decline in E. coli compared to the lower 1.5 fish{\cdot}L {-1} ammocoete density, further implying that ammocoetes augmented bacterial clearance. These observations provide evidence that filter-feeding larval ammocoetes of Pacific lamprey may help promote water-quality enhancement by reducing suspended bacterial concentrations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:ECV, author = "Yang Wang and Fan Zhang and Zhe Geng and Yuying Zhang and Jiangfeng Zhu and Xiaojie Dai", title = "Effects of Climate Variability on Two Commercial Tuna Species Abundance in the \geoname{Indian Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "99", day = "07", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020099", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/99", abstract = "Oceanic temperature fluctuations are one of the leading factors affecting marine fish populations. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), characterized as the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly change, is an ocean--atmosphere interactive process causing interannual climate variability in the Indian Ocean. Influences of the IOD on the tuna catch rates are supported by previous research. Yet, there remains limited information about the impacts on the abundance of tuna stocks. In this study, we used the standardized Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) index to present the stock abundance and compared the effects of the IOD on the bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) among different management areas of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). Results show significant correlations between IOD events on both species' abundance in the tropical western Indian Ocean. However, in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and the southern Indian Ocean, neither bigeye nor yellowfin tuna abundances were significantly correlated by the IOD. For the whole Indian Ocean, IOD was significantly correlated uniquely with the yellowfin tuna abundance. Our results emphasized the importance of evaluating the climate variability effects over fisheries abundance species by species and per fishing areas analyses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gao:2023:RSB, author = "Tianheng Gao and Nannan Li and Wenlei Xue and Yuning Hu and Hai Lin", title = "The Responses of Sediment Bacterial Communities in \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) Culture Ponds to Changes in Physicochemical Properties Caused by Sediment Improvement", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "98", day = "07", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020098", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/98", abstract = "The interaction between nutrients, heavy metals, and sediment bacterial communities play a key role in the health of crabs and the biogeochemical cycles of aquaculture systems. However, the effects of sediment improvement activities in crab culture on nutrients and heavy metals and the response of bacterial communities to the relevant changes are unclear. In this study, 24 water and sediment samples were collected from two aquaculture sites (total of 12 ponds, 6 at each site). High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the structure of the bacterial community and the diversity in water and sediment samples. The relationship between nutrients, heavy metals, and bacterial communities and the changes of the three before and after the improvement of the sediment were analyzed. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes were predominant at the phylum level of sediment. Sediment improvement has an effect on NH 4 + -N, sulfide, total organic carbon (TOC), and heavy metals in sediments to varying degrees. In addition, redundancy analysis found that NH 4 + -N, NO 3 {-} -N, TP, and heavy metals were key drivers in crab culture pond sediments. The results of functional prediction showed that carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism were the dominant processes in the two crab farming areas. Overall, changes in nutrients and heavy metals caused by sediment improvement further affected the structure and function of bacterial communities and may affect biogeochemical cycles. Our study has deepened the understanding of the effects of sediment improvement on nutrients, heavy metals, and bacterial communities in crab culture ponds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Carlson:2023:BPD, author = "Andrew K. Carlson and Mark V. Hoyer", title = "Bluegill Population Demographics as Related to Abiotic and Biotic Factors in \geoname{Florida} Lakes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "100", day = "07", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020100", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/100", abstract = "Research on Bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus R., is abundant but typically focuses on water bodies with similar environmental conditions. We assessed Bluegill density, relative abundance (catch per unit effort [CPUE] by electrofishing), growth, and size structure in 60 lakes with wide-ranging surface areas (2--12,412 ha), trophic states (oligotrophic--hypereutrophic), and macrophyte abundances (0.3--100 percent of lake volume inhabited [PVI]) across Florida, USA. Bluegill density and CPUE increased with lake productivity and decreased with macrophyte abundance. Bluegill growth increased with lake productivity and CPUE of stock-length Florida Bass, Micropterus floridanus L., a Bluegill predator. Bluegill size structure increased with lake productivity and decreased with Bluegill density. Results indicate that Bluegill fisheries with abundant individuals of quality size ({\geq}150 mm) require productive ({$>$25} {\mu}g/L chlorophyll- a concentration) lakes with moderate to high macrophyte coverage (PVI 50--100), abundant stock-length Florida Bass ({$>$40} fish/h of electrofishing), and Bluegill densities {$<$300} fish/ha. This study provides an approach to predict Bluegill population demographics based on abiotic and biotic factors, establish fisheries management expectations, and develop regional and lake-specific management tools.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{DulceEstevao:2023:APR, author = "Maria {Dulce Est{\^e}v{\~a}o}", title = "Aquatic Pollutants: Risks, Consequences, Possible Solutions and Novel Testing Approaches", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "97", day = "06", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020097", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/97", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fantini-Hoag:2023:BAP, author = "Leticia Fantini-Hoag and Terry Hanson and Jesse Chappell", title = "Bioeconomic Analysis of In-Pond Raceway System Production of Foodsize and Stocker Hybrid Catfish (Channel Catfish \bioname{Ictalurus punctatus} [female-sign]$ \times $ Blue Catfish, \bioname{I. furcatus} [male-sign])", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "96", day = "06", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020096", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/96", abstract = "The U.S. catfish industry is seeking production systems that are efficient, intensive, and profitable. Growing foodsize and stocker-sized fish in the same pond is attractive as it is often difficult to obtain larger-sized stockers early each year. This case study evaluated the performance and economics of producing foodsize hybrid catfish and stocker-sized fingerlings in in-pond raceway systems (IPRS) placed into four 0.4 ha ponds. Growout raceways (RW1/RW2) in ponds 1 and 2 were 63 m 3, and 45 m 3 in ponds 3 and 4 (RW3/RW4). Each pond had one (14 m 3) stocker unit raceway and a 5 HP of aeration that maintained adequate dissolved oxygen levels. Average growout production was 12,050 kg/ha in 63 m 3 raceways and 12,078 kg/ha in 45 m 3 raceways (228 days of production) and achieved harvest weights ranging from 564 to 661 g. The raceway stocker unit had production yields ranging from 3537 to 4388 kg/ha (143 days of production) and achieved harvest weights ranging from 123 to 234 g. Stocker units in ponds 1 and 2 generated 8540 stocker--fingerlings (21,102 fingerlings/ha) and units in ponds 3 and 4 generated 7954 fingerlings (19,654 fingerlings/ha). An investment of USD 39,996 was needed for ponds 1 and 2 and USD 21,196 for ponds 3 and 4. When scenarios were analyzed financially, positive financial net returns occurred when farm level investment decreased, leading to reduced payback periods, increased net present values, and higher internal rates of return. IPRS used stocker units to culture fingerlings for future stocking of foodsize fish. IPRS provided good inventory control, and high production yields compared to traditional pond culture of catfish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Morales:2023:OMS, author = "Christian James C. Morales and Kyle Dominic E. Barnuevo and Emmanuel S. {Delloro, Jr.} and Roxanne A. Cabebe-Barnuevo and Jenylle Kate S. Calizo and Sanny David P. Lumayno and Ricardo P. Babaran", title = "Otolith Morphometric and Shape Distinction of Three Redfin Species under the Genus \bioname{Decapterus} ({Teleostei: Carangidae}) from \geoname{Sulu Sea, Philippines}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "95", day = "05", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020095", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/95", abstract = "Otoliths are paired calcified structures in the inner ear of teleosts that function in hearing and balance. In this study, the use of otolith morphometrics and shape analysis were explored to delineate the redfin species under the genus Decapterus from the Sulu Sea, Philippines, namely, Decapterus kurroides, D. smithvanizi, and D. tabl. Results showed that the mean otolith shapes are unique within species (p {$<$} 0.001). The otolith size-related (OW---otolith weight, OL---otolith length, OH---otolith height, OA---otolith area, and OP---otolith perimeter) and shape-related (RE---rectangularity, SQ---squareness, EL---ellipticity, RO---roundness, AR---aspect ratio, FF---form factor, CO---compactness, and CI---circularity) morphometric indices also showed significant variations (p {$<$} 0.001) among the three species. Distinct regions differentiating D. kurroides from the other two species were seen along the dorsal margin of the otoliths, which was supported by its significantly higher values for OH (size-related index) and RO (shape-related index). In addition, the morphometric indices showed significant variations (p {$<$} 0.001), except for RE. Furthermore, it was revealed that the size-related indices were able to separate D. kurroides from the other two species, which turned out to be indifferent. The results provided relevant data on the use of otoliths as an additional confirmatory tool in species delineation of the identified redfin species, and, therefore, offer opportunities of applying the same method in delineation and, eventually, identification of species from other genera, especially those that closely resemble each other.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhong:2023:TAF, author = "Zhenxiao Zhong and Guozhu Chen and Haihui Tu and Xinyi Yao and Xin Peng and Xuan Lan and Qiongying Tang and Shaokui Yi and Zhenglong Xia and Miaoying Cai and Guoliang Yang", title = "Transcriptomic Analysis and Functional Gene Expression in Different Stages of Gonadal Development of \bioname{Macrobrachium rosenbergii}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "94", day = "05", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020094", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/94", abstract = "In order to decipher the functional genes and reveal the molecular mechanism of gonadal development in Macrobrachium rosenbergii, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on the testes and ovaries at different developmental stages. A total of 146,537 unigenes with an N50 of 2008 bp and an average length of 1144 bp were obtained from the sequencing raw data via quality control and denovo assembly. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that there were 339 and 468 DEGs among the different developmental stages of testes and ovaries, respectively, and 7993 DEGs between the testes and ovaries. The KEGG enrichment analysis identified 13 candidate pathways related to gonadal development, including insulin synthesis, oocyte maturation, and steroid biosynthesis, which were involved in biological processes such as regulation of hormone metabolism, sex cell proliferation and development, and amino acid metabolism. The DEGs related to the above pathways such as insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), heat shock protein 90 (Hsp 90), and cyclooxygenase (COX) genes were highly expressed during yolk protein synthesis, indicating that these genes might be involved in yolk accumulation and oogenesis. Meanwhile, calmodulin (CaM) and other genes were highly expressed during spermatogenesis, suggesting that these genes might play an important role in spermatogenesis. Ten differentially expressed genes in the KEGG signaling pathway, including CRQ, COX, APP, Cdc42, Hsd17b12, Art-1, Hsp70, Hsp90, PRMT1, and GP, were selected for real-time quantitative PCR (RT- qPCR) to validate the transcriptome data, and the results showed that RT- qPCR obtained consistent results with the RNA-Seq data. The present findings provide new insights into the molecular regulation mechanism of gonadal development in M. rosenbergii.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mokhtar:2023:MCF, author = "Doaa M. Mokhtar and Giacomo Zaccone and Alessio Alesci and Michal Kuciel and Manal T. Hussein and Ramy K. A. Sayed", title = "Main Components of Fish Immunity: an Overview of the Fish Immune System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "93", day = "05", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020093", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/93", abstract = "Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital processes such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. The main cellular constituents of the fish immune system are macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells. This review provides the latest information on cellular defense mechanisms of fish and provides an overview of the function of the mucosal immune system in maintaining the general health of fish. Here, we discuss the fundamental ideas that underpin mucosal immune responses in teleosts, as well as the innate and adaptive immune cells and the molecules that play a role in these immune responses. Moreover, cytokine molecules and pathways in teleosts have been reported to focus on several kinds of associated immunity. Importantly, we also review antigen processing and presentation. The knowledge reported here will enable better understanding, determination, and modulation of the pathways responsible for protective immunity, thus consequently improving the health of the fish in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2023:TMA, author = "Guangwei Hu and Weili Wang and Kai Xu and Chao Wang and Dexue Liu and Jing Xu and Binlun Yan and Nanjing Ji and Huan Gao", title = "Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of \bioname{Palaemon carinicauda} Hepatopancreas in Response to \bioname{Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei} ({EHP}) Infection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "92", day = "05", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020092", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/92", abstract = "Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian responsible for hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis, is a major pathogen in commercial shrimp production. Among the affected species, Palaemon carinicauda (formerly Exopalaemon carinicauda) is commercially important in China and represents a potential research model for studying crustaceans. However, little information is available on its response to EHP infection. Hence, this study analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome of P. carinicauda 's hepatopancreas using high-throughput sequencing and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to determine its response during the early stage of infection. The transcriptomic analyses identified 730 differentially expressed genes, of which those associated with EHP infection were enriched in metabolic pathways as well as detoxification and antioxidant pathways. In addition, 144 differential metabolites were identified using a combination of positive and negative ion modes in LC-MS. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analyses further indicated that the degradation of aromatic compounds, the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism were significantly enriched after EHP infection. These results could provide useful insights into the effects of EHP on shrimps during the early stages of infection and help to understand the mechanisms underlying the stunted growth of shrimps after infection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Filipe:2023:SSF, author = "Diogo Filipe and M{\'a}rio Dias and Rui Magalh{\~a}es and Helena Fernandes and Jos{\'e} Salgado and Isabel Belo and Aires Oliva-Teles and Helena Peres", title = "Solid-State Fermentation of Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles Improves Digestibility for \geoname{European} Seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax}) Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "90", day = "03", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020090", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/90", abstract = "Aquaculture requires new, economical, and eco-friendly protein sources to replace traditional fisheries and plant ingredients. Using agriculture by-products as protein sources would reduce land-based feed production pressure and waste production, promoting a circular economy and sustainable aquaculture. Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main by-product of bioethanol production. Corn DDGS has a high protein level, but its high fiber content limits its use as a feed ingredient, particularly for carnivorous fish. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) uses lignocellulosic-rich substrates, such as DDGS, for microbial growth in the near absence of water, promoting enzyme production that degrades the lignocellulosic matrix, increasing free reducing sugars, protein, and antioxidant levels of the substrate. In the present work, the SSF of corn DDGS with Aspergillus carbonarius, A. ibericus, and A. uvarum was tested. Then, the digestibility of the most promising fermented DDGS (in terms of upgraded nutritional composition) was tested by including it in a reference diet (70\% of a reference diet; 48\% crude protein; 15\% crude lipids) for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles (171 g averaged weight; trial duration of 52 days). Among the fungi tested, Aspergillus ibericus led a generally higher upgrading of the DDGS nutritional composition, leading to a high amount of protein (from 42.7 to 49.7 g N/kg DM), phenolic compounds (1.49 to 4.86 mg/g caffeic acid equivalents), free sugars (9.5 to 31.9 mg/g), and enzyme production (45 U/g and 68 U/g of cellulase and xylanase, respectively), and a high reduction in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber content (up to 29 and 43\%, respectively). Compared to the unfermented DDGS, fermented DDGS presented increased protein, lipids, starch, and energy digestibility, while phosphorous digestibility was similar. Compared to the reference diet, dietary inclusion of unfermented or fermented DDGS increased trypsin and chymotrypsin activities. The activity of digestive enzymes was not affected by the inclusion of fermented DDGS, except for amylase activity, which was lower with the fermented DDGS than with the unfermented DDGS diet. In conclusion, SSF of DDGS enhanced its nutritional value, increasing DDGS digestibility when included in diets for European seabass juveniles.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wei:2023:GSP, author = "Xuelian Wei and Zeqin Fu and Jiji Li and Baoying Guo and Yingying Ye", title = "Genetic Structure and Phylogeography of Commercial \bioname{Mytilus unguiculatus} in \geoname{China} Based on Mitochondrial \gene{COI} and \gene{Cytb} Sequences", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "89", day = "02", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020089", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/89", abstract = "In order to study the genetic structure and population geographic distribution pattern of coastal mussel populations in the coast of China, mitochondrial DNA (COI and Cytb genes) were used to analyze the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and population history dynamics of Mytilus unguiculatus in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. We detected high levels of genetic diversity in seven populations of M. unguiculatus. A total of 34 haplotypes of COI genes and 29 haplotypes of Cytb were obtained. The haplotype diversity of COI ranged from around 0.77 to 0.93 (Cytb: 0.83--0.91). The nucleotide diversity of COI ranged from around 0.0044 to 0.0064 (Cytb: 0.0049--0.0063). The coefficient of genetic differentiation (F ST) of COI ranged from around 0.031 to 0.080, and Cytb ranged from around 0.028 to 0.039. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and a phylogenetic tree showed that the genetic structure was relatively weak, and there was no clear population differentiation. The neutrality test results showed that Tajima's D value and Fu's Fs value were not significant, and no significant population demographic events, including population expansion or population bottleneck, were detected in the samples. The Bayesian skyline graph analysis showed that the effective population size has been relatively stable for nearly 10,000 years, without any large population fluctuations. It was speculated that the seven populations in the present study should belong to the same group. This study provides a comprehensive survey of the genetic characteristics of M. unguiculatus, filling the gaps among related studies. It provides theoretical support and material accumulation for seed selection and breeding, genetic resources' protection, and breeding management in the future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kerzerho:2023:MRA, author = "Vincent Kerz{\'e}rho and Florence Aza{\"\i}s and Serge Bernard and Sylvain Bonhommeau and Blandine Brisset and Laurent De Knyff and Mohan Julien and Michel Renovell and Tristan Rouyer and Claire Saraux and Fabien Soulier", title = "Multilinear Regression Analysis between Local Bioimpedance Spectroscopy and Fish Morphological Parameters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "88", day = "01", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020088", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/88", abstract = "Repeated fish handling may cause stress, which biases experiments and so affects the results. In order to reduce this, the present study investigates the benefit of using bioimpedance analysis to estimate morphological parameters. Bioimpedance analysis is a non-lethal and integrative electrical measurement that can be used to estimate several kinds of physiological parameters and is used in medicine and ecological studies. In particular, bioimpedance can monitor the individual growth of fish, which is a prerequisite for most biological and ecological studies, as body size is one of the best predictors for numerous life history traits and ecological parameters. After a short review on the use of bioimpedance measurement in medicine and ecology, we illustrate the potential of bioimpedance spectroscopy, as opposed to single frequency measurement, for experimental studies on fish. Using a monolithic four-contact electrode and a cost-effective portable system, we conducted bioimpedance spectroscopy on 159 sardines. The association between the length, weight, and electrical parameters obtained at different frequencies from the bioimpedance spectroscopy was investigated. Our results show that accounting for more than one frequency substantially improves the prediction of length and weight. We conclude that bioimpedance could potentially be a powerful tool for monitoring fish growth in ecological studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Duchatelet:2023:ECP, author = "Laurent Duchatelet and Charlotte Nuyt and Nathan Puozzo and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Mallefet and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Delroisse", title = "Evolutionary Conservation of Photophore Ultrastructure in Sharks: The Case of a Dalatiid Squalomorph", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "87", day = "01", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020087", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/87", abstract = "Bioluminescence is a common ecological trait among many marine organisms, including three shark families: Etmopteridae, Dalatiidae, and Somniosidae. The kitefin shark, Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788), from the Dalatiidae family is the largest known luminous vertebrate. This study compares the light organ ultrastructure of D. licha with that of Etmopterus spinax, the type species of Etmopteridae, to gain a deeper understanding of the light emission process and its evolutionary conservation within shark families. The ultrastructure of D. licha 's photophores and the morphological changes that occur after hormonal stimulation (via melatonin and \alpha -MSH, which stimulate or inhibit the bioluminescence, respectively) were examined. The photophores consist of a spherical pigmented sheath surrounding a unique, regionalized light-emitting cell (photocyte). The photocyte's basal area contains a specific area filled with granular inclusions that resemble the glowon-type microsources of E. spinax, suggesting that this area is the intracellular site of light emission. An acidophilic secretion, not present in Etmopteridae, is also observed within the granular area and may be involved in photogenesis. The ultrastructure analysis reveals no lens cells or reticular layer, unlike in Etmopteridae photophores, indicating a simpler organization in Dalatiidae photophores. Melatonin stimulation causes the removal of pigments from the photophore-associated melanophores and an increase in the granular inclusion diameter and coverage in the granular area, further showing that this last area is the potential site of light emission, while \alpha -MSH stimulation causes the extension of the melanophore pigments and a decrease in the granular inclusion diameter and coverage. These results support the evolutive conservation of photophore functional organization across luminous etmopterid and dalatiid sharks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shi:2023:STV, author = "Yongchuang Shi and Bo Kang and Wei Fan and Lingling Xu and Shengmao Zhang and Xuesen Cui and Yang Dai", title = "Spatio-Temporal Variations in the Potential Habitat Distribution of \geoname{Pacific} Sardine (\bioname{Sardinops sagax}) in the \geoname{Northwest Pacific Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "86", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020086", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/86", abstract = "Pacific sardine (Sardinops saga x) is a commercially important species and supports important fisheries in the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NPO). Understanding the habitat distribution patterns of Pacific sardine is of great significance for fishing ground prediction and stock management. In this study, both single-algorithm and ensemble distribution models were established through the Biomod2 package for Pacific sardine by combining the species occurrence data, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), sea surface salinity (SSS) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) in the NPO during the main fishing season (June--November) from 2015 to 2020. The results indicated that the key environmental variables affecting the habitat distribution of Pacific sardine were the SSH and SST. The suitable habitat area for Pacific sardine showed significant monthly changes: the suitable habitat range in June was larger than that in July and August, while the suitable habitat range gradually increased from September to November. Furthermore, the monthly geometric centers of habitat suitability index (HSI) for Pacific sardine presented a counterclockwise pattern, gradually moving to the northeast from June, and then turning back to the southwest from August. Compared with single-algorithm models, the ensemble model had higher evaluation metric values and better spatial correspondence between habitat prediction and occurrence records data, which indicated that the ensemble model can provide more accurate prediction and is a promising tool for potential habitat forecasting and resource management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barash:2023:DPD, author = "Adi Barash and Aviad Scheinin and Eyal Bigal and Ziv Zemah Shamir and Stephane Martinez and Dan Tchernov", title = "Depth Partitioning and Diel Movement of Two Large Carcharhinid Sharks in Extremely Shallow Waters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "85", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020085", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/85", abstract = "Two species of carcharhinid sharks aggregate every winter at the warm water effluent of a coastal power plant on the Israeli Mediterranean coast. The two species (Carcharhinus obscurus and Carcharhinus plumbeus) cooccur in a highly confined area for several months every year and are highly associated with the area in and around the hot water effluent. Niche partitioning has recently been suggested as a mechanism that enables the coexistence of similar shark species by resource partitioning, spatial partitioning, and temporal partitioning. In this study, we used acoustic telemetry to study the individual diel movement and activity patterns within this enclosed area and examined the differences between the two species sharing it. Although this location only reaches a maximum depth of 7.5 m, we found both species perform a diel vertical movement, rising closer to the surface at night and moving deeper during daytime. Furthermore, the two shark species swam at different depths both day and night, with C. obscurus swimming in the upper column, about 2 m shallower than C. plumbeus. The very small scale of movement, which nearly equals the sharks' body length, suggests movement patterns might be conserved at the species level. Moreover, spatiotemporal differences between the two species may reflect a mean of interspecific partitioning that occurs even in a highly confined and shallow habitat.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jiao:2023:PST, author = "Jinbiao Jiao and Jing Chen and Jiayun Yao and Yanli Li and Xuemei Yuan and Lei Huang and Shengqi Su and Haiqi Zhang", title = "The Pathology and Splenic Transcriptome Profiling of \bioname{Trionyx sinensis} Challenged with \bioname{Bacillus cereus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "84", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020084", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/84", abstract = "The pathogenic Bacillus cereus strain XS0724 isolated from China can cause high lethality to Trionyx sinensis, but little information is available on their detailed interactions. In this study, histopathologic profiling indicated that B. cereus caused vacuolization and cell necrosis in the liver, spleen, kidney, and intestine. The identification of the virulence factor genes non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), hemolysin BL (Hbl), and enterotoxin FM (entFM) confirmed bacterial pathogenicity. Splenic transcriptomic sequencing at 96 h post-infection identified various immune-related genes mapped to diverse gene families, including interleukin, complement, chemokine, and interferon. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in 2174 GO terms: 1694 in biological processes, 138 in cellular components, and 342 in molecular functions. Further KEGG enrichment indicated that DEGs were primarily associated with the phagosome, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The DEGs and enriched pathways may be involved in the elimination of invasive B. cereus. These data laid the foundation for elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms in this bacterial infection process, and provided robust genetic evidence for subsequent work on resistance genes of T. sinensis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Imsland:2023:CFA, author = "Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland", title = "Cleaner Fish in Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "83", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020083", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/83", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Silkin:2023:TPE, author = "Yuriy A. Silkin and Mikhail Yu. Silkin and Elizaveta N. Silkina and Alla Silkina", title = "Thermal Phenomena in Erythrocytes of the \geoname{Black Sea} Thornback Ray (\bioname{Raja clavata} {L.}) and Black Scorpionfish (\bioname{Scorpaena porcus} {L.}) In Vitro", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "82", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020082", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/82", abstract = "An evolutionary development of the rheological characteristics of blood in the capillary blood flow is one of indicator of fishes' adaptation for the changing temperature conditions. Our earlier studies showed that large, nucleated erythrocytes of the Black Sea thornback ray (Raja clavata L.) and scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus L.) had high ecto-ATPase activity. This activity varied from 3.0 to 3.9 and 6.0 to 10.0 nmol Fn/min/$ \mu $L RBC in rays and scorpionfish, respectively. The use of thermal energy of ATP in the hydrolysis process made by ecto-ATPases in fish erythrocytes provided a heating of the plasma cells' membrane and the near-wall plasma layer with an aim to improve the rheological characteristics of blood in the capillary blood flow. To confirm the proposed assumption, we studied thermal phenomena in erythrocytes suspensions of fishes by continuous recording of temperature changes in the experimental cell with fishes' erythrocytes suspension with the addition of ATP (1 mg/mL) in vitro. A higher ``thermal'' activity of scorpionfish erythrocytes was established in comparison with erythrocytes of the thornback ray, which had the multiplicity of activity of ecto-ATPase in the plasma membranes of erythrocytes of the studied fishes. The presence of heat-producing activity of suspensions of erythrocytes of thornback ray and scorpionfish is evidence of the possible use of thermal energy of ATP hydrolysis by fish erythrocytes, both to maintain the functional state of the plasma membrane of red blood cells and to improve the rheological characteristics of blood in the capillary section of blood flow.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nuswantoro:2023:EPE, author = "Soko Nuswantoro and Tzu-Yuan Sung and Meki Kurniawan and Tsung-Meng Wu and Bonien Chen and Ming-Chang Hong", title = "Effects of Phosphate-Enriched Nutrient in the Polyculture of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia and Freshwater Prawn in an Aquaponic System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "81", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020081", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/81", abstract = "Aquaponic systems are made up of hydroponic beds and recycled aquaculture systems. The significant elements that determine how effectively an aquaponic system operates are the nitrogen cycle (nitrification) and the phosphorus cycle (phosphate). Because some research indicates that aquaponics systems are primarily deficient in phosphorus, phosphate-enriched nutrients were added to raise the phosphorus levels. During an eight-week experimental period, the effects of water quality parameters and microbiology, animal and plant growth performance, chlorophyll compounds in lettuce, and the bacterial community were analyzed. Phosphate concentration (1.604 \pm 1.933 mg L \minus 1) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (1.19 $ \times $ 10 2 \pm 1.30 CFU mL \minus 1) give significant positive reactions to the added nutrients. However, the prawn survival rate (17.00 \pm 0.63\%) showed a significantly negative response to nutrition modification containing phosphate, and the percentage of bacterial pathogens became more dominant (pathogen 40.51\%; N_bacteria 35.05\%; probiotics 24.44\%). This study shows that adding phosphate increases phosphorus levels in an aquaponics system and changes the microbial community and species growth performance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cai:2023:SAC, author = "Kai Cai and Richard Kindong and Qiuyun Ma and Siquan Tian", title = "Stock Assessment of Chub Mackerel (\bioname{Scomber japonicus}) in the \geoname{Northwest Pacific} Using a Multi-Model Approach", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "80", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020080", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/80", abstract = "Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is a major targeted species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, fished by China, Japan, and Russia, and predominantly captured with purse seine fishing gear. A formal stock assessment of Chub mackerel in the region has yet to be implemented by the managing authority, that is, the North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC). This study aims to provide a wider choice of potential models for the stock assessment of Chub mackerel in the Northwest Pacific using available data provided by members of the NPFC. The five models tested in the present study are CMSY, BSM, SPiCT, JABBA, and JABBA-Select. Furthermore, the influence of different data types and input parameters on the performance of the different models used was evaluated. These effects for each model are catch time series for CMSY, catch time series and prior of the relative biomass for BSM, prior information for SPiCT, and selectivity coefficients for JABBA-Select. Catch and CPUE (catch per unit effort) data used are derived from NPFC, while some life history information is referred from other references. The results indicate that Chub mackerel stock might be slightly overfished, as indicated by CMSY (B 2020 / B MSY = 0.98, F 2020 / F MSY = 1.12), BSM (B 2020 / B MSY = 0.97, F 2020 / F MSY = 1.21), and the base case run for the JABBA-Select (SB 2020 / SB MSY = 0.99, H 2020 / H MSY = 0.99) models. The results of the models SPiCT (B 2020 / B MSY = 2.30, F 2020 / F MSY = 0.31) and JABBA (B 2020 / B MSY = 1.40, F 2020 / F MSY = 0.62) showed that the state of this stock may be healthy. Changes in the catch time series did not affect CMSY results but did affect BSM. The present study confirms that prior information for BSM and SPiCT models is very important in order to obtain reliable results on the stock status. The results of JABBA-Select showed that different selectivity coefficients can affect the stock status of a species, as observed in the present study. Based on the optimistic stock status indicated by the best model, JABBA, a higher catch is allowable, but further projection is required for specific catch limit setting. Results suggested that, as a precautionary measure, management would be directed towards maintaining or slightly reducing the fishing effort for the sustainable harvest of this fish stock, while laying more emphasis on accurately estimating prior input parameters for use in assessment models.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:QMG, author = "Yuhan Chen and Jintai Huang and Zhan Jin and Junping Chen and Meng Zhang and Miao Yu and Hongxia Jiang and Lei Wang and Zhigang Qiao", title = "{QTL} Mapping of Growth Traits in \geoname{Yellow River} Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio haematopterus}) at 5--17 Months after Hatching", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "79", day = "29", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020079", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/79", abstract = "To screen the quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genes related to the growth of Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) after removing the maternal effect, we established a family of these carps. Four growth-related traits (body length, height, thickness, and weight) of the family at 5 and 17 months after hatching (MAH) were measured. Analysis of QTL mapping for the four growth-related traits was conducted using the genetic linkage map constructed in our laboratory. We identified 47 QTL that were related to the four growth traits and three consensus QTL (cQTL). A total of 10, 14, 10, and 13 QTL were associated with body length, height, thickness, and weight, respectively; cQTL-1, cQTL-2, and cQTL-3 contained 11, 2, and 2 QTL, respectively. We detected 17 growth-related candidate genes within 50 Kb upstream and downstream of the five main-effect QTL (phenotypic variation explained {$>$} 10\%, logarithm of odds {$>$} 5.5). Two genes (cbfa2t2 and neca1) that may be affected by maternal effects were identified by comparing the main-effect QTL at 17 and 5--17 MAH. This study was the first attempt to eliminate growth-related QTL and genes affected by maternal effects in Yellow River carp. These results can be used in molecular marker-assisted breeding and provide valuable genomic resources for the genetic mechanisms underlying growth in Yellow River carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2023:ENT, author = "Shenglong Yang and Linlin Yu and Fei Wang and Tianfei Chen and Yingjie Fei and Shengmao Zhang and Wei Fan", title = "The Environmental Niche of the Tuna Purse Seine Fleet in the \geoname{Western and Central Pacific Ocean} Based on Different Fisheries Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "78", day = "29", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020078", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/78", abstract = "Understanding the spatial pattern of human fishing activity is very important for fisheries resource monitoring and spatial management. The environmental preferences of tropical tuna purse seine fleet in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) were constructed and compared at different spatial scales based on the fishing effort (FE) data from the available automatic identification system (AIS) and commercial fishery data compiled from the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) methods. The MaxEnt models were fitted with FE and commercial fishery data and remote sensing environmental data. Our results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) value each month based on the commercial fishery data (1\degree) and FE at 0.25\degree and 0.5\degree spatial scales was greater than 0.8. The AUC values each month based on the FE data at a 1\degree scale ranged from 0.775 to 0.829. The AUC values based on commercial fishing data at the 1\degree scale were comparable to the model results based on FE data at the 0.5\degree scale and inferior to the model results based on FE data at the 0.25\degree scales. Overall, the sea surface temperature (SST), temperature at 100 metres (T100), oxygen concentration at 100 metres (O100) and total primary production (PP) had the greatest influence on the distribution of the purse seine tuna fleet. The oxygen concentration at 200 metres (O200), distance to shore (DSH), dissolved oxygen (Dox), EKE, mixed layer depth (Mld), sea surface salinity (SSS), salinity at 100 metres (S100) and salinity at 200 metres (S200) had moderate influences, and other environmental variables had little influence. The suitable habitat areas varied in response to environmental conditions. The purse seine tuna fleet was mostly present at locations where the SST, T100, O100, O200 and PP were 28--30 \degree C, 27--29 \degree C, 150--200 mmol/m 3 and 5--10 mg/m \minus 3, respectively. The MaxEnt models enable the integration of AIS data and high-resolution environmental data from satellite remote sensing to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of the tuna purse seine fishery and the influence of environmental variables on the distribution, and can provide forecasts for fishing ground distributions based on future remote sensing environmental data.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Choi:2023:PEE, author = "Young Jae Choi and Seul Gi Na Ra Park and A-Hyun Jo and Jun-Hwan Kim", title = "Physiological Effect of Extended Photoperiod and Green Wavelength on the Pituitary Hormone, Sex Hormone and Stress Response in Chub Mackerel, \geoname{Scomber japonicus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "77", day = "29", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020077", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Choi:2023:CCA}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/77", abstract = "Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, is heavily farmed and harvested due to its demand as a high-quality protein source rich in fatty acids. However, the effects of environmental cues on sexual maturation of the fish remain understudied. We aim to elucidate the effect of light manipulation on the hormones related to reproduction and on the stress response in the species. Mackerel were exposed to different photoperiods (12 h light:12 h dark or 14 h light:10 h dark) and light wavelengths (provided by white fluorescent bulbs or green LEDs). Total RNA extracted from the brain was assayed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (a powerful technique for advancing functional genomics) and blood plasma was analyzed via immunoassay using ELISA kits. The mRNA expression of gene-encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were significantly increased through the use of an extended photoperiod and green wavelength, which also increased testosterone and 17\beta -estradiol plasma levels. Plasma levels of cortisol and glucose, which are indicators of a stress response, were significantly decreased through green LED exposure. Our results indicate that environmental light conditions affect the production of pituitary and sex hormones, and reduce the stress response in S. japonicus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:NDD, author = "Yaxi Li and Zhi Yan and Ainuo Lin and Xiaodong Li and Ke Li", title = "Non-Dose-Dependent Relationship between Antipredator Behavior and Conspecific Alarm Substance in Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "76", day = "28", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020076", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/76", abstract = "A series of behavioral detection paradigms have been developed for zebrafish (Danio rerio) to examine anxiety-like behavioral responses. Among them, the novel tank diving test is rapidly gaining popularity in translational neuroscience and behavioral research for the investigation of psychopharmacological activity focusing on stress. Zebrafish respond to conspecific epidermal-released alarm substances with antipredator reactions. Although the alarm responses of zebrafish were well characterized in a novel tank diving experiment, the relationship between the intensity of the alarm behavior and the concentration of the alarm substance needed to be understood more adequately. In the current paper, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes and potencies of zebrafish elicited by the serial dilution of an alarm substance in the novel tank diving test. Using a video-tracking assisted behavioral quantification approach, we demonstrated no linear concentration-dependent relationship between antipredator behavior and skin extracts, suggesting that an optimal concentration induced each typical behavioral response. The results showed that the freezing duration (\%) significantly increased when stimulated with 10 4 -fold times dilutions of skin extract (equivalent 5 $ \times $ 10 \minus 5 fish/L), while erratic movements (\%), time in the bottom half (\%), and latency to the upper half (s) significantly elevated when stimulated with 10 3 -fold times dilutions (equivalent 5 $ \times $ 10 \minus 4 fish/L). Therefore, the concentration threshold for an alarm substance that elicited innate fear behavior in zebrafish was presumed to be an equivalent concentration of approximately 5 $ \times $ 10 \minus 4 fish/L. The conclusions may fill a knowledge gap between the innate fear response triggered by injured skin and a novel tank diving paradigm that provides insights into the characterization of alarm substance, behavioral responses, and physiological response mechanisms in zebrafish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luo:2023:GDJ, author = "Yang Luo and Yufeng Zhang and Ruli Cheng and Qinghua Li and Yu Zhang and Yingwen Li and Yanjun Shen", title = "Genetic Diversity of \bioname{Jinshaia sinensis} ({Cypriniformes, Balitoridae}) Distributed Upstream of the \geoname{Yangtze River}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "75", day = "28", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020075", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/75", abstract = "The upper reaches of the Yangtze River (upper YR) are a biological zone with extremely rich fish diversity, especially endemic fish. However, long-term human interference, such as environmental pollution and cascade hydropower construction, has significantly changed the habitat of many fish and is threatening the number and genetic diversity of fish populations. Jinshaia sinensis is a typical small and endemic but rare fish that is found in the upper YR, and its genetic diversity and structure still need further study. To understand the current levels of genetic diversity in J. sinensis, we analyzed the genetic diversity, population history, genetic structure, etc., of three J. sinensis populations based on two mitochondrial genes (the cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I, COI, and cytochrome-b gene, Cytb) and two nuclear genes (recombination-activating protein 1, RAG1, and rhodopsin, RH). The genetic diversity analysis indicated that J. sinensis had high genetic diversity, with high haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (Pi). Population pairwise F ST analysis revealed a significant genetic divergence between the Lijiang and Luzhou populations for all genes and between the Panzhihua and Luzhou populations, except for the COI gene; however, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed no significant geographic genetic structure among populations, and gene flow analysis also indicated a certain degree of gene exchange among populations. Haplotype network structure analyses revealed low levels of shared haplotypes among populations. Neutrality test and mismatch distribution results indicated that only the Lijiang population had experienced obvious population expansion. Overall, these results indicate that J. sinensis is still a single evolutionarily significant unit, but when considering the threat of habitat disturbance to the population, it is still necessary to carry out long-term genetic monitoring on J. sinensis and on other endemic fishes with similar ecological habits in order to maintain the genetic diversity of fishes in the upper YR.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bassmann:2023:ESD, author = "Bj{\"o}rn Ba{\ss}mann and Lisa Hahn and Alexander Rebl and Lisa Carolina Wenzel and Marc-Christopher Hildebrand and Marieke Verleih and Harry Wilhelm Palm", title = "Effects of Stocking Density, Size, and External Stress on Growth and Welfare of \geoname{African} Catfish (\bioname{Clarias gariepinus} {Burchell}, 1822) in a Commercial {RAS}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "74", day = "26", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020074", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/74", abstract = "The effects of semi-intensive (100 kg m \minus 3), intensive (200 kg m \minus 3), and super-intensive (400 kg m \minus 3) stocking densities on the growth and welfare of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were investigated under commercial production conditions. Plasma cortisol, glucose, and selected transcripts following a stress challenge, lactate, as well as skin lesions, were analyzed at regular intervals (from 12 g juveniles to 1.5--2.0 kg). The fish grew well, but after 23 weeks, the semi-intensively stocked fish had a mean final weight of 1830.5 g, significantly higher than the super-intensively stocked fish with 1615.4 g, and considerably higher than the intensively stocked fish with 1664.8 g (p {$>$} 0.05). Cortisol and glucose responses significantly differed between stressed and unstressed fish, but not between treatment groups. An unforeseen external stressor (nearby demolition noise) caused stress responses among all treatment groups, but was similarly coped with. Mortality ranged between 3.8--9.2\%. In the juveniles, skin lesions were reduced under intensive or super-intensive densities, with the least under semi-intensive densities in outgrown fish. Expression profiles of 22 genes were compared in the spleen at semi-intensive and super-intensive densities. The transcript concentrations of most genes remained unchanged, except for slc39a8 and mtf1, which were significantly downregulated in stressed catfish under semi-intensive conditions. We demonstrated that African catfish growth performance and welfare depend on age and stocking density, also reacting to demolition noise. This supports farm management to optimize stocking densities during the grow-out of African catfish in RAS and suggests avoiding external stress.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tseng:2023:LRP, author = "Huan-Sheng Tseng and Hsin-Hua Tsai and Po-Hsing Tseng", title = "The Labour Rights Protection of Migrant Fishing Workers in \geoname{Taiwan}: Case Study of \geoname{Nan-Fang-Ao} Fishing Harbor", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "73", day = "26", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020073", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/73", abstract = "Marine fisheries are undeniably important to Taiwan in terms of economic development and industrial strategies. In the past 10 years, Taiwan's fishery GDP accounted for 14\% to 21\% of all agriculture, forestry, fishery, and animal husbandry, which is higher than both animal husbandry and forestry. Since the domestic population structure of Taiwan has changed, the domestic fishery industrial labor force has gradually been replaced by migrant fishing workers. The issue of migrant fishing workers' protection has received attention from non-governmental organizations, and cross-national recruitment administration has become the greatest challenge faced by Taiwan's authority. Therefore, this paper describes the necessary protection of the labor conditions and interests of migrant fishermen by analyzing their status and human rights protection in the historical development of Taiwan's marine fisheries. In addition, considering the well-being of migrant fishing workers, this paper conducts a feasibility assessment on the operation of the ``Nan-Fang-Ao Fishermen's Hostel'' at the Nan-Fang-Ao Fishing Harbor and illustrates the urgent need to re-examine the migrant fishing workers' protection. This paper suggests that the government agencies should actively advise employers to accept migrant fishermen's requests for better living environments onshore and guarantee basic living conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Perri:2023:EMD, author = "Edward Perri and Leslie Sturmer and Paul S. Wills and John Baldwin and Susan Laramore", title = "Effect of Microalgal Diets on Sunray Venus Clam (\geoname{Macrocallista nimbosa}) Production and Fatty Acid Profile", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "72", day = "26", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020072", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/72", abstract = "The sunray venus (sunray) clam, Macrocallista nimbosa, is an alternative clam species reared in hard clam hatcheries in Florida. Current feeding practices follow those used for hard clam culture. This study aimed to identify whether a hard clam bi-algal Tisochrysis lutea and Chaetoceros neogracile diet was an optimal diet for post-set sunray clams or whether other microalgal dietary combinations could improve production. Six dietary bi-, tri-, or tetra-algal combinations consisting of four microalgae species (Tisochrysis lutea, Diacronema lutheri, Chaetoceros neogracile, and Thalassiosira weissflogii) were fed for 6 weeks; the growth, survival, and fatty acid profiles of post-set clams were evaluated. Clams fed equal proportions of T. lutea, D. lutheri, C. neogracile, and T. weissflogii had higher growth, while those fed equal proportions of T. lutea and C. neogracile had higher survival. The poorest-performing diet consisted solely of diatoms. A contrasting polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile was found in post-set clams fed flagellate- or diatom-only diets. Clams fed the bi-algal flagellate diet had a higher percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) but a lower percentage of (n-6) PUFA, whereas those fed the bi-algal diatom diet had a higher percentage of arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but a lower percentage of DHA. The percentages were similar and neither very high nor very low in clams fed the remaining dietary treatments. The results of this study show that sunray venus post-set clams can be successfully produced when fed a typical hard clam bi-algal flagellate and diatom diet, but they indicate that growth may be accelerated by the addition of other microalgae species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pham:2023:TEO, author = "Ca-Van Pham and Hui-Cheng Wang and Sheng-Hung Chen and Jie-Min Lee", title = "The Threshold Effect of Overfishing on Global Fishery Outputs: International Evidence from a Sustainable Fishery Perspective", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "71", day = "24", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020071", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/71", abstract = "Using global fishery outputs from 62 countries during the period 2001--2020, this study applies the threshold panel data model of Hansen (2000) to empirically explore the nonlinear relations between the number of fishing vessels, fishers, and fishery production, with distinct overfishing stocks (overfishing) and fish caught by trawling or dredging techniques (trawling) as the threshold variables. Our findings show that the levels of fishery outputs could be increased by different combinations of primary factors, such as the number of fishing vessels and fishers. More specifically, when the number of fishing vessels and fishermen operating in countries with a high ratio of overfishing (overfishing {$>$} 4.4456) increased, their fishery outputs significantly increased as compared with countries with a low percentage of overfishing. As overfishing activities increase, they can result in significant shortages and imbalances of fishery resources, directly influencing fish biomass, biodiversity, and sustainability of fisheries, as well as making destructive fishing practices worse for marine ecosystems. Countries with a relatively high proportion of trawler net usage (trawling {$>$} 4.5516) would have significantly lower fishery outputs, as more fishing vessels are invested in them, compared with countries with a low proportion of trawling net use. This implies that trawler net usage is a non-sustainable fishing technique and harms fishery resources. The policy implications of this study indicate that taxing overfished species and implementing trawling regulations could significantly improve species richness and site-based abundance, thus helping to sustain fishery outputs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2023:NTA, author = "Ziyu Zhou and Gu Shan and Xin Li and Wenxuan Guo and Kexin Ma and Yueyao Yang and Yifan Li and Yunbang Zhang and He Zhou and Xiaojuan Cao", title = "De Novo Transcriptome Analysis of the Early Hybrid Triploid Loach (\bioname{Misgurnus anguillicaudatus}) Provides Novel Insights into Fertility Mechanism", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "70", day = "23", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020070", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/70", abstract = "As a new freshwater aquaculture product, triploid loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) are characterized by fast growth, high-quality meat, high edibility, high resistance to disease, and sterility. In this study, a natural tetraploid loach (4n = 100) ([female sign]) was crossed with a diploid loach (2n = 50) ([male sign]), thus creating the hybrid triploid loach (3n = 75). The histological observations of triploid offspring and diploid controls at 4 days post-hatching (dph), 15dph, 22dph, and 50dph showed that most of the hybrid triploid loaches were abortive in the early gonad differentiation process. To explore its fertility mechanism, through transcriptome analyses of triploid offspring and diploid controls at four periods, 10 differentially expressed genes related to the early fertility mechanism were identified: amh, hormad1, rec8, h2b, plvap, zp3, h2a, nrb0b1, ddx4, and esr2. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of DEGs, two pathways were identified that are closely related to the early fertility mechanism at 50dph: the estrogen signaling pathway and steroid biosynthesis. The findings laid a foundation for further exploration of their molecular inhibition mechanism in hybrid triploid loaches.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Frid:2023:CES, author = "Ori Frid and Tal Gavriel and Yigael Ben-Ari and Adi Weinberger and Hagar Yancovich-Shalom and Jonathan Belmaker", title = "Catch Estimates and Species Composition of Recreational Fishing in \geoname{Israel}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "69", day = "23", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020069", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/69", abstract = "Recreational fishing is common around the Mediterranean Sea. The number of recreational fishers is growing, and they are using increasingly efficient fishing techniques. However, fisher activity is heterogeneous, both temporally and spatially, making it very difficult to determine this sector's fishing pressure and annual yields. Therefore, estimates of annual yields and ecological effects of this fishing sector are limited. In this study, we undertook an extensive survey designed to document and quantify recreational fishing patterns across the Israeli Mediterranean shoreline. We comprehensively quantified recreational fishing using three complementary strategies: (1) ground surveys, including interviews with anglers on the coast, (2) personalized phone interviews, and (3) aerial surveys by helicopter. These methods were used to calculate annual recreational yield and to estimate species and size composition, which were then compared to the commercial fishing catch. We found that a recreational catch makes up between 10\%-37\% of the total annual fishing yields, which is similar to estimates from other regions of the Mediterranean. We also found that non-indigenous species are among the most common species in recreational catch and have become a significant part of local fishery yields. Recreational angling from the coast targets smaller, reef associated species compared to recreational fishers at sea. We identified 23 species common to both recreational fishing and commercial fishing, over which conflicts between fishing sectors may arise. These results can be used to more accurately manage Israeli fisheries and can provide a baseline against which to compare future changes in a region under the threats of climate change, biological invasions, and growing human pressure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sardi:2023:SET, author = "Adriana E. Sardi and Jos{\'e} M. Moreira and Lisa Omingo and Xavier Cousin and Marie-Laure B{\'e}gout and Manuel Manchado and Nina Marn", title = "Simulating the Effects of Temperature and Food Availability on True Soles (\bioname{Solea} spp.) Early-Life History Traits: a Tool for Understanding Fish Recruitment in Future Climate Change Scenarios", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "68", day = "22", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020068", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/68", abstract = "Research on recruitment variability has gained momentum in the last years, undoubtedly due to the many unknowns related to climate change impacts. Knowledge about recruitment --- the process of small, young fish transitioning to an older, larger life stage --- timing and success is especially important for commercial fish species, as it allows predicting the availability of fish and adapting fishing practices for its sustainable exploitation. Predicting tools for determining the combined effect of temperature rise and food quality and quantity reduction (two expected outcomes of climate change) on early-life history traits of fish larvae are valuable for anticipating and adjusting fishing pressure and policy. Here we use a previously published and validated dynamic energy budget (DEB) model for the common sole (Solea solea) and adapt and use the same DEB model for the Senegalese sole (S. senegalensis) to predict the effects of temperature and food availability on Solea spp. early life-history traits. We create seven simulation scenarios, recreating RCP 4.5 and 8.5 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios and including a reduction in food availability. Our results show that temperature and food availability both affect the age at metamorphosis, which is advanced in all scenarios that include a temperature rise and delayed when food is limited. Age at puberty was also affected by the temperature increase but portrayed a more complex response that is dependent on the spawning (batch) period. We discuss the implications of our results in a climate change context.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ji:2023:PTR, author = "Nanjing Ji and Mingyang Xu and Junyue Wang and Junjia Li and Shishi Liu and Xueyao Yin and Xin Shen and Yuefeng Cai", title = "Physiological and Transcriptomic Response of \geoname{Asiatic} Hard Clam \bioname{Meretrix meretrix} to the Harmful Alga \bioname{Heterosigma akashiwo}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "67", day = "22", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020067", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/67", abstract = "The ichthyotoxic raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo is associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). Although the influence of H. akashiwo on fish has been reported, little is known of its effects on other marine organisms, such as shellfish. In this study, the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix to H. akashiwo were investigated. The results showed that clam survival was not influenced by H. akashiwo (at a concentration of 2 $ \times $ 10 4 cells/mL), and M. meretrix eliminated the alga effectively after 48 h in co-culture. H. akashiwo did not alter the antioxidant capacity of the clams. However, 544 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed between the control and H. akashiwo -treated clams. Interestingly, the significant up-regulation of lysosome-related genes and transport proteins suggested remodeling of the clam metabolism possibly for digestion of H. akashiwo. In summary, our results indicate that the clam M. meretrix can effectively feed on H. akashiwo, and intensification of shellfish farming may be helpful to control and mitigate H. akashiwo blooms.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dezfuli:2023:RCP, author = "Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli and Giuseppe Castaldelli and Massimo Lorenzoni and Antonella Carosi and Mykola Ovcharenko and Giampaolo Bosi", title = "Rodlet Cells Provide First Line of Defense against Swimbladder Nematode and Intestinal Coccidian in \bioname{Anguilla anguilla}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "66", day = "21", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020066", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/66", abstract = "A subpopulation of 97 European eels, Anguilla anguilla, was obtained from a local consortium of Lake Trasimeno. The fish were examined for parasites in the swimbladder (SB) and intestine; the SBs of 66 (68\%) of the 97 eels contained 480 adult specimens of the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi and Itagaki, 1974) and the intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 18 adult worms per SB (7.27 \pm 0.43, mean \pm SE). In heavily infected SB, the wall was thicker; upon excision, black-brownish adult nematodes were noticed inside the lumen. The infected SBs showed a papillose aspect of the epithelium and frequent erosion, inflammation, hemorrhages, and dilation of blood vessels. In parasitized SBs, mast cells and macrophages were encountered in the mucosal layer; in several heavily infected SB, rodlet cells were the sole fish immune cells noticed in the epithelium and in close contact with the A. crassus. With reference to the eel intestinal epithelium, in fifteen eels, two developmental stages of coccidian were close to clusters of rodlet cells, the coccidian induced erosion of the epithelium. The results of a panel of 12 antibodies in the European eel infected tissues will be presented.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:ICG, author = "Yan Wang and Zhihong Liu and Xi Chen and Liqing Zhou and Xiujun Sun and Tao Yu and Xiaomei Wang and Yanxin Zheng and Biao Wu", title = "Identification and Characterization of \gene{GYS} and \gene{GSK3$ \beta $} Provides Insights into the Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis in \geoname{Jinjiang} Oyster \bioname{Crassostrea ariakensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "65", day = "21", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020065", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/65", abstract = "Glycogen, a stored form of glucose, is an important form of energy for aquatic shellfish, contributing to the flavor and quality of the oyster. The glycogen synthase (GYS) and glycogen synthase kinase 3\beta (GSK3\beta) are two major enzymes in the glycogenesis. However, the information of the two genes in the Jinjiang oyster Crassostrea ariakensis remains limited. In this study, we identified the genes of GYS and GSK3\beta and further explored their function in the glycogen synthesis of C. ariakensis. The GYS and GSK3\beta were distributed in all tested tissues, and high expression of GYS and glycogen content were detected in the gonad, labial palp, hepatopancreas, and mantle, while the high expression of GSK3\beta was observed in the gill and adductor muscle. The expression of GYS was positively correlated with the glycogen content, while GSK3\beta was negatively correlated. Additionally, knockdown of GSK3\beta using RNAi decreased the GYS expression, revealing the negative regulatory effect of GSK3\beta on GYS. These findings enrich the research data of GSK3\beta and GYS involved in glycogen synthesis, providing valuable information for further research on the function of GSK3\beta and GYS in the glycogen synthesis process of oyster.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Okeke-Ogbuafor:2023:PSP, author = "Nwamaka Okeke-Ogbuafor and Tim Gray and Kelechi Ani and Selina Stead", title = "Proposed Solutions to the Problems of the \geoname{Lake Chad} Fisheries: Resilience Lessons for \geoname{Africa}?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "64", day = "20", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020064", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/64", abstract = "Fishing communities in Lake Chad are experiencing humanitarian crises --- more than five million people in the region are hungry and malnourished --- and fishers are in dire need of improved fisheries management policies. Understanding the fishers' resilience, and how they perceive their fisheries policies, could provide an opportunity for governments and fisheries managers to refine their policies. The present study, which is based on 38 semi-structured interviews carried out between January and April 2022 on the Nigerian shores of Lake Chad, breaks new ground, firstly by seeking to understand the issues raised by declining fish stocks in Lake Chad from the viewpoints of fishers themselves; and secondly by making use of resilience theory to interpret the fishers' responses to their situation. Our findings are that the fishers have a surer grasp of the most effective resilience strategies available to them than external bodies; and that the fishers' adaptive resilience and local knowledge provide a framework for developing smarter fisheries management policies for Lake Chad. This study provides evidence to support recommendations for Africa's supranational, national and local governments to invest in, and make use of, the fisheries research on the ground to address the problems facing its fisheries, rather than experimenting with seemingly random ideas from across the globe. The Lake Chad fisheries crisis is an extreme case demonstrating the harmful effects of external influences from which the fisheries of other African countries can learn lessons.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Costa:2023:MMD, author = "Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Caio R. M. Feltrin and Jos{\'e} Leonardo O. Mattos and Roger H. Dalcin and Vinicius Abilhoa and Axel M. Katz", title = "Morpho-Molecular Discordance? {Re}-Approaching Systematics of \bioname{Cambeva} ({Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae}) from the \geoname{Guaratuba-Babitonga-Itapocu Area, Southern Brazil}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "63", day = "20", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020063", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/63", abstract = "A recent field inventory focusing on catfishes of the trichomycterine genus Cambeva detected the occurrence of two morphotypes, C. barbosae and C. cubataonis, in the Guaratuba-Babitonga-Itapocu area (GBIA) of southern Brazil, reporting some discordance with results of coalescent-based approaches for species delimitation that indicated different estimates of species number. Contrastingly, based on examination of characters taken from the external morphology and osteology, we here recognised six species of Cambeva in GBIA: C. cf. botuvera, a polymorphic and geographically widespread species; C. cubataonis, endemic to the Rio Cubat{\~a}o do Norte; and four new species, two endemic to the Rio Itapocu basin, one endemic to the Ba{\'\i}a de Babitonga system and one endemic to the Ba{\'\i}a de Guaratuba system. We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis indicating that Cambeva comprises three major clades, the alpha-, beta- and gama-clades, with C. cf. botuvera and a clade comprising C. cubataonis and three new species belonging to the beta-clade and another new species belonging to the gama-clade. We concluded that species here recognised are not in fact incongruent with results of that recent study when taxa are correctly identified by a representative sample of morphological characters, highlighting the importance of osteological characters for delimiting trichomycterine species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:NCT, author = "Sentao Chen and Peng Shi and Qingkai Feng and Xiaoting Qiu and Jilin Xu and Xiaojun Yan and Chengxu Zhou", title = "A Novel {C}-Type Lectin and Its Potential Role in Feeding and Feed Selection in \bioname{Ruditapes philippinarum}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "62", day = "19", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020062", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/62", abstract = "In recent years, the role of lectins in the feed selection of bivalve has become hot research topic. Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is a species of marine bivalve with important economic value. A new C-type lectin (Rpcl) from the clam was obtained and its potential role in feeding and feed selection was studied. Rpcl cDNA was 929 bp in length and had 720 bp of open reading frame. Rpcl encoded 235 amino acids, comprising a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) as well as an N-terminal signal peptide. Rpcl contained a conserved CRD disulfide bond including five cysteine residues (Cys 125, Cys 142, Cys 213, Cys 219, and Cys 237) and the QPN motif (GLN 204 -PRO 205 -ASN 206). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence of Rpcl was closely related to that of Vpclec-1 from R. philippinarum and C-type lectin from Mercenaria. The qPCR analysis indicated that Rpcl expression was observed in all examined tissues and was the highest in gills followed by in the hepatopancreas, and to a lesser extent in the mantle and lip. The in vitro agglutination experiments showed that, the purified Rpcl protein could selectively agglutinate with different microalgae. The strongest agglutinating effect with Chlorella sp. was observed, followed by Karlodinium veneficum and Chaetoceros debilis Cleve. No agglutination with Prorocentrum minimum was observed. In the feeding experiment, compared with that of the starvation group, Rpcl expression in the lip and gill of the clam fed with C. debilis and K. veneficum showed a significant upward trend with the change of time. In addition, it was found that the changes in the expression of the Rpcl gene in the gill and lip, the main feeding tissues, were consistent with the slope of the decrease in the number of algal cells in the water body. In summary, the structure of a new C-type lectin (Rpcl) was reported in this study and its correlation with the feeding and feed selection in R. philippinarum was confirmed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Majhi:2023:ESD, author = "Snigdha S. Majhi and Soibam Khogen Singh and Pradyut Biswas and Reshmi Debbarma and Janmejay Parhi and Soibam Ngasotter and Gusheinzed Waikhom and Dharmendra Kumar Meena and Ayam Gangarani Devi and Sudhanshu S. Mahanand and K. A. Martin Xavier and Arun Bhai Patel", title = "Effect of Stocking Density on Growth, Water Quality Changes and Cost Efficiency of Butter Catfish (\bioname{Ompok bimaculatus}) during Seed Rearing in a Biofloc System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "61", day = "19", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020061", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/61", abstract = "Biofloc technology is a modern-day high-density fish culture system employing heterotrophic conversion of nitrogenous waste into useful flocs for water quality control and improved welfare. However, optimization of the stocking density for the target species during seed rearing is the key to a successful farming operation. The study evaluated the effect of different stocking density on the growth, feed utilization, digestive physiology and economics in a biofloc-based seed rearing of butter catfish, O. bimaculatus. Advanced fry (1.21 \pm 0.08 g) was reared in a zero-water exchange biofloc system for 90 days at stocking densities of 0.5 g/L(T1), 1.0 g/L(T2), 1.5 g/L(T3) and 2.0 g/L(T4). The observed water quality indicates a reduction in DO and pH in T4, while the total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite levels remained low in T1. Among the groups, highest weight gain was noticed in the lowest stocking density (0.5 g/L) (p {$<$} 0.05), which coincides with a better feed conversion ratio. Similarly, the digestive enzyme (protease, amylase, and lipase) secretion was higher in T1. Profitability assessment describes the possibility of low profit in T4, in the case where the fish's sale price is based on harvested size. T1 showed higher individual growth and higher profit. Overall, a low stocking density of 0.5 g/Lis optimum for augmenting growth, feed utilization, physiological function and economic performance of O. bimaculatus. The study provides direction for a low-stocking oriented ecological and economically sustainable method of seed production of butter catfish in a biofloc system.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Morick:2023:MIP, author = "Danny Morick and Yuval Maron and Nadav Davidovich and Ziv Zemah-Shamir and Yaarit Nachum-Biala and Peleg Itay and Natascha Wosnick and Dan Tchernov and Shimon Harrus", title = "Molecular Identification of \bioname{Photobacterium damselae} in Wild Marine Fish from the \geoname{Eastern Mediterranean Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "60", day = "18", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020060", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/60", abstract = "Infectious diseases caused by marine bacterial pathogens inflict increasing economic losses to fisheries and aquaculture, while also posing a growing risk to public health and affected species conservation. In this study, four wild marine fish species were collected at five fishing sites in Israel, divided into two regions --- north (Acre, Haifa, Shefayim) and center-south (Tel-Aviv and Ashdod), and screened for Photobacterium damselae. An initial screening was carried out using PCR analysis with specifically designed primers on DNA extracted from livers and kidneys. P. damselae -positive samples had their 16S rRNA amplicons sequenced. Later, an attempt to specify relevant sub-species was performed, using a three-layered gene screen: Car, ureC and toxR. Of 334 fish samples, 47 (14\%) were found to be P. damselae -positive, of which 20 were identified as P. damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), two as P. damselae subsp. damselae (Phdd) and 25 could not be identified to subspecies. Our results strengthen the view that fish residing in a polluted environment are receptive of pathogenic microorganisms. To assess how the presence of pathogens may affect population management and conservation, this research should be followed by studies aimed at: (i) quantifying levels of pollutants that may affect pathogen emergence, and (ii) creating a standard pollution-level index as a basis for setting criteria, above which authorities should take measures of precaution.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Baldissera:2023:CKA, author = "Matheus D. Baldissera and Bernardo Baldisserotto", title = "Creatine Kinase Activity as an Indicator of Energetic Impairment and Tissue Damage in Fish: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "59", day = "18", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020059", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/59", abstract = "Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that produces and uses phosphocreatine to transfer energy to maintain tissue and cellular energy homeostasis, being considered the main controller of cellular energy homeostasis. Its activity in plasma/serum has been commonly used to evaluate tissue damage, since CK is released into the bloodstream during damage. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the use of CK activity in fish, focusing on its potential as an indicator of the impairment of energetic homeostasis and tissue damage during stressful situations, such as exposure to contaminants (metals, pesticides, microplastic), hypoxia, thermal stress, and diseases (fungal, parasitic, and bacterial). Based on the data, we can conclude that tissue CK activity can be used as a suitable indicator of the impairment of energetic homeostasis in fish exposed to different aquaculture challenge conditions, while serum/plasma CK activity can be used as the first evidence of possible tissue damage, due to its release into the bloodstream.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Office:2023:ARF, author = "Fishes Editorial Office", title = "Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of {{\booktitle{Fishes}}} in 2022", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "58", day = "18", month = jan, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020058", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Mon Sep 18 07:38:50 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/58", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Apostolou:2023:FBB, author = "Apostolos Apostolou and Luchezar Pehlivanov and Michael Schabuss and Horst Zornig and Georg Wolfram", title = "Fish Biozonation in the \geoname{Balkan Peninsula}, Especially in \geoname{Bulgaria}: a Challenge", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "2", pages = "91", day = "03", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020091", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:31 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/2/91", abstract = "Fish are important elements of aquatic ecosystems. Their communities naturally follow the river continuum and have been well described in the western European freshwater watersheds. In regions of higher endemism, such as the Balkan Peninsula, the widely accepted fish zonation of Illies is doubtfully relevant. In this study, a more suitable categorization of lotic and lentic freshwater ecosystems in Bulgaria is proposed, based on 389 multimethodological and multihabitat fish sampling occasions. Referent-type communities have been determined for 33 types of recognized water bodies. Adapted zonation of Illies is a rough estimation of the real distribution of fish assemblances in the country; moreover, sensitive and/or endemic species are generally of restricted distribution and abundance. In view of the lentic ecosystems, they can be divided into salmonid and cyprinid, at approximately 1500 m above sea level.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:MCE, author = "Lei Zhang and Peng Shi and Lin Zhang and Yajun Wang and Jilin Xu and Xiaojun Yan and Kai Liao", title = "Molecular Characterization and Expression Response of {Ghrelin}, {GLP-1} and {PYY} to Fasting, Dietary Lipid, and Fatty Acids in Silver Pomfret (\bioname{Pampus argenteus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "170", day = "22", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030170", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/170", abstract = "Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) are potent hormones mediating food intake according to the nutritional status in fish. However, limited information is available on these genes and their expression in response to nutrition in silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). A comparison analysis revealed that ghrelin and GLP-1 were relatively conserved in marine fish. PYYa and PYYb shared a low identity and were clustered to different PYY branches. Ghrelin, pyya, and pyyb mRNAs were highly expressed in the brain, while glp-1 was highly expressed in the gills and liver. The ghrelin mRNA expression was relatively high an hour post-feeding and decreased after 3 to 72 h of fasting. The glp - 1 mRNA expression was increased after 6 to 24 h of fasting. The pyya mRNA expression was increased after 72 h of fasting, while the pyyb expression remained stable during fasting. The diet with 14\% lipid promoted the expressions of glp-1, pyya, and pyyb, but inhibited the ghrelin expression. The ghrelin expression in the intestine was increased after palmitic acid, oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), {\alpha}-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) incubation. OA decreased the expression of glp-1 and increased the expression of pyya. The expression of pyyb was downregulated by LA, DHA, and EPA. These results suggest the importance of ghrelin, glp-1, and pyy in coordinating food intake in response to fasting, dietary lipid concentration, and fatty acids in silver pomfret.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:DFD, author = "Zhen Wang and Haolu Liu and Guangyue Zhang and Xiao Yang and Lingmei Wen and Wei Zhao", title = "Diseased Fish Detection in the Underwater Environment Using an Improved {YOLOV5} Network for Intensive Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "169", day = "21", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030169", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/169", abstract = "In intensive aquaculture, the real-time detection and monitoring of common infectious disease is an important basis for scientific fish epidemic prevention strategies that can effectively reduce fish mortality and economic loss. However, low-quality underwater images and low-identification targets present great challenges to diseased fish detection. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a diseased fish detection model, using an improved YOLOV5 network for aquaculture (DFYOLO). The specific implementation methods are as follows: (1) the C3 structure is used instead of the CSPNet structure of the YOLOV5 model to facilitate the industrial deployment of the algorithm; (2) all the 3 $ \times $ 3 convolutional kernels in the backbone network are replaced by a convolutional kernel group consisting of parallel 3 $ \times $ 3, 1 $ \times $ 3 and 3 $ \times $ 1 convolutional kernels; and (3) the convolutional block attention module is added to the YOLOV5 algorithm. Experimental results in a fishing ground showed that the DFYOLO is better than that of the original YOLOV5 network, and the average precision was improved from 94.52\% to 99.38\% (when the intersection over union is 0.5), for an increase of 4.86\%. Therefore, the DFYOLO network can effectively detect diseased fish and is applicable in intensive aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Contino:2023:URB, author = "Martina Contino and Greta Ferruggia and Roberta Pecoraro and Elena Maria Scalisi and Gianfranco Cavallaro and Carmela Bonaccorso and Cosimo Gianluca Fortuna and Antonio Salvaggio and Fabiano Capparrucci and Teresa Bottari and Maria Violetta Brundo", title = "Uptake Routes and Biodistribution of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Zebrafish Larvae and Toxic Effects on Development", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "168", day = "20", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030168", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/168", abstract = "Polystyrene (PS) is the most widely used plastic polymer. It is mainly used to produce disposable products. Due to its resistance to degradation, PS can remain in the environment for a long time. Its mechanical, physical and biological actions determine the release of smaller fragments, which are able to penetrate organisms and accumulate in target organs. Fertilized Danio rerio eggs were exposed to concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L of fluorescent, amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (nPS-NH 2) with diameters of 100 and 50 nm for 96h, according to OECD guidelines (2013). Uptake, biodistribution, toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis were evaluated; moreover, we carried out a simulation to study the interactions between nPS-NH 2 and defined regions of three receptors: STRA6, Adgrg6 and CNTN4/APLP2. We demonstrated that after being internalized, nPS-NH 2 could reach the head and bioaccumulate, especially in the eyes. Moreover, they could lead to oxidative stress and apoptosis in the several regions where they bioaccumulated due to their interaction with receptors. This study confirmed the danger of nanoplastic wastes released in the environment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:NCI, author = "Yanghui Chen and Yuan Li and Dongneng Jiang and Defeng Zhang and Yu Huang and Jia Cai and Jichang Jian and Bei Wang", title = "A New Conditionally Immortalized \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Heart Cell Line: Establishment and Functional Characterization as a Promising Tool for Tilapia Myocarditis Studies", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "167", day = "18", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030167", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/167", abstract = "A new cell line named the tilapia heart cell line (TAH-11) was established from the heart of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by enzymatic digestion and mechanical separation. The TAH-11 cell line has been stably subcultured for over 80 generations and resuscitated after being frozen in liquid nitrogen for six months, with exuberant cell growth. The optimal culture condition of TAH-11 is L-15 medium supplemented with 10\% fetal bovine serum at 25 {$^\circ $}C. Sequencing of the mitochondrial 18S rRNAs confirmed that TAH-11 cells were derived from the tilapia. TAH-11 was also identified as a myocardial cell line based on the mRNA expression of the troponin I, {\alpha}-actin and myoglobin genes. Simultaneously, TAH-11 could be successfully transfected with the GFP reporter gene, suggesting that the TAH-11 cell line could be used for exogenous gene expression in vitro. The TAH-11 cells showed susceptibility to CGSIV, which was demonstrated by the presence of a severe cytopathic effect, suggesting that the TAH-11 cell line is an ideal tool for studying host--virus interaction and potential vaccines. In addition, the expression of inflammatory factors in TAH-11 cells can be remarkably induced following Streptococcus agalactiae or Streptococcus iniae. The present data lays a foundation to further explore the mechanism of how Streptococcus spp. causes tilapia myocarditis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rosati:2023:SEH, author = "Luigi Rosati and Ivana Caputo and Lill{\`a} Lionetti and Mayana Karoline Fontes and Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira and Anna Capaldo", title = "Side Effects of Human Drug Use: an Overview of the Consequences of Eels' Exposure to Cocaine", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "166", day = "17", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030166", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/166", abstract = "The widespread use of drugs is a global problem which affects not only humans but also the environment around them, as research is showing the presence of these substances in different environmental matrices, like air, water, and soil. Above all, due to the remarkable pharmacological properties of drugs, it is discovered that organisms accidentally exposed to them, as aquatic organisms, undergo behavioral and physiological changes that can compromise their health, survival, and reproduction ability. In addition to this, we must consider the ability of some drugs to accumulate within these organisms, thus entering the food chain, and the possible interactions that drugs in water can establish with each other and with other possible pollutants, making the final effects on exposed organisms unpredictable. This article is an overview of the effects of one of these drugs, cocaine, one of the drugs commonly found in the aquatic environment, on European eel, an endangered species and known biomonitor of aquatic contamination.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lee:2023:CMGa, author = "Yong-Suk Lee and Maheshkumar Prakash Patil and Jong-Oh Kim and Yu-Jin Lee and Yong Bae Seo and Jin-Koo Kim and Kiran R. Mahale and Gun-Do Kim", title = "Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Position of \bioname{Chirolophis wui} ({Perciformes: Stichaeidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "165", day = "16", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030165", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/165", abstract = "The complete mitochondrial genome of Chirolophis wui (Wang and Wang, 1935) was sequenced using the Illumina platform. The genome sequence is 16,522 bp in length with 54\% A+T content and contains 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 1 control region (D-loop). The H-strand contains 28 genes (12 PCGs, 14 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs), whereas the L-strand accommodates 9 genes (ND6 and 8 tRNAs). The nucleotide composition of the mitochondrial genome of C. wui is AT-biased, accounting for 54.0\%, with an AT skew value of {-0}.0556 and a GC skew value of {-0}.2043. The majority of PCGs utilized the start codon, ATG, while only one gene, COI, utilized the alternative start codon, GTG. Of the 13 PCGs, 6 genes used the termination codon (TAA or TGA), whereas 7 genes used the incomplete termination codon (T or TA). Among the 22 tRNA genes, the tRNA-Leu and tRNA-Ser were found in duplicates. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 10 complete mitochondrial genome sequences and indicated that C. wui has a very close relationship with C. japonicus and other species in the family Stichaeidae, with a high supporting bootstrap value. This study can provide valuable information for future evolutionary studies on C. wui and Stichaeidae.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Adhikari:2023:PEV, author = "Dhurba Adhikari and Ida K. Hanssen and Steinar D. Johansen and Truls B. Moum and Jarle T. Nordeide", title = "{Pitx 1} Enhancer Variants in Spined and Spine-Reduced \geoname{Subarctic European} Sticklebacks", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "164", day = "15", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030164", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/164", abstract = "Loss of body armour, sometimes including a reduction in or loss of pelvic spines, is an adaptation observed in many isolated freshwater populations. Pelvic reduction in sticklebacks has previously been associated with recurrent, but variant, deletions within pelvic enhancer regions Pel A and Pel B, which regulate expression of the homeodomain transcription factor gene Pitx 1. We investigated variation in nucleotide sequences of pelvic enhancers in sticklebacks collected from two small freshwater lakes in the same watercourse and a nearby marine site in subarctic Norway. Spineless, as well as asymmetrically spined and completely spined sticklebacks are present in the upper lake, while only specimens with complete spines are found at the other lake and the marine site. Observed variation at Pel A between the three sites was mainly due to variable numbers of repeats at three fragile TG-repeat loci. The length of Pel A, mainly at one of the TG-repeat loci, was consistently shorter among individuals in the upper lake compared with specimens from the two other sites. However, no obvious association was revealed between enhancer variants and pelvic status. No polymorphism was found at Pel B. Thus, additional genetic factors and/or environmental cues need to be identified to fully explain the occurrence of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks in this lake.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Carvalho:2023:ITS, author = "Andrezza Carvalho and L{\'e}a Carolina de Oliveira Costa and Mariana Holanda and Lu{\'\i}s H. Poersch and Gamze Turan", title = "Influence of Total Suspended Solids on the Growth of the Sea Lettuce \bioname{Ulva lactuca} Integrated with the \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei} in a Biofloc System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "163", day = "15", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030163", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/163", abstract = "A biofloc system is rich in nutrients, which favors the cultivation of macroalgae, but the influence of the system on the performance of macroalgae is unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility of introducing the macroalgae Ulva lactuca into the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system. The first experiment evaluated the influence of 400 mg L {-1} and 30 mg L {-1} solids concentration of the system in biofloc and von Stosch culture medium on macroalgae growth. In the second experiment, the densities of 1, 2, and 3 g L {-1} of U. lactuca were cultivated in an integrated system with shrimp and monoculture treatment. Both experiments had 35 days of cultivation. There was no significant difference in macroalgae growth between the treatments with biofloc and von Stosch culture medium. In the integrated culture, the density of 1 g L {-1} showed better nutrient absorption. Shrimp performance was not affected by macroalgae cultivation. In conclusion, the solids did not affect the growth of the macroalgae, and it could be cultivated in a biofloc system for nitrate uptake in integrated culture with shrimp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fuentes:2023:PGC, author = "Sandra Ferrada Fuentes and Ricardo Galleguillos and Victoria Herrera-Y{\'a}{\~n}ez and Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre", title = "Population Genetics of \geoname{Chilean} Jack Mackerel, \bioname{Trachurus murphyi} {Nichols}, 1920, ({Pisces, Carangidae}), in Waters of the \geoname{South Pacific Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "162", day = "13", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030162", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/162", abstract = "Estimating genetic diversity and population structure with polymorphic markers might provide information for the better management of fish that have economic importance. We used the Chilean jack mackerel, Trachurus murphyi, a pelagic species distributed in the south Pacific Ocean, to test the population genetic structure across its distribution. A total of 522 samples were collected from 11 locations in 2008, to be analyzed using six loci microsatellites. We conducted traditional genetic analyses to describe the genetic diversity of T. murphyi and whether it shows spatial genetic structure. The results showed a high genetic diversity across locations (Ho = 0.551 to 0.980; He = 0.676 to 0.959). Estimates for the population structure showed a low and non-significant pairwise F ST in all comparisons. We supported the non-genetic differentiation previously reported with the used microsatellite panel. Further comparative temporal studies should be conducted to identify the stability of this pattern. Overall, this study reinforces the hypothesis that, in the Pacific Ocean, Chilean jack mackerel correspond to a large single population.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2023:CSA, author = "Hansoo Kim and Sungho Cho and Jee Woong Choi and Donhyug Kang", title = "Characteristics of Sound Attenuation by Individual and Multiple Fishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "161", day = "13", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030161", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/161", abstract = "Fish biomass and stock assessment are estimated from acoustic volume backscattering strengths (Sv) obtained from various hydroacoustic equipment. Although sound attenuation due to fish schools and water influences the Sv value, only attenuation from water is considered during the acoustic data process. For these reasons, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of sound attenuation by fish. Unfortunately, little is known about sound attenuation from fish. In the present study, the attenuation from one to four fish specimens was precisely measured during ex situ experiments in a water tank. The scientific echo sounder of a split-beam 200 kHz transducer and a miniature hydrophone were used for the attenuation measurements. Results show that the maximum attenuation coefficient ({\alpha}) was approximately 25 dB/cm when the 4 multiple fishes had high fish heights. The relationship between the attenuation coefficient ({\alpha}200kHz) and the total fish height (Htotal) was approximately {\alpha}200kHz=0.54{\ast}Htotal {\pm}$ \approx $0.06 (r2=0.72). This work describes the sound attenuation characteristics to provide basic information for the compensation of Sv from fish schools or layers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Santander-Neto:2023:AGT, author = "Jones Santander-Neto and Francisco Marcante Santana and Jonas Eloi Vasconcelos-Filho and Ros{\^a}ngela Lessa", title = "Age and Growth of the Threatened Smalleye Round Ray, \bioname{Urotrygon microphthalmum}, {Delsman}, 1941, from \geoname{Northeastern Brazil}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "160", day = "12", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030160", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/160", abstract = "The age and growth of Urotrygon microphthalmum were studied using specimens captured between March 2010 and March 2012 as by-catch in the shrimp trawl fishery off the coast of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 347 vertebrae were read, 161 from males (81.6--249.55 mm) and 186 from females (86.15--298.1 mm). The estimated average percentage index (IAPE) ranged from 0.71\% to 4.33\% (mean = 2.5\%) in vertebrae from specimens with 1 and 6 band pairs, respectively. In the present study, the different approaches to validation produced variable results (partially valid growth zones). We then decided to discuss the growth of the species considering the formation of an annual ring. There were statistically significant differences in growth between the sexes. The best model to describe male growth was the von Bertalanffy growth model for two phases (VBGM TP) with growth parameters L {\infty} (maximum theoretical length) = 230.35 mm, k (growth constant) = 1.00, t 0 (theoretical age of size zero) = {-0}.76 years and for females it was the von Bertalanffy with birth size (VBGM L 0) model with parameters L {\infty} = 282.55 mm, k = 0.37. The age of maturity for males and females was 1.52 and 2.02 years, respectively, and the maximum age observed was 5.5 and 8.5 years, respectively. Despite being a fast-growing species, Urotrygon microphthalmum is threatened, probably due to the high mortality levels from shrimp trawling in a very narrow range of the shelf where all the life stages are captured.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Smith:2023:ALL, author = "Cheyenne R. Smith and Christopher A. Ottinger and Heather L. Walsh and Patricia M. Mazik and Vicki S. Blazer", title = "Application of a Lipopolysaccharide ({LPS})-Stimulated Mitogenesis Assay in Smallmouth Bass (\bioname{Micropterus dolomieu}) to Augment Wild Fish Health Studies", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "159", day = "10", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030159", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/159", abstract = "The utility of a functional immune assay for smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) lymphocyte mitogenesis was evaluated. Wild populations in the Potomac River have faced disease and mortality with immunosuppression from exposure to chemical contaminants a suspected component. However, a validated set of immune parameters to screen for immunosuppression in wild fish populations is not available. Prior to use in ecotoxicology studies, ancillary factors influencing the mitogenic response need to be understood. The assay was field-tested with fish collected from three sites in West Virginia as part of health assessments occurring in spring (pre-spawn; April--May) and fall (recrudescence; October--November). Anterior kidney leukocytes were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E.coli O111:B4 or mitogen-free media and proliferation was measured using imaging flow cytometry with advanced machine learning to distinguish lymphocytes. An anti-smallmouth bass IgM monoclonal antibody was used to identify IgM+ lymphocytes. Lymphocyte mitogenesis, or proliferative responses, varied by site and season and positively and negatively correlated with factors such as sex, age, tissue parasites, and macrophage aggregates. Background proliferation of {IgM-} lymphocytes was negatively correlated to LPS-induced proliferation in both seasons at all sites, but only in spring for IgM+ lymphocytes. The results demonstrate that many factors, in addition to chemical contaminants, may influence lymphocyte proliferation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nambi:2023:ILC, author = "Rebecca Walugembe Nambi and Abebe Getahun and Fredrick Jones Muyodi and Edward Rukuunya", title = "Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Catches of \geoname{Nile} Perch and \geoname{Nile} Tilapia on \geoname{Lake Kyoga, Uganda}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "158", day = "10", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030158", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/158", abstract = "In East Africa, Nile perch and Nile tilapia are major commercial fish species, providing reliable protein and income sources. However, their stocks are dwindling on Lake Kyoga due to land use and land cover (LULC) changes within the surrounding catchment. Thus, this paper aims at assessing the land use land cover on Lake Kyoga and its immediate catchment and how those changes affect the water quality and the local fish catches. The Iso-Cluster tool in ArcGIS was used to analyze Landsat images from the years 1989 to 2021 to obtain LULC information. The LULC classes were classified into water, wetland, agricultural land, rangeland, and settlements. Correction using a 2-tailed test of the water quality parameters with the LULC classes indicated a strong positive correlation of TN with water (0.71), a strong negative correlation of TP with rangelands ({-0}.83), and a strong positive correlation of Chl- a with settlement (0.98) at a 0.05 confidence level. The correlation of the recorded fish catch data with fishing gear showed a strong negative correlation with cast and monofilament nets. Continued use of illegal fishing gear was ranked number 1 of the causes of LULC by the stakeholders. Thus, the fisheries managers should collaborate with local stakeholders to boost declining fish catches for improved livelihoods and sustainable management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{daSilveira:2023:IAM, author = "Estevan Luiz da Silveira and Nabil Semmar and Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester and Andr{\'e} Martins Vaz-dos-Santos", title = "Integrative Analysis to Manage Aquatic Resources Based on Fish Feeding Patterns in Neotropical Rivers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "157", day = "06", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030157", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/157", abstract = "Feeding ecology is an integrative procedure to highlight different diets, associating feeding trends with governing and regulation factors characterizing foraging species and their environments, respectively. The diet variability of seven fish species forming a community in a Neotropical riverine system was analyzed to characterize the resource and consumer linkages, providing a detailed assessment of adaptive feeding behaviors of fishes living in different ecological states transiting from natural/resilient spaces to anthropic pressions-linked disturbed ones. Fishes were sampled along four sites during a year, and their stomach contents were analyzed. Feeding data were analyzed by applying quali- and quantitative methods with multi-levels and multifactor aspects to determine target food categories (percentage of occurrence) and identify feeding patterns (correspondence and cluster analyses, CA-HCA). Factors and scales governing target food categories were also tested. A total of 483 stomachs were dissected, and 30 food categories were identified. CA-HCA highlighted 10 feeding trends (FTs) combining several foods co-occurring at distinct levels. These FTs indicated characteristic diets and high diversity of feeding behaviors concerning multiple and narrow diets, different alimentary needs related to ecomorphological features, different plasticity ranges (adaptability, tolerance) and a spatial governing effect (headwater to river mouth environmental quality loss). These multiple factors provided essential information on overcoming ways of environmental constraints and optimization ways of food balances helping to better manage the richness and working of neotropical river systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Velazquez-Landa:2023:ZSB, author = "Xiomara Vel{\'a}zquez-Landa and Porfirio Carrillo and Genaro A. Coria-Avila and Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias and Luis I. Garc{\'\i}a and Mar{\'\i}a Rebeca Toledo-C{\'a}rdenas and Mar{\'\i}a Elena Hern{\'a}ndez-Aguilar and Jorge Manzo", title = "Zebrafish Sexual Behavior in Plain and Enriched Environments: Parameters in the Valproate Model of Autism", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "156", day = "05", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030156", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/156", abstract = "Autism is a complex alteration in children's developing nervous system that manifests in behavioral patterns that do not match those of typical subjects. Moreover, starting at puberty, these children may encounter problems regarding social interaction related to sexual encounters. As studies are scarce, we used the valproate model of autism in the zebrafish to contribute to the knowledge related to sexual behavior in this disorder. Young zebrafish were reproduced, embryos collected, and organized in groups of control or treated with valproic acid, as the autism model. Sexual behavior was recorded in fish from these embryos as they became sexually active. The results show that the zebrafish's sexual behavior is organized into appetitive, preconsummatory, and consummatory behaviors, as in other vertebrates. In the autism model, the patterns of sexual behavior are present but with significant modifications. The behavior of males was the most affected, while in females, the most affected parameter was oviposition. These results show that, in the autism model of zebrafish, sexual behavior is not suppressed, but it seems that critical changes occur in the neuroendocrine system that reduces reproductive success. Furthermore, the enriched environment was beneficial in maintaining the consummatory behaviors of females and males with autism-like behaviors.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Curiel-Bernal:2023:MEG, author = "Marcelo V. Curiel-Bernal and Miguel {\'A}. Cisneros-Mata and Guillermo Rodr{\'\i}guez-Dom{\'\i}nguez and Laura S{\'a}nchez-Velasco and S. Patricia A. Jim{\'e}nez-Rosenberg and Alejandro Par{\'e}s-Sierra and E. Alberto Arag{\'o}n-Noriega", title = "Modelling Early Growth of \bioname{Totoaba macdonaldi} ({Teleostei: Sciaenidae}) under Laboratory Conditions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "155", day = "04", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030155", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/155", abstract = "The totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is a sciaenid (croaker) fish endemic to the Gulf of California with high commercial importance. Because it was considered at risk of extinction (since 2021 it was reclassified as vulnerable by the IUCN), and aquaculture procedures were developed for restocking and commercial purposes. The present study was conducted with the hypothesis that the early stages of totoaba present depensatory individual growth and an observed variance-at-age modelling approach is the best way to parametrize growth. Ten models were tested including asymptotic, non-asymptotic, exponential-like, and power-like curves including a new one that represents a modification of Schnute's model. The model that best described the growth trajectory of larval and early juveniles of T. macdonaldi in a controlled environment is a sigmoid curve with two inflexions, related to changes in the feeding regime.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jayasinghe:2023:DMC, author = "G. D. T. M. Jayasinghe and Joanna Szpunar and Ryszard Lobinski and E. M. R. K. B. Edirisinghe", title = "Determination of Multi-Class Antibiotics Residues in Farmed Fish and Shrimp from \geoname{Sri Lanka} by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry ({UPLC-MS\slash MS})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "154", day = "04", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030154", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/154", abstract = "Antibiotics have been used to control the aquatic environment in both therapeutic and prophylactic ways. Antibiotics are particularly difficult to extract due to their strong interactions with biological matrices. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantitative confirmatory analysis of multi-class antibiotics residues in fish and shrimp. Fourteen antibiotics belonging to sulphonamides, {\beta}-lactams, quinolones, sulfones and macrolides were determined within one chromatographic run. The samples were suspended in 0.1 M HCl, and the analytes were extracted into ethyl acetate. The extracts were defatted with cyclohexane. The limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.24 to 1.32 {\SGMLmicro}g kg {-1} for fish and 0.42--1.62 {\SGMLmicro}g kg {-1} for shrimp samples. The recoveries ranged from 75 to 105\%. The method was applied to the analysis of farmed freshwater Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon) collected in Sri Lanka. Sulfacetamide (4.31 {\pm} 0.70 {\SGMLmicro}g kg {-1}) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (0.75 {\pm} 0.15 {\SGMLmicro}g kg {-1}) were detected in the fish, and sulfapyridine (0.21--0.56 {\SGMLmicro}g kg {-1}) and sulfadoxine (0.35--1.44 {\SGMLmicro}g kg {-1}) were detected in the shrimp samples. The concentrations complied with the EU regulation limits for veterinary drug residues in seafood and did not pose a risk in terms of food safety.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nastac:2023:PEK, author = "Lacr{\u{a}}mioara (Gr{\u{a}}dinariu) N{\u{a}}stac and Lorena Dediu and Mirela Cre{\c{t}}u and Cristian R{\^\i}mniceanu and Angelica Docan and Iulia Grecu and Floricel Maricel Dima and Maria Desimira Stroe and Camelia Vizireanu", title = "The Protective Effects of Korill Product on Carp Fingerlings Reared in High Densities and Challenged with Albendazole Treatment", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "153", day = "04", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030153", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/153", abstract = "The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the potential of the Korill (KO), a product based on krill oil, supplemented in fish feed (5 g/kg feed) to alleviate density-induced stress in carp fingerlings, and its protective capacity in case of anthelmintic drug administration (ABZ---albendazole). Thus, the fish were divided into four groups: LD (low density with normal feed), LD-KO (low density with KO supplementation feed), HD (high density with normal feed), and HD-KO (high density with KO supplementation feed). During the first trial, the fish held under different densities were fed normal feed and KO feed for two months, following a 2 $ \times $ 2 factorial experimental design. In the second trial, seven fish per tank were subjected, for one week, to albendazole treatment (administered daily by an oral dose of 5 mg/kg body weight). For both trials, blood and plasma samples were used to quantify hematological and biochemical parameters. The results showed that the KO diet alleviated the negative impact of ABZ treatment on liver function and the metabolic profile of carp fingerlings reared in high densities. In addition, KO feeding improved lysozyme activity (LZM) and therefore the immune status of the fish, and reduced oxidative damage in the liver, demonstrated by a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and an increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Leng:2023:SUA, author = "Xiaoqian Leng and Hao Du and Wei Xiong and Peilin Cheng and Jiang Luo and Jinming Wu", title = "Successful Ultrasonography-Assisted Artificial Reproduction of Critically Endangered \geoname{Sichuan} taimen (\bioname{Hucho bleekeri})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "152", day = "03", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030152", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/152", abstract = "Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri), a critically endangered species, is listed as a first-class protected species in China. The natural population has been missing from most of its known distribution areas for many years but was rediscovered in the Taibai River in 2012, providing an important resource for the conservation stocking of the Sichuan taimen. In this study, 43 wild adult Sichuan taimen collected from the Taibai River were determined for gamete maturity for artificial reproduction using ultrasonography. The echogenicity of the gonads before and after hormonal induction was described to determine broodstock identification, injection dose of hormones, and spawning time. Four batches of artificial breeding were successfully achieved in 2013, 2014, and 2016. Broodstock (19 females and 16 males) spawned with average fertilization and hatching rates reaching 80.2\% and 61.0\%, respectively. This study demonstrates that ultrasonic imaging is a convenient and efficient method to track the state of gonads of mature Sichuan taimen during artificial reproduction, which will assist in broodstock cultivation, and further large-scale proliferation and effective resource restoration of the Sichuan taimen.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Engle:2023:RCB, author = "Carole R. Engle and Jonathan van Senten and Charles Clark and Noah Boldt", title = "Has the Regulatory Compliance Burden Reduced Competitiveness of the \geoname{U.S.} Tilapia Industry?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "151", day = "02", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030151", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/151", abstract = "Emerging research on aquaculture governance has pointed to the conundrum of negative global environmental effects from economic incentives for aquaculture production to shift from more highly regulated to less regulated countries. This study has focused on examining whether regulatory costs on U.S. tilapia farms may have contributed to their contraction in contrast to the growth of global tilapia production that contributes to the volume of seafood imports into the U.S. A national survey (coverage rate = 75\% of tilapia sold; response rate = 18\%) found that on-farm regulatory costs accounted for 15\% of total production costs on U.S. tilapia farms, the fifth-highest cost of production. The total direct regulatory costs nationally were \$4.4 million, averaging \$137,611/farm. Most problematic were regulations of effluent discharge, predatory bird control, international export, and water and energy policies. Manpower costs for monitoring and reporting were the greatest cost of regulatory compliance. The lost sales revenue resulting from regulations was \$32 million a year, or 82\% of total annual sales, indicating that the regulatory framework has constrained the growth of U.S. tilapia farming. The smallest tilapia farms had the greatest regulatory cost per kg. This study provides evidence that regulatory costs, along with other challenges related to live fish markets, have contributed to the decline in U.S. tilapia production. Increased competitiveness of the U.S. tilapia industry will require a combination of: (1) improved regulatory efficiency that reduces on-farm cost burdens without reducing societal benefits; (2) research and on-farm extension assistance to evaluate new tilapia fillet equipment; and (3) research on changing consumer preferences to provide guidance on effective strategies to penetrate the large U.S. fillet market.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lee:2023:CMGb, author = "Yong-Suk Lee and Maheshkumar Prakash Patil and Jong-Oh Kim and Yu-Jin Lee and Yong Bae Seo and Jin-Koo Kim and Rahul K. Suryawanshi and Gun-Do Kim", title = "The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Fivespot Flounder, \bioname{Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus} ({Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae}), from \geoname{Korea} and Its Phylogenetic Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "150", day = "02", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030150", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/150", abstract = "The mitogenome is an important tool for researching the evolution of metazoan animals. However, until now, only few mitochondrial genes of Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus have been reported. Here, we report the complete mitogenome of P. pentophthalmus, assembled using the Illumina platform. The circular mitogenome of P. pentophthalmus is 16,684 bp in length, has a bias A+T content of 52.78\%, encodes 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes), and has a control region. The overall nucleotide composition was A: 26.56\%, T: 26.22\%, G: 17.97\%, and C: 29.25\%. The phylogenetic tree based on the complete mitogenome P. pentophthalmus was shown to be monophyletic with the other Pseudorhombus species and was shown to be on the same branch as P. dupliciocellatus. This research might be useful for future studies on population genetics and evolution analysis.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Becker:2023:EHB, author = "Alessandra Jana{\'\i}na Becker and Sandro Santos and Berta Maria Heinzmann and Braulio Otomar Caron and Bernardo Baldisserotto", title = "Exposure of \bioname{Hyalella bonariensis} ({Crustacea, Amphipoda}) to Essential Oils: Effects on Anesthesia and Swimming Activity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "149", day = "02", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030149", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/149", abstract = "Amphipods are frequently used as bioindicators of water quality in experimental or behavior trials. Thus, it is a group considered suitable for use as a model organism in tests with essential oils (EOs). This study evaluated the time required for anesthesia induction and recovery of the amphipod crustacean H. bonariensis exposed to the essential oils of Aloysia triphylla (EOAT) and Lippia alba (EOLA), and their major compounds citral and linalool, respectively. In addition, we evaluated the locomotor activity of amphipods using ANY-maze {\reg} software. Mortalities were observed at concentrations of 100 and 200 {\SGMLmicro}L/L of citral (50.0 {\pm} 0.39\%) and 750 {\SGMLmicro}L/L of EOLA (66.7 {\pm} 0.33\%). Except for linalool, increased concentrations of the compounds of the essential oils decreased the time for sedation and anesthesia induction. There were differences for the induction of anesthesia (p {$<$} 0.05) and recovery (p {$<$} 0.05) between EOLA and linalool treatments, but not between that for EOAT and citral. Reduced locomotor activity and longer time and episodes of freezing were observed in animals exposed to EOAT. The EOs and their major compounds induced anesthesia and affected the locomotor activity of H. bonariensis, Therefore, EOAT and linalool are recommended for anesthesia of this species. EOAT can also be utilized in long-term exposure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shakweer:2023:CIR, author = "Medhat S. Shakweer and Gehad E. Elshopakey and Abdelwahab A. Abdelwarith and Elsayed M. Younis and Simon John Davies and Samia Elbahnaswy", title = "Comparison of Immune Response of \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei} Shrimp Naturally Infected with \bioname{Vibrio} Species, and after Being Fed with Florfenicol", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "148", day = "02", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030148", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/148", abstract = "The outbreaks caused by Vibrio spp. are a notable threat to the potential growth of the economy of penaeid culture, which is still controlled by the administration of antibiotics. At first, the infected group was subjected to phenotypic bacteriological examination with subsequent molecular identification via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which confirmed four strains of Vibrio spp., V. atlanticus, V. natriegens, V. alginolyticus, and V. harveyi, from moribund-infected shrimp during mortality events in an Egyptian hatchery. To better understand the defense mechanism of the most effective antibiotic against Vibrio strains, the immune responses were compared and evaluated in infected Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock after being fed 5 mg kg {-1} of florfenicol antibiotic, which was first determined through in vitro antibiogram tests. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the immune response of L. vannamei during Vibrio spp. infection in Egyptian hatcheries and after antibiotic medication. The parameters assessed were the total and differential hemocyte count (THC), granular cells (GC), semi-granular cells (SGC), and hyaline cells (HC). As well as the metabolic and immune enzymes: alanine aminotransferases (ALT), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme activity; an antioxidant index, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH); a phagocytic assay; changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS); and bactericidal activity in the hemolymph of the control, infected, and treated groups. Further evaluation of the mRNA expression levels of the prophenoloxidase (LvproPO), toll-like receptor 1 (LvToll1), and haemocyanin (LvHc) genes were performed in the hepatopancreas of the same groups. A significant drop in the THC, GC, SGC, and HC counts, as well as lysozyme and bactericidal activities, phagocytic assay, ROS, SOD, and GSH index, were represented in infected shrimp compared to control shrimp; however, a marked increase in the activity of ALT, AST, ALP, and ACP was observed. These activities were significantly restored in the treated shrimp compared to the infected shrimp. Nevertheless, no significant changes were noted in the transcriptional levels of the LvproPO and LvToll1 genes in the treated shrimp when compared to the infected shrimp; however, a significant suppression of the LvHc gene was noted. Our study aimed to determine the immune response of L. vannamei during Vibrio spp. infection in Egyptian hatcheries and after antibiotic medication. We concluded that florfenicol in medicated feed could be effective in controlling vibriosis and ameliorating the immune response of shrimp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Suma:2023:BEG, author = "Afrina Yeasmin Suma and Shishir Kumar Nandi and Zulhisyam Abdul Kari and Khang Wen Goh and Lee Seong Wei and Albaris B. Tahiluddin and Paul Seguin and Mikael Herault and Abdullah {Al Mamun} and Guillermo T{\'e}llez-Isa{\'\i}as and Muhammad Anamul Kabir", title = "Beneficial Effects of Graded Levels of Fish Protein Hydrolysate ({FPH}) on the Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Liver and Intestinal Health, Economics Efficiency, and Disease Resistance to \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} of {Pabda} (\bioname{Ompok pabda}) Fingerling", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "147", day = "02", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030147", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/147", abstract = "Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) is the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein into smaller peptide and free amino acids, which has recently captured considerable attention as a supplementary ingredient in the aqua-feed industry sector. The present research aimed to observe the physiological, biochemical, and bacteriological study of FPH-treated diets and its effects on growth, hematology, plasma biochemistry, liver and gut histopathology, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Pabda (Ompok pabda). Four experimental diets (35\% crude protein) were formulated with graded FPH supplementation (0, 0.5, 1, and 2\%). The feed physiological parameters such as expansion ratio, bulk density, water stability, and floatability were not significantly affected by dietary FPH levels (p {$>$} 0.05), except for the pellet durability index (PDI). Furthermore, the diets with 1\% and 2\% FPH were more palatable to fish than other treatment diets. The total bacteria (TB) in fish diets and guts followed an increasing trend with the increase in various levels of FPH in diets. The significantly highest body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), total biomass (TB), survival rate (SR), condition factor (CF), and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were noted in 2\% FPH-fed fish when compared with other treatment groups (p {$<$} 0.05). The feed intake of fish was significantly increased when increasing the FPH in diets (p {$<$} 0.05). The fish fed with a 2\% FPH diet had significantly higher neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, red blood cell, and platelet levels (p {$<$} 0.05). The blood glucose, creatinine, total protein, and globulin were significantly lower in control fish compared to other treatment groups (p {$<$} 0.05). The histopathological observation of mid intestine tissues displayed that 2\% of FPH-diet-fed fish had a well-anchored epithelial wall with well-arranged goblet cells, a long villus structure, stratum compactum, and tunica muscularis compared to other treatments of FPH. The inclusion of FPH in diets up to 2\% significantly improved the liver health of fish. The fish fed with 2\% FPH had a significantly lower cumulative percent mortality (16.67\%) against A. hydrophila infection in the bacterial challenge test (p {$<$} 0.05). Therefore, the present results suggested that using 2\% FPH in the aqua-feed industry improves the growth performance, health status, and disease resistance of Pabda fingerlings in captivity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Paolucci:2023:FNF, author = "Marina Paolucci", title = "Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "146", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030146", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/146", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ren:2023:CTA, author = "Yuanhao Ren and Wei Wang and Yin Fu and Zhiqiang Liu and Ming Zhao and Likun Xu and Tianyong Zhan and Ting Huang and Minghao Luo and Wei Chen and Chunyan Ma and Fengying Zhang and Keji Jiang and Lingbo Ma", title = "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies {MAPK} Signaling Pathway Associated with Regulating Ovarian Lipid Metabolism during Vitellogenesis in the Mud Crab, \bioname{Scylla paramamosain}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "145", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030145", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/145", abstract = "The mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, has abundant nutrients in the ovary, where numerous lipids accumulate during ovarian maturation. However, the mechanism behind the accumulation of lipids in the ovary of mud crab during ovarian maturation is largely unknown. This study conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of the ovaries of mud crabs at various stages of ovarian maturation. A total of 63.69 Gb of clean data was obtained, with a Q30 of 93.34\%, and 81,893 unigenes were identified, including 10,996 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After KEGG enrichment of these DEGs, MAPK signaling pathway was significantly enriched during vitellogenesis. Moreover, the expression levels of genes involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism were found to be higher during vitellogenesis. The two genes (Sp-Eip75B and Sp-Eip78C) that are homologous to the vertebrate gene PPAR{\gamma} in the PPAR signaling pathway, were identified. Additionally, genes in MAPK signaling pathway might regulate lipid metabolism through PPAR signaling pathway based on Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network. These findings suggest that MAPK signaling pathway plays a critical role in lipid metabolism in the ovary during vitellogenesis, which provides new insights into the mechanism of lipid accumulation during ovarian maturation in mud crabs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wuertz:2023:TPC, author = "Sven Wuertz and Filipa Be{\c{c}}a and Eva Kreuz and Konrad M. Wanka and Rita Azeredo and Marina Machado and Benjamin Costas", title = "Two Probiotic Candidates of the Genus \bioname{Psychrobacter} Modulate the Immune Response and Disease Resistance after Experimental Infection in Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maximus}, {Linnaeus} 1758)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "144", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030144", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/144", abstract = "Probiotic bacteria are a recognized alternative to classical methods of disease prophylaxis and therapy. We tested the effects of their application on the immune reaction in juvenile turbot. To prevent digestion of the probiotics, rectal administration was applied to maximise colonization, by-passing digestion in the stomach. The application of Psychrobacter nivimaris and Psychrobacter faecalis showed beneficial effects on the inflammatory response and disease resistance after infection with the common pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. Treatment with P. nivimaris and P. faecalis resulted in 0\% and 8\% mortalities post-infection, while in the treatment control, an elevated mortality of 20\% was observed. In the challenge controls (no infection), no mortalities were observed during the entire experimental period. After an experimental infection, mRNA expression of selected immune markers (mhc II {\alpha}, il-1{\beta}, tcr, tgf {\beta} and tnf {\alpha}) were determined by RT-QPCR at 0, 1 and 5 days post-infection (dpi). At 0 dpi, gene expression was comparable between the treatments and the treatment control, suggesting that probiotics did not act via immune stimulation of the host. At 1 dpi, all genes were up-regulated in the treatment control but not in the probiotic groups, indicating that the infection in probiotic-treated fish developed at a less severe level. At 5 dpi, mRNA expression returned to baseline levels. As a conclusion, the native probiotic candidates P. nivimaris and P. faecalis improved survival, whereas, in the control, mortality increased and expression of the immune markers was up-regulated post infection. This highlights a potential application of P. nivimaris and P. faecalis in disease prophylaxis, but further research is needed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:DSS, author = "Jianping Li and Chen Li and Congcong Li and Wei Luo and Kang Wu and Songming Zhu and Zhangying Ye", title = "Design and Study of a Spindle-Shaped Fry Head-to-Tail Orientation Device", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "143", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030143", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/143", abstract = "The head-to-tail orientation of spindle-shaped fry is an important part of automated vaccine injection. The fry's automatic orientation helps reduce labor and improve efficiency during the automated injection. This paper designed an electromagnetic vibration fry orientation device for grass carp fry, measured its friction characteristics with three different materials in scales and against scales, analyzed the kinematic characteristics of the fry on the electromagnetic vibration feeder, and clarified the main factors affecting fry transport. It used the trough's inclination angle, amplitude, and material as the test factors, whereas the orientation success rate and orientation rate were used as the evaluation index. Orthogonal combination tests were carried out with 90--150 mm grass carp fry as the research object to obtain reasonable parameter combinations. The results showed that the best orientation effect was achieved when the surface of the trough was a silicone film with many bumps, the inclination of the plate spring was {\beta} = {15$^\circ $}, the inclination of the trough plane was {\theta} y = {-4$^\circ $}, and the amplitude A = 0.7 mm. In this parameter combination, the directional device was tested and verified. The targeted success rate was {\epsilon} = 95.5\%, and the direction rate was {\eta} = 0.87 tail/s. The device could meet the requirements of the head and tails during the mechanized injection of the fry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Miao:2023:IFQ, author = "Xiaomin Miao and Hui Guo and Yong Song and Chunying Du and Jingyun Feng and Yixi Tao and Hao Xu and Yun Li", title = "Improvement of Flesh Quality of Farmed Silver Carp (\bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}) by Short-Term Stocked in Natural Water", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "142", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030142", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/142", abstract = "To investigate the effects of different raising environments on the flesh quality, the study set up three groups of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), that is, pond-farmed; short-term stocked; and ranched, grown in a natural water ranch. This study compared the differences in muscle proximate composition and amino acid composition among three groups. The results showed that there was no difference between the ranched and the stocked groups in content of crude protein, ash, total amino acids (TAA), essential amino acids (EAA), and umami-flavored amino acids (UAA), with both groups being significantly higher than the farmed group. This shows that, in terms of flesh quality, the stocked group was closer to the ranched group and better than the farmed group after being stocked in natural water for 30 days. The results suggest that the flesh quality of farmed fish was improved by short-term stocking in natural water. To elucidate the reasons of flesh quality change in the stocked group, this study compared the food composition and intestinal digestive enzyme activity in three groups, demonstrating that the ranched and stocked groups had similar food composition, with their detritus proportion lower than that of the farmed group, consuming easily digestible phytoplankton diatoms rich in amino acids and fatty acids. No significant difference was seen between the ranched group and the stocked group, for which amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities were lower than that of the farmed group. It is hypothesized that differences in environmental and food composition resulted in lower digestive enzyme activity in the ranched group and the stocked group. In summary, the short-term stocking of farmed fish in a natural water ranch can effectively improve the nutrient content, quality and flavor, and promote value of fish products.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Teixeira:2023:DTS, author = "Cl{\'a}udia Teixeira and Rita Pedrosa and Carolina Castro and Rui Magalh{\~a}es and Elisabete Matos and Aires Oliva-Teles and Helena Peres and Amalia P{\'e}rez-Jim{\'e}nez", title = "Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Implications on Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Amino Acid Catabolism Enzymes in Meagre (\bioname{Argyrosomus regius})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "3", pages = "141", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030141", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Mar 30 09:07:32 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/3/141", abstract = "Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid, commercially available as a feed-grade product, and is a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, which are both important molecules in stress mitigation. Meagre have a high potential for marine aquaculture diversification but are highly susceptible to stressful conditions. This study aimed to assess the potential role of dietary tryptophan supplementation in meagre juveniles in order to minimize the deleterious effect of potential stress conditions. For this, a growth trial was performed wherein meagre juveniles were fed four isoproteic (45\%DM) and isolipidic (16\%DM) diets; namely, a control diet, and three diets similar to the control diet but supplemented with varying levels of tryptophan, graded according to the resulting percentage in each diet's dry matter (Control, 0.25\%Trp, 0.5\%Trp, and 1\%Trp), corresponding to a total dietary tryptophan of 1.06, 1.70, 2.08, and 3.24 g 16 g {-1} N, respectively. Diets were tested in triplicate, and fish were fed twice a day, six days a week, for eight weeks. Five days after the end of the growth trial, a time-course blood sampling was performed at 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h after feeding. At the 6 h sampling point, the liver was also collected. Overall, our results indicate that 1Trp supplementation (total dietary Trp 3.24 g 16 g {-1} N) may be harmful to fish, decreasing growth performance and feed utilization, although doses up to 0.5Trp do not influence these parameters. Voluntary feed intake lineally decreased with the increase in the level of dietary Trp. Whole-body lipid content decreased at the highest tryptophan inclusion, whereas no changes were observed in protein levels. After 12 h from feeding, plasma glucose levels were lower in all dietary treatments supplemented with tryptophan compared to those observed in the control. Hepatic enzyme activity of protein catabolism decreased with dietary Trp inclusion. Overall, our results suggested that while a dietary Trp level increase of up to 2.08 g 16 g {-1} N did not affect growth performance and feed efficiency, both these parameters were severely compromised with a Trp level of 3.24 g 16 g {-1} N.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fang:2023:ETS, author = "Dan Fang and Jun Mei and Jing Xie and Weiqiang Qiu", title = "The Effects of Transport Stress (Temperature and Vibration) on Blood Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Stress, and Gill Histomorphology of Pearl Gentian Groupers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "218", day = "21", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040218", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/218", abstract = "The transport of living fish is an important part of the fish farming process. The transport usually causes fish stress. This study evaluated the effects of transport temperature and vibration frequency on water quality, blood biochemical parameters, gill histomorphology, oxidative stress, and meat quality of pearl gentian groupers after transport. First, 1-year-old groupers (450 {\pm} 25 g) were transported in plastic bags for 48 h, including the following treatments: no shaking, transported at 15 {$^\circ $}C, shaking at 70 rpm, transported at 15 {$^\circ $}C (15 {$^\circ $}C/70 rpm); shaking at 120 rpm, transported at 15 {$^\circ $}C (15 {$^\circ $}C/120 rpm); no shaking, transported at 25 {$^\circ $}C; shaking at 70 rpm, transported at 25 {$^\circ $}C (25 {$^\circ $}C/70 rpm); and shaking at 120 rpm, transported at 25 {$^\circ $}C (25 {$^\circ $}C/120 rpm). Serum, liver, gill, and muscle samples were collected for testing at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of exposure. During the 48 h transport, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in the transport group compared to the control group. In the early stage of transportation, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cortisol (COR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glucose (GLU) in the transportation groups were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the water quality pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels decreased significantly. Compared with untransported fish, the total free amino acid (TFAA) content increased by 40.27\% and 31.74\% in the 25 {$^\circ $}C/70 rpm and 25 {$^\circ $}C/120 rpm groups, respectively. In addition, the results of hematoxylin--eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that the epithelial cells in the high-speed group were swollen, the gill lamella was severely curved, and a large amount of mucus was secreted. This study explores the basic information of transportation, which will help to select the conditions that are more suitable for the successful transportation of pearl gentian groupers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kwikiriza:2023:MVN, author = "Gerald Kwikiriza and Mourine J. Yegon and Nelson Byamugisha and Apulnal Beingana and Faith Atukwatse and Alex Barekye and Juliet K. Nattabi and Harald Meimberg", title = "Morphometric Variations of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) ({Linnaeus}, 1758) Local Strains Collected from Different Fish Farms in \geoname{South Western Highland Agro-Ecological Zone (SWHAEZ), Uganda}: Screening Strains for Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "217", day = "20", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040217", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/217", abstract = "Despite the global contribution of aquaculture as an important pillar for food and nutritional security, its rapid growth has been hampered by inadequate and poor-quality seed due to inbreeding, hybridization of related stocks, and poor-quality broodstock. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Nile tilapia in natural water bodies of Uganda has been studied but research gaps remain on the morphometric characterization of farmed O. niloticus in Uganda, which hinders selective breeding initiatives. This study characterized O. niloticus from various farmers in Uganda's Southwestern Highland Agro-Ecological Zone using their morphometric traits. In this study, 8 morphometric traits were taken on each of the 258 fish samples collected with at least 30 samples sampled from each pond system in the zone. The morphometric data generated were analyzed using multivariate analysis. In order to delineate the populations from the different ponds, Discriminant Function analysis (DFA) was performed on the dataset and distribution plots generated to test on the purity of the strains. There were significant differences in the morphometric traits among the populations with the Victoria fish population having the highest standard length while the Kyoga population had the highest weight. Morphometric characterization grouped the fish into three clusters, indicative that fish farms in the zone possibly had different sources of fish seed. The condition factor, which is a measure of wellbeing of the fish, showed that all the populations displayed an isometric growth which is indicative of the fish growing in length as it is in weight. The results of this study provide evidence that local O. niloticus from different farms display differences in body shape as a result of using fish seed from different sources. This aspect can be applied in selective breeding programs after establishing the genetic structure of the farmed Nile tilapia stock.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bonvechio:2023:SEF, author = "Kimberly I. Bonvechio and Ramesh Paudyal and Chelsey Crandall and Andrew K. Carlson", title = "Survey Evaluation of \geoname{Florida}'s Freshwater Fisheries Long-Term Monitoring Program", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "216", day = "19", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040216", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/216", abstract = "Natural resource monitoring programs benefit from routine evaluation. Here, Florida's statewide Freshwater Fisheries Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) program is used to show how stakeholder surveys can be integral to this process. In 2022, an online questionnaire was sent to internal stakeholders, i.e., state agency personnel who collect, enter, or use freshwater fisheries data for fisheries and habitat management purposes. The survey's primary objective was to evaluate the program at its 15-year mark; secondary objectives were to compare results with a similar survey conducted at the 4-year mark, compare results among respondents based on experience and functional role, and develop recommendations for strategic initiatives to further improve the program. The survey consisted of 43 questions across six sections of program evaluation: demographics; field sampling; data entry, summary, and reporting; management decision support; programmatic views; and additional input. Respondents generally had positive views of the LTM program, but the survey revealed differences among respondents with different functional roles (e.g., fisheries researchers and managers viewed the decisional value, priority, and sample sizes of LTM data more favorably than habitat managers) while highlighting high-priority future initiatives (e.g., database development). Our results demonstrate the utility of stakeholder surveys as an important step in evaluating monitoring programs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2023:SES, author = "Xiaochen Liu and Daixia Wang and Yan Shang and Xuee Yu and Baoquan Gao and Jianjian Lv and Jitao Li and Ping Liu and Jian Li and Xianliang Meng", title = "Survival, Energy Status, and Cellular Stress Responses of the Juvenile Swimming Crab \bioname{Portunus trituberculatus} under Acute Nitrite Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "215", day = "19", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040215", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/215", abstract = "Nitrite is a common pollutant encountered in aquaculture systems. During intensive hatchery, accumulation of nitrite can cause massive mortality of juvenile crustaceans. However, the nitrite toxicity and cellular stress responses in juvenile crustaceans is not clearly understood. Here, we investigate the survival, energy metabolism, and cellular stress responses in juvenile P. trituberculatus, an important aquaculture species in China, under acute nitrite stress. The results revealed nitrite resulted in a significant decrease in survival rate of juvenile swimming crab. After nitrite exposure, the activity of catabolic enzymes, such as HK, PK, CS, and CPT-1, were initially enhanced, and then they showed significant decrease at the late stage of exposure, accompanied by reduction in ATP and adenylate energy charge (AEC). The impaired energy homeostasis was possibly associated with disturbed AMPK signaling and enhanced anaerobic metabolism, which was indicated by the high levels of LDH activity and HIF-1{\alpha} expression. Furthermore, we found that nitrite stress can depress antioxidant systems and unfold protein responses, causing oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and this, in turn, can trigger autophagy and apoptosis through both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. The results of the present study improve our understanding regarding adverse effects of nitrite on P. trituberculatus and provide valuable information for hatchery management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hamilton:2023:EIS, author = "Erin F. Hamilton and Collin L. Juurakko and Katja Engel and Josh D. Neufeld and John M. Casselman and Charles W. Greer and Virginia K. Walker", title = "Environmental Impacts on Skin Microbiomes of Sympatric High \geoname{Arctic} Salmonids", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "214", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040214", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/214", abstract = "In the region of King William Island, Nunavut, in the Canadian high Arctic, populations of salmonids including Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), cisco (Coregonus autumnalis and C. sardinella) as well as lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis) are diadromous, overwintering in freshwater and transitioning to saline waters following ice melt. Since these fish were sampled at the same time and from the same traditional fishing sites, comparison of their skin structures, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, has allowed an assessment of influences on wild fish bacterial communities. Arctic char skin microbiota underwent turnover in different seasonal habitats, but these striking differences in dispersion and diversity metrics, as well as prominent taxa involving primarily Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, were less apparent in the sympatric salmonids. Not only do these results refute the hypothesis that skin communities, for the most part, reflect water microbiota, but they also indicate that differential recruitment of bacteria is influenced by the host genome and physiology. In comparison to the well-adapted Arctic char, lake whitefish at the northern edge of their range may be particularly vulnerable, and we suggest the use of skin microbiomes as a supplemental tool to monitor a sustainable Indigenous salmonid harvest during this period of change in the high Arctic.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Verhille:2023:ESR, author = "Christine E. Verhille and Anthony P. Farrell", title = "Endurance Swimming Is Related to Summer Lake Survival of Rainbow Trout in a Warm Lake with Avian Piscivores", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "213", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040213", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/213", abstract = "Fitness of fish is assumed to be influenced by locomotion performance, but empirical evidence linking swimming capacity to survival in nature remains sparse. Poor triploid (3N) fish aerobic swimming performance in conjunction with production of sibling diploid (2N) and 3N populations of genetically identical origin to minimize variability among compared populations make 3N trout an informative system to test hypotheses about fitness consequences of fish locomotion. Here, we ask if reduced survival of 3N relative to 2N trout in natural ecosystems during periods of high temperature relate to a lower aerobic swimming capacity and aerobic scope of 3N compared with 2N conspecifics. Three-yearly cohorts of conspecific 2N and 3N hatchery-reared, yearling rainbow trout were ranked for swimming endurance, externally marked for their endurance quantile, and then stocked into two lakes as yearlings to quantify their survival in the wild over summer as a function of ploidy, temperature and endurance; all while tracking temperature and depth habitat utilization via telemetry. As expected, 3N swimming endurance was lower than that of 2N, but with considerable individual overlap. Aerobic swimming endurance, especially for 3N, was predictive of summer survival in a warm lake where piscivorous birds potentially exerted high predation pressure, resulting in low fish survival. This empirical evidence of a connection between swimming endurance and fitness provides support for long held assumptions of this relationship and could inform future sport fishing stocking industry practices to match fish strains to ideal habitats.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez:2023:EPT, author = "Enrique Pino Martinez and Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland and Anne-Camilla Diesen Hosfeld and Sigurd Olav Handeland", title = "Effect of Photoperiod and Transfer Time on \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon Smolt Quality and Growth in Freshwater and Seawater Aquaculture Systems", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "212", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040212", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/212", abstract = "Smoltification is a key process in Atlantic salmon aquaculture, given it prepares the fish for a successful transit from fresh to seawater. However, industry players have not yet reached a consensus on the best protocols to produce high-quality smolts. In this study, we assessed how the combination of two photoperiod regimes in freshwater (continuous light or LL, and natural photoperiod or LDN) and four transfer times to seawater (February, March, April, and May) affected smolt development and their subsequent growth in seawater until slaughter during commercial production. The results demonstrated that smoltification and growth in freshwater were only slightly modulated by the photoperiod treatment and were instead much more affected by the limiting effect of the low water temperature during that period. In seawater, the growth rate was the highest in the same groups, which had, however, experienced a delay in growth when in freshwater, and consequently, no differences in the final body weight between the eight treatments were found. Such compensatory growth in the sea was probably enhanced by the increasing smolt quality, which could allow for better performance in seawater. A significant link between the weight at slaughter and weight at transfer was observed only in the groups with a lower smolt quality (LL-Feb, LDN-Feb and LDN-Mar), which suggests that larger individuals could cope better with a saline environment. In contrast, smaller smolts probably suffered greater osmotic stress that hindered their performance at sea. Afterwards, as smolt quality increased in the subsequent transfer groups, the relevance of this size effect decreased. This means that the industry may benefit from transferring larger smolts to seawater, especially if these are suspected of having developed suboptimal seawater tolerance. Those individuals are likely to cope better with saline conditions than smaller smolts. Future research should focus on the possible long-term effects of freshwater-rearing regimes on smolt performance in the seawater phase.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2023:FHS, author = "Di Wu and Hao Feng and Ying Zou and Juan Xiao and Pengfei Zhang and Yuxiang Ji and Sovan Lek and Zhiqiang Guo and Qiongyao Fu", title = "Feeding Habit-Specific Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Fish in a Tropical Reservoir in \geoname{Southern China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "211", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040211", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/211", abstract = "Dietary uptake is well known as the predominant pathway of heavy metal bioaccumulation in organisms. Our study used a typical tropical reservoir and fish as a modeling system to test the hypothesis that feeding habits and living habitats significantly affect heavy metal bioaccumulation in fish. Specifically, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations in water, sediment, and fish, and {\delta} 13 C and {\delta} 15 N in 13 fish species were detected in the Songtao Reservoir of Hainan Province, southern China. Our results indicated that Zn concentration in carnivorous fish was higher than in omnivorous fish. Principal components analysis visually differentiated pelagic, benthopelagic, and demersal fish groups. Moreover, we found that the fish feeding in the demersal habitat showed higher heavy metal levels than those in the pelagic habitat. Additionally, the heavy metal contents in demersal fish were significantly positively correlated with sediments, while no positive correlation was observed in pelagic-feeding fish. The {\delta} 15 N and the concentration of Ni, Zn in fish had a significantly positive correlation, suggesting the potential biomagnification. In contrast, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cd negatively correlated with fish body weight/length, indicating the growth dilution effects. Finally, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the metals was far below the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), and target hazard quotients (THQ) were {$<$1}.0, indicating that the fish had no risk for consumption risks. Overall, our finding partially validated the hypothesis that the feeding habits and living habitats significantly influence heavy metal bioaccumulation in fish, which might be a broad generality for metal exposure scenarios in aquatic environments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nguyen:2023:EMG, author = "Luong Trong Nguyen and Khanh Quoc Nguyen and Toan Phi Nguyen", title = "Experimental Mixed Gillnets Improve Catches of Narrow-Barred \geoname{Spanish} Mackerel (\bioname{Scomberomorus commerson})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "210", day = "18", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040210", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/210", abstract = "A new gillnet made from multiple mesh sizes ranging from 125 to 180 mm of stretched mesh (experimental gillnet) was tested under commercial fishing conditions to compare the fishing performance with that of conventional gillnets with a 125 mm mesh opening (control gillnet). Catch efficiency and size selectivity between the two gillnet types were evaluated throughout one year of fishing in three different locations in the waters of Vietnam. Experimental gillnets caught narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), spotted mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus), and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) in comparable amounts to the control gillnets, with the moon phase, month, and depth explaining some of the variation in the catch per unit effort (CPUE). An analysis of the size-dependent catch comparison rates and selectivity parameters showed that the experimental gillnets captured a wider range of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel sizes, but with a substantial proportion of individuals larger than those caught by the control gillnets. This is of higher weight per unit effort, and fishing enterprises therefore could improve their economic benefits by using modified gillnets with multiple mesh sizes. Our findings also support the biological and environmental benefits of the modified gillnet size selection, which might also extend to other species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wan:2023:UEM, author = "Rong Wan and Pengbo Song and Zengguang Li and Xiangyu Long and Dong Wang and Lu Zhai", title = "Use of Ensemble Model for Modeling the Larval Fish Habitats of Different Ecological Guilds in the \geoname{Yangtze Estuary}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "209", day = "17", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040209", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/209", abstract = "Estuaries provide nursery habitats for a variety of fish species of different ecological guilds and have complicated environmental conditions. In this study, we applied ensemble species distribution models (SDMs) to four abundant and different ecological guild larval fish species (Hemiculter bleekeri (freshwater guild), Pseudolaubuca sinensis (freshwater guild), Coilia mystus (brackish water guild), and Engraulis japonicus (marine guild)) to explore their suitable habitats and the fish--habitat relationships in the Yangtze Estuary. The results showed that random forest (RF) demonstrated the best performance in all single algorithms and the surface range envelop (SRE) model was scarcely accurate. The ensemble SDMs demonstrated a superior predictive ability compared with any single algorithm, with the true skill statistic (TSS) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) scores being above 0.899 and 0.641, respectively. Binary presence--absence maps showed the different spatial distribution patterns of the four species. We primarily found the freshwater species (P. sinensis and H. bleekeri) present in the South Branch (west of {122$^\circ $} E), whereas we found the marine species (E. japonicus) anywhere except inside the South Branch (west of {121.8$^\circ $} E). The area for P. sinensis (1615.93 km 2) was relatively larger than that for H. bleekeri (1136.87 km 2). We predicted that the brackish water species (C. mystus) would most likely be present inside the North Branch (west of {122$^\circ $} E), Eastern Chongming, and outside the South Branch (east of {121.8$^\circ $} E). Salinity, as a key environmental variable, contributed to the spatial variability. A low salinity (sea surface salinity (SSS) {$<$} 3) was beneficial for P. sinensis and H. bleekeri but was not suitable for E. japonicus. The SSS suitable range for C. mystus was 5--10 and 12--20. Multiple ecological guild species dwelled in the confluence of salt and fresh water. Our results will play an important role in the design of specific conservation strategies for fishery resources in this area.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Eissa:2023:DEN, author = "El-Sayed Hemdan Eissa and Bothaina A. Alaidaroos and Samyah D. Jastaniah and Mohammad Bodrul Munir and Manal E. Shafi and Yasmin M. Abd El-Aziz and Walaa K. Bazina and Saadiah binti Ibrahim and Moaheda E. H. Eissa and Marina Paolucci and Fatima S. Alaryani and Nadia N. B. Abd El-Hamed and Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack and Saadea Saadony", title = "Dietary Effects of Nano Curcumin on Growth Performances, Body Composition, Blood Parameters and Histopathological Alternation in Red Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis} sp.) Challenged with \bioname{Aspergillus flavus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "208", day = "17", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040208", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/208", abstract = "This research examined the role of nano curcumin (NC) on growth performances, body composition, and blood parameters of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) challenged with Aspergillus flavus. Fish (5.0 g {\pm} 0.30) were randomly distributed in four equal groups (20 fish per pond in triplicates) and fed various concentrations of NC fortified with 0 (Control), 40 mg/kg (NC1), 50 mg/kg (NC2), and 60 mg/kg diet (NC3) of nano curcumin. After eight weeks of the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with A. flavus for 15 days, and the cumulative mortality was recorded. Fish fed with different concentrations of NC improved significantly (p {$<$} 0.05) the growth performances, feed utilization, and survival rate. There was no significant (p {$>$} 0.05) difference between NC2 and NC3 treatments. However, NC3 exhibited higher performances. Fish feed supplemented with NC decreased the mortality rate when challenged with A. flavus. Hence, dietary supplementation of NC enhanced the growth and health status of Oreochromis sp. and protected it from A. flavus infection. This study suggests the optimum inclusion level of NC is a 50--60 mg/kg diet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mendez-Tepepa:2023:CEA, author = "Maribel M{\'e}ndez-Tepepa and Karla Hern{\'a}ndez-P{\'e}rez and Libertad Ju{\'a}rez-Santacruz and Senobia Rosalia Cruz-Lumbreras and Edelmira Garc{\'\i}a-Nieto and Arely Anaya-Hern{\'a}ndez and Cuauht{\'e}moc Morales-Cruz", title = "Cytotoxic Effects of the Atrazine Herbicide on Erythrocytes and Liver Damage in \bioname{Lithobates spectabilis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "207", day = "16", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040207", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/207", abstract = "In Mexico, atrazine is one of the herbicides most widely authorized and used in different irrigation districts. Atrazine is a herbicide that contaminates aquatic systems. Previous studies have shown that atrazine causes damage to red blood cells and liver tissue in different aquatic species, including abnormalities in melanomacrophages. However, more information on amphibians is needed, since most of these studies have been done on fish. Furthermore, no study has determined the effect of atrazine on species native to Mexico. Therefore, in this study, we asked what the effects of atrazine are on the erythrocytes and melanomacrophages of the liver in the male frog (Lithobates spectabilis). In the present study, we analyzed (1) the cytotoxicity of atrazine using the micronucleus test, (2) the area of melanomacrophage centers and the presence of melanin, and (3) the characterization of liver damage using histological techniques. Our results show that atrazine is cytotoxic to erythrocytes, increases the area of and melanin presence in melanomacrophage centers, and causes liver damage in male L. spectabilis. Therefore, hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity are indicators of environmental stress. We suggest monitoring Mexico's aquatic systems and further analyzing atrazine effects and other pollutants on native species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Costa:2023:MPT, author = "Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Valter M. Azevedo-Santos and Jos{\'e} Leonardo O. Mattos and Axel M. Katz", title = "Molecular Phylogeny, Taxonomy and Distribution Patterns of Trichomycterine Catfishes in the \geoname{Middle Rio Grande Drainage, South-Eastern Brazil} ({Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "206", day = "15", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040206", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/206", abstract = "The Rio Grande drainage plays a key role in supplying water and electricity to large urban centres, but some components of its rich ichthyofauna are still poorly known. Based on our field inventories in the middle section of the drainage, we recognised 10 trichomycterine endemic species, of which 6 species are new and described herein. A molecular analysis (2600 bp for 43 taxa) indicated that the species of both subgenera do not form monophyletic groups. One species of the subgenus Cryptocambeva is closely related to species from the inner Brazilian Plateau, whereas other species of this subgenus are closely related to species endemic to smaller coastal basins. The species of the subgenus Paracambeva belong to different lineages of a clade endemic to the Rio Grande drainage. These species are diagnosed by the characters of their external morphology and osteology. A key to species identification is provided. The species distribution patterns support delimitation of three areas of endemism, which may have a relevant role for proposals of conservation strategies: the Uberaba, the S{\~a}o Jo{\~a}o-Sapuca{\'\i}, and the Tamborete areas. The last one, a small area confined between the Serra da Canastra and the Rio Grande at the Furnas dam, is particularly important for sheltering three endemic trichomycterines and two loricariid catfishes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Burbank:2023:TVB, author = "Jacob Burbank and Jenni L. McDermid and Fran{\c{c}}ois Turcotte and Nicolas Rolland", title = "Temporal Variation in {Von Bertalanffy} Growth Curves and Generation Time of \geoname{Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence} Spring and Fall Spawning \geoname{Atlantic} Herring (\bioname{Clupea harengus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "205", day = "15", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040205", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/205", abstract = "Examining temporal changes in the growth and generation time of fish species can be valuable for understanding population responses to different management measures and environmental conditions. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus -Linnaeus, 1758) is an ecologically and commercially important pelagic forage fish species that occupies the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Here, we developed von Bertalanffy growth curves and estimated yearly values of generation time for NAFO Division 4TVn Atlantic herring for the years from 1988 to 2021. The results indicate a temporal reduction in the growth and generation time of both spring and fall spawning herring. Over the time series, the generation time of spring and fall spawners reduced by approximately 1 and 2 years, respectively. Furthermore, the average generation time of spring spawners across the time series (6.23 years (95\% CI: 5.78--6.85 years)) was approximately 1 year lower than that of fall spawners (7.52 years (6.82--8.34 years)). Overall, the findings of this study can be used to better inform stock assessments and rebuilding plans for 4TVn spring and fall spawning Atlantic herring and highlight the importance of examining temporal trends in growth and generation time for more effective management of fish stocks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:EIH, author = "Xinxin Wang and Junyi Xie and Yan Luo and Xiao Wang and Gaobo Guo and Xinxing You", title = "Experimental Investigation of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Longline Aquaculture Facilities under Current and Wave Conditions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "204", day = "15", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040204", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/204", abstract = "In this study, a longline aquaculture facility with lantern nets off the coast of northern China was modelled to conduct hydrodynamic tests starting from the culture unit to the entire facility under various current and wave conditions. The experimental results indicated that the drag coefficients of the lantern net model with weights of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 kg were 0.75, 0.83, and 0.91, respectively, in the Reynolds number range of 1 $ \times $ 10 4 --1 $ \times $ 10 6. The current-driven upstream mooring line was more dominant than the wave-driven tension, and a simplified model of the longline facility accurately predicted the mooring line tension under the current conditions. The scope of the mooring line (defined as the length of the mooring line related to the water depth) played an important role in eliminating an order of magnitude difference in mooring tension under the wave conditions. The amplitudes of the vertical movement of the longline facility were smaller than the wave height when L / L m was less than 1.5. Therefore, detailed information is needed to better understand the hydrodynamic characteristics and motion response of longline aquaculture facilities for the safe operation of longline structures in offshore environments, in order to process high-quality oyster products.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Saavedra:2023:TPP, author = "Carlos Saavedra and Massimo Milan and Ricardo B. Leite and David Cordero and Tomaso Patarnello and M. Leonor Cancela and Luca Bargelloni", title = "Transcriptional Profiling of Populations in the Clam \bioname{Ruditapes decussatus} Suggests Genetically Determined Differentiation in Gene Expression along Parallel Temperature Gradients and between Races of the \geoname{Atlantic Ocean} and \geoname{West Mediterranean Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "203", day = "14", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040203", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/203", abstract = "Ongoing ocean warming due to climate change poses new challenges for marine life and its exploitation. We have used transcriptomics to find genetically based responses to increased temperature in natural populations of the marine clam Ruditapes decussatus, which lives along parallel thermal gradients in southern Europe. Clams of the Atlantic and West Mediterranean races were collected in northern (cool) and a southern (warm) localities. The animals were kept in running seawater in the warm, southern Atlantic locality for a 15-week period. During this period, water temperature was raised to typical southern European summer values. After this period, an expression profile was obtained for a total of 34 clams and 11,025 probes by means of an oligonucleotide microarray. We found distinct transcriptional patterns for each population based on a total of 552 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), indicating innate differences which probably have a genetic basis. Race and latitude contributed significantly to gene expression differences, with very different sets of DEGs. A gene ontology analysis showed that races differed mainly in the genes involved in ribosomal function and protein biosynthesis, while genes related to glutathione metabolism and ATP synthesis in the mitochondria were the most outstanding with respect to north/south transcriptional differences.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Basilone:2023:AGE, author = "Gualtiero Basilone and Rosalia Ferreri and Angelo Bonanno and Simona Genovese and Marco Barra and Salvatore Aronica", title = "Age and Growth of \geoname{European} Sardine (\bioname{Sardina pilchardus}) in the \geoname{Central Mediterranean Sea}: Implication for Stock Assessment", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "202", day = "13", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040202", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/202", abstract = "Understanding the drivers of fish growth is essential for predicting productivity, stability, and resilience of exploited populations. For the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea, GSA16), growth parameters or length at age estimates have never been published before. To fill this data gap, the length and age as well as the von Bertalanffy parameters (the most widely used growth model) were estimated. Data from landing samples during the period 2009--2019 were collected by two methods (purse seine and mid-water pelagic trawl). Temporal trends in average length at age, as well as an overall age-length key were obtained and compared with other areas across the geographical distribution range of sardine in the Mediterranean Sea. The observed age range was 0--3 years with most of the individuals belonging to Age 1 (52\%) and Age 2 (43\%). The mean length at age, for the entire study period, was 11.7 ({\pm}0.08) cm for Age 0; 13.4 ({\pm}0.09) cm for Age 1; 15 ({\pm}0.1) cm for Age 2; and 16.6 ({\pm}0.11) cm for Age 3. Furthermore, during the considered period, a reduction in the length at age was observed in the older classes (Age 2 and Age 3). The estimated parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model were L inf = 18 ({\pm}1.15) cm, K= 0.459 ({\pm}0.018), and t 0 = {$-$1}.99 ({\pm}0.008) and, accordingly, the mortality vector was obtained according to Gislason's model, for each age class, these values were 0.99 (0.98--1.02) C at Age 0; 0.71 (0.7--0.73) y {$-$1} at Age 1; 0.6 (0.59--0.62) y {$-$1} at Age 2; 0.54 (0.53--0.56) y {$-$1} at Age 3; and 0.51 (0.49--0.53) y {$-$1} at Age 4. Results appeared in agreement with literature from other areas of the Mediterranean Sea and suggested a poor condition status of the sardine stock in the GSA16.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:PRP, author = "Lin Chen and Xiaoyu Zhang and Huanzhang Liu", title = "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Pseudogobionini Group ({Teleostei: Cyprinidae}) with Selection Pressure Analyses to Genes of Mitochondrial Genome", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "201", day = "13", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040201", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/201", abstract = "We newly sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenome) of two gudgeon species Saurogobio dabryi and S. punctatus, and we downloaded 49 gudgeon mitogenomes from GenBank to investigate the phylogeny of the Pseudogobionini group and analyze selection pressure of the genes. With genera Gobio, Acanthogobio, and Romanogobio as outgroups, the phylogeny of the Pseudogobionini group was revealed as ((Xenophysogobio + Gobiobotia) + (Saurogobio + (Abbottina + (Pseudogobio + Biwia complex)))) based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). Based on the molecular phylogeny and morphological or osteological characters, we proposed a classification system of the Pseudogobionini group. Moreover, five pairs of sister taxa were selected for gene selection pressure analyses to explore the link of mitochondrial gene evolution to group differentiation and adaptations. We detected significantly different dN/dS values in 11 out of 13 (excluding ND3 and ND4L) PCGs in five pairs of clades, significantly different mean dN/dS, dN, and/or dS values in 8 out of 13 PCGs (excluding ND2, ATP8, ND3, ND4L, and ND6) in three pairs of sub-clades and seven positively selected sites in another three pairs of sub-clades. These results indicated that mitochondrial gene evolution might have contributed to group differentiation and adaptations especially for river or lake environments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Toledo:2023:RBJ, author = "Cesar Toledo and Eduardo Rubilar and Lorena Marchant and Jessica D{\"o}rner and Lorenzo M{\'a}rquez and V{\'\i}ctor Mart{\'\i}nez and Patricio Dantagnan", title = "Relationship between Jaw Malformations and Long-Chain {PUFA}'s in \bioname{Seriola lalandi} Larvae during the Spawning Season at a Commercial Hatchery", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "200", day = "13", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040200", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/200", abstract = "Jaw malformations imply an important problem during the commercial production of Seriola lalandi larvae and juvenile fish in Chile and New Zealand. Since the rate of malformations in other fish species has been associated with the content of long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) in neutral lipids of the diet, the relationship between body LC-PUFA and the rate of malformations, together with a transcriptomic analysis of genes related to the metabolism and transport of lipids in commercially produced S. lalandi larvae have been investigated in the present work. A total of 10 batches of S. lalandi larvae were obtained and cultured at about 22 {$^\circ $}C following the protocols of a Chilean commercial hatchery during the spawning season. There were three larval batches that were collected in August (austral winter), three batches that were obtained in October (spring), and finally four spawning events that were obtained in December-January (spring-summer). The rate and type of jaw malformations, the profile of long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) of total lipids during larval culture, and the distribution of LC-PUFA were analyzed. Additionally, a transcriptome analysis related to lipid metabolism in 40-day-old larvae was performed. As a result, a decrease in the rate of malformations was recorded from August to December. DHA showed a steep decrease between days 1 and 10 of culture, probably due to the consumption of yolk sac lipids, but a higher proportional change was noted in larvae that hatched during August. The DHA content in polar lipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL) of 40-day-old larvae increased from August to December, so that the abundance of DHA was higher in PL in larvae that hatched in December, but it was higher in NL in those larvae that hatched in October. In conclusion, the rate of jaw malformations was associated with the rapid decline in DHA during early larval life and the highest abundance of DHA in neutral lipids at the end of the larval life.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rahman:2023:ISA, author = "Afaf N. Abdel Rahman and Sameh H. Ismail and Moustafa M. S. Fouda and Abdelwahab A. Abdelwarith and Elsayed M. Younis and Samah S. Khalil and Mahmoud M. El-Saber and Ahmed E. Abdelhamid and Simon J. Davies and Rowida E. Ibrahim", title = "Impact of \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae} Challenge on Immune Response, Antioxidant Status and Hepatorenal Indices of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia: The Palliative Role of Chitosan White Poplar Nanocapsule", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "199", day = "12", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040199", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/199", abstract = "A new insight into the synthesis of the herbal plant (White poplar, Poplus alba) leave extract using chitosan nanocapsule was studied. The in vitro antibacterial activity of chitosan white poplar nanocapsule (CWPNC) against Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) was determined. About 120 fish were categorized for 7 days into four groups. The first and second (CWPNC) groups were treated with 0 mg/L and 3 mg/L CWPNC in the water, respectively, without being challenged; the first group was a control. The third (S. agalactiae) and fourth (CWPNC + S. agalactiae) groups were treated with 0 and 3 mg/L CWPNC, respectively, and challenged with S. agalactiae (0.5 $ \times $ 10 7 CFU/mL). The obtained results revealed that CWPNC had an in vitro antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae. Moreover, S. agalactiae infection caused a significant elevation (p {$<$} 0.05) in the lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and hepatorenal biomarkers, as well as the lowest significant (p {$<$} 0.05) survival rate (33.33\%). Moreover, a significant depletion (p {$<$} 0.05) in the level of antioxidants (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and the immune indicators (immunoglobulin, lysozyme activity, and complement 3) were the consequences of S. agalactiae infection. Treatment of the infected fish with 3 mg/L CWPNC alleviated these bad circumstances.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shen:2023:IEA, author = "Huihui Shen and Liming Song", title = "Implementing Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the {Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission}: Challenges and Prospects", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "198", day = "12", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040198", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/198", abstract = "The ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) is considered one of the key management approaches for addressing global resource decline and promoting the health and resilience of ecosystems. This paper explores how the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), which manages tuna fisheries, has incorporated the ecosystem approach into its management and decision-making system. This study finds that (1) the WCPFC lacks incentives to adopt EAFM as a whole due to its management priorities on target species and some key bycatch species; (2) inadequate scientific information on associated species and the environment hinders ecosystem risk assessments, leading to delays in EAFM-related decisions; and (3) the organization has given little consideration to human factors. The authors suggest developing an EAFM vision with a clear roadmap to guide the implementation of EAFM and applying area-based management tools in cases where there is limited data and scientific information. The proposed coordination mechanism aims to address growing concerns about labor issues by involving multiple stakeholders in the development of a management measure on labor standards.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Youn:2023:AGC, author = "Byoung-Il Youn and Dong-Hyuk Choi and Tae-Hyoung Roh and Seung-Hwan Lee and Kyeong-Ho Han and Dae-Hyeon Kwon and Maeng-Jin Kim", title = "Age and Growth Characteristics of \bioname{Okamejei kenojei} in the \geoname{West Sea of South Korea} According to Coronal Vertebral Microstructure", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "197", day = "10", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040197", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/197", abstract = "In this study, the growth and age characteristics of Okamejei kenojei in the West Sea of South Korea were examined, and specimens were collected by bottom trawls from January to December 2019. The relationship between disc width (L) and body weight (W) was $ W = 6.1 \times 10^{-3} $ L 3.40. Age was determined by measuring annuli on the vertebral centrum surface, which forms around June every year. The spawning period was extrapolated from monthly changes of the gonadosomatic index in June--July. The relationship between the vertebral centrum radius and disc width, which was analyzed separately for females and males, was determined as L = 16.159 R 0.6145 and L = 15.543 R 0.6851, respectively. Finally, O. kenojei growth, that is, the disc width (L) at a certain age (t), was expressed using the von Bertalanffy growth equation as L t = 58.70(1 {$-$} e {$-$0}.21(t +0.12)) for females and L t = 53.94(1 {$-$} e {$-$0}.26(t +0.05)) for males. This study provides basic data on the age characteristics of O. kenojei for future research and more efficient fish stock management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:MAM, author = "Xi-Lian Li and Pei-Jing Shen and Wen-Ping Jiang and Ji-Lun Meng and Hai-Hua Cheng and Qiang Gao", title = "Metabonomic Analysis of \bioname{Macrobrachium rosenbergii} with {Iron Prawn Syndrome (IPS)}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "196", day = "09", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040196", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/196", abstract = "We previously reported on the comparison of proteomic data between seven tissue types of a novel ``iron prawn'' species. However, no transcripts or metabolic information are available for this species. We therefore performed shotgun LC--MS/MS metabonomic and RNA-seq analyses of the total protein from ``iron prawns''. KEGG analysis revealed that the largest group consisted of a total of 114 KEGG pathway proteins, comparing the ``iron prawns'' with the normal prawns. A total of 423 peptides, corresponding to metabolic pathways, ABC transporters, starch and sucrose metabolism, insulin resistance/secretion, fatty digestion and absorption, and lipid metabolism, were identified. The pathways of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism decreased in female iron prawns, while organic acid and its derivatives increased. However, the pathway of organic acid and its derivatives decreased and lipid metabolism increased in the male iron prawns. The pathways of choline metabolism in cancer and glycerophospholipid/histidine/propanoate metabolism have been significantly affected in iron prawns. Our work provides insight into the understanding of the formation mechanism of the ``iron prawn''.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mokhtar:2023:GMF, author = "Doaa M. Mokhtar and Marwa M. Hussein and Giacomo Zaccone and Alessio Alesci and Eugenia Rita Lauriano and Ramy K. A. Sayed", title = "Gills of Molly Fish: a Potential Role in Neuro-Immune Interaction", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "195", day = "08", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040195", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/195", abstract = "This study identified the cellular compositions of the gills in molly fish and their role in immunity using light-, electron- microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. The molly fish gills consisted of four holobranchs spaced between five branchial slits. Each hemibranch carried many fine primary and secondary gill lamellae. The gill arch was a curved cartilaginous structure, from which radiated the bony supports of the primary lamellae. The gill arch contained the afferent and efferent brachial arteries. The gill arch was covered by epidermal tissue rich with mucous cells. The primary lamella had a central cartilaginous support and efferent and afferent arterioles and was covered with pavement cells (PVC), salt-secreting chloride cells, and pale-staining mucous cells. These chloride cells contained abundant mitochondria and tubulovesicular system and are involved in ionic transport with a potential role in detoxification. The surface of the secondary lamellae (site of gaseous exchange) consisted of overlapping or interdigitating PVC supported and separated by pillar cells. Other cells were found within the gill epithelium and interstitial connective tissues, including lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, telocytes, stem cells, astrocytes, and neuroepithelial cells. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that APG-5, iNOS-2, IL-1{\beta}, NF-{\kappa}B, and TGF-B showed positive immunoreactivity in macrophages. The epithelium of the primary gill lamellae contained positive-GFAP astrocytes and S100 protein --- chloride cells. The stem cells expressed SOX9, myostatin, and Nrf2. Neuroendocrine cells expressed S100 protein. In conclusion, the current work suggests that the gills of molly fish are multifunctional organs and are involved in immune reactions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shin:2023:SRS, author = "So Ryung Shin and Hyeon Jin Kim and Jae Won Kim and Dae-Hyeon Kwon and Junghwa Choi and Jung Jun Park and Jung Sick Lee", title = "Sex Ratio, Spawning Period, and Sexual Group Maturity of the Largehead Hairtail \bioname{Trichiurus japonicus} ({Teleostei: Trichiuridae}) in \geoname{Korean} Waters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "194", day = "07", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040194", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/194", abstract = "This study was performed to obtain information on the sex ratio, spawning period, and size at sexual maturity for fishery management of the largehead hairtail Trichiurus japonicus in Korean waters. The overall sex ratio (female, F; male, M) was 1:0.46 (n = 1274 females:589 males, 68.4\% female) and as fish increased in length, the proportion of females increased. The oocyte development pattern was group-synchronous development, for which oocyte groups at different stages can be identified within the same ovary. The average gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed two peaks in June (3.03) and August (3.10) in females and in May (1.81) and September (2.24) in males. The median value of GSI showed two peaks in May (2.65F, 1.78M) and September (2.55F, 1.87M) for both females and males. As a result of analyzing the GSI and the monthly gonadal developmental stages, the main spawning season was estimated to be bi-annual (May--June and September--October). The anal length of fish at 50\% sexual maturity was analyzed using a logistic regression model and was determined to be 16.38 cm (female) and 18.31 cm (male).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Alvarez-Fuentes:2023:REC, author = "Carlos J. Alvarez-Fuentes and Javier Tovar-{\'A}vila and Jorge Payan-Alejo and Dar{\'\i}o A. Ch{\'a}vez-Arrenqu{\'\i}n and Isaias H. Salgado-Ugarte and Felipe Amezcua", title = "Reproductive Ecology of the \geoname{Chilean} Round Ray (\bioname{Urotrygon chilensis}, {G{\"u}nther}, 1872) in the \geoname{Southern Gulf of California}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "193", day = "04", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040193", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/193", abstract = "The Chilean round ray (Urotrygon chilensis, G{\"u}nther, 1872) is commonly caught as bycatch in the Mexican Pacific, but changes in its reproductive ecology as a consequence of fishery effects have never been investigated. In this work, the reproductive ecology of this species was determined in the Southern Gulf of California (SGC). Total length (TL) ranged from 11.4 to 51.6 cm, and females were larger than males. Size at maturity (TL 50) was estimated at 27.5 cm for females and 25.3 cm for males. The seasonal variation of mature individuals, the presence of pregnant females, the mean oocyte size, the size of embryos and the smallest free-living specimens along the year suggest the existence of two reproductive periods during the year in the SGC, and the size of birth was estimated to be 11.2 to 15.6 cm TL. The average fecundity was 2.14 embryos. Spatial variations detected in size at maturity, fecundity, and reproductive cycle along the Mexican Pacific coast suggest the presence of separated populations. Some of these differences could be related to differences in maximum size attained in each region, though fishing pressure and environmental factors could have an important role, too.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Aizonou:2023:ESD, author = "Romaric A{\"\i}zonou and Ars{\`e}ne Mathieu Houssou and Guillaume Koussovi and Comlan Eug{\`e}ne Dessouassi and Mardoch{\'e}e Ephra{\"\i}m Achoh and Sessien Lionnel Hounhouedo and Clovis Idossou Hountch{\'e}m{\`e} and Hyppolite Agadjihou{\`e}d{\'e}", title = "Effect of Stocking Density and Feeding Strategy on Zootechnical Parameters and Profitability of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Reared in Floating Cages in \geoname{Toho-Todougba Complex Lagoon in Benin Republic}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "192", day = "03", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040192", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/192", abstract = "This study aimed to compare the growth performance and economic profitability of rearing Oreochromis niloticus in floating cages using three feeding strategies (5 days a week, 6 days a week, and 7 days a week) coupled with three stocking densities (20, 40, and 60 fish{\cdot}m {$-$3}). Male monosex fish measuring 6.44 {\pm} 0.18 cm and weighing 3.42 {\pm} 0.7 g were used. The controls were weighed every 15 days from the 35th day of rearing until 185 days to assess zootechnical parameters. BioMar feed (Efico Cromis 832F) was used during the study, and the feed ration was adjusted for each treatment every 2 weeks. At the end of the study, the average weights varied from 293.09 g to 468.41 g for the conditions of 40 fish{\cdot}m {$-$3} with a 5/7-day diet and 20 fish{\cdot}m {$-$3} with a 7/7-day diet, respectively. The yield per m 2 values were between 7.11 kg and 23.17 kg, respectively. On the other hand, the economic profitability was better with the condition of 40 fish.m {$-$3} with daily feeding. These results suggest that in the Toho-Todougba lagoon complex, a stocking density between 40 and 60 fish{\cdot}m {$-$3} coupled with daily feeding (three times a day) promotes the optimization of fish production and profitability of fish farming.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2023:LFG, author = "Kai Liu and Zhaoxiang Sun and Chun Yang and Li Jan Lo and Jun Chen", title = "Loss-of-Function of \gene{xpc} Sensitizes Zebrafish to Ultraviolet Irradiation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "191", day = "03", month = apr, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040191", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/191", abstract = "Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein recognizes bulky DNA adducts to initiate global genomic nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). Humans carrying germline mutations in the XPC gene display strong susceptibility to skin and certain internal cancers. In addition to its role in NER, recent studies have indicated that XPC is also involved in other DNA damage repair pathways and transcription regulation. In this report, we generated a zebrafish xpc knockout mutant. Zebrafish xpc {$-$}/{$-$} mutant fish develop relative normally and are fertile. However, the mutant embryos were more sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Upon UV irradiation, compared with the wild type embryos, mutant embryos accumulated significantly higher levels of unrepaired DNA damages and apoptotic cells, which led to more severe abnormal development. Transcriptome analysis showed that the p53 signal pathway and apoptosis were enriched in the over upregulated genes in UV-irradiated mutant embryos, suggesting that high levels of unrepaired DNA lesions activated p53 to trigger apoptotic activity in mutant embryos. More interestingly, up to 972 genes in the untreated mutant embryos were differentially expressed, compared with those in the untreated WT. Among these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 379 genes did not respond to UV irradiation, indicating that Xpc plays a role in addition of DNA damage repair. Our results demonstrate that Xpc is an evolutionally conserved factor in NER repair. Zebrafish xpc {$-$}/{$-$} mutant also provides a platform to study other functions of Xpc beyond the DNA damage repair.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rusco:2023:ZBT, author = "Giusy Rusco and Michele {Di Iorio} and Stefano Esposito and Pierpaolo Gibertoni and Emanuele Antenucci and Valentino Palombo and Alessandra Roncarati and Nicolaia Iaffaldano", title = "Zootechnical Brown Trout (\bioname{Salmo trutta} {L}. 1758) Ovarian Fluid Fails to Upregulate the Swimming Performances of Native \geoname{Mediterranean} Brown Trout (\bioname{Salmo cettii} {Rafinesque}, 1810) Sperm in the \geoname{Biferno River}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "190", day = "31", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040190", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/190", abstract = "In external fertilizer fish, ovarian fluid (OF) seems to play a key role in fertilization success, improving spermatozoa swimming performance. These OF/sperm interaction mechanisms are frequently species-specific and/or population-specific and could decrease the risk of genetic introgression of wild populations from introduced or escaped zootechnical individuals. The Mediterranean brown trout (Salmo cettii) is threatened by genetic introgression with strains of domestic brown trout (Salmo trutta) that were introduced for recreational purposes. The aim of our study was to test if native S. cettii females, rather than zootechnical S. trutta, produce OF with a greater ability to upregulate the sperm motility of conspecific males. Thus, we compared the sperm swimming performances of males inhabiting the Biferno River (Molise region --- Southern Italy) activated in native S. cettii vs. zootechnical S. trutta female's OFs. In our study, native females' OFs (20\% diluted), compared to spring water, has the ability to significantly boost the sperm performance of the autochthonous males, while zootechnical S. trutta fails. These preliminary results suggest that OF-sperm interactions could potentially influence or direct the hybridization mechanisms involving the native Mediterranean trout inhabiting the Biferno River and the domestic lineage of brown trout introduced in the past.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:JTF, author = "Chao-Ching Chen and Hsin-Zong Lin and Kuo-Wei Lan", title = "{Juvenile and Trash Fish Excluder Device (JTED)} for \geoname{Taiwanese} Bottom Trawl", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "4", pages = "189", day = "30", month = mar, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040189", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:41 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/4/189", abstract = "Juvenile and trash fish excluder devices (JTEDs) are used to mitigate the ecological impact of trawling. Trawling has a large ecological footprint in Taiwan. Thus, this study designed three JTEDs, which differed only in grid interval, for single boat bottom otter trawls that are commonly used in Taiwan. The designed JTEDs were tested in the waters off of Kaohsiung on a Kaohsiung-based bottom trawler, and the results were as follows. (1) At least 300 species were caught, and 189 of these species had little commercial value; their weight accounted for 52.5\% of the total catch. (2) The three JTEDs had good exclusion performance. (3) The ratios of the weight of bycatch excluded to the weight of total catch were 7.9\%, 29.1\%, and 36.2\%, for grid intervals of 10, 15, and 20 mm, respectively. (4) JTEDs with grid intervals of 10, 15, and 20 mm were associated with a 0.4\%, 11.5\%, and 19.0\% loss in revenue, respectively. (5) Mature (and thus commercially valuable) Loliginidae tended to be excluded when the grid interval was 20 or (especially) 15 mm. In general, the designed JTEDs should be used at a grid size of 15 mm because this strikes the best balance between profitability and sustainability.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fraser:2023:EGG, author = "Thomas W. K. Fraser and Tom J. Hansen and Per Gunnar Fjelldal", title = "Environmental and Genetic (\gene{vgll3}) Effects on the Prevalence of Male Maturation Phenotypes in Domesticated \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "275", day = "22", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050275", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/275", abstract = "Pre-harvest male maturation is problematic for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farmers and is regulated by the environment and genetics (e.g., vgll3). Five families of all-male salmon parr (produced using YY males crossed with XX females) with different vgll3 genotypes were split between three environmental regimes in January 2018. The ``advanced maturation'' regime used elevated temperature (16 {$^\circ $}C) and continuous light from January 2018 with post-smolt maturation assessed in March 2018. The ``extended freshwater'' regime used ambient freshwater (1--16 {$^\circ $}C) and simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) with post-smolt maturation assessed in November 2018. The ``sea transfer'' regime used ambient temperatures (1--14 {$^\circ $}C) and SNP in freshwater until May 2018 when they were transferred to 9 {$^\circ $}C seawater with natural photoperiod for 2.5 years (final mean weight of circa. 14 kg) and assessed for post-smolt maturation, 1 sea-winter (1 SW) maturation, and 2 sea-winter (2 SW) maturation in the autumn (November/December) of 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. Post-smolt maturation was highest in the advanced maturation and extended freshwater regimes (39--99\% depending on family) and lowest in the sea transfer regime (0--95\% depending on family). In the sea transfer regime, maturity incidence increased over time (0--95\% post-smolt maturation, 1--100\% 1 SW, and 50--90\% 2 SW maturation, depending on family). In all regimes, those homozygous for the pre-designated vgll3 ``early'' maturing allele had the highest incidences of maturation whilst those homozygous for the ``late'' allele had the lowest. A low percentage of 2 SW phenotypic and genetic females were found (0--5\% depending on family), one of which was successfully crossed with an XY male resulting in progeny with an approx. 50/50 sex ratio. These results show (i) post-smolt maturation varies dramatically depending on environment although genetic regulation by vgll3 was as expected, and (ii) crossing YY sperm with XX eggs can result in XX progeny which can themselves produce viable progeny with an equal sex ratio when crossed with an XY male.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Artero:2023:CWF, author = "C{\'e}line Artero and Christopher C. Koenig and Jessica E. Marsh", title = "Are the Coastal Waters of \geoname{French Guiana} a Source or Sink Habitat for \geoname{Atlantic} Goliath Grouper \bioname{Epinephelus itajara}?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "274", day = "22", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050274", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/274", abstract = "The coastal waters of French Guiana are amongst the most turbid and nutrient rich in the world, and as such, they favour the settlement and early development of several species of marine fish. Recent work has revealed a high abundance of Atlantic Goliath Grouper (Epinephelus itajara) in these waters, yet little is known about this species' reproductive biology, which this study aims to complement. During the period from 2010 to 2013, we surveyed Goliath Grouper at three rocky sites along the French Guiana coast and examined 602 individuals for evidence of maturation. Satellite tags were deployed on five individuals and an acoustic survey was conducted to identify potential spawning movements and activity. We found no evidence of sexually active individuals or local spawning aggregations. Most individuals showed high site fidelity, but one fish was located 1150 km away, near Trinidad and Tobago. We discuss these findings in the context of the wider literature and postulate that Goliath Grouper inhabiting French Guiana reefs originate from spawning sites in northern Brazil and disperse to westerly reefs with the onset of maturity. We propose that the Goliath Grouper populations of South America and Caribbean are linked, and that management of Brazilian source populations could have wide-reaching impacts on Goliath Grouper stocks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Smit:2023:MPM, author = "Willem J. Smit and Maarten P. M. Vanhove and Ngonidzashe A. G. Moyo and Wilmien J. Luus-Powell", title = "Metazoan Parasites of \geoname{Mozambique} tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis mossambicus}) Native to \geoname{Lake Urema, Mozambique}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "273", day = "20", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050273", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/273", abstract = "Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852), an important aquaculture species investigated herein, is at risk and listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. During a preliminary survey conducted in 2011, 30 Mozambique tilapia from Lake Urema in Gorongosa National Park in central Mozambique, were examined for metazoan parasites. Two groups of ectoparasites were recovered consisting of two species of copepods and a monogenean. Endoparasites retrieved were in the larval stage and included one trematode and one nematode species. This study provides new parasite records for O. mossambicus in Mozambique and forms a baseline for monitoring against the presence of ichthyoparasites associated with the introduction in neighbouring systems of non-native fish such as Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), a fish of worldwide importance in capture fisheries and especially aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bolognini:2023:COD, author = "Luca Bolognini and Cristina Frittelloni and Francesca Perretta and Martina Scanu and Fabio Grati", title = "From Crisis to Opportunity: Developing a Virtual Marketplace to Enhance Sustainability and Resilience in Small-Scale Fisheries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "272", day = "19", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050272", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/272", abstract = "In a context in which climate change, overexploitation, and environmental degradation are continuously progressing, the sustainable use of the sea is a key target, both for resources and fishery operators. With the aim of enhancing the sustainability and competitiveness of the entire fishery sector, an innovation brokering event was organized. Via the application of a participatory, interactive, and bottom-up approach, different actors in the Italian SSF sector were stimulated to work together to find innovative solutions to day-by-day problems. During the consultation, and between the identified problems, emerged the lack of cooperation for marketing activity and effective strategies for seafood product development. A pilot action consisting in co-designing a virtual marketplace (VirMa) was the result of the event, intending to facilitate the direct sale of seafood products, explore this new and valuable market, and establish a direct line with consumers. The VirMa application was developed as a value chain network, trying to add value to seafood products. However, an information and communication tool, such as a VirMa, could contribute to increasing the resilience of the SSF sector to market constraints even during unforeseen events, such as a pandemic.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Seixas:2023:DTS, author = "Manuel J. Seixas and Rodrigo R. Domingues and Agostinho Antunes", title = "Decoding the Transcriptome of Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras: Insights into Their Physiology, Morphology, Evolution, and Biomedical Applications", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "271", day = "19", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050271", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/271", abstract = "Chondrichthyes (including sharks, rays, and chimaeras) are a class of jawed cartilaginous fishes (with skeletons composed primarily of cartilage), with major relevance to the marine ecosystems and to humanity. However, cartilaginous fishes are facing various threatens, inflicting abrupt declines in their populations. Thus, critical assessment of available molecular genetic variation, particularly retrieved from Chondrichthyans' transcriptomic analyses, represents a major resource to foster genomics research in this ancient group of vertebrate species. Briefly, RNA-Seq involves the sequencing of RNA strands present on a target tissue, which can assist genome annotation and elucidate genetic features on species without a sequenced genome. The resulting information can unravel responses of an individual to environmental changes, evolutionary processes, and support the development of biomarkers. We scrutinized more than 800 RNA-Seq entries publicly available, and reviewed more than one decade of available transcriptomic knowledge in chondrichthyans. We conclude that chondrichthyans' transcriptomics is a subject in early development, since not all the potential of this technology has been fully explored, namely their use to prospectively preserve these endangered species. Yet, the transcriptomic database provided findings on the vertebrates' evolution, chondrichthyans' physiology, morphology, and their biomedical potential, a trend likely to expand further in the future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Campos-Sanchez:2023:ECF, author = "Jose Carlos Campos-S{\'a}nchez and Francisco A. Guardiola and Mar{\'\i}a {\'A}ngeles Esteban", title = "Effects of Cantharidin on Fish Erythrocytes, Tumor Cell Lines, and Marine Pathogenic Bacteria", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "270", day = "19", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050270", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/270", abstract = "Cantharidin, a toxic monoterpene secreted by blister beetles, has long been used in traditional Chinese and modern medicine for its unique properties. However, despite its widespread use, its effects on fish have not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic applications of cantharidin in fish by examining its antioxidant, hemagglutinating, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities at different concentrations (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 {\mu}g mL {$-$1}) in three different cell lines. In addition, the study explored the bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of cantharidin against various fish pathogenic bacteria. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in antioxidant, hemagglutinating, or hemolytic activities between the different concentrations of cantharidin tested. However, the study found that cantharidin exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in seabream (Sparus aurata) erythrocytes and in SAF-1, PLHC-1, and Hela cell lines, resulting in morphological changes indicative of apoptosis. Interestingly, the highest dose of cantharidin tested demonstrated potent bactericidal activity against four marine fish opportunistic bacteria, including Vibrio harveyi, V. anguillarum, Photobacterium damselae, and Tenacibaculum maritimum, but no statistically significant changes in bacteriostatic activity were observed against any of the bacteria tested. Overall, these results provide valuable information on the potential therapeutic applications of cantharidin in fish aquaculture. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and to explore possible preventive uses of cantharidin in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:WLR, author = "Yushan Li and Mingjun Feng and Liangliang Huang and Peiyu Zhang and Hongxia Wang and Jingwei Zhang and Yuehan Tian and Jun Xu", title = "Weight--Length Relationship Analysis Revealing the Impacts of Multiple Factors on Body Shape of Fish in \geoname{China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "269", day = "19", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050269", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/269", abstract = "The weight--length relationship (WLR) of fish is a crucial tool in fish biology research and has received extensive attention. However, fish growth is influenced by many factors, and the WLR also changes accordingly. Our aim was to investigate how fish body shape is affected by various factors by analyzing the existing parameters of the relationship between fish body length and weight. We analyzed 198,354 fish specimens belonging to 402 species of 82 families in China and investigated the change of fish body shape in the function of their ecology. Herbivorous fish tended to be shorter and fatter than carnivorous fish, and omnivorous fish fall somewhere in between. This difference could be due to variations in feeding habits and the availability of food sources. Additionally, fish living in lentic waters tended to have a shorter and fatter body shape compared to those living in lotic waters. This could be attributed to differences in swimming behavior in these environments. Furthermore, our results showed that the b value decreased as altitude increased, and fish tended to be thinner and longer due to lower oxygen and temperature levels in high-altitude waters. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the WLR of fish and the impact of multiple factors on fish body shape.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dambrosio:2023:SLQ, author = "Angela Dambrosio and Nicoletta Cristiana Quaglia and Maria Antonietta Colonna and Flavia Capuozzo and Francesco Giannico and Simona Tarricone and Anna Caputi Jambrenghi and Marco Ragni", title = "Shelf-Life and Quality of Anchovies (\bioname{Engraulis encrasicolus}) Refrigerated Using Different Packaging Materials", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "268", day = "18", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050268", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/268", abstract = "The identification of sustainable materials as an alternative to plastic is fundamental for the protection of the environment and for the safeguard of marine ecosystems. The replacement of plastic with organic materials for fish storage might affect its shelf-life due to the high concentration of oxidizable fatty acids in fish flesh. This study investigated the effectiveness of two organic packaging materials, namely coconut fiber (Coc) and paper (Pap), as alternatives to the conventionally used polystyrene (Pol), on the shelf-life, hygienic parameters, and quality traits of anchovies refrigerated for one (T0), three (T1), or seven (T2) days. The hygienic quality of anchovies packaged in the organic Pap and Coc boxes was better than the traditional Pol, probably due to the higher porosity of the packaging, which allows a higher bacterial proliferation. Results of the T-BARS test showed a lower (p {$<$} 0.05) malondialdehyde concentration in fillets from the Pap group, which increased (p {$<$} 0.05) from the first to the seventh day of storage. The polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration did not differ between groups, but it decreased (p {$<$} 0.05) from T0 to T2. Coconut fiber and paper are worthy of further investigation since these packaging materials did not affect the shelf-life and fatty acid profile of anchovies during storage.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2023:GRM, author = "Chien-Yu Wu and Tsung-Han Lee and Deng-Yu Tseng", title = "Glucocorticoid Receptor Mediates Cortisol Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism in Gills of the Euryhaline Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis mossambicus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "267", day = "18", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050267", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/267", abstract = "In this study, we investigated the effects of cortisol on the regulation of the glycogen metabolism biomarkers glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the glycogen-rich cells of the gills of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). In the gills of tilapia, GP, GS, and glycogen were immunocytochemically colocalized in a specific group of glycogen-rich cells adjacent to the gills' main ionocytes and mitochondria-rich cells. Cortisol plays a vital role in the regulation of physiological functions in animals, including energy metabolism, respiration, immune response, and ion regulation. However, no studies have elucidated the mechanisms regulating cortisol and glycogen-rich cells in the gills. Therefore, we treated tilapia larvae with exogenous cortisol and a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist to investigate the regulatory mechanisms between cortisol and glycogen-rich cells in the gills. Our results showed that cortisol promoted the expression of gill glycogen phosphorylase isoform (GPGG) mRNA via GR, whereas the GS gene expression remained unaffected. We also found that GR mRNA was colocalized with some glycogen-rich cells in the gills, further confirming our hypothesis that cortisol directly acts on glycogen-rich cells in the gills of tilapia and regulates glycogen metabolism by promoting GPGG mRNA expression.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hill:2023:NHU, author = "Jeffrey E. Hill and Allison Durland Donahou and Emily S. Wooley and Lauren N. Lapham and Quenton M. Tuckett", title = "Narrowing the Horizon: Using Known Invasives and Propagule Pressure to Focus Risk Screening Efforts on Potential Invasives", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "266", day = "17", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050266", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/266", abstract = "About 11 million marine ornamental fish of ca 1800 non-native species are imported into the USA each year. Selecting species for risk assessment is daunting for such a diverse pathway. Herein, we discuss a focused method for species selection: choosing important taxa related to known invaders in high-volume pathways and narrowing prospective species lists to manageable groups of potential hazards. We provide an example using 11 damselfishes, a family with high volume in trade and one of the species established in USA waters. We used a specialized literature review and a risk screening tool (Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit) to provide an estimate of risk of invasiveness of marine waters of Florida. The established species was identified as a hazard and potential invasive. All other species scored well below the threshold for invasiveness and future climate had little effect on estimates of invasiveness. The analysis revealed little need for additional risk assessment or prohibitions on damselfishes in trade. Education, monitoring, and early detection and rapid response were the main risk management recommendations. The focused species selection process employed herein provided hazard identification and preliminary risk estimates for just 11 species, but collectively, they represent 40\% by volume of fishes imported in the marine ornamental trade.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Danilov:2023:SOP, author = "Diana Danilov and Lorena Dediu and Nicoleta Alexandra Damir and Valentina Coatu and Luminita Lazar", title = "Screening for Organic Pollutants in the \geoname{Black Sea} Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maeoticus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "265", day = "17", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050265", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/265", abstract = "The health of aquatic organisms can be affected due to anthropogenic activities and limited actions to reduce the pollution of the Black Sea. The accumulation of organic pollutants (OPs) in the aquatic environment occurs in water, sediment, and then biota. The turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus) is a benthic fish of commercial interest scarcely studied in the Black Sea region, and none of the studies researched OP concentrations in its main tissues. In this paper, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and POPs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in water, sediment, and turbot muscles, gills, gonads, and livers, to research their accumulation level. The determinations were made with gas chromatography on turbots sampled in 2021 from the Romanian Black Sea waters. OCPs --- p,p'DDT and its metabolites p,p'DDE, p,p'DDD --- are dominant in the turbot tissues. From PAHs, benzo(g,h, i)perylene was the dominant compound, while for PCBs it was PCB 52. The OPs' presence in the wild turbot is due to river input, dredging and coastal rehabilitation works, industrial activities and contaminated food and poses a risk to human health due to the exceeding maximum allowable concentration for human consumption in Romania and the European Union.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cheng:2023:MBS, author = "Ann-Chang Cheng and Rolissa Ballantyne and Shieh-Tsung Chiu and Chun-Hung Liu", title = "Microencapsulation of \bioname{Bacillus subtilis} {E20} Probiotic, a Promising Approach for the Enrichment of Intestinal Microbiome in White Shrimp, \bioname{Penaeus vannamei}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "264", day = "16", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050264", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/264", abstract = "Microencapsulation is an advanced technique used to improve the viability of probiotics and minimize sensitivity during processing, storage, and in the gastrointestinal environment. Two dietary treatments including a control and an encapsulated probiotic, Bacillus subtilis E20 (EP), were used to evaluate the efficacy in improving the intestinal microbiome of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, after a 60-feeding trial. The 16S rDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis indicated that shrimp fed the EP diet generated higher amplicon reads than shrimp fed the control diet. No significant differences were observed in the \alpha -diversity index of the intestinal microbiota of shrimp that were fed the control and EP diet. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was relatively abundant in the microbiota of shrimp fed both the control and EP diet. The treatment with EP increased the expression of Tenericutes, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, more than the control. The PC analysis revealed that the EP diet altered the bacterial profile in shrimp's intestines into forming different clusters. Unique genera such as Luteolibacter, Simkaniaceae, Haemophilus, Pirellulaceae, Filomicrobium, Sphingomonas, and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003 along with well-known probiotic genera Bacillus and Lactobacillus were found in the intestine of shrimp fed the EP diet. The PCA eigenvector plots indicated a higher abundance of Bacillus in shrimp fed with EP diet, but a higher abundance of Vibrio in shrimp fed with control diet. These results suggest that encapsulated B. subtilis E20 can be beneficial to shrimp microbiota.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Choi:2023:CCA, author = "Young Jae Choi and Seul Gi Na Ra Park and A-Hyun Jo and Jun-Hwan Kim", title = "Correction: {Choi et al. Physiological Effect of Extended Photoperiod and Green Wavelength on the Pituitary Hormone, Sex Hormone and Stress Response in Chub Mackerel, \bioname{Scomber japonicus}. Fishes 2023, {\bf 8}, 77}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "263", day = "16", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050263", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Choi:2023:PEE}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/263", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Feng:2023:LMB, author = "Liu-Ying Feng and Li-Ping Yan and Run-Wei Li and Sheng-Fa Li and Jia-Hua Cheng and Yan Jin", title = "{LC-MS} Based Metabolomic Profiling of Largehead Hairtail (\bioname{Trichiurus japonicus}) Ovary Reveals Metabolic Signatures of Ovarian Developmental Process ({II--IV})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "262", day = "14", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050262", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/262", abstract = "Trichiurus japonicus is an economically important fish that ranks 11th in global marine fish capture production. However, the reproductive characteristics of this fish have undergone notable changes in recent decades, potentially affecting the quality of offspring and sustainable utilization. To improve our understanding of the physiological regulation of maturation in T. japonicus, untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was utilized to identify the small molecules that characterize the comprehensive metabolic profiles of ovaries during ovary development from stage II to stage IV. According to the results of OPLS-DA, the ovarian metabolite profiles of the three developmental stages were separated. The concentrations of 124 and 100 metabolites were significantly altered between stage II vs. III and III vs. IV, respectively. Lipids and lipid-like molecules accounted for the largest proportion of the altered metabolites, followed by amino acids, peptides, and analogues. The significantly altered metabolites-enriched pathways differed slightly between stages II and III and stages III and IV. Steroid-related pathways were heavily affected during stages II to III, while significantly altered metabolites from stages III to IV were involved in oocyte-maturation-related pathways. Through metabonomics analysis, potentially important metabolic pathways and metabolites between different ovarian stages were detected, providing basic information for further investigation of maturation mechanisms in wild fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Osorio:2023:PCB, author = "Brendon James Osorio and Grzegorz Skrzypek and Mark Meekan", title = "Parasitic Copepods as Biochemical Tracers of Foraging Patterns and Dietary Shifts in Whale Sharks (\bioname{Rhincodon typus} {Smith}, 1828)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "261", day = "14", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050261", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/261", abstract = "Understanding the diet of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) is essential for the development of appropriate conservation strategies for the species. This study evaluated the use of the parasitic copepod (Pandarus rhincodonicus) as a proxy to infer short-term foraging habitats and trophic positions of whale shark hosts. To accomplish this, bulk stable carbon ({\delta} 13 C) and nitrogen ({\delta} 15 N) isotope compositions were analysed from 72 paired samples of whale shark skin (dermal) tissues and copepods collected across six years at the Ningaloo Reef aggregation site, Western Australia. This study found that {\delta} 15 N from parasites and whale shark hosts were strongly correlated. As turn-over times of the parasite and whale shark differ (months vs. years, respectively), the ability of copepods to predict {\delta} 15 N values indicates that the trophic positions of whale sharks remain consistent across these timeframes. Contrastingly, {\delta} 13 C in the parasite and host were weakly correlated, likely reflecting differences in the physiology and lifecycle of the copepod parasite compared to the host. Our results suggest {\delta} 15 N from parasitic copepods provides a reliable proxy of the trophic position of their whale shark hosts, but interpretation of {\delta} 13 C values as a proxy for the host will require future studies on the lifecycle of P. rhincodonicus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Easton:2023:CSO, author = "Blair Alexander Andrew Easton and Andrew Boon and Joe Richards and Kevin Scott", title = "Comparing the Size at Onset of Sexual Maturity of Edible Crab (\bioname{Cancer pagurus}, {Cancridae}) in \geoname{Berwickshire} and \geoname{Northumberland}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "260", day = "13", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050260", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/260", abstract = "The literature suggests regional variations in the size at which sexual maturity is reached for commercially important edible crab (Cancer pagurus), worth GBP 74.3 million annually, which could have implications for regional fisheries management. Berwickshire and Northumberland are geographically divided by the Scotland and England border and remain within the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast SAC (Special Area of Conservation). Each are managed by differing fisheries authorities and Minimum Conservation Reference Sizes (MCRS). Morphometric measurements were recorded for each C. pagurus individual to categorise morphometric maturity using segmented regression, with gonadal maturity categorised using visual gonad characteristics and general linear model regressions to compare onset in sexual maturity. Results showed regional variations for gonadal maturity with males reaching sexual onset at a carapace width size of 108.5 mm in Berwickshire and 109.9 mm in Northumberland; females at a size of 126.8 mm in Berwickshire and 120.8 mm in Northumberland. This was also true for morphometric maturity based on chelae height, that males (141.1 mm) and females (134.7 mm) from Berwickshire were morphometrically mature at greater sizes than males (130.1 mm) and females (120.8 mm) from Northumberland. This study shows that the respective MCRS in both regions are appropriate for the C. pagurus populations, but implications for fisheries management could be present.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ahmed:2023:CSG, author = "Shaimaa A. A. Ahmed and Abdelhakeem El-Murr and Yasser Abd Elhakim and Mohamed M. Metwally and Amany Abd El Aziz Gharib and Shimaa A. Amer and Elsayed M. Younis and Abdel-Wahab A. Abdel-Warith and Simon J. Davies and Enas N. M. Khalil", title = "Comparative Study on Ginger Powder and Ginger Extract Nanoparticles: Effects on Growth, Immune--Antioxidant Status, Tissue Histoarchitecture, and Resistance to \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} and \bioname{Pseudomonas putida} Infection in \bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "259", day = "13", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050259", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/259", abstract = "A 10 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of ginger powder (GP) and ginger extract nanoparticles (GNPs) on the growth parameters, digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) activities, blood hematology, blood biochemical indices, immune indices (interleukin 10, immunoglobulin M, nitric oxide, and lysozymes), antioxidant activity, histological characteristics of kidney, spleen, liver, and intestine, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila or Pseudomonas putida infection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish (n = 225, 27.01 {\pm} 0.15 g) were stocked in 15 glass tanks (50 $ \times $ 40 $ \times $ 60 cm) and randomly allocated to five experimental treatments (TRTs) in triplicate (15 fish/replicate, 45 fish/TRT), consisting of five isocaloric--isonitrogenous diets. The treatments comprised the basal diet (1) without any additives (control group, CON), (2) with 0.5\% GP (GP0.5), (3) with 1\% GP (GP1), (4) with 0.5\% GNPs (GNPs0.5), and (5) with 1\% GNPs (GNPs1). Fish were manually fed to satiety three times a day (at 9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 2 p.m.). Fish were weighed at the start of the experiment, then the body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined at the end of the experiment. At the end of the feeding period, 15 fish/TRT were intraperitoneally inoculated with two pathogenic bacterial strains (A. hydrophila or P. putida) in two separate challenge tests. Blood samples were collected from each TRT at two aliquots for hematological and biochemical analysis at the end of the feeding period. A significant improvement in fish growth was observed in GP and GNPs TRTs compared to the control group. There were no significant changes in the total amount of feed intake/fish in response to the experimental diets. Diets enriched with GNPs, particularly the GNPs1 TRT, resulted in a significant increase (p {$<$} 0.05) in digestive enzyme activity (lipase and amylase), serum growth hormone level, proteinogram, and immune indices (lysozyme, immunoglobulin M, interleukin 10, and nitric oxide). In addition, a significant increase in hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase) was observed in fish fed with GNPs-enriched diets. Survival percentages following bacterial challenge were higher in GNPs1, followed by GP1 and GNPs0.5 TRTs. Normal histomorphology was found in liver, kidney, and spleen tissues in all experimental TRTs. We conclude that GP and GNPs could be included in Nile tilapia diets for promoting fish growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and disease resistance without harming organ functions. In particular, the most effective treatment was GNPs1.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Przybyla-Kelly:2023:CPK, author = "Kasia J. Przybyla-Kelly and Ashley M. Spoljaric and Meredith B. Nevers", title = "Correction: {Przybyla-Kelly et al. Round Goby Detection in \geoname{Lakes Huron and Michigan} --- an Evaluation of eDNA and Fish Catches. Fishes 2023, {\bf 8}, 41}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "258", day = "12", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050258", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Przybyla-Kelly:2023:RGD}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/258", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2023:CKD, author = "Dong In Kim", title = "Correction: {Kim, D. I. A Study on the Metabolic Rate Change Pattern in F$_2$ Hybrid Sturgeon, the Bester (\bioname{Huso huso} $ \times $ \bioname{Acipenser ruthenus}), during the Early Developmental Stage. Fishes 2023, {\bf 8}, 113}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "257", day = "12", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050257", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Kim:2023:CKD}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/257", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shuai:2023:TPO, author = "Fangmin Shuai and Jie Li and Shunchao Yu and Jian Yang", title = "Temporal Pattern of the Occurrence of \geoname{Japanese} Glass Eels (\bioname{Anguilla japonica}) in the \geoname{Pearl River Estuary}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "256", day = "11", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050256", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/256", abstract = "Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) are a typical migratory fish species with high commercial importance. The Pearl River estuary in southern China is an important natural growing ground for Japanese glass eels, but limited information on Japanese glass eel population characteristics is available, despite their ecological importance. In this paper, we examined the annual patterns of the occurrence of Japanese glass eels in the Pearl River estuary from 2011 to 2022. The most frequently occurring Japanese glass eel's total length is 5.3 cm. The collecting period extended from December to February, and the collection catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) decreased significantly from 2011 to 2022. The generalized linear model (GLM) indicated that daily changes in Japanese glass eel collection were significantly affected by tidal range, water temperature, and lunar distance. The catch peak appeared when the tidal range rose to 1.7 m, and the water temperature dropped below 8 {$^\circ $}C on the full moon days. Overall CPUE analysis showed no significant periodic and inter-annual variability in the period 2011--2022, with the ARIMA model suggesting that the CPUE is expected to remain stable but low in the coming years (2023--2026), although recruitment ultimately depends on the overall spawning stock.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sateriale:2023:BPB, author = "Daniela Sateriale and Serena Facchiano and Katrin Kaldre and Giuseppina Forgione and Giuseppa Anna {De Cristofaro} and Caterina Pagliarulo and Marina Paolucci", title = "Benefits of Polyphenol-Based Synbiotics in Crustacean Diet", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "255", day = "10", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050255", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/255", abstract = "Here, the olive leaf extract (OLE) rich in polyphenols was employed as a prebiotic agent, together with Lactobacillus reuteri and Bacillus clausii, to develop synbiotics. The prebiotic effect of olive leaf extract on the probiotic strains was tested at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 400, and 1000 {\mu}g mL {$-$1}, and also 20 and 40 mg mL {$-$1}. Olive leaf extract at 40 mg mL {$-$1} showed the best prebiotic activity on L. reuteri and B. clausii. A basal diet and two experimental synbiotic-containing diets were prepared. The synbiotic diets were manufactured by adding to the basal diet 5 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU g {$-$1} L. reuteri + 5 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU g {$-$1} B. clausii + 0.25 mg g {$-$1} OLE and 1 $ \times $ 10 7 CFU g {$-$1} L. reuteri + 1 $ \times $ 10 7 CFU g {$-$1} B. clausii + 0.25 mg g {$-$1} OLE. The diets were administered to the freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus (1.35 {\pm} 0.04 g) in an 84-day feeding trial. The diet containing 5 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU g {$-$1} L. reuteri + 5 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU g {$-$1} B. clausii + 0.25 mg g {$-$1} OLE significantly improved (p {$<$} 0.05) final weight, specific growth rate, body condition, and survival rate. A significant growth of Enterobacteriaceae, which include strains with proven beneficial activities for intestinal health and general animal welfare, significantly increased in crayfish fed with synbiotics. The obtained results could be suitable for functional feed development in crayfish farming.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tringali:2023:RSD, author = "Michael D. Tringali", title = "Reproductive Success Dynamics Could Limit Precision in Close-Kin Mark--Recapture Abundance Estimation for \geoname{Atlantic} Goliath Grouper (\bioname{Epinephelus itajara})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "254", day = "10", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050254", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/254", abstract = "Extra-Poisson variance in annual reproductive success can affect the precision of abundance estimates made using `close-kin' mark--recapture procedures. However, empirical evaluation of that variance in natural marine populations can be daunting. Here, a scaling method was used to extend a discrete-time, age-structured model, facilitating investigation of annual and lifetime reproductive success dynamics in Epinephelus itajara. Life tables were synthesized from fishery assessment vital rates and life history measures. For model scaling, a precise empirical estimate of effective population size for the studied population was utilized as the independent variable, and model sensitivity to an informative range of adult abundance was evaluated. The potential for sex reversal to impact reproductive success dynamics was also investigated, albeit in the absence of selective fishing pressure and potential compensatory or depensatory responses. Close-kin relationships in a genetic sample of $ \approx $300 adults collected from spawning sites in the Florida Atlantic included numerous full-sibling pairs and multi-sibling families, which is unusual for long-lived, iteroparous marine populations with broadly dispersed larvae. The highly overdispersed reproductive success dynamics modeled for this population and its atypical kinship distribution could have ramifications for planned close-kin mark--recapture analyses. The low observed effective size also has conservation implications. Both issues warrant continued genetic monitoring.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2023:GDP, author = "Lin Zhou and Jiancao Gao and Yanping Yang and Zhijuan Nie and Kai Liu and Gangchun Xu", title = "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) in the \geoname{Yangtze and Liaohe Rivers}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "253", day = "10", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050253", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/253", abstract = "Recently, the economic traits of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) varieties have had a negative tendency. Meanwhile, the status of wild germplasm resources of E. sinensis is unknown, hindering the utilization of wild germplasm resources and the green development of the E. sinensis industry. Thus, the conservation of the wild E. sinensis germplasm resource is of great significance. To this end, we collected wild E. sinensis from two different river basins, the Yangtze River basin, and the Liaohe River basin, and analyzed the genetic diversity as well as the genetic differentiation in E. sinensis populations. Based on eight microsatellite markers, we found moderate genetic diversity in E. sinensis populations regardless of river basin. Based on the mitochondrial D-loop region, we found that all populations are at mutation drift equilibrium, while the Nm between any two populations is greater than 1. We hypothesized the existence of island model gene flow patterns among E. sinensis. Interestingly, genetic differentiation among E. sinensis populations was low, except that between Liaohe and Anqing or Shanghai populations. Additionally, geometric morphological analysis could distinguish E. sinensis from different basins, with an accuracy of 94.2--100\%. Given the similar genetic diversity in the two basins, the genetic convergence of E. sinensis from different basins deserves further attention.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Turcotte:2023:POG, author = "Lenora D. M. Turcotte and Julia C. Bradshaw and Mark P. Polinski and Stewart C. Johnson", title = "\bioname{Piscine orthoreovirus} Genotype-1 ({PRV-1}) in Wild \geoname{Pacific} Salmon of \geoname{British Columbia, Canada}: 2011--2020", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "252", day = "10", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050252", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/252", abstract = "Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1) is an endemic virus to the Northeastern Pacific that infects both wild and farmed salmon. To better understand PRV-1 prevalence and transmission pathways in the region, we targeted out-migrating juvenile Pacific Salmon in the Strait of Georgia and Johnstone Strait in British Columbia, Canada, for PRV-1 molecular screening with an emphasis on Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) salmon. A total of 4031 individuals were screened for PRV-1 and we identified an overall virus prevalence of 3.5\% from 2011 to 2020. PRV-1 was absent in enhancement facilities and freshwater catchments and predominately found in the marine environment. The detection of PRV-1 varied greatly between species, year and stock of origin, but cumulatively identified that life history and migratory behaviors likely influenced viral prevalence. Specifically, Chinook salmon, which demonstrate long residence time in the Strait of Georgia relative to other species, had the highest PRV-1 prevalence in this study (7.4\%). Varying stock composition and regional detection between year classes within the Strait of Georgia further indicated that the sources for Chinook infection were highly variable between years. These findings enhance our understanding for PRV-1 transmission in the region and more generally between/within salmon species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Heidarieh:2023:EID, author = "Marzieh Heidarieh and Amin Gholamhosseini and Najmeh Sheikhzadeh and Maria Angeles Esteban", title = "Effects of $ \gamma $-Irradiated Date (\bioname{Phoenix dactylifera}) Fruit on Growth, Immunological and Antioxidant Parameters of Goldfish (\bioname{Carassius auratus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "251", day = "09", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050251", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/251", abstract = "The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of {\gamma}-irradiated date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera), which is rich in phenolic acids and has important and varied biological bioactivities, on growth performance, mucosal immunity and liver antioxidant status in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The antioxidant activity, alongside the phenolic and flavonoid contents, were also determined in irradiated palm fruit extracts (IPFE). The results showed that IPFE5 had a higher antioxidant activity as well as heightened phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to IPFE10 and IPFE0. Meanwhile, goldfish specimens were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates in each. Subsequently, skin immunity and antioxidant activity in the livers of the goldfish were studied. The growth rates of fish fed with IPFE5 and IPFE10 were significantly higher (p {$<$} 0.05) compared to the CTR group. In addition, fish fed with the IPFE5 diet demonstrated increased mucosal immunity compared to the CTR group (p {$<$} 0.05). Lipid peroxidation levels as well as antioxidant enzyme activities were also higher in all the IPFE-fed groups compared to the CTR group (p {$<$} 0.05). These data showed that 40-day dietary administration of {\gamma}-irradiated date extract, especially IPFE5, improved growth performance, mucosal immunity, and liver antioxidant capacity in goldfish. The suitability of administrating this additive in the diet of farmed fish is discussed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2023:IIS, author = "Yeying Wu and Yalan Feng and Mingyang Xue and Zidong Xiao and Lijuan Jin and Ren Gao and Yahong Chen and Tianwang Liang and Yong Zhou", title = "Isolation and Identification of \bioname{Staphylococcus saprophyticus} from Diseased Hybrid Sturgeon", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "250", day = "09", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050250", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/250", abstract = "Hybrid sturgeon is an important economic fish species in China. In 2021, a bacterium was isolated from the liver and kidneys of freshwater-farmed hybrid sturgeon in Yichang City, Hubei Province, causing a disease with high mortality and surface bleeding. Through morphological observation, 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, pathogenicity, an antimicrobial sensitivity test, as well as serum physiological and biochemical analysis, it was identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus and named E702. The 16S rDNA gene sequence of E702 is highly homologous to S. saprophyticus in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E702 and S. saprophyticus clustered into one clade. The 50\% lethal dose of E702 was 2.14 $ \times $ 10 5 CFU/g. The percentages of monocytes and eosinophils were markedly increased in the diseased sturgeon's blood, whereas the percentages of platelets and lymphocytes were decreased. The activity levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the diseased fish were significantly increased. The diseased fish suffered obvious damage to many tissues and organs, especially the liver and kidney, showing swelling, hyperemic and inflammatory cell infiltration. E702 was sensitive to antibiotics such as neomycin, cefazolin, norfloxacin, carbenicillin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. The study not only proved that S. saprophyticus was responsible for a great deal of hybrid sturgeon deaths, but also shed light on its potential risks in hybrid sturgeon farming. The research results provided the theoretical basis for the diagnosis as well as prevention of this disease.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:DDM, author = "Kexin Zhang and Weiren Zhang and Ronghua Li and Junkai Lu and Qingwei Chen and Haojie Hu and Fei Yin and Changkao Mu and Weiwei Song and Chunlin Wang", title = "Dynamic Distribution of \bioname{Mesanophrys} sp. and Tissue Enzyme Activities in Experimentally Infected Mud Crab \bioname{Scylla paramamosain}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "249", day = "08", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050249", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/249", abstract = "Mesanophrys sp. is reported to be highly pathogenic to marine crustaceans. This study presents the first report of Mesanophrys sp. infection in the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). In this study, we first recorded the survival rates of an experimentally infected group and a control group; the cumulative survival rate in the infected group was significantly lower compared to the control group after 72 h (73.20\% vs. 94.19\%), while the highest mortality of S. paramamosain occurred within the first 24 h post-infection. Then, we investigated the dynamic distribution and tissue tropism of the Mesanophrys sp. in the infected S. paramamosain by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The result showed that a significant increase in the number of Mesanophrys sp. could be detected in all tested tissues (obtained from the eyestalks, gills, heart, nerves, muscles and hepatopancreas) at 3 h post-infection. The numbers of Mesanophrys sp. in the gill, eyestalk and nerve tissues were relatively higher than in the other tissues. The gill tissue showed the highest numbers from 6 to 48 h. Histopathological observation found a severe collapse in the filament structure, which indicated tissue-specific pathogen infection. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in three representative tissues (gill, muscle and hepatopancreas) were compared between the infected and control groups, and a significant increase in enzyme activity was observed in all three tested tissues in the infected group, indicating a relatively strong innate immune defense reaction that could have been induced by Mesanophrys sp. infection. These results will be helpful to Mesanophrys sp. pathogenicity-related research and the control of this pathogen in S. Paramamosain in the future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Han:2023:AAE, author = "Chenglong Han and Kefeng Liu and Toshihisa Kinoshita and Biao Guo and Yifan Zhao and Yuhang Ye and Yufei Liu and Osamu Yamashita and Debin Zheng and Wenhui Wang and Xueqiang Lu", title = "Assessing the Attractive Effects of Floating Artificial Reefs and Combination Reefs on Six Local Marine Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "248", day = "08", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050248", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/248", abstract = "Artificial reefs (ARs) have been advocated for and implemented as management tools for recreational fisheries, species conservation, and habitat replacement; however, the research that includes attracting marine species of floating ARs remains in its early stages. Here, two types of floating ARs were designed to evaluate the attractive effects using the occurrence rate and attracting index for six commercially important species (Lateolabrax maculatus, Liza haematocheila, Sebastes schlegelii, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, Litopenaeus vannamei, and Amphioctopus fangsiao) in the Bohai Bay of China; their combined ARs were meanwhile compared with two variants of artificial seagrass beds (SA and SB) and the traditional double-frame artificial reef (TD). All of the designed ARs were effective in attracting experimental species. The ARs with higher shelter areas (SB and TD) showed a better attracting effect. The efficiency of the ARs in attracting different species depended on their life histories. The bottom-mounted ARs were more efficient in attracting demersal species, while the floating ARs attracted epipelagic fish. In addition, the combined reefs had a better attractive effect than single ARs did. Overall, floating ARs and their combined ARs show the potential to deploy especially for attracting epipelagic fishes, although further study is needed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jang:2023:EHA, author = "Won Je Jang and Shin-Kwon Kim and So Young Park and Dong Pil Kim and Yun-Jy Heo and Haham Kim and Su-Jeong Lee and Min Gyu Shin and Eun-Woo Lee and Seunghyung Lee and Jong Min Lee", title = "Effect of Host-Associated Bacillus-Supplemented Artificial Diets on Growth, Survival Rate, and Gene Expression in Early-Stage Eel Larvae (\bioname{Anguilla japonica})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "247", day = "08", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050247", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/247", abstract = "Beneficial microorganisms can increase nutrient digestion and absorption in farmed fish. This study investigates the effects of supplemental feeding of Bacillus species isolated from the intestines of wild glass eels on the growth, survival, and gene expression of farm-raised eel larvae for 30 days after hatching. Three species of Bacillus (B. velezensis, AJBV; B. subtilis, AJBS; B. licheniformis, AJBL) without hemolytic activity were isolated, and an experiment compared the growth of eel larvae fed an artificial diet supplemented with each Bacillus species. There were no significant differences in the total length and body depth of eel larvae at 30 days after hatching in all groups. During the feeding period, 149 eels survived from the initial 1000 in the control group. On the other hand, 240, 178, and 141 eels survived in the AJBV, AJBS, and AJBL groups, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in survival rates despite the difference in the number of surviving eel larvae among the groups. In the comparison of gene expression of genes involved with growth (growth hormone, growth hormone receptor 1, insulin-like growth factor II-2) and those involved with digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin, lipase), there were also no significant differences among the groups. Our results confirm that dietary supplementation with each of the three host-associated Bacillus does not affect the growth and survival rates of eel larvae reared on an artificial diet up to the first 30 days after hatching, nor does it significantly affect related gene expression.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esparza-Espinoza:2023:CSI, author = "Dania Marisol Esparza-Espinoza and Hisila del Carmen Santacruz-Ortega and Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea and Santiago P. Aubourg and Jes{\'u}s Aar{\'o}n Salazar-Leyva and Francisco Rodr{\'\i}guez-Felix and Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer", title = "Chemical-Structural Identification of Crude Gelatin from Jellyfish (\bioname{Stomolophus meleagris}) and Evaluation of Its Potential Biological Activity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "5", pages = "246", day = "08", month = may, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8050246", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:42 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/5/246", abstract = "The demand for jellyfish is growing worldwide, especially due to their high nutraceutical value. In this study, the extraction and characterization of crude gelatin from the brown cannonball jellyfish (Stomolophus meleagris), which is periodically found in large volumes on the American Pacific coasts, were carried out. The crude gelatin obtained by alkaline treatment, with subsequent heat and dialysis treatment, showed an ability to quench free radicals (via ABTS and ORAC methods), and protect human cells against oxidative damage (through inhibition of hemolysis by AAPH), and they protected against mutations caused by aflatoxin B 1 in the Salmonella enterica Typhimurium TA100 strain. Furthermore, it was established that these extracts were innocuous for eukaryotic cells (genotoxicity assay). The amino acid profiles indicate a high concentration of glycine and proline, as well as charged amino acids. Electrophoretic, FT-IR, and 1 H-NMR studies indicated that one of the main proteins present in this crude gelatin is collagen. The presence of collagen and other proteins was identified by proteomic studies. Alkaline crude gelatin from brown jellyfish could be considered as potential candidates to be evaluated as antioxidant agents in foods in future research.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Finnas:2023:POM, author = "Viktor Finn{\"a}s and Erkki Jokikokko and Jan-Olof Lill and Yann Lahaye and Henry H{\"a}gerstrand and Kai Lindstr{\"o}m", title = "Potential of Otolith Microchemistry to Distinguish Nursery Areas of Salmon within \geoname{River Simojoki}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "332", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060332", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/332", abstract = "Draining into the northern Baltic Sea, River Simojoki is an important spawning river for Atlantic salmon. The present study aimed to preliminary explore the potential of analysing the elemental composition of otoliths to distinguish the within-river nursery area of origin for salmon. Parr were sampled at three nursery areas in the river and smolts of unknown origin were sampled near the river mouth during the migration to the sea. The concentrations of multiple elements and the strontium 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotopic ratio in the otoliths were analysed using single- and multi-collector laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Based on the otolith elemental variables, parr could be reclassified to the sampled nursery areas using discriminant function analysis and random forest with a success rate of 53.3\% and 63.3\%, respectively. However, for parr sampled at the uppermost nursery area in the river, the success rates were 90\% and 100\%, respectively. Applying the classification models trained on the parr samples to determine which nursery area sampled smolt originated from was constrained by the limited sampling of parr, both in sample sizes and the coverage of the nursery areas found in the river.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kovacic:2023:SRG, author = "Marcelo Kova{\v{c}}i{\'c} and Sergio Ram{\'\i}rez-Amaro and Maria Teresa Farriols and Francesc Ordines", title = "The Second Record of \bioname{Gymnesigobius medits} {Kova{\v{c}}i{\'c}}, {Ordines, Ramirez-Amaro \& Schliewen}, 2019, the Deepest Benthic Gobiiform Species, and the Additional Records of \bioname{Gobius xoriguer} {Igl{\'e}sias, Vuki{\'c} \& {\v{S}}}anda, 2021 ({Actinopterygii: Gobiiformes: Gobiidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "331", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060331", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/331", abstract = "Gymnesigobius medits is reported for the first time after a recent description recorded from the Balearic Islands and from the slope of the Gulf of Vera on the Iberian Peninsula coast. The record from the Emile Baudot seamount on the Balearic Islands represents the deepest positive benthic gobiiform species record in general. The presence of the membrane connection between the pelvic fins in Gymnesigobius medits, presumed on the damaged fin in the original description, was confirmed. The recently described Gobius xoriguer is the first record from the Pitiusas and Columbretes islands and from the Iberian Peninsula coast. It appears to be widely distributed in the circalittoral bottoms, preferentially in red algae beds. Morphological identification of both species was confirmed using molecular analyses based on the sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (DNA barcode) gene. The deepest records of gobiiform fishes in oceans and seas are reviewed. The European seas, a well-studied area with eight gobiid species recorded deeper than 200 m, show high bathyal gobiid species richness compared to other areas. The real worldwide diversity of bathyal gobies, although only a fraction of the shallow water species richness of this taxon, is probably much larger than presently known.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tefal:2023:NOR, author = "Eslam Tefal and Ignacio Jauralde and Ana Tom{\'a}s-Vidal and Silvia Mart{\'\i}nez-Llorens and David S. Pe{\~n}aranda and Miguel Jover-Cerd{\'a}", title = "New Organic Raw Materials for Gilthead Seabream (\bioname{Sparus aurata}) Feeding and the Effects on Growth, Nutritive Parameters, Digestibility, and Histology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "330", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060330", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/330", abstract = "A 120-day experiment investigated the new organic raw materials for Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) feeding on growth, nutritional parameters, digestibility, and histology. An organic control diet (CON) and three diets with 100\% organic raw materials --- the rest of rainbow trout, visceral Iberian pig, and insects as a protein source (TRO, IBE, and INS) --- were tested. After the experiment, growth, nutritional parameters, digestibility, and histology were measured. The CON diet-fed seabream obtained the highest weight; there was no difference between the experimental diets. The crude protein content was the highest in seabream fed the TRO and INS diets. Crude fat was the highest value observed in the CON diet. High digestibility was observed in seabream-fed IBE and INS diets. Except for EAA methionine (Met), there were no static differences in retention efficiency. The diet with the highest hydrolysis rate was IBE. Diet differences were significant but had the typical healthy liver morphology of seabream. Seabream fed on the TRO and INS diets had shorter distal gut measurements. In conclusion, the full substitution of fishmeal with organic raw materials, including rainbow trout remains, Iberian pig viscera, and insects, offers several benefits in terms of digestibility, histology, and growth performance and may help improve sustainable and healthy aquaculture practices.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:EDL, author = "Jiaming Xu and Zhoulin Yu and Guangye Liu and Sijie Li and Guoyong Zhou and Hanhua Wang and Yewei Dong and Cuihong You and Weidong Bai and Meng Zhou and Yanhua Huang and Xiaohong Tan", title = "Effects of Dietary \bioname{Lentinus edodes} Fermentation Supplementation on Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity and Morphology of the Liver and Intestine in Largemouth Bass (\bioname{Micropterus salmoides}) Fed High Plant Protein Diets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "329", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060329", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/329", abstract = "This study evaluated the effect of Lentinus edodes fermentation (LEF) on digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and morphology of the liver and intestine in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed high plant protein diets (HPPD). LEF was supplemented in HPPD with 0 g kg {$-$1} (LEF0), 10 g kg {$-$1} (LEF1), 20 g kg {$-$1} (LEF2), 30 g kg {$-$1} (LEF3), 40 g kg {$-$1} (LEF4), 50 g kg {$-$1} (LEF5), respectively, and then the six diets were fed to largemouth bass with a body weight of 28.8 {\pm} 0.05 g for eight weeks. Juvenile fish were randomized into 6 groups and each group had 4 replicates with 40 fish. Dietary LEF supplementation alleviated the liver inflammatory reaction of largemouth bass caused by HPPD and improved liver morphology. Goblet cells multiplied and the gut muscle layer thickened after LEF supplementation. The LEF significantly increased amylase activity in the liver and intestine of largemouth bass in individual experimental groups. The LEF could increase the activity of catalase in the liver and intestine of largemouth bass (p {$<$} 0.05). The content of malondialdehyde was significantly lower than that in the control group (p {$<$} 0.05). Dietary LEF supplementation had no significant effect on the intestinal flora of largemouth bass. These findings imply that LEF supplementation can reduce liver inflammation, enhance intestinal tissue morphology, and eventually benefit largemouth bass health.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lassauce:2023:SEP, author = "Hugo Lassauce and Olivier Chateau and Laurent Wantiez", title = "Spatial Ecology of the Population of Reef Manta Rays, \bioname{Mobula alfredi} ({Krefft}, 1868), in \geoname{New Caledonia} Using Satellite Telemetry 1 --- Horizontal Behaviour", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "328", day = "19", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060328", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/328", abstract = "The reef manta ray, Mobula alfredi (Krefft, 1868), is a highly mobile and plankton-feeding species, classified vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species. Knowledge on their spatial ecology and the extent of their dispersal remain incomplete, especially within island-fragmented habitats as found in New Caledonia. Satellite telemetry was used to investigate the horizontal movement ecology of reef manta rays in New Caledonia. A total of 21 reef manta rays were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags (21 Fastloc and 2 MiniPAT) that remained deployed for a duration ranging from 3 to 180 days (mean {\pm} SE = 76.7 {\pm} 50.3). Rays presented a strong site fidelity and an important affinity for coastal waters. Long-distance migrations ({$>$300} km) were also observed, mainly through coastal and shallow water paths. Horizontal movements were compared to a home range area and classified into four distinct patterns: Fidelity, Excursion, Fidelity + Relocation and Relocation. The most dominant pattern was Fidelity, where manta rays remained within their home range for the whole duration of the tag deployment. Our findings may assist in the design of more appropriate management strategies for the species in New Caledonia and other regions worldwide.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chaiyasut:2023:DAP, author = "Kasidis Chaiyasut and Paul Merviel and Peter Palma and Johanna Perschthaler and Eduardo Jimenez-Fernandez and Andrew Davie and Alejandro P. Gutierrez", title = "Development of an Accurate Polymerase Chain Reaction ({PCR}) Assay for Genetic Sex Identification in Lumpfish (\bioname{Cyclopterus lumpus}) Based on Male-Specific Anti-Mullerian Hormone (\gene{amh}) Gene", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "327", day = "19", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060327", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/327", abstract = "The production of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) has become crucial in controlling sea lice levels in salmonid aquaculture. To improve their breeding, there is a need for early sex identification. The genomic region containing the anti-M{\"u}llerian hormone (amh) gene was suggested as the candidate master sex-determining gene in lumpfish. However, the genome of lumpfish contains three copies of amh with ambiguous sex specificity, designated amh1, amh2, and amh3. The study aims to analyse the male-specific region between these amh paralogues for its application as a sex marker. In this study, we utilised polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays to identify the male-specific amh markers in lumpfish and estimate the length of the male-specific region in the lumpfish genome. Our results indicate that a specific genomic region of approximately 27 kilobases (kb), encompassing amh1 and amh2 genes, exhibits male specificity, whereas amh3 is present in both sexes. The developed PCR-based genetic sex identification assays targeting amh1 and amh2 exhibited over 97\% concordance with phenotypic records. Further experiments in other members of the Cyclopteridae: Aptocyclus ventricosus, Eumicrotremus taranetzi, and E. asperrimus revealed male-specific amh genome region only in A. ventricosus. Phylogenetic analyses using the available Cyclopteridae amh sequences suggest that male-specific amh arose early in the Cyclopteridae lineage. Our findings, along with the development of the PCR test, hold great promise for the field of lumpfish aquaculture and will also contribute significantly to future investigations aiming to enhance our understanding of the sex-determination system and the evolution of sex chromosomes in teleostean fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hoseinifar:2023:EGV, author = "Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Zohreh Fazelan and Ehab El-Haroun and Morteza Yousefi and Metin Yazici and Hien Van Doan and Marina Paolucci", title = "The Effects of Grapevine (\bioname{Vitis vinifera} {L}.) Leaf Extract on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Immunity of Zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "326", day = "19", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060326", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/326", abstract = "An 8-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaf extract (GLE) on the growth, oxidative enzymatic activities, immunity, and expression of antioxidant genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Three hundred and sixty zebrafish were supplied and fed with different levels of GLE: 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g kg {$-$1}. The dietary administration of 1 g kg {$-$1} of GLE significantly increased growth parameters in fish. Fish fed diets with GLE showed increased total protein. The total Ig and lysozyme activity significantly changed in the whole-body serum, but not in skin mucus. GLE significantly increased Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to the control diet. GLE treatments caused a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In the skin mucus, only CAT and SOD activities significantly increased. The highest expression of Toll-like receptor-1 (TLR-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-{\alpha} (TNF{\alpha}) genes was achieved in fish fed 2 g kg {$-$1} of GLE. CAT and SOD gene expressions were significantly higher in fish fed 1 and 2 g kg {$-$1} of GLE. GPx gene expression was significantly higher in fish fed 1 g kg {$-$1} of GLE. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that GLE affects growth performance and regulates antioxidant and immune gene expression. The determination of the optimum dosage merits further research.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jimenez-Ruiz:2023:QIS, author = "Edgar Iv{\'a}n Jim{\'e}nez-Ru{\'\i}z and V{\'\i}ctor Manuel Oca{\~n}o-Higuera and Santiago Valdez-Hurtado and Jos{\'e} Alberto Cruz-Guzm{\'a}n and Cesar Benjam{\'\i}n Otero-Le{\'o}n and Sa{\'u}l Ru{\'\i}z-Cruz and Alba Mery Garz{\'o}n-Garc{\'\i}a and Hebert Jair Barrales-Cure{\~n}o and Dalila Fernanda Canizales-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Cinthia Jhovanna P{\'e}rez-Mart{\'\i}nez and Mar{\'\i}a Teresa Sumaya-Mart{\'\i}nez", title = "Quality Improvement and Shelf-Life Extension of Iced \geoname{Nile} Tilapia Fillets Using Natural Garlic Extract", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "325", day = "19", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060325", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/325", abstract = "Fish represent one of the most perishable food groups. Therefore, it is important to find viable alternatives that contribute to the preservation of quality and increase the shelf life of fishery products, and one alternative is to use natural extracts with antimicrobial activity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a natural extract prepared with garlic (NGE) on the quality and shelf life of tilapia fillets stored on ice for 18 days. For this purpose, NGE was prepared by homogenizing peeled garlic cloves with distilled water, which were then centrifuged to obtain the extract (NGE); then, the fish fillets were immersed in the extract and were coated in NGE. The fillets with NGE were packed in high-density polyethylene bags and stored in crushed ice for 18 days. The adenosine 5{\prime}-triphosphate (ATP) and degradation products, K-value, color, texture, water holding capacity, pH, total mesophilic count, and total volatile bases (TVB-N) were monitored during storage. The ATP content, K-value, pH, total microbial count, and TVB-N changed with respect to ice storage time, and the results between fillets with NGE and control fillets differed. In conclusion, the application of NGE increased the shelf life of fillets stored on ice by 6 days, obtaining a shelf life of 18 days on ice, which shows its potential to improve the utilization of the species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ramos:2023:WFP, author = "Jorge Ramos and Pedro G. Lino and Jaime An{\'\i}bal and Eduardo Esteves", title = "{(Un)wanted} Fish: Potential Consumers' Acceptability of Landings in the \geoname{Portuguese} Case", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "324", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060324", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/324", abstract = "The Landing Obligation (LO), introduced in 2015 by the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union (EU-CFP), has been subject to a transitional period until recently. The rationale behind the measure is that all fish species subject to a total allowable catch (TAC) must be landed to increase the sustainability of fishing activities. Through the analysis of official statistical data, it is possible to find out which species of fish were landed and their relative importance, including their monetary value, and verify the potential for consumer acceptance. Some insights are drawn from the interconnection between these three factors (i.e., social acceptability, landings of main fish species, and their market value) with empirical results and the scientific literature using data from Portugal.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Watz:2023:ITD, author = "Johan Watz and Joel Schill and Louis Addo and John J. Piccolo and Mahboobeh Hajiesmaeili", title = "Increased Temperature and Discharge Influence Overwinter Growth and Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in a Hydropeaking River: Simulating Effects of Climate Change Using Individual-Based Modelling", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "323", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060323", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/323", abstract = "Climate change causes warming of rivers and may increase discharge, particularly during winter. Downstream of hydropower plants, fluctuating water temperature and flow create dynamic overwintering conditions for juvenile salmonids. We used inSTREAM 7.2-SD to simulate the effects of increased temperature (+2 {$^\circ $}C) and discharge (+10\%) on the overwinter growth and mortality of one-summer- and two-summer-old Atlantic salmon and brown trout in a river with a hydropeaking flow regime in a 2 $ \times $ 2 design with replicated simulations. Water temperature had a major positive relationship with growth for both species and year classes, whereas increased flow alone had no major general effect on overwinter growth. For one-summer-old trout experiencing the high temperature regime, however, increased flow resulted in reduced growth. There were no major effects from temperature and flow on the survival rate of the two-summer-old fishes. On the other hand, there were significant interaction effects for the one-summer-olds, indicating that the effect of flow depended on temperature. For one-summer-old salmon, high flow resulted in increased survival in the low temperature regime, whereas it resulted in reduced survival in high temperature. In contrast, for one-summer-old trout, high flow resulted in reduced survival in the low temperature regime and increased survival in the high temperature. Different hydropower operation alternatives may interact with warming, affecting the relative competitive abilities of stream salmonids. Ecological models that predict the effects of different environmental conditions, such as temperature and flow regimes, may offer insight into such effects when in situ experiments are not feasible.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dayrit:2023:PIS, author = "Geraldine B. Dayrit and Emmanuel M. Vera Cruz and Channarong Rodkhum and Mahmoud Mabrok and Pattareeya Ponza and Mudjekeewis D. Santos", title = "Potential Influence of Shading in Freshwater Ponds on the Water Quality Parameters and the Hematological and Biochemical Profiles of \geoname{Nile} tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus} {Linnaeus}, 1758)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "322", day = "17", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060322", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/322", abstract = "Nile tilapia is a high-demand commodity in most developing countries including the Philippines, but its production is hampered by fluctuating water temperature (WT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, which are mostly influenced by temperature warming. Net shading has been demonstrated to reduce pond temperature and increase the rate of spawning in cultured tilapia. The current study aimed to investigate the potential effects of shading on the water quality parameters, blood indices, and serum biochemical profiles of cultured Nile tilapia. Fish were collected from unshaded (control) and shaded (experimental) ponds in three breeding cycles. WT and DO concentrations were measured, while hematological and biochemical analyses were performed. The results showed that the average WT was considerably decreased in the shaded pond with no significant difference in the DO concentrations. Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in fish raised in shaded ponds, although mean corpuscular volume and neutrophil counts were significantly higher. Likewise, Chole, TP, and Alb values were significantly affected by the interaction of cycle and shading setup. Cortisol, Glb, K +, Cl {$-$}, Mg 2+, and TCa values showed significant differences and were only affected by the cycle. Similarly, AST and ALT values showed significant differences and were affected by both cycle and shading setup. Water quality parameters (WT and DO), hematological blood indices, and serum biochemical variables were correlated positively with each other. In brief, prior data imply that net shading can reduce WT in aquaculture ponds, reduce stress in Nile tilapia, and lessen the consequences of temperature warming on species production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Almodovar:2023:BAS, author = "Ana Almod{\'o}var and Graciela G. Nicola and Daniel Ayll{\'o}n and Sheila Leal and Daniel F. March{\'a}n and Benigno Elvira", title = "A Benchmark for \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon Conservation: Genetic Diversity and Structure in a \geoname{Southern European} Glacial Refuge before the Climate Changed", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "321", day = "16", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060321", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/321", abstract = "Atlantic salmon Salmo salar supports highly valuable commercial and recreational fisheries in Europe, but its stocks are currently overexploited and threatened by climate change. Its southernmost populations (in northern Spain) play a key role in conserving the species' original genetic diversity, which is endangered due to decades-long (1970s to 1990s) massive stocking with non-native stocks. Their decline is well documented, but the effect of stock transfer and conservation efforts is unclear. Nine microsatellite loci were amplified from archival samples (scales from 1958--1959) from eight Spanish rivers to analyse the species' natural genetic dynamics before its decline started. Allelic richness was high in the historical populations (the 1950s) and above most contemporary estimates. Private alleles were found in most rivers, indicating high local uniqueness and relative isolation among river basins. Some alleles are regional markers since they are rare or absent from contemporary northern European populations. Effective population size suggested good conservation status, with higher values than those estimated for contemporary populations. Strong population structure and genetic differentiation between rivers were found, with limited gene flow, restricted to geographically close populations. Our estimates of historical genetic diversity and structure from southernmost salmon populations are a powerful benchmark to guide conservation programs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gauy:2023:BTS, author = "Ana Carolina dos Santos Gauy and Marcela Cesar Bolognesi and Eliane Gon{\c{c}}alves-de-Freitas", title = "Body Tactile Stimulation Reduces the Effects of High Stocking Density on the Welfare of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "320", day = "16", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060320", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/320", abstract = "High stocking density is used in aquaculture to optimize farming. However, such strategies can stress territorial fish by increasing aggression, thus harming the fish welfare and productive performance. Here, we tested the effect of long-term tactile body stimulation (TS) on alleviating the impact of high stocking density in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ten males were grouped for 21 days into four treatments (10 replicates each one) combining TS with high (1.2 kg{\cdot}m{$^3$}) or low (0.6 kg{\cdot}m{$^3$}) densities: (1) without TS and high density; (2) without TS and low density; (3) with TS and high density; and (4) with TS and low density. A rectangular PVC frame fitted with vertical plastic sticks sided with silicone bristles was placed in the center of aquarium. The fish receive TS when passing through the bristles. An apparatus without bristles was used as control. We found higher cortisol levels under TS conditions. All parameters of productive performance (growth, food efficiency, and condition factor) were higher in the treatment with TS and low density, lower in the treatment without TS and high density, and similar between treatments high density with TS and low density without TS. The results suggest that TS improves productive performance of Nile tilapia, counteracting the negative effects of high stocking density.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Crozier:2023:CRI, author = "Lisa G. Crozier and Jared E. Siegel", title = "A Comprehensive Review of the Impacts of Climate Change on Salmon: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Literature by Life Stage", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "319", day = "16", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060319", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/319", abstract = "As we confront novel environmental challenges, a full understanding of the physical and biological processes that govern species responses to climate change will help maintain biodiversity and support conservation measures that are more robust to irreducible uncertainty. However, climate impacts are so complex, and the literature on salmon and trout is so vast that researchers and decision makers scramble to make sense of it all. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of climate impacts on salmon and anadromous trout as a resource for stakeholders, managers, and researchers. We reviewed studies published from 2010 to 2021 that address climate impacts on these fish and organized them in a database of 1169 physical and 1853 biological papers. Papers are labeled with keywords across eight categories related to subject matter and study methods. We compared the literature by biological process and life stage and used these comparisons to assess strengths and weaknesses. We then summarized expected phenotypic and genetic responses and management actions by life stage. Overall, we found the largest research gaps related to species interactions, behavioral responses, and effects that carry over across life stages. With this collection of the literature, we can better apply scarce conservation resources, fill knowledge gaps, and make informed decisions that do not ignore uncertainty.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barreiros:2023:WAG, author = "Jo{\~a}o Pedro Barreiros and Felicia C. Coleman", title = "\geoname{West African} Goliath Grouper: Where Are They between \geoname{Senegal} and \geoname{Angola}?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "318", day = "16", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060318", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/318", abstract = "The Atlantic Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) occurs on both sides of the Atlantic, from the Carolinas (USA) to Brazil in the western Atlantic and historically from North Senegal to North Angola off of West Africa in the eastern Atlantic. While there are relatively good data on their distribution in the western Atlantic, confirmed occurrences, population status, fishing reports, and trade data are almost non-existent for West Africa. Part of the problem is that tropical West African countries largely lack the wherewithal to fund the research needed to evaluate this species, nor do they have laws, management plans, or viable enforcement measures that might lead to effective population recovery or protection for essential juvenile mangrove habitats. Given the lack of published studies on this species in West Africa, the primary objectives of this paper are (1) to describe all known historical and current anecdotal information available on this species and (2) to encourage the increased monitoring of habitats where viable populations might still occur (i.e., mangroves, oil rigs, and oil platforms).", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Munoz-Lechuga:2023:DSU, author = "Rub{\'e}n Mu{\~n}oz-Lechuga and Fambaye Ngom Sow and Diaha N'Guessan Constance and Davy Angueko and David Mac{\'\i}as and Alexia Massa-Gallucci and Guelson Batista da Silva and Jorge M. S. Gon{\c{c}}alves and Pedro G. Lino", title = "Differentiation of Spatial Units of Genus \bioname{Euthynnus} from the \geoname{Eastern Atlantic} and the \geoname{Mediterranean} Using Otolith Shape Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "317", day = "15", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060317", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/317", abstract = "The shape of sagitta otoliths was used to compare individuals of little tunny (Euthynnus alleteratus) harvested on board commercial fishing vessels from the coastal areas along the Eastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. Fish sampling and selection was designed to cover possible seasonal changes and tuna size. The research encompassed both morphometric and shape analyses of left sagittal otoliths extracted of 504 fish specimens. Four shape indices (Circularity, Roundness, Rectangularity, and Form-Factor) were significantly different between two groups, showing a statistical differentiation between two clear spatial units. The degree of divergence was even more pronounced along the rostrum, postrostrum, and excisura of the generated otolith outlines between these two groups. One group corresponds to the samples from the coastal areas in the Northeast Temperate Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (NETAM Area) and a second group from the coastal areas off the Eastern Tropical Atlantic coast of Africa (ETA Area). This study is the first to use otolith shape to differentiate tunas from separate spatial units. These results could be used to re-classify previously collected samples and to correct time series of data collected.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2023:SRI, author = "Hongsik Kim and Ana C. Franco and U. Rashid Sumaila", title = "A Selected Review of Impacts of Ocean Deoxygenation on Fish and Fisheries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "316", day = "14", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060316", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/316", abstract = "Oxygen is crucial for the survival of marine species. Yet, the ocean has experienced a loss of approximately 2\% of its oxygen inventory since the last century, resulting in adverse impacts on marine life and ecosystems. In particular, changes in the gap between the supply and demand for dissolved oxygen lead to physiological and ecological variations, which cause alterations in habitats and food webs for fish and ecosystem services. These changes vary over time and by region, and the heterogeneous characteristics of marine species bring about non-linear consequences to human society. Despite this, identifying the potential ripple effects of deoxygenation on human society is challenging due to the integrated impacts of other stressors, such as global warming and ocean acidification, and their varying changes depending on environmental conditions and regions, such as upwelling and eutrophication. Therefore, we conducted a literature review on ocean deoxygenation and its effects on fish dynamics and the ecosystem, with a focus on the environmental and societal impact, to present crucial considerations and pathways for future research on ocean deoxygenation. We found that quantitative approaches are necessary to assess the dynamic changes under deoxygenation, and the consequent effects on marine ecosystems should be verified to exploit the natural resources from the ocean. One of the most reliable approaches to quantifying the ripple impacts of deoxygenation is to model spatial and temporal changes with other climate stressors, forming a global network encompassing socio-economic and regional effects of this global change to facilitate and improve capabilities to address the impacts of ocean deoxygenation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Anderson:2023:CAB, author = "Cody M. Anderson and Brian D. Wisenden and Cody A. Craig and Craig A. Stockwell", title = "Consistent Antipredator Behavioral Responses among Populations of \geoname{Red River} Pupfish with Disparate Predator Communities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "315", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060315", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/315", abstract = "Many desert fishes, which evolved in isolated aquatic ``islands'' with limited predation pressure, have been severely impacted by non-native predators. These impacts have been attributed to the evolutionary loss of antipredator competence, known as the predator naivet{\'e} hypothesis. Recent work provided support for this hypothesis for one desert fish species. We sought to examine the generality of the predator naivet{\'e} hypothesis by evaluating antipredator competence in five populations of Red River pupfish (Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis), a species that occupies habitats that vary in the degree of isolation and levels of fish species richness. Fish were exposed to a conspecific chemical alarm cue released from damaged epidermal tissue as a general assay of antipredator response. We found that pupfish from all five populations exhibited antipredator behavior in response to the alarm cue, regardless of the exposure to predation risk. These data provide evidence that antipredator responses to alarm cues are conserved in Red River pupfish, even in populations isolated from piscivorous species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Batjakas:2023:LDC, author = "Ioannis E. Batjakas and Athanasios Evangelopoulos and Maria Giannou and Sofia Pappou and Eleftheria Papanikola and Maria Atsikvasi and Dimitris Poursanidis and Chrysoula Gubili", title = "Lionfish Diet Composition at Three Study Sites in the \geoname{Aegean Sea}: an Invasive Generalist?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "314", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060314", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/314", abstract = "The diet of the lionfish (Pterois miles), an invasive species in the Aegean Sea, was examined by collecting stomach content data from fish collected in three study sites in the Aegean Sea (southern Crete, Kastellorizo, and Nysiros islands). Prey composition in terms of numerical abundance and frequency of occurrence was used to compare lionfish's diet between these sites. Lionfish largely preyed upon teleosts (4\% to 83\% numerical abundance and 16\% to 58\% frequency of occurrence, depending on the site) and decapods (12\% to 95\% numerical abundance and 11\% to 81\% frequency of occurrence). The most important teleost families in lionfish's diet were Gobiidae, Labridae, and Scorpaenidae, while decapods and especially the family Scyllaridae and the genus Plesionika were the dominant decapod prey items. The lionfish was found to be an especially successful generalist across the study sites, an opportunistic, predatory species overall, and at the same time, at a local level, it seems to be an equally successful specialist that could increase the predation mortality of already stressed prey populations and can be a serious threat to endemic, critically endangered, and/or commercially important species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yu:2023:HIB, author = "Tae-Sik Yu and Chang Woo Ji and Ihn-Sil Kwak", title = "Hierarchical Interaction between Food Diversity and Competition in Brackish Fish Species in \geoname{South Korea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "313", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060313", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/313", abstract = "Information about the food sources for fish is important not only for predation and food competition, but also for the direct impact on organism interactions, relationships, and biodiversity within aquatic ecosystems. We analyzed the food sources of 21 fish species in 9 families of 6 orders based on the literature data from brackish ecosystems in South Korea to improve the understanding of the estuarine ecosystem. The food sources of the 21 fish species contained 173 families, 86 orders, 39 classes, and 22 phyla. The 21 fish species were classified into 4 groups using hierarchical analysis based on their food sources: Group 1 fishes mainly consumed Amphipoda; Group 2 fishes were zooplanktivores; Group 3 were omnivorous; and Group 4 consumed small food sources, such as Nematoda, Corophiidae, and Harpacticidae. The feeding competition index was relatively high within each group, but the competition index for Group 3, the omnivorous fishes, was low. Network analysis and hub scores represented the importance of food sources consumed by each fish species by showing the connections between the fish and their prey. Polychaeta, Actinopterygii, and Decapoda were the most commonly consumed food sources. Food source diversity was high for zooplanktivores (group 2). Additionally, the food contents of each fish species were classified into freshwater and marine sources for identifying the habitats of the food sources. Trophic level measuring values using the data were similar to the reported literature data. This study can be utilized for understanding estuarine ecosystems and identifying food relationships.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Puvanendran:2023:SLT, author = "Velmurugu Puvanendran and {\O}yvind J. Hansen", title = "Short and Long-Term Effects of Early and Late Weaning on \geoname{Atlantic} Cod, \bioname{Gadus morhua}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "312", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060312", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/312", abstract = "Studies have shown negative short-term effects of early weaning (EW) in finfish larvae but information on long-term effects of EW on growth and subsequent economic loss is lacking. We evaluated the short- and long-term effects of EW and late weaning (LW) on Atlantic cod. Cod larvae were fed with enriched rotifers from 2 to 35 days post-hatch (dph) and weaning carried out from 21 to 35 dph (EW) or with enriched rotifers from 2 to 29 dph followed by enriched Artemia nauplii from 25 to 56 dph and weaning carried out from 45 to 56 dph (LW). At 190 dph, 50 fish from each tank were tagged with an electronic tag and were transferred to sea cages at 10 months old. At the end of 30 months post-hatch, the weight of the fish was recorded. Our results showed a significant short-term effect of the weaning method on the growth of Atlantic cod at 65 dph, but no significant difference at 90 and 190 dph. However, fish from LW showed a significantly higher body weight compared to fish from EW at 30 months post-hatch. A cost analysis indicated substantial benefit for commercial cod farming by using LW and we recommend using LW to gain sizable financial benefit.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Eguiraun:2023:NLA, author = "Harkaitz Eguiraun and Iciar Martinez", title = "Non-Linear Analyses of Fish Behaviours in Response to Aquatic Environmental Pollutants --- a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "311", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060311", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/311", abstract = "Analysis of fish behaviour is an effective way to indirectly identify the presence of environmental pollutants that negatively affect fish life, its production and quality. Monitoring individual and collective behaviours produces large amounts of non-linear data that require tailor-suited computational methods to interpret and manage the information. Fractal dimension (FD) and entropy are two groups of such non-linear analysing methods that serve as indicators of the complexity (FD) and predictability (entropy) of the behaviours. Since behavioural complexity and predictability may be modulated by contaminants, the changes in its FD and entropy values have a clear potential to be embedded in a biological early warning system (BEWS), which may be particularly useful in Precision Fish Farming settings and to monitor wild populations. This work presents a review of the effects of a wide range of environmental contaminants, including toxic compounds, cleaning and disinfecting agents, stimulant (caffeine), anaesthetics and antibiotics, heavy metals (lead, cupper, and mercury), selenium, pesticides and persistent environmental pollutants, on the FD and entropy values of collective and individual behavioural responses of different fish species. All the revised studies demonstrate the usefulness of both FD and entropy to indicate the presence of pollutants and underline the need to consider early changes in the trend of the evolution of their values prior to them becoming significantly different from the control values, i.e., while it is still possible to identify the contaminant and preserve the health and integrity of the fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:DDI, author = "Yu-Jiao Li and Xin-Liang Wang and Ling-Yu Shi and Zong-Yi Wang and Zi-Ang Zhao and Shu-Chao Ge and Bing Hu", title = "\gene{DUSP2} Deletion Inhibits Macrophage Migration by Inhibiting \gene{ERK} Activation in Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "310", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060310", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/310", abstract = "Dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2) regulates the activation of members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, which is involved in a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. DUSP2 also regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators in macrophages; however, it remains unknown whether DUSP2 participates in macrophage migration. Here, using the tail fin injury model in zebrafish larvae, we found that the deletion of DUSP2 inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage chemokines. Moreover, live imaging results showed that the migration of macrophages to the injury site was inhibited after DUSP2 deletion. This inhibitory effect was mediated through the reduced activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) in DUSP2 knockout zebrafish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:TAR, author = "Tong Wang and Yang Yang and Shirui Gong and Xi Wu and Leilei Zeng and Yuhao Tao and Chaoyue Zhong and Leling Song and Xiaochun Liu", title = "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differences in Gene Expression in the Muscle of the Brown-Marbled Grouper (\bioname{Epinephelus fuscoguttatus}) with Different Growth Rates", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "309", day = "08", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060309", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/309", abstract = "Brown-marbled grouper is one of the most important mariculture species in China and is widely used as a crossbreeding parent in the grouper industry. Enhancing growth rates is a key target in fish breeding, and gaining insight into the underlying mechanisms responsible for growth differences between individuals can aid in the improvement of grouper growth rates. However, the mechanism behind growth differences in this fish remains unclear. We analyzed the transcriptome profiles of muscle tissues between fast- and slow-growing brown-marbled grouper using RNA-seq and identified 77 significantly up-regulated genes and 92 significantly down-regulated genes in the extreme growth groups. Our findings suggest that up-regulated genes such as ghr and tnni2, as well as down-regulated genes such as stc2 and pdp1, are associated with growth advantages in brown-marbled grouper. We used differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. The results of the GO enrichments showed that the significantly up-regulated genes in the fast-growing group were involved in protein folding, the actin cytoskeleton, the myosin complex, and other processes. The results of the KEGG enrichments showed that the significantly up-regulated genes in the fast-growing group were involved in various pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, adipocytokine signaling, MAPK signaling, carbon metabolism, and PI3K-Akt signaling. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was up-regulated in the fast-growing group, which may be responsible for the higher nutrient absorption efficiency and muscle growth in these fish. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways underlying fast growth in brown-marbled grouper. However, further studies are necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms behind growth differences between individuals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Segarra:2023:IRA, author = "Sergi Segarra and Thanh Chau and Phuc Hoang and Loc Tran", title = "Immunoregulation and Resistance to Aquatic Pathogens with Dietary Nucleotides in \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp, \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "308", day = "08", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060308", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/308", abstract = "Using vegetable protein sources as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (PWS) has a negative impact on their health. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, affects PWS and causes financial losses. Nucleotides modulate the immune response and could contribute to counteracting these issues. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of nucleotide supplementation on performance, immune response, and survival when challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, in PWS receiving a diet with FM partially replaced with vegetable protein sources. A feeding trial (1000 PWS; 56 days) and a challenge trial (600 PWS; 10 days) were performed using diets with different FM inclusion levels (26\%, 23.4\%, 22.1\%, and 20.8\%), with or without 0.1\% nucleotides. A non-challenged, non-supplemented group was also used in the challenge trial. Adding nucleotides to diets with reduced FM allowed significantly better results in growth performance parameters and total hemocyte count (THC). In the challenge trial, compared to control, nucleotide supplementation led to significantly higher THC and survival rate 15 h post-challenge. In conclusion, adding nucleotides to PWS diets improves their immune response and resistance to aquatic pathogens, allowing FM to be replaced by vegetable protein sources without negatively affecting performance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Iskandar:2023:ECD, author = "Nur Syuhada Iskandar and Noorashikin Md Noor and Zaidi Che Cob and Simon Kumar Das", title = "Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Its Impact on Growth, Blood Properties, and Vertebral Column of Freshwater Fish Mahseer, \bioname{Tor tambroides} Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "307", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060307", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/307", abstract = "The level of carbon dioxide, which resembles water acidification, is critical to the success of juvenile fish production. The growth, skeletal deformities, and blood parameters of the economically important freshwater fish mahseer, Tor tambroides, were assessed in different concentrations of pCO 2 (400, 700, and 1000 {\SGMLmicro}atm pCO 2). The highest growth properties (survival rate, body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR)) in mahseer were observed at 400 {\SGMLmicro}atm, whereas the lowest growth indices were found in the treatment of 1000 {\SGMLmicro}atm pCO 2. The lowest pCO 2 concentration was found to be within the optimum healthy blood parameter range. The fish exposed to acidic conditions (700 and 1000 {\SGMLmicro}atm) exhibited considerably higher levels of haemoglobin and haematocrit compared to the control fish. Glucose levels were significantly lower in the acidic conditions, while total cholesterol levels in mahseer fish exposed to acidic conditions were higher. The fish displayed skeleton malformations as the concentration of pCO 2 was elevated. The findings from this research could be set as a standard technique in the juvenile rearing of mahseer fish under acidified conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pereira:2023:SEC, author = "Luciana A. Pereira and Leandro Castello and Donald J. Orth and Fabrice Duponchelle and Eric M. Hallerman", title = "A Synthesis of the Ecology and Conservation of \bioname{Pseudoplatystoma} Catfishes in the Neotropics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "306", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060306", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/306", abstract = "Species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, the long-whiskered catfishes, are important in commercial and recreational fisheries in South America, and some species have become key to regional aquaculture. Some species of the genus are under pressure due to overfishing and the negative impacts of dams. Six questions are asked in this review: (i) What species are in the genus, and where are they distributed? (ii) What are the life histories and ecologies of Pseudoplatystoma species? (iii) What are the patterns of somatic growth for these species? (iv) What is known about the biomass, production, and population dynamics of Pseudoplatystoma? (v) What is the geographic distribution of genetic variation within Pseudoplatystoma species? (vi) What are the threats to the conservation of these species? The taxonomy of the genus currently includes eight species, respectively, distributed over the Orinoco, Amazon, Paran{\'a}, and S{\~a}o Francisco basins. Pseudoplatystoma catfishes typically exhibit longitudinal migrations for reproduction and lateral migration for feeding, but these patterns may vary among populations. The size of the first maturation of these catfishes varies between 57 cm to 82 cm in total length. Five of the eight species spawn during the rising water season. Pseudoplatystoma species can grow to about 130 cm in total length and 100 Kg in weight and live until 30 years of age, depending upon the species. Biomass production and population dynamics of these catfishes have not yet been fully described. Their life-history characteristics indicate that they are periodic strategists with associated population recruitment dynamics. Population genetic patterning varies among Pseudoplatystoma species, with some degree of homing behavior and genetic differentiation among populations, indicating the need for management by applying the Management Unit and perhaps Evolutionary Significant Unit concepts. The main threats to the persistence of these catfishes are overfishing and alterations in and obstruction of river flow due to the construction of hydropower dams. After synthesizing existing information on species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, we offer suggestions for future research to fill critical gaps in the knowledge of this group.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kruze:2023:PDI, author = "Eriks Kruze and Andris Avotins and Loreta Rozenfelde and Ivars Putnis and Ivo Sics and Laura Briekmane and Jens Olsson", title = "The Population Development of the Invasive Round Goby \bioname{Neogobius melanostomus} in \geoname{Latvian Waters} of the \geoname{Baltic Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "305", day = "07", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060305", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/305", abstract = "The invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) was established in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s. The first observation of the species in Latvian waters was in 2004. In the intervening period, the population grew, the species became of significance for local fisheries, and it likely impacted the local ecosystem in the Baltic Sea. In this study, we characterize the spatial--temporal population development of round goby in Latvian coastal waters using data from three different scientific and fisheries-independent surveys. We also include data from commercial fisheries landings to describe the fisheries targeting the species. Our results suggest an exponential increase in population numbers of round goby in Latvian waters, peaking in 2018, followed by a sharp decline. This observation is also supported by data from commercial fisheries landings. We suggest that intensive commercial fishing had a considerable impact on the rapid decline of the species, but that the decline was potentially amplified through a wider scale decline, as observed in many areas of the Baltic Sea. The results of this study contribute to the knowledge base on the species and how fisheries can aid in limiting the development of invasive fish populations. Based on the results of the study, we also provide recommendations for better future monitoring of the species in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Quintanilla-Pineda:2023:PNP, author = "Mario Quintanilla-Pineda and Jes{\'u}s D{\'\i}az and Ana Guti{\'e}rrez-Falcon and Francisco C. Iba{\~n}ez and Florencio Marzo", title = "Profiling a New Postbiotic Product for Its Application in Fish Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "304", day = "06", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060304", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/304", abstract = "Weissella cibaria is a lactic acid bacteria that has been receiving great interest in the last decade; however, its research into aquaculture remains insufficient. In this context, the resistance to pH 3--5, bile salts (10--20\%), hydrophobicity, and carbohydrate metabolisms of two W. cibaria strains isolated from rainbow trout were evaluated. At the same time, the postbiotic products of both W. cibaria were produced under different conditions, and their stability to heat (95--130 {$^\circ $}C) and proteolytic enzymes were determined. The low pH sensitivity of two pathogens (Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri) was also recorded. Both strains of W. cibaria survived pH and bile salt treatments. Neither expressed enzymatic activity or hydrophobic characteristics with the executed methods. Treatment with heat, enzymes, and transfer to vegetal broth significantly reduced (p {$<$} 0.05) the postbiotic product's antibacterial activity. On the other hand, no significant difference (p {$<$} 0.05) was reported in antibacterial characteristics when postbiotics were produced by coculturing both strains. Low pH does not significantly influence pathogen growth (p {$<$} 0.05). Our findings suggest that the studied strains do not adjust as probiotics, but the postbiotic product obtained from them could become a promising tool as a supplement food for fish aquaculture applications.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Molina:2023:HTS, author = "Alfredo Molina and Phillip Dettleff and Valentina Valenzuela-Mu{\~n}oz and Cristian Gallardo-Escarate and Juan Antonio Vald{\'e}s", title = "High-Temperature Stress Induces Autophagy in Rainbow Trout Skeletal Muscle", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "6", pages = "303", day = "06", month = jun, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060303", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:43 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/6/303", abstract = "Ectothermic animals, such as teleosts, have increasingly been exposed to stressful high-temperature events due to global warming. Currently, the effects of thermal stress on skeletal muscle, a key tissue for fish growth, are unknown. This study examined the impact of high-temperature stress on the skeletal muscle transcriptome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in control (15 {$^\circ $}C) and high-temperature (20 {$^\circ $}C) conditions. Additionally, we examined the plasmatic levels of cortisol, glucose, and creatine kinase activity, and examined oxidative damage and autophagy activation in skeletal muscle. High-temperature stress induced significant increases in cortisol and glucose plasmatic levels. Nevertheless, no changes were observed in creatine kinase activity in plasma and skeletal muscle oxidation. Skeletal muscle RNA was isolated and sequenced using the HiSeq Illumina platform. A total of 383,796,290 reads were mapped onto the reference rainbow trout genome. The transcriptomic analysis showed that 293 genes were upregulated in the high-temperature group, mainly associated with autophagosome assembly, amino acid transport, and the glutamine metabolic process. On the other hand, 119 genes were downregulated in the high-temperature group, mainly associated with digestion, proteolysis, and the muscle contraction process. In addition, RT-qPCR of differentially expressed representative genes and Western blot analysis of LC3-II/LC3-I levels confirmed skeletal muscle autophagy induced by high temperature. This study sheds light on intriguing facets of the adaptive response of rainbow trout skeletal muscle to high-temperature stress and provides significant insights into the physiology of autophagy in teleosts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ferreira:2023:CLL, author = "In{\^e}s Ferreira and Felippe A. Daros and Cl{\'a}udia Moreira and Diana Feij{\'o} and Alberto Rocha and Ana Mendez-Vicente and Jorge Pisonero and Alberto Teodorico Correia", title = "Is \bioname{Chelidonichthys lucerna} ({Linnaeus}, 1758) a Marine Estuarine-Dependent Fish? {Insights} from Saccular Otolith Microchemistry", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "383", day = "24", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070383", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/383", abstract = "Tub gurnard, Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758), is a Mediterranean-Atlantic benthic species usually captured as by-catch by Portuguese traditional fisheries and considered the most important commercial fish species of the family Triglidae. However, to date, little is known about its habitat residency and whether the species can be considered a marine estuarine-dependent fish. Otolith microchemistry has proven effective in providing information about fish movement patterns throughout different water salinities. In this study, core-to-edge transects of Sr:Ca in the fish saccular otoliths of 35 juveniles of C. lucerna captured in March 2007 by a scientific survey along the Portuguese coast were used to assess the species movement between brackish and marine waters. Data suggest that most individuals (97\%) have an estuarine-dependent profile, with 63\% showing a clear presence in marine waters during the early life history periods. Evidence of an estuarine residence throughout the fish life cycle was found in only 3\% of individuals. Ba:Ca profiles did not reflect an inverse relationship with Sr:Ca salinity results but corroborated findings from other authors about the influence of upwelling processes and freshwater runoffs on Ba incorporation into the otoliths of coastal fish. Furthermore, the data also showed that C. lucerna can occupy and migrate among habitats with diverse salinity degrees, showing high environmental plasticity and adaptation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vehanen:2023:PIC, author = "Teppo Vehanen and Tapio Sutela and Ari Huusko", title = "Potential Impact of Climate Change on Salmonid Smolt Ecology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "382", day = "24", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070382", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/382", abstract = "The migratory life history of anadromous salmonids requires successful migration between nursery, feeding, and spawning habitats. Smolting is the major transformation anadromous salmonids undergo before migration to feeding areas. It prepares juvenile fish for downstream migration and their entry to seawater. We reviewed the effects of climate change on smolt ecology from the growth of juveniles in fresh water to early post-smolts in the sea to identify the potential effects of climate change on migratory salmonid populations during this period in their life history. The focus was especially on Atlantic salmon. The shift in suitable thermal conditions caused by climate change results in Atlantic salmon expanding their range northward, while at the southern edge of their distribution, populations struggle with high temperatures and occasional droughts. Climatic conditions, particularly warmer temperatures, affect growth during the freshwater river phase. Better growth in northern latitudes leads to earlier smolting. Thermal refuges, the areas of cooler water in the river, are important for salmonids impacted by climate change. Restoring and maintaining connectivity and a suitably diverse mosaic habitat in rivers are important for survival and growth throughout the range. The start of the smolt migration has shifted earlier as a response to rising water temperatures, which has led to concerns about a mismatch with optimal conditions for post-smolts in the sea, decreasing their survival. A wide smolt window allowing all migrating phenotypes from early to late migrants' safe access to the sea is important in changing environmental conditions. This is also true for regulated rivers, where flow regulation practices cause selection pressures on migrating salmonid phenotypes. The freshwater life history also affects marine survival, and better collaboration across life stages and habitats is necessary among researchers and managers to boost smolt production in rivers. Proactive measures are recommended against population declines, including sustainable land use in the catchment, maintaining a diverse mosaic of habitats for salmonids, restoring flow and connectivity, and conserving key habitats.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Baudoin:2023:AAV, author = "Brooke A. Baudoin and Bonnie L. Brown and Robin D. Calfee and Jill A. Jenkins", title = "Amino Acid Variation at the Mitochondrial Binding Site of {Antimycin A} is Proposed to Reflect Sensitivity and Toxicity Differences among Fish Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "381", day = "22", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070381", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/381", abstract = "To better understand differential sensitivities among fish species to the piscicidal compound Antimycin-A (ANT-A), we hypothesized that variations in amino acids at the ANT-A binding site may reflect toxicity differences. Protein sequences for six motifs comprising the ANT-A binding site were obtained and compared for invasive carp species (N = 515) and seven non-target species (N = 277); a consensus was delineated from each species. The carp species, Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), showed the same amino acids at the site; thus, it was termed the carp consensus motif sequence (CCM). Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) showed the most amino acid polymorphisms, with three motifs 96--100\% different from CCM. Within a species, Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) variation per motif was most dissimilar (46.7\% and 21.6\%, respectively). Organismal mortality data from the literature indicated Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), Walleye (Sander vitreus), and American Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) to be most sensitive to the piscicide, Catfish least sensitive, and all others intermediate. The protein sequence variations of the binding site appeared to be in accord with organismal sensitivity categories when they differed from the CCM; the motifs in Gizzard Shad and Walleye were the same as in CCM. The physical/chemical nature of ANT-A is important to consider in organismal response comparisons. This cellular approach of studying ANT-A binding at its target enzyme is a non-destructive way to predict piscicidal efficacy of ANT-A against fishes of interest, informs management decisions in control efforts for invasives, and can be used to forecast effects on sympatric species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sibiya:2023:BPG, author = "Ashokkumar Sibiya and Khalid A. Al-Ghanim and Marimuthu Govindarajan and Marcello Nicoletti and Nadezhda Sachivkina and Baskaralingam Vaseeharan", title = "Biochemical Patterns and Genotoxicity of the Endocrine Disruptor Metformin in the Freshwater Fish \bioname{Labeo rohita}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "380", day = "22", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070380", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/380", abstract = "Metformin is one of the most extensively used drugs, making it one of the most likely endocrine disruptors in the environment, which may negatively affect fish and other freshwater animals. Still, there is a dearth of studies examining metformin's impact on freshwater creatures, like fish. This research aimed to identify the biochemical and genotoxicity effects of the endocrine disruptor metformin in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita at ecologically appropriate doses. Metformin's toxicity was evaluated by subjecting L. rohita to the drug over 28 days at two dosages (40 {\SGMLmicro}g/L to 80 {\SGMLmicro}g/L). The results indicated that 40 {\SGMLmicro}g/L and 80 {\SGMLmicro}g/L of metformin caused an increase in reactive oxygen species and the generation of free radicals in the body of L. rohita, which in turn caused impairment and alterations in total hemoglobin, red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl activity, respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activity, and lysozyme activity. In addition, animals treated with the maximum metformin dose (80 {\SGMLmicro}g/L) demonstrated substantial DNA damage in the genotoxicity experiment. Metformin's endocrine-disrupting actions may have unintended ramifications for the well-being of aquatic species in their natural habitats. Results of the study demonstrated a serious concern that metformin exposure might be harmful to aquatic life.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2023:CBE, author = "Jinming Wu and Jinping Wu and Huan Ye and Wei Xiong and Wanmin Qu and Xiaoqian Leng and Hao Du", title = "Correlations between Environmental Factors and the Distribution of Juvenile \bioname{Hucho bleekeri} in the \geoname{Taibai River, Shaanxi, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "379", day = "21", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070379", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/379", abstract = "Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri) is a national highly protected wild animal that faces significant impacts from habitat degradation and loss. To study the habitat selection by H. bleekeri, data on the Taibai River and the distribution of juvenile H. bleekeri were recorded seasonally between February 2017 and January 2018, and habitat selection was assessed using the suitability curve method. The results indicate that the average distribution density of juvenile H. bleekeri in the Taibai River is 0.08 {\pm} 0.09 ind./m, with an optimal elevation range from 1200 to 1600 m, river sinuosity range from 1.0 to 1.2, and vegetation coverage between 0.7 and 1.0. When choosing a microhabitat, juvenile H. bleekeri individuals tend to inhabit water areas with a water depth of 0.65 {\pm} 0.33 m, flow velocity of 0.50 {\pm} 0.24 m/s, and offshore distance of 7.66 {\pm} 4.25 m. Furthermore, smaller juvenile fish prefer nearshore habitats with lower flow velocities and shallower water depths. The results provide technical support for the protection and restoration of the habitat of H. bleekeri.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yuan:2023:MCE, author = "Shuya Yuan and Zhaosheng Sun and Qian Gao and Zhen Li and Zhitao Qi and Sidi Zheng and Danjie Liu", title = "Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of \gene{NLRC3}-like, {ASC}, and \gene{Caspase1} in Spotted Sea Bass (\bioname{Lateolabrax maculatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "378", day = "21", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070378", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/378", abstract = "Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family members are innate immune sensors involved in the recognition of highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) is a critical adaptor molecule in multiple inflammasome protein complexes, mediating inflammation and host defense. Caspase1, an inflammatory caspase, has been documented to play important roles in the innate immune system. In this study, we identified and characterized NLRC3-like, ASC, and Caspase1 (referred to as Lm NLRC3L, Lm ASC, and Lm Caspase1) from the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). A sequence analysis revealed that Lm NLRC3L, Lm ASC, and Lm Caspase1 shared similar features with their fish counterparts. Lm NLRC3L contained a FISNA domain, a NACHT domain, and four LRR motifs, followed by a C-terminal fish-specific B30.2 domain. Lm ASC possessed a PYRIN domain for interacting with inflammasome sensor proteins, as well as a CARD domain. Lm Caspase1 had a CARD domain at its N-terminus and a CASC domain at its C-terminus. These three genes were ubiquitously distributed in the liver, spleen, head kidney, gill, intestine, skin, muscle, and brain. They share similar expression patterns, and all demonstrate the highest level of expression in the gill. We analyzed the expression changes in genes in the spleen, gill, and head kidney after stimulation experiments in vivo. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the expression levels of these three genes were significantly upregulated in the short term, followed by significant downregulation at 48 and 72 h in some examined tissues. Following Edwardsiella tarda infection, these three genes were upregulated in various tissues. However, the expressions of these three genes were not affected by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) stimulation. Overall, our results indicate that these three genes are involved in the immune response against bacterial infection in the spotted sea bass, providing the foothold for understanding the immune function and mechanism of the fish inflammasome.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:AIA, author = "Yadong Zhang and Abubakar Shitu and Shengyu Hang and Zhangying Ye and Wen Xu and Hangfang Zhao and Jian Zhao and Songming Zhu", title = "Assessing the Impacts of Aquaculture Soundscapes on the Growth, Physiology and Behavior of \bioname{Micropterus salmoides}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "377", day = "21", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070377", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/377", abstract = "Sound has a potential impact on animal welfare and production, but the impacts of soundscapes on aquaculture species in different aquaculture production systems have been rarely studied. This study investigated the impact of varying aquaculture soundscapes on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Three soundscapes were administered to replicated tanks: Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS:107.7 dB re 1 Pa RMS), In-Pond Raceway System (IPRS:115.1 dB re 1 Pa RMS), and Ambient (70.4 dB re 1 Pa RMS) as the control. The initial weight of fish in the three groups was 3.59 {\pm} 0.30 g. Following a 50-day experimental period, the average weight of the Ambient group (14.08 {\pm} 0.13 g) was significantly greater than that of the IPRS group (12.79 {\pm} 0.08 g) (p {$<$} 0.05). Examination of physiological samples revealed that the soundscape negatively impacted the fish's immunological, anti-oxidation, and digestive enzymes. Furthermore, the external noise also influenced the locomotive patterns of the fish aggregations. Fish polarity and cohesion were significantly more discrete (p {$<$} 0.05) in both the RAS (47.79 {\pm} {2.34$^\circ $} and 98.52 {\pm} 3.22 mm) and IPRS groups (48.04 {\pm} {0.70$^\circ $} and 87.70 {\pm} 7.31 mm) compared to the Ambient group (42.76 {\pm} {1.42$^\circ $} and 85.73 {\pm} 1.57 mm). These results highlight the significant impacts of the aquaculture soundscape on the development, physiological activities, and behavioral traits of largemouth bass. Future research should focus on determining and optimizing the impact of different equipment noise to ensure optimal welfare and production performance in aquaculture systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:RTL, author = "Jiaming Wang and Xiangbo Yin and Guodong Li", title = "A Real-Time Lightweight Detection Algorithm for Deck Crew and the Use of Fishing Nets Based on Improved {YOLOv5s} Network", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "376", day = "20", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070376", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/376", abstract = "A real-time monitoring system for the operational status of fishing vessels is an essential element for the modernization of the fishing industry. The operational status of fishing vessels can be identified by using onboard cameras to detect the deck crew and the use of fishing nets. Due to the typically limited processing capacity of shipboard equipment and the significant memory consumption of detection models, general target detection models are unable to perform real-time image detection to identify the operational status of fishing vessels. In this paper, we propose a lightweight real-time deck crew and the use of a fishing net detection method, YOLOv5s-SGC. It is based on the YOLOv5s model, which uses surveillance cameras to obtain video of fishing vessels operating at sea and enhances the dataset. YOLOv5s-SGC replaces the backbone of YOLOv5s with ShuffleNetV2, replaces the feature fusion network with a modified Generalized-FPN, and adds the CBAM attention module in front of the detection head.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esposito:2023:MCS, author = "Ana{\"\i}s Esposito and Jean-Jos{\'e} Filippi and Charlotte Gerbaud and Quentin Godeaux and R{\'e}mi Millot and Paul-Jean Agostini and Camille Albertini and Eric Durieux and Jos{\'e}phine Foata and Yann Quilichini", title = "Macroparasite Communities with Special Attention to Invasive Helminths in \geoname{European} Eels \bioname{Anguilla anguilla} from Freshwaters and Brackish Lagoons of a \geoname{Mediterranean} Island", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "375", day = "20", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070375", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/375", abstract = "An extensive survey of macroparasites in 320 European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) was conducted in two brackish lagoons and eleven freshwater localities in the Mediterranean island of Corsica (France) between spring 2021 and winter 2021--2022. It resulted in the identification of nineteen parasites: two Monogea, four Digenea, one Copepoda, four Acanthocephala, three Cestoda, and five Nematoda, including the first geographical records, as Corsican freshwater sites were studied for the first time. The silvering stage was determined, and the eels were aged through otolithometry to compare parasite communities. Classic parasitology indices, a multivariate analysis, and an analysis of indicator values (IndVal) showed clear preferences towards the host's habitat and salinity. Seasonal variations were shown for several parasites. A dataset from the same two coastal lagoons was used to study the changes in the parasite communities over the last decade, and this showed an increase in the prevalence and abundance of three invasive helminth species: the Monogenea Pseudodactylogyrus bini (Kikuchi, 1929), Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (Yin and Sproston, 1948) Gusev, 1965 and the Nematoda Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara, Niimi, and Itagaki, 1974. These pathogenic parasites were found in all sampled localities, except for the two Monogenea in the polyhaline-to-euhaline Urbino lagoon. It is thus advised that future management measures take into account the environmental preferences of the most concerning parasites.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{deAguiar:2023:EDP, author = "Gustavo Augusto Carvalho Costacurta de Aguiar and Cristiana Leonor da Silva Carneiro and Daniel Abreu Vasconcelos Campelo and Rafael Costa Teixeira Rusth and Jo{\~a}o Felipe Ribeiro Maciel and Bernardo Baldisserotto and Jener Alexandre Sampaio Zuanon and Alexmiliano Vogel de Oliveira and Maria Goreti de Almeida Oliveira and Mariella Bontempo Duca de Freitas and Wilson Massamitu Furuya and Ana L{\'u}cia Salaro", title = "Effects of Dietary Peppermint (\bioname{Mentha piperita}) Essential Oil on Growth Performance, Plasma Biochemistry, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Oxidative Stress Responses in Juvenile \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "374", day = "20", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070374", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/374", abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita; PEO) in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A feeding experiment with diets containing graded levels (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g kg {$-$1}) of PEO was carried out with fish of 0.58 {\pm} 0.08 g. The inclusion of graded levels of PEO in the diet improved the weight gain (0.52 g kg {$-$1}), feed intake (0.51 g kg {$-$1}), and feed conversion (0.51 g kg {$-$1}) of juvenile Nile tilapia in a quadratic pattern. Increasing levels of PEO also led to a linear decrease in body lipid content. The gut activity of the digestive enzymes amylase (0.54 g kg {$-$1}) and protease (0.39 g kg {$-$1}) increased quadratically, whereas lipase activity increased linearly. PEO increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT; 0.52 g kg {$-$1}) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; 0.58 g kg {$-$1}) while reducing the production of malonaldehyde (MDA; 0.40 g kg {$-$1}) and nitric oxide (NO; 0.63 g kg {$-$1}) in the liver. The results of this study provide evidence of the beneficial effects of PEO on the growth and health of Nile tilapia and recommend a dose of 0.6 g kg {$-$1} as the optimal level of supplementation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Adachi:2023:GPS, author = "Aisni M. C. L. Adachi and Pollyana C. G. Roque and Fabio H. V. Hazin and Marcelo Vianna and Matheus M. Rotundo and Claudio Oliveira and Fausto Foresti and Vanessa P. Cruz", title = "Genetic Population Structure and Diversity of the Whitetail Dogfish \bioname{Squalus albicaudus} ({Chondrichthyes, Squaliformes}) along the \geoname{Brazilian Coast} as Identified by {SNP} Markers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "373", day = "20", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070373", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/373", abstract = "The shark Squalus albicaudus, categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature red list as Data Deficient due to lack of minimal information for classification, is distributed throughout the Brazilian coast. High pressures such as overfishing and anthropic activities, as well as certain biological characteristics, including k strategists, comprise influential shark stocks reduction agents. However, genetic diversity, population structure, connectivity, and effective population size data are still limited for S. albicaudus, indicating the need for further studies. In this context, the genetic variability and population structure of S. albicaudus were investigated herein to test for panmixia. Samples were obtained from coasts of the Brazilian states of Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and S{\~a}o Paulo along the species distribution range, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed by the ddRADseq method. The findings revealed a panmitic S. albicaudus population, explained by certain life strategies, such as polyandry and migratory behavior. Based on the genomic findings reported herein, a single S. albicaudus population should be considered in the study area, indicating the need for specific management and conservation plans at the regional scale.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2023:CPC, author = "Yingru Wu and Qi Du and Yueqin Liao and Shanshan Shui and Jie Pang and Soottawat Benjakul and Bin Zhang", title = "Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics and Volatile Flavor Compounds of Brine-Preserved Ready-to-Eat Shrimp (\bioname{Solenocera crassicornis}) during Chilled Storage", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "372", day = "19", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070372", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/372", abstract = "This study aimed to explore the changes in the quality of ready-to-eat peeled shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) during chilled storage. The cooked shrimp were soaked in hermetically sealed jars, which were treated by three soaking methods: distilled water; 4\% NaCl solution; and 4\% NaCl, 0.34\% citric acid, 4.23\% trehalose, and 0.04\% VC solution (defined as the control, experimental 1 (E1), and experimental 2 (E2) groups, respectively). The shelf-life of the E2 group was 20 days longer than that of the control group. Sensory scores, color, and textural results confirmed the E2 group exhibited better sensory scores and color, and the degradation of the physical structure of shrimp muscle was delayed during chilled storage. In addition, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total viable count (TVC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of shrimp muscle in each group all showed an increasing trend, but these values were significantly lower in the E2 group than those in the control and E1 groups during chilled storage. The results of gas chromatography--ion mobility spectrometry (GC--IMS) and principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the three groups of RTE shrimp muscle changed, but small changes in VOCs were observed in E2 during chilled storage. These results provide new ideas and references for peeled shrimp product development and quality assurance technology.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Furtado:2023:HCL, author = "Maura da Silva Costa Furtado and Joaquim Carlos Barbosa Queiroz and Bianca Bentes and Edson Koiti Kudo Yasojima and D{\'e}bora de Oliveira Thomaz and Larissa da Costa Pinheiro and Mauro Luis Ruffino and Victoria Isaac", title = "The Hydrological Cycle of the \geoname{Lower Amazon in Brazil} Determines the Variation in Local Fishing Patterns", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "371", day = "19", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070371", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/371", abstract = "Fishery catches on the Lower Amazon River were analyzed in relation to the hydrological cycle, temporal shifts in fishing effort, and the use of nets or lines in lakes and rivers. The study was based on a temporal series of catch data collected between January 1993 and June 2011. The variables analyzed were the total catch, use of gillnets or lines, the environment targeted (lakes or rivers), and fishing effort. Temporal trends in the data series were analyzed using the Mann--Kendall test. An Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate whether gillnet and line catches had independent effects on the catch data. Duncan's test was applied to identify the groups (months) of means that were significantly different from each other. The majority of the catch landings were taken with gillnets (98.65\%) in a lake environment (64.98\%). The temporal series showed a significant decline over time in the gillnet catches from both lakes and rivers, as well as in fishing effort. The influence of the annual flood cycle was reflected in the catches and the flood pulse regulated fishing productivity patterns in the region. The fishers who adapt their activities to this flood pulse have good traditional knowledge of the environment. The results of the study also indicated that any changes in this dynamic system may impact traditional local fisheries and affect the economic wellbeing of local fisher populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Guo:2023:IEC, author = "Ruijie Guo and Kai Yu and Kai Huang and Qiang Lin and Ting Liu", title = "Immunoprotective Effect of \bioname{Coptis chinensis}-Supplemented Diet on \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae} Infection in Tilapia", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "370", day = "19", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070370", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/370", abstract = "This study aimed to investigate the immunoprotective effect of Coptis chinensis (CC) on Streptococcus agalactiae (SA) infection in tilapia. Experimental fish were randomly divided into two groups feeding on a normal diet (ND) and a CC-supplemented diet (CCD) for 2 weeks and then injected with SA. After the inoculation experiment, the ND and CCD groups were named PI\_ND and PI\_CCD, respectively. CCD increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) activity significantly before and after infection. Immunological assays revealed that the serum interleukin-1{\beta} (IL-1{\beta}), complement 3 (C3), immunoglobulin M (IgM), Interferon-gamma (IFN-{\gamma}), and tumor necrosis factor-{\alpha} (TNF-{\alpha}) levels in the CCD group were significantly higher than in the ND group both before and after infection. In addition, proteomics analysis of liver tissue identified 62 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CCD vs. ND, and 36 DEPs in the PI_CCD vs. the PI_ND groups. Furthermore, 80 specific upregulated proteins and 49 specific downregulated proteins were screened in the CCD group. The specific upregulated proteins included important antimicrobial enzymes such as lysozymes and cathepsin D, and antimicrobial peptides such as septins, granulin, and grancalcin, involving multiple KEGG brite categories such as enzymes, exosomes, membrane transport, and proteolipid proteins. Furthermore, specific downregulated proteins were enriched in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle pathways. In conclusion, CC supplementation effectively enhances the ability of tilapia to resist SA infection by modulating various antioxidant enzymes, immune factors, antimicrobial enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides, and by moderately inhibiting central carbon metabolism. These findings provide a basis for replacing antibiotics with environmentally-friendly functional aquatic feeds to control bacterial diseases.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:HHD, author = "Xinghao Li and Xueli Huang and Liya Zhao and Wei Cai and Yuhe Yu and Jin Zhang", title = "Host Habitat as a Dominant Role in Shaping the Gut Microbiota of Wild Crucian Carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "369", day = "17", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070369", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/369", abstract = "Current knowledge on the fish gut microbiota has largely been obtained from experiments on laboratory-reared animals. Here, the crucian carp (Carassius auratus) with a mean weight of 159.9 {\pm} 11.4 g (mean {\pm} SD) were collected from their natural habitats (i.e., Wuhu lake and Poyang lake, China), and the gut microbiota were analysed by using the next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. We obtained more than 430,000 high-quality reads, which constituted more than 1200 operational taxonomy units (OTUs), revealing extremely diverse microbes in the fish gut. Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were detected as the prominent phyla (each {$>$} 1\% of total abundance) within the gut microbiota, regardless of the host habitat or the gut segment (i.e., foregut vs. hindgut). Although the microbes in the hindgut were more diverse (OTU number, Shannon and Chao1; One-way Anova, p {$>$} 0.05) than in the foregut, the host habitat had a significant role in shaping the community structures (MRPP, ANOSIM, PERMANOVA, p {$<$} 0.01). Interestingly, we also detected a set of common OTUs, whereby genera Aeromonas and Cetobacterium might comprise the core gut microbiota of crucian carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:CII, author = "Xiubao Chen and Hongbo Liu and Karsten Liber and Tao Jiang and Jian Yang", title = "Copper-Induced Ionoregulatory Disturbance, Histopathology, and Transcriptome Responses in Freshwater Mussel (\bioname{Anodonta woodiana}) Gills", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "368", day = "14", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070368", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/368", abstract = "Copper (Cu) contamination has become a severe problem in freshwater environments worldwide. The freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana is used as a unique bioindicator to monitor Cu contamination in freshwater environments. However, Cu toxicity and response mechanisms in A. woodiana are still largely unknown. A sublethal acute exposure experiment (2.0 mg/L Cu exposure for 72 h) was conducted to investigate the effects of Cu bioaccumulation on ionoregulatory homeostasis, histological features, and transcriptome responses using A. woodiana gills as indicator tissue. The gill bioaccumulation capacity was up to 474. Cu bioaccumulation decreased Na + and Mg 2+ concentrations (p {$<$} 0.05) by 82\% and 17\%, respectively, and induced cilia loss, epithelial desquamation, and filament atrophy of the gills. Transcriptome analysis identified 3160 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1870 upregulated and 1290 downregulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, and responses to stimuli contained the most DEGs in the biological processes. KEGG pathway analysis showed that apoptosis, arginine and proline metabolism, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, apoptosis-multiple species, histidine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, cytokine--cytokine receptor interaction, and the p53 signaling pathway were significantly enriched. These findings provide comprehensive evidence for exploring Cu toxicity and response mechanisms in freshwater mussels.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Weber:2023:EII, author = "Gregory M. Weber", title = "Effects of {IGF1} and {IGF2} on In Vitro Ovarian Follicle Maturation in Rainbow Trout, \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "367", day = "14", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070367", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/367", abstract = "Ovarian follicle maturation (OFM), including the resumption of meiosis in the oocyte, is under hormonal regulation. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have been shown to participate in the regulation of OFM with species-specific actions in teleost fishes. In the present study, in vitro treatment of rainbow trout ovarian follicles with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF1) or rhIGF2 did not induce germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), a marker for the resumption of meiosis, in the oocytes. Co-incubation of follicle-enclosed oocytes with rhIGF1 and the maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) in rainbow trout, 17{\alpha},20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20{\beta}P), also did not induce GVBD in follicles from rainbow trout that were not able to respond to the MIS alone suggesting IGFs cannot induce oocyte maturational competence (OMC), which is the ability of the oocyte to respond to the MIS. Nevertheless, the addition of rhIGF1 with the MIS increased the proportion of oocytes completing GVBD compared with MIS alone, although this potentiation was small and varied greatly among clutches of follicles from fish with oocytes at different stages of germinal vesicle migration. Collectively, these observations suggest IGFs may have synergistic actions with the MIS but cannot induce resumption of meiosis directly at the oocyte and are not potent inducers of OMC in rainbow trout. Rainbow trout are the first teleost fish in which IGFs were found to induce neither OMC nor resumption of meiosis in vitro.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shija:2023:EBP, author = "Vicent Michael Shija and Kwaku Amoah and Jia Cai", title = "Effect of Bacillus Probiotics on the Immunological Responses of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}): a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "366", day = "13", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070366", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/366", abstract = "The use of antibiotics and therapeutics for Nile tilapia has increased along with its increased production and intensification. Probiotics have been studied as an alternative to the excessive use of antibiotics in fish diets. Studies have demonstrated that dietary Bacillus probiotic inclusion promotes faster growth and disease resistance in farmed fish species. Despite advances in research, there is still uncertainty about the mechanisms controlling the immune response of fish. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent research on the immune responses of Nile tilapia to Bacillus probiotics. Through the use of immunological information including phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, respiratory activity, antioxidant proteins, complement activity, and immune-related gene expression, researchers hope to develop effective strategies for successfully using Bacillus probiotics in Oreochromis niloticus farming.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bourquin:2023:CGC, author = "Rebecca Bourquin and Michael J. Moore and Donald J. Orth and Eric M. Hallerman", title = "Conservation Genetics of Clinch Dace \bioname{Chrosomus {\rm sp. cf.} saylori}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "365", day = "13", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070365", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/365", abstract = "Clinch Dace (Chrosomus sp. cf. saylori) is a newly recognized and yet-undescribed species of minnow with a restricted and fragmented distribution in the upper Tennessee River basin in southwestern Virginia, USA. We collected Clinch Dace from seven streams and observed variations at nine selectively neutral microsatellite DNA loci to infer population genetic processes and identify units for conservation management. Bayesian cluster analysis showed that three of the seven surveyed populations were genetically distinct, while the other four populations showed signs of recent admixture. Estimated effective population sizes and m -ratios were low within most populations, suggesting loss of alleles due to recent genetic drift. Positive F IS values, high average individual inbreeding coefficients, and high degrees of inferred relatedness among individuals suggested that inbreeding is taking place in some populations. F ST values were high, and analysis of molecular variance indicated genetic divergence among populations. These indicators suggest that Clinch Dace populations are subject to the genetic processes that are characteristic of small and isolated populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chiu:2023:CRB, author = "Pei-Sheng Chiu and Shine-Wei Ho and Cheng-Hsuan Huang and Yen-Chun Lee and Yu-Hung Lin", title = "Captive Reproductive Behavior, Spawning, and Early Development of White-Barred Goby \geoname{Amblygobius phalaena} ({Valenciennes}, 1837) and Examined Larval Survival and Viability at Different Water Temperatures and Salinities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "364", day = "12", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070364", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/364", abstract = "White-barred goby Amblygobius phalaena is a highly valued marine ornamental fish, but its captive reproduction and early life history are poorly understood. In this study, the captive reproductive behavior, early development, and optimal temperature and salinity for the larval survival and viability of A. phalaena were investigated for the first time. Spawning occurred between 11:00 and 13:00, with the breeding pairs naturally spawning 24 times from 1 June 2021 to 30 June 2022. The fecundity ranged from 11,022 to 95,858 eggs per spawning event. Hatching occurred approximately 81 h and 26 min after fertilization at a temperature of 27.0 {\pm} 0.9 {$^\circ $}C. Newly hatched larvae had a total length (TL) of 1.91--2.03 mm with 24--26 somites. The larvae transformed into juveniles at 30 days post-hatch. Experiments were conducted at different temperatures (21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 {$^\circ $}C) and salinities (18, 24, 30, and 36 ppt) to determine the optimal conditions for larval survival and viability. The results indicate that the most suitable conditions in terms of temperature were in the range of 21--27 {$^\circ $}C and 30 ppt for salinity. These findings provide valuable insights for the future development of captive-breeding techniques and the commercial production of other marine ornamental gobies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Montag:2023:FRS, author = "Luciano Foga{\c{c}}a de Assis Montag and Luiz Ant{\^o}nio Wanderley Peixoto and Lidia Brasil Seabra and Liziane Amaral Barbosa Gon{\c{c}}alves and Cleonice Maria Cardoso Lobato and Marina Barreira Mendon{\c{c}}a and Tiago Octavio Begot and Erival Gon{\c{c}}alves Prata and Tiago Magalh{\~a}es da Silva Freitas", title = "First Record of Spinal Deformity in the \geoname{South American} Silver Croaker \bioname{Plagioscion squamosissimus} ({Eupercaria: Sciaenidae}) in the \geoname{Xingu River, Brazil}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "363", day = "12", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070363", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/363", abstract = "Observations of skeletal malformations in fish in the wild are poorly documented and need to be investigated. Here we report the occurrence of body shortening in specimens of Plagioscion squamosissimus collected in the Volta Grande do Xingu, middle Xingu River region (Par{\'a}, Brazil), during a 12-month monitoring program (2021--2022). We observed morphological anomalies in nine individuals, of which two underwent radiographic analysis, recording the fusion and compression of vertebrae in different portions of the spine. The average percentage decrease in body length resulting from the deformity was 23.8\%. This is the first record of malformation in this species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2023:EBP, author = "Xiaojuan Hu and Yu Xu and Haochang Su and Wujie Xu and Guoliang Wen and Chuangwen Xu and Keng Yang and Song Zhang and Yucheng Cao", title = "Effect of a Bacillus Probiotic Compound on \bioname{Penaeus vannamei} Survival, Water Quality, and Microbial Communities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "362", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070362", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/362", abstract = "Given the widespread use of commercial probiotics in aquaculture, it is important to evaluate the quality and environmental effects of these additives. Here, the effects of a Bacillus probiotic compound, BG4, on Penaeus vannamei survival rate, water quality factors, and microbial communities were assessed. An analysis of the BG4 powder confirmed the content of probiotic bacteria: 50.2\% Bacillus licheniformis, 48.4\% Bacillus subtilis, and 1.4\% Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, consistent with the information on the product packaging. The effective bacterial quantity (1.1 $ \times $ 10 9 CFU/g) was higher than that indicated on the product label (2 $ \times $ 10 8 CFU/g). BG4 was added to a sterilized aquaculture water system, according to the indicated bacterial quantity; after 7 days, the maximum ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand degradation rates were 36.3\%, 28.9\%, and 15.2\%, respectively. In the shrimp culture experiment, the survival rate of P. vannamei and water quality did not differ significantly between the BG4 and control groups. The bacterial quantity and high-throughput sequencing results indicated that Bacillus content in BG4 group decreased continuously from 3.5 $ \times $ 10 4 CFU/mL to 6.9 $ \times $ 10 2 CFU/mL. To ensure the desired effect of probiotics in commercial aquaculture applications, additional quality evaluations and scientific assessments are needed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Andriamahefazafy:2023:GDW, author = "Mialy Andriamahefazafy", title = "Governing Distant-Water Fishing within the Blue Economy in \geoname{Madagascar}: Policy Frameworks, Challenges and Pathways", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "361", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070361", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/361", abstract = "Madagascar's vast oceanic space hosts distant-water fishing (DWF) fleets from Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Spain, France and others since the 1960s, making DWF a substantial component of the blue economy. Considering this extensive experience of managing DWF activities for more than 60 years, this paper explores the existing policy frameworks and challenges regarding managing DWF. The results show while it is well equipped legally, the country is struggling to implement its national policies and laws while continuing to adopt new management frameworks. This is due to a limited coherence on long-term policy making and policy implementation, resulting in a mismatch between the two, and a paradoxical vision that promotes DWF without the means to monitor fishing activities and their impacts. The existing institutional settings and governance frameworks make change possible in Madagascar's approach to DWF. To improve the management of DWF, this paper outlines four pathways. These include (i) a greater attention on the implementation, harmonisation and evaluation of existing policies and projects; (ii) continuing efforts on transparency for DWF operations and contract negotiations; (iii) realigning aspirations and policies with local needs; and (iv) taking better advantage of measures adopted at the regional Indian Ocean level to improve national management of DWF. An efficient implementation of an improved policy and legal framework could contribute to strengthening the governance of DWF activities toward sustaining national benefits while preserving coastal livelihoods.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mao:2023:IAS, author = "Hanping Mao and Bin Wang and Jian Zhao and Yafei Wang and Xiaoxue Du and Qiang Shi", title = "Influences of Aquaponics System on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Parameters, Stress Parameters and Gene Expression of \bioname{Carassius auratus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "360", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070360", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/360", abstract = "Aquaponics is a new type of composite farming system, which combines aquaculture and hydroponics through ecological design to achieve scientific synergism. However, the effects of aquaponics on the welfare status and stress parameters of fish are unclear. In this study, 150 crucian carp with an average initial body weight of 7.06 {\pm} 0.32 g were selected. Nine fish were randomly selected as the control group (NC group and hypoxia group) for stress, antioxidant and gene expression parameters after acclimation and hypoxia stress, respectively. The remaining crucian carps were randomly divided into three experimental groups with 20 crucian carps in each group (T 0, T 1 and T 2, respectively), with three replicates. The fresh weight of the lettuce root in the T 2 group had no significant effect (p {$>$} 0.05). Compared with the control group (T 0 and T 1), there were significant differences in the specific growth rate, the weight gain rate, the fresh leaf weight, the chlorophyll content and the water quality parameters in group T 2 (p {$<$} 0.05). Regarding the biochemical parameters, superoxide dismutase and catalase showed significant differences between the T 2 and T 1 groups (p {$<$} 0.05). At the same time, the HSP70 and Prdx3 genes were upregulated in the liver of the T 2 group compared to the NC group and the hypoxia group. The research suggests that aquaponics may reduce the hypoxia stress of crucian carp without affecting the growth of crucian carp and lettuce.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Peng:2023:HAG, author = "Zhilan Peng and Xiaomin Liu and Ming Jin and Yu Zhan and Xiaolin Zhang and Yongbo Bao and Minhai Liu", title = "Hypoxia Activates \gene{HIF-1$ \alpha $} and Affects Gene Expression and Transcriptional Regulation of {PHD} in \bioname{Tegillarca granosa}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "359", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070359", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/359", abstract = "Hypoxia is a common challenge faced by mollusks, and the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{\alpha} (HIF-1{\alpha}) in regulating related target genes under hypoxia in Tegillarca granosa (Tg) remains unclear. In this study, we identified gene HIF-1{\alpha} and further explored its function. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expression of HIF-1{\alpha}, prolyl 4-hydroxylases (PHD), hemoglobin (Hb), and myoglobin (Mb) in response to hypoxia. Dual-luciferase reporter analysis was used to assess the transcriptional activity of HIF-1{\alpha} on the PHD and Hb genes during hypoxia. Results showed that the expression levels of HIF-1{\alpha} and PHD mRNAs were highest in the gill and lowest in the adductor muscle. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1{\alpha} and PHD mRNAs were both induced, and their expression levels increased significantly, peaking at 8 h and gradually decreasing thereafter. The transcription of Tg-PHD was induced by hypoxia and was Tg-HIF-1{\alpha} dependent. Notably, the expression of Hb decreased in hemocytes (p {$<$} 0.01) after 8 h at 0.5 mg/L, while the expression of MbI and MbII increased (p {$<$} 0.01) in the hepatopancreas after 24 h and 120 h, respectively. Moreover, Tg-HIF-1{\alpha} could transactivate the PHD promoter but not that of Hb. These findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory role of Tg-HIF-1{\alpha} on Tg-PHD, safeguarding it from degradation by PHD and offering significant contributions to the understanding of HIF-1{\alpha}'s function. Nonetheless, the expression of Tg-HIF-1{\alpha} protein was not detected under hypoxic conditions, and additional investigations are required to quantify Tg-HIF-1{\alpha} protein dynamics and establish the correlation between mRNA expression and protein levels.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2023:TAR, author = "Ren-Xie Wu and Yan-Shan Liang and Su-Fang Niu and Jing Zhang and Bao-Gui Tang and Zhen-Bang Liang", title = "Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Circadian Rhythm Homeostasis in Pearl Gentian Grouper under Acute Hypoxia", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "358", day = "10", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070358", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/358", abstract = "Oxygen level is an important environmental factor affecting the circadian rhythm. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism by which clock genes regulate the circadian rhythm in fish under hypoxia. To explore changes in the transcription and expression of clock genes and related molecular regulatory mechanisms in pearl gentian grouper under hypoxia, liver transcriptome data were analyzed after exposure to acute hypoxic stress (dissolved oxygen 0.5 mg/L) for 1, 3, 6, and 9 h. miR-210 and m0044-5p inhibited the expression of period3 (per3) and casein kinase 1 delta b (csnk1db) in the core loop of the circadian clock, respectively. The nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group d member 1 (nr1d1) and RAR-related orphan receptor b (rorb) genes in the auxiliary loop were jointly up-regulated by three miRNAs (miR-144-3p/5p, miR-361-5p, and miR-133) and the transcription factor nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group d member 2 (Nr1d2). The pearl gentian grouper maintains the stability of circadian clock systems and normal physiological metabolism under hypoxic stress by regulating the transcriptional expression of these genes via miRNAs and transcription factors to improve hypoxic tolerance. These findings provide important basic data for future research on hypoxic tolerance in pearl gentian grouper and provide new insights into the interaction between hypoxia and the circadian rhythm in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Elbahnaswy:2023:BCI, author = "Samia Elbahnaswy and Gehad E. Elshopakey and Medhat S. Shakweer and Elsayed A. A. Eldessouki and Abdelwahab A. Abdelwarith and Elsayed M. Younis and Simon J. Davies and Mai A. M. El-Son", title = "Bacterial Co-Infection as a Potential Threat to Farmed Flathead Grey Mullet (\bioname{Mugil cephalus}): Phenotypic and Molecular Diagnosis, Histopathology, Immunity Response, and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "357", day = "10", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070357", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/357", abstract = "Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio chlorea, and Enterococcus cloacae were the main bacterial pathogens investigated during recurrent episodes of mortalities among farmed flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) in the Bahar El-Baqar area, Sharqia governorate, Egypt, during the summer season in 2021. Nevertheless, the contamination of water with heavy metals was evaluated. In this study, a total number of sixty moribund and freshly dead Mugil cephalus were examined clinically and upon post-mortem. Then, the bacterial isolates were subjected to bacteriological phenotypic examination, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Histopathological screening and the immunity response of naturally infected M. cephalus were also implemented. In areas where bacterial strains were recovered in a high percentage, water contamination with Cu, Fe, and Ni was higher than the permissible limit. The results showed a high similarity (99--100\%) to Vibrio and E. cloacae strains using phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA. Most isolates exhibited sensitivity to florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, while they were resistant to erythromycin and amoxicillin. Hemorrhage, oedema, hemosiderosis, and melanomacrophage activation in most affected tissues of infected M. cephalus were detected by light microscopy. Nevertheless, higher levels of AST and ALT, as well as serum inflammatory markers, CRP, and lysozyme activity, were shown in infected fish. There were higher MDA levels, along with a reduction of GSH, SOD, and catalase, in the gills and brain of infected M. cephalus, compared to the control fish. Our obtained data confirmed the high prevalence of Vibrio serovars and E. cloacae in infected grey mullets, describing their histopathological alterations, higher inflammatory response, and oxidative stress impact. These results could be useful indicators for understanding the pathogenesis of these pathogens in correlation with water parameter deterioration. Thus, the emergence of Vibrio and E. cloacae species in this study threatens the brackish water aquaculture industry in Egypt and poses a public health concern.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2023:TBA, author = "Tangjian Zhou and Chaofeng Jia and Qian Meng and Dafeng Xu and Zhiwei Zhang and Fei Zhu and Yonglei Zhao and Ruijian Sun and Yunxia Yang and Shuyin Chen", title = "Transcriptome-Based Analysis of the Liver Response Mechanism of Black Porgy (\bioname{Acanthopagrus schlegelii}) to Stocking Density", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "356", day = "08", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070356", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/356", abstract = "Long-term high stocking density often brings negative effects such as decreased body weight, decreased immunity, and increased mortality to cultured fish, while the effects of short-term stocking are relatively less studied. In this experiment, we characterized spatial and temporal gene expression in black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) liver by establishing two stocking density groups --- high (H: 26.5 kg/m 3) and low (L: 2.95 kg/m 3) --- and conducting transcriptome sequencing before collecting liver samples at two time points: 6 h (AL and AH) and 60 d (CL and CH) into the culture trial. There were 648 and 550 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the AL-vs-AH and CL-vs-CH groups, respectively. The DEGs in the AL-vs-AH group were significantly enriched in steroid biosynthesis, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, the PPAR signaling pathway, proteasome, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes. The DEGs in the CL-vs-CH group were more significantly enriched in lipid metabolism-related pathways, such as the PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism. In addition, immune-related pathways such as the phagosome and complement and coagulation cascades were also enriched in the CL-vs-CH group. The expression changes concerning the DEGs in each group were further analyzed. The DEGs related to steroid synthesis, protein synthesis, and the degradation pathways were down-regulated, but immune-related genes were generally up-regulated in the AH group. The DEGs related to lipid synthesis were significantly up-regulated in the CH group, but the DEGs related to lipid consumption and utilization were down-regulated. The expression of immune-related DEGs was also negatively affected in the CH group. These results suggest that acute and chronic crowding stress affects lipid metabolism and immune regulation in the liver of black porgy. Acute stress particularly affected hepatic protein metabolism, while chronic stress showed more effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of high stocking densities upon black porgy and may also provide a reference for crowding stress regulation studies in other fish species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Banaduc:2023:DDA, author = "Doru B{\u{a}}n{\u{a}}duc and Sergey Afanasyev and John Robert Akeroyd and Aurel N{\u{a}}stase and Ion N{\u{a}}vodaru and Lucica Tofan and Angela Curtean-B{\u{a}}n{\u{a}}duc", title = "The \geoname{Danube Delta}: The {Achilles} Heel of \geoname{Danube River--Danube Delta--Black Sea} Region Fish Diversity under a \geoname{Black Sea} Impact Scenario Due to Sea Level Rise --- a Prospective Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "355", day = "07", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070355", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/355", abstract = "The Danube Delta is one of Earth's biodiversity hotspots and includes many endemic, rare, and important species of both major conservation and economic value. This unique complex of ecosystems also plays a key role for Danube River and Black Sea fish fauna through its role as a natural safe buffer, shelter, feeding, reproduction, and smooth transitional area for a large number of fish species. Climate change is inducing a progressive sea level rise in the Black Sea, a fact that is expected to impact the delta's key complex and dynamic habitats, biocoenoses, and associated biota, and last but not least the key taxonomic group, namely, fish. Around one-third of the fish species of this delta will be greatly affected, sometimes negatively, by this climate change scenario, another one-third to a lesser extent, and the final one-third not at all. The ecological positive feedback of fish can stimulate environmental change and is expected to be responsible for changes within Danube Delta ecosystems, and also for the near Danube River and Black Sea diverse matrix of aquatic and semi-aquatic ecosystems. Sea level rise in the Black Sea is considered to have been one of the main stress factors of the Danube Delta fish fauna in the past, and is likely to be the case in the future. In this spatio-temporal dynamic context, for the fish species under threat and risk, in situ-adapted management measures are highly required. The current work brings for the first time such a prospective knowledge about the potential impact on Danube River--Danube Delta--Black Sea coast fish diversity in the potential climate change--sea level rise scenario.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2023:EEP, author = "Guo Hu and Feng Chen and Ying Zhang and Peixian Luan and Zhiyuan Luo and Jiangong Niu and Peng Zheng and Sai Wang and Tao Zhang and Yongjun Shu and Feng Ji", title = "Estimates of the Effective Population Size and Genetic Structure of the Critically Endangered Ship Sturgeon (\bioname{Acipenser nudiventris}) in the \geoname{Chinese} Section of the \geoname{Ili River}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "7", pages = "354", day = "07", month = jul, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8070354", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:44 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/7/354", abstract = "Ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) is a critically endangered fish that is listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. Sixteen individuals from the Chinese section of the Ili River were genotyped using genome re-sequencing technology. By applying a genomic relatedness estimation with 1,527,694 genome-wide SNP markers, we found that the coancestry coefficients showed a high level of relatedness between individuals. The effective population sizes over 500 generations were estimated, and this showed that the effective population sizes began to dramatically decline from about 14,840 to 171 individuals when going back four generations from the current population. Artificial reproduction techniques guided by genomic relatedness may be a valuable approach to the conservation of this critically endangered fish species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huang:2023:PGB, author = "Lishi Huang and Guosong Zhang and Yupeng Zhang and Xinlan Li and Zhong Luo and Wenyu Liu and Fu Luo and Haifeng Liu and Shaowu Yin and Jun Jiang and Xia Liang and Quanquan Cao", title = "Profiling Genetic Breeding Progress in {Bagrid} Catfishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "426", day = "21", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080426", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/426", abstract = "The Bagridae fish family holds significant economic value and enjoys a high demand in the commercial market due to its desirable characteristics, such as delicious meat, fewer muscle spines, and a pleasing flavor. In recent years, the Bagridae has experienced rapid development in the seed industry in response to industry demands. Researchers have conducted extensive studies on genetic breeding in the Bagridae, employing a comprehensive breeding approach that combines conventional breeding techniques with innovative new technologies and cooperative efforts. In this review, we present an overview of the market situation and discuss various breeding processes applied to the Bagridae, including selective breeding, genetic engineering breeding, cell engineering breeding, molecular marker-assisted breeding, and hybrid breeding. Additionally, we focus on introducing the cultivation methods for two new Bagridae varieties. Furthermore, we explore and summarize the breeding conditions, genetic background, heterosis, comprehensive breeding technology, stress resistance, and metabolic nutrition of hybrid Bagridae catfishes. Overall, noticeable heterosis has been observed in the breeding of the hybrid yellow catfish ``Huangyou-1'', which exhibits promising market prospects and economic benefits for aquaculture. Our study aims to underscore the importance of harnessing the heterosis of catfish, particularly the Pelteobagrus and Bagridae species. Consequently, this review provides an update on the current available information regarding the seed industry of the Bagridae fish family.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:MCR, author = "Zewen Zhang and Xiaohui Li and Guiwei Zou and Hongwei Liang", title = "Molecular Characterization and Response of Silver Carp (\bioname{Hypophthalmichthys molitrix}) {GLUT1} under Hypoxia Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "425", day = "20", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080425", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/425", abstract = "As an important freshwater species with economic and ecological benefits, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) exhibits poor tolerance to hypoxia. Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are core membrane proteins that transport glucose to tissues and regulate essential life activities. Its expression is regulated by HIF-1{\alpha} and cells in hypoxic conditions to maintain energy demand through GLUTs inducing enhanced glucose transport. We cloned H. molitrix glut1 (SLC2A1) and analyzed its sequence using bioinformatics tools. The glut1 cDNA was 2104 base pairs long and encoded a 490 amino acid protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sliver carp glut1 is evolutionarily conserved and exhibited the highest sequence similarity with Ctenopharyngodon idella glut1. Glut1 expression was the highest and lowest in the gills and liver, respectively. Hypoxic stress significantly increased glut1 expression in the brain (p {$<$} 0.05); in the gills, it was the highest and lowest in the semi-asphyxia and asphyxia groups, respectively; in the liver, it was significantly higher under hypoxia than that of the normoxia group; and in the heart, it was significantly higher in the floating head, semi-asphyxia, and asphyxia groups than in the normoxia group (p {$<$} 0.05). The proposed mechanism may thus provide the basis for elucidating the molecular basis of silver carp's hypoxia stress response mediated by glut1.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sava:2023:PPM, author = "Alexandru Sava and Paul Uiuiu and C{\u{a}}lin La{\c{t}}iu and Daniel Cocan and George-C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lin Muntean and Tudor Papuc and Andrada Ihu{\c{t}} and Camelia R{\u{a}}ducu and Anca Becze and Cristina Craioveanu and Camelia Munteanu and Radu Constantinescu and Vioara Mire{\c{s}}an", title = "{PAHs}, Physicochemical and Microbiological Analyses of Trout Processed by Traditional Smoking, in Different Types of Packaging", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "424", day = "19", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080424", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/424", abstract = "Smoking represents one of the oldest thermic processing methods of fish, and it was originally used to preserve fish for later meals, delaying spoiling. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical and microbiological safety and quality of two traditionally smoked trout species (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salvelinus fontinalis). We analyzed the effect of trout processed by traditional smoking, characterizing the samples according to the relationships existing between classical microbial analysis, physicochemical parameters, and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The microbial activity of the smoked fish was very low. Although traditional smoking implies high temperatures and direct exposure to the smoke, Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene compounds had undetectable levels in the samples. The products obtained in this study did not exceed the maximum values imposed by EU legislation regarding the TVB-N values during the 30 days of the experiment. We conclude that traditionally smoked trout has many advantages in terms of quality and safety of the products. Thus, the obtained products are safe for consumption for at least 30 days after processing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Uyisenga:2023:ERF, author = "Adolphe Uyisenga and Hualiang Liang and Mingchun Ren and Dongyu Huang and Chunyu Xue and Heng Yin and Haifeng Mi", title = "The Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Enzymatic Soybean Meal on the Growth Performance, Whole-Body Composition, and Health of Juvenile {Gibel} Carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus gibelio})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "423", day = "18", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080423", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/423", abstract = "Fish meal (FM) constitutes the main, expensive component in aquatic diets. However, the supply of FM is no longer sufficient to sustain global aquaculture production. This study had the primary goal of assessing if the replacement of FM with enzymatic soybean meal (ESBM) can affect the performance of growth and immunological response in juvenile Gibel carp. Juvenile fish with an initial weight of 45.02 {\pm} 0.03 g were arbitrarily assigned to 18 fish cages of 1 m 3 each, then fed with diets of different levels of ESBM (0\% (control group), 4\%, 8\%, 12\%, 16\%, and 20\%) for 159 days. These diets corresponded, respectively, to the replacement levels of 0\% (control group), 20\%, 40\%, 60\%, 80\%, and 100\% FM by ESBM. For the parameters of growth and whole-body composition, no obvious differences were found between the control group and other replacement levels (p {$>$} 0.05). Similarly, none of the replacement levels showed significant effects for alanine transaminase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glucose (GLU) levels (p {$>$} 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in plasma, were not significantly affected at all replacement levels, according to the findings of this study (p {$>$} 0.05). The replacement level of 60\% significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), whereas the replacement levels of 20\% and 100\% markedly decreased the activities of this enzyme (p \SGMLentity{706} 0.05). Hepatic and intestinal tissues in this study did not show obvious alterations at all levels of replacement.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hwang:2023:PFC, author = "Ju-Ae Hwang and Jun Seong Park and Hae Seung Jeong and Hyeongsu Kim and Seung-Yoon Oh", title = "Productivity of Fish and Crop Growth and Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in the {FLOCponics} System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "422", day = "18", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080422", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/422", abstract = "Aquaponics (AP) and biofloc technology (BFT) systems rely heavily on bacterial communities to break down organic matter and cycle nutrients that are essential for fish and plant growth. The functional roles of bacterial communities in aquaculture systems are critical to their sustainable operation. Currently, the research on the combination of BFT and AP systems called FLOCponics (FP) is lacking, thereby hindering our ability to optimize their performance. Here, several characteristics (productivity of fish and crops, physicochemical properties of water, and bacterial community) in FP systems cultivating Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and leaf lettuce Caipira (Lactuca sativa) were compared to those in the BFT system. Additionally, the effect of fish density on the FP system was investigated. The results indicated that the FP system was more productive than the BFT system. Fish growth rate was highest in the FP system (52.6\%), and the average body weight of eels was 168.2 {\pm} 26.8 g in the FP system compared to 140.3 {\pm} 27.0 g in the control (BFT, 5 kg/m 2). However, increasing fish density resulted in lower growth rates, with a growth rate of 20.6\% observed in the high-density (20 kg/m 2) experimental group. The bacterial composition was also significantly different between the systems and fish densities, suggesting that bacterial communities may be closely related to the performance of the aquaponics system.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2023:SDF, author = "Jiahao Liu and Feiran Zhang and Qiang Ma and Yuliang Wei and Mengqing Liang and Houguo Xu", title = "Sex Differences in Fatty Acid Composition of \geoname{Chinese} Tongue Sole (\bioname{Cynoglossus semilaevis}) Tissues", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "421", day = "17", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080421", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/421", abstract = "The fatty acid accumulation in fish tissues are closely related to fish sex, yet the sex differences in fish fatty acids have not been fully known. This experiment investigated the sex differences in fatty acid composition of Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), which have typical sexual dimorphism and reversal. Three sexes, namely females, males and pseudomales, were involved in this study. Five batches of fish samples were collected from different fish farms in Shandong Province, China. These fish were identified to be at the gonadal development stage of III--IV. The disparity of fatty acid between sexes (female vs male and pseudomale vs. male) was evaluated by the distance coefficient (D sex) and multi-variate similarity of percentages analysis (SIMPER). The highest D sex values between females and males were found in gonad, followed by liver and eye. The fatty acids that differed between females and males were mainly DHA, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, and 18:0. The sex difference in DHA and 18:1n-9 contributed significantly to the overall sex difference in fatty acid of brain, eye, and gonad, whereas that in 16:1n-7 contributed significantly in heart, gill, liver, and muscle. The sex difference in 18:0 contributed significantly to the overall sex difference in fatty acid of heart, gill, gut, and skin. The sex differences in fatty acid between pseudomales and males were generally insignificant. In conclusion, at this gonadal development stage (III--IV), the sex differences in fatty acid between female and male Chinese tongue sole have emerged, mainly in the gonad. The testes had higher DHA levels but lower levels of 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9 than ovaries. In addition, for pseudomales, the phenotypic sex more substantially determined the fatty acid composition than the genetic sex.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garces:2023:ABT, author = "Sara Garc{\'e}s and Gabriele Lara", title = "Applying Biofloc Technology in the Culture of \bioname{Mugil cephalus} in Subtropical Conditions: Effects on Water Quality and Growth Parameters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "420", day = "17", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080420", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/420", abstract = "Mugil cephalus is an estuarine species that has been shown to acclimate to a diversity of environmental conditions being a good candidate to diversify aquaculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and water quality of M. cephalus juveniles in a biofloc technology system (BFT). Over a period of 87 days, mullet juveniles (117.36 {\pm} 6.48 g) were reared in two experimental conditions: water exchange (control group) (50\% three times a week) and BFT (C:N ratio of 15:1). M. cephalus juveniles were stocked at a density of 7.2 kg{\cdot}m {$-$3}. Water quality parameters were monitored periodically. Fish were fed with a balanced artificial feed for marine fish (2\% of the total biomass). The water quality parameters were similar between the treatments, with the exception of pH, alkalinity, TSS, and N-NO 3 (p {$<$} 0.05). Zootechnical parameters WG, DWG, BG, SGR, condition factor, and survival did not show significant differences (p {$>$} 0.05). The biomass gain was higher in BFT (p {$<$} 0.05). Water quality variables did not appear to influence mullet survival under culture conditions. Mullet is a species that can be reared in BFT without compromising productive performance and having a significant saving of water.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lin:2023:EPY, author = "Hao Lin and Sishun Zhou and Zhangfan Huang and Jianrong Ma and Lumin Kong and Yi Lin and Zhongying Long and Huihui Qin and Longhui Liu and Yanbo Zhao and Zhongbao Li", title = "The Effects of \bioname{Porphyra yezoensis} Polysaccharides on Intestinal Health of Spotted Sea Bass, \bioname{Lateolabrax maculatus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "419", day = "15", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080419", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/419", abstract = "Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharides (PPs) have biological activities such as promoting digestion, functioning as antioxidants, and improving intestinal health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PPs on the intestinal health of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). A total of 360 spotted sea bass (10.53 {\pm} 0.02 g) were randomly divided into six groups. Fish in each group were fed with varying PP concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/kg) for 52 days. The results showed that 12 g/kg PPs significantly increased the body weight gain, specific growth rate, and condition factor, while there was no significant change in the feed conversion ratio. A supplementation dosage of 9 g/kg PPs significantly increased intestinal amylase activity, and 12 g/kg PPs supplementation significantly increased intestinal trypsin activity. In addition, compared with the control group, there was no difference in lipase in the experimental groups. When fed 9 g/kg, the intestinal glutathione content was significantly increased, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased; the effect of PPs on the catalase activity was not significant. PPs improved intestinal morphology, specifically by improving the intestinal villus morphology and increasing the intestinal lining surface area. Compared with the control group, PPs increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroides. At the genus level, Cyanobacteria, Muribaculaceae, and Lachnospiraceae were the main flora in the intestinal tract of spotted sea bass. In addition, PPs increased ACE and Chao1 indices of the intestinal microorganisms, while the Simpson index and Shannon index did not change significantly, indicating that intestinal microbial composition and abundance had increased to a certain extent. The results indicated that different levels of PPs in feed can improve the intestinal physiological and biochemical indexes, intestinal morphology, and microbial composition, and thus improve the intestinal health of spotted sea bass.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Totoiu:2023:ETS, author = "Aurelia {\c{T}}o{\c{t}}oiu and Neculai Patriche and Victor Ni{\c{t}}{\u{a}} and Elena S{\^\i}rbu and Floricel Maricel Dima and Magda Ioana Nenciu and Veta Nistor", title = "Epidemiology of Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maeoticus}) Bacterial Contamination, a Fishery Limiting Factor on the \geoname{Romanian Black Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "418", day = "15", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080418", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/418", abstract = "The aim of this research was to evaluate the health status of the Scophthalmus maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) population from the Romanian marine area in 2016--2019, by identifying and investigating information about bacterial and constitutional diseases, establishing the influence of these bacterioses on the researched populations, and highlighting the main biological disorders (reproduction, growth, and feeding) that manifested in the analyzed fish. The bacterial diseases reported in S. maeoticus (Pallas, 1814) populations were caused by pathogens from the genera Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas. Numerous skin diseases, especially various types of ``wounds'', lesions of bony tubercles, and tissue lesions may be the subsequent cause of neoplasms, as a result of fishing gear manipulations. The appearance of significant changes in the prevalence of neoplasia on the Romanian Black Sea coast can be considered an indicator of chronic stress (anthropogenic impact), rather than acute (environmental impact), and we suggest that the species could be used as a biological indicator of changes that may occur in the habitat in which it lives. In terms of future research directions, a combined analysis of the population structure, morphology and diseases determined in S. maeoticus populations, with a structural analysis of the habitat and bacteria contamination degree would be useful; this monitoring should be carried out regularly, to reveal changes in the Black Sea ecosystem, and to propose possible recommendations and protective measures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gomez:2023:EBC, author = "Silvia G{\'o}mez and Gabriele Lara and Carlos Felipe Hurtado and Ren{\'e} Espinoza Alvarado and Jayro Guti{\'e}rrez and Jos{\'e} Carlos Huechucoy and Guillermo Valenzuela-Olea and Alice Turner", title = "Evaluating the Bioremediation Capacity of the Polychaete \bioname{Perinereis gualpensis} ({Jeldes}, 1963) for \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon Aquaculture Sludge", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "417", day = "15", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080417", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/417", abstract = "The potential of polychaetes for the bioremediation of aquaculture sludge gained more attention in recent years. These organisms can reduce organic matter and nutrients contained in the sludge of several aquaculture species, improving the sustainability of these activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal performance of Perinereis gualpensis (Jeldes, 1963) being fed with aquaculture sludge produced by a recirculating system cultivating Atlantic salmon. The experiment involved adding different amounts of sludge (10\% and 20\% with respect to total substrate) at a density of 300 organisms m {$-$2} during 30 days. A treatment without sludge served as a control, using natural substrate. The highest removal rate of total organic matter (TOM) (23.95 {\pm} 13.19 g m {$-$2} day {$-$1}) was achieved by P. gualpensis with 20\% sludge addition, a reduction of about 36\% compared to the total amount added at the beginning of the trials. The organisms fed with aquaculture sludge presented higher nitrogen (8--9\%) and carbon (40--43\%) contents, with a maximum organic carbon assimilation of 32\% in relation to the total content in the sludge. The high survival (88--95\%) and positive growth rates (0.28\% day {$-$1}) achieved by P. gualpensis indicated that this species can be sustained with salmon sludge as the only source of food. These results indicate that P. gualpensis is a promising candidate for removing nutrients from salmon effluents. Moreover, the protein contents achieved by the organisms (52--58\%) meet the dietary protein requirements of several aquaculture species. Further research is needed to determine the maximum bioremediation capacity of this species and to evaluate the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of P. gualpensis to determine its potential application in aquaculture feed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wikumpriya:2023:MCG, author = "Gunasekara Chathura Wikumpriya and Madhuranga Walawedurage Srinith Prabhatha and Jiye Lee and Chan-Hee Kim", title = "Molecular Cloning and Gene Expression of Type {I} Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 6 and 7 (\gene{SOCS6} and \gene{SOCS7}) in Whiteleg Shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "416", day = "14", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080416", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/416", abstract = "Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) genes are essential negative regulators that modulate cytokine signaling and play key roles in numerous biological processes, including immune responses. In this study, we cloned the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of two SOCS genes, designated as Lv SOCS6 and Lv SOCS7, from the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Lv SOCS6 encoded a polypeptide of 463 amino acids (aas), spanning 1392 base pairs (bps), while Lv SOCS7 encoded a significantly larger polypeptide of 955 aas, encompassing 2868 bps. Both Lv SOCS proteins exhibited conserved domains associated with SOCS, including a centralized Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a C-terminal SOCS box. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the deduced aa sequences of Lv SOCS6 and Lv SOCS7 clustered within the invertebrate type I SOCS family, indicating their evolutionary relatedness. Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated ubiquitous expression of both Lv SOCS genes across all examined tissues, with Lv SOCS6 showing heightened expression in the gills and Lv SOCS7 in the gills and stomach. Notably, mRNA expression patterns of Lv SOCS genes following LPS and poly (I:C) stimulations exhibited significant upregulations, while PGN stimulation yielded incongruous results across the examined tissues. Interestingly, concurrent with the diminished expression of Lv SOCS6 and Lv SOCS7, there was significant elevation in mRNA expression levels of Lv STAT, a vital component of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. These findings shed light on the potential involvement of the newly discovered type I SOCS genes in regulating the JAK/STAT pathways and playing pivotal roles in orchestrating the innate immune responses in L. vannamei defense mechanisms.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kim:2023:DMP, author = "Eun-Mi Kim and Mi-Nan Lee and Chun-Mae Dong and Jae-Koo Noh and Eun-Soo Noh and Woo-Jin Kim and Bo-Hye Nam and Young-Ok Kim", title = "Development of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for Rapid and Accurate Identification of \bioname{Girella punctata} and \bioname{G. leonina} ({Teleostei: Girellidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "415", day = "12", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080415", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/415", abstract = "Girella punctata and Girella leonina are economically important species found in the East Sea; along the southern coast of Korea; south of Hokkaido, Japan; around Taiwan; and in the East China sea. In Korea, these two species hold high value, particularly on Jeju Island. These species have similar appearances, and it is challenging to distinguish them, particularly during the seed period. We detected genetic differences in the mtDNA (COI gene) of G. punctata and G. leonina, which are morphologically indistinguishable, and developed species-specific genetic markers for their identification. In total, 16 and 4 haplotypes of the COI genes were obtained from G. punctata (n = 164) and G. leonina (n = 36), respectively. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi, \%) of the COI were 0.359 and 0.054 for G. punctata and 0.560 and 0.078 for G. leonina, respectively. We designed a Girella species common primer (control) and species-specific primer sets (experimental) for the two species. Amplicon sizes of 991, 579, and 391 bp were obtained for common primers of the two Girella species G. punctata and G. leonina. To confirm multiple targets in a single reaction, multiplex PCR conditions were optimized to adjust its resolution and accuracy. The detection levels of the multiplex PCR were confirmed to be 0.01 ng/{\SGMLmicro}L for the two Girella species. The multiplex PCR was not associated with cross-reactivity between G. punctata and G. leonina. This multiplex species-specific PCR method provides a simple and rapid technique for the identification of two Girella species, thus increasing the efficiency and quality of Girella species stock management and forensic identification to prevent species misidentification.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dara:2023:FWA, author = "Mariano Dara and Pierluigi Carbonara and Claudia {La Corte} and Daniela Parrinello and Matteo Cammarata and Maria Giovanna Parisi", title = "Fish Welfare in Aquaculture: Physiological and Immunological Activities for Diets, Social and Spatial Stress on \geoname{Mediterranean} Aqua Cultured Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "414", day = "12", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080414", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/414", abstract = "Welfare assessment currently is less well-characterized for aquatic animals and the classical methodologies used for terrestrial animals are not adequate to improve our knowledge about fish well-being. Among different approaches, the status of organism responses can be carried out using different physiological and biochemical tools. Here, we present the state of the art regarding fish welfare, methodologies, and experimental results with a particular focus on two important Mediterranean aquaculture species, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. We introduce an approach using physiological stress-indicators, growth performance and swimming activity to investigate the effects of the implantation of electronic tags to facilitate the application of telemetry for aquaculture purposes. The application of telemetry to research on aquatic organisms has expanded recently, and its utilization needs to be better understood. The mentioned approaches have been discussed for application in different aquaculture methodologies. Moreover, social stress and territoriality are relevant factors in the evaluation of gregarious species that may have consequences on the conditions of animals farmed in captivity. These aspects, that may impair the ability of fish to respond to various stimuli or negatively influence the flesh quality, here are analysed through behavioural observation, flanked by the physiological and immunological approach.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:OPA, author = "Shuo Wang and Yingxia He and Feng Xi and Ying Liang and Shaowei Zhai", title = "Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins Alleviate the Detrimental Effects of Dietary Histamine on Intestinal Health of Juvenile \geoname{American} Eels (\bioname{Anguilla rostrata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "413", day = "12", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080413", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/413", abstract = "This study was conducted to evaluate the oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) in alleviating the detrimental effects of intestinal health caused by dietary histamine in juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata). A total of 480 fish with a similar body weight of 10.84 {\pm} 0.16 g were randomly divided into four groups, and there were the control group fed a basal diet, the HIS group fed a diet with a high level of histamine (534 mg/kg), the H + OPC I group fed the high histamine diet with 300 mg/kg OPC, and the H + OPC II group fed the high histamine diet with 600 mg/kg OPC, respectiviely. After the fish were fed the trial diets for 77 days, the intestinal samples were taken, and the related parameters of intestinal health were analyzed. Dietary 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg OPC could reverse the decreased activities of lipase, protease, and glutathione peroxidase and the level of total antioxidant capacity, the increased intestinal malondialdehyde and D-lactate acid levels and the activity of diamine oxidase in serum, and the decreased villus height caused by a high level of dietary histamine. There were no significant differences above all the indices between the H + OPC I group and the H + OPC II group. The higher relative abundances of potentially pathogenic bacteria were induced by the high level of dietary histamine. Dietary 300 mg/kg OPC might increase the relative abundance of the potential probiotics and inhibit the colonization of intestinal pathogenic bacteria of juvenile American eels exposed to the stress of high dietary hisatamine. The intestinal health status of the H + OPC groups was similar to that of the control group. These results suggested that dietary 300 mg/kg OPC might alleviate the detrimental effects of dietary 534 mg/kg histamine on the intestine health of juvenile American eels by increasing the activity of digestive enzymes, improving the antioxidative potential and barrier function, and beneficially modulating the intestinal microbiota. Dietary 600 mg/kg OPC could not exert further improvement in growth performance and the intestinal health of juvenile American eels.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Murie:2023:AGF, author = "Debra J. Murie and Daryl C. Parkyn and Christopher C. Koenig and Felicia C. Coleman and Christopher R. Malinowski and Jessica A. Cusick and Robert D. Ellis", title = "Age, Growth, and Functional Gonochorism with a Twist of Diandric Protogyny in Goliath Grouper from the \geoname{Atlantic Coast of Florida}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "412", day = "11", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080412", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/412", abstract = "The lack of data on the age, growth, and reproduction of the Atlantic Goliath Grouper Epinephelus itajara off the coasts of Florida (USA) makes it difficult to estimate the extent of their population recovery following the 1990 fishery closure, as well as the potential effects of the recent (2023) opening of a fishery for juveniles. Goliath Grouper from the Atlantic coast of Florida were non-lethally sampled for size (total length, TL), age (via fin rays), and sex and reproductive stage (via gonad biopsies, milt/egg expression, gonopores) from May to October 2010--2016. Of 653 unique fish captured (not including 118 recaptures), 257 (39.4\%) were females (122--228 cm TL; 5--20 years old), 264 (40.0\%) were males (104--225 cm TL; 4--22 years old), 100 (15.3\%) were unsexed (82--211 cm TL; 3--15 years old), and 32 (4.9\%) were protogynous hermaphrodites (108--209 cm TL; 5--20 years old). Protogyny was conclusively determined in two fish recaptured and re-biopsied that had transitioned from female to male. However, an overlap in the age and size of males and females, a 1:1 sex ratio, and the presence of relatively small, young, mature males, in combination with an apparently low functional sex change rate, all indicated that the sexual pattern of Goliath Grouper was functionally gonochoristic with the potential for diandric protogyny. Females {$>$} 10 years old were larger-at-age than males, and Goliath Grouper from the Atlantic coast were larger-at-age than fish from the Gulf of Mexico. These differences in age, growth, and reproductive strategy --- as well as the nascent fishery for juveniles --- need to be monitored closely so that the current and future reproductive capacity of the population continues to ensure growth and sustainability.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Antognazza:2023:CHG, author = "Caterina M. Antognazza and Anja Palanda{\'c}i{\'c} and Giovanni B. Delmastro and Giuseppe Crosa and Serena Zaccara", title = "Current and Historical Genetic Variability of Native Brown Trout Populations in a Southern Alpine Ecosystem: Implications for Future Management", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "411", day = "10", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080411", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Antognazza:2023:CAA}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/411", abstract = "The highly polymorphic taxon European brown trout (genus Salmo) has high phenotypic plasticity, displaying a complex pattern of morphological and life-history variation, contributing to taxonomic confusion. Three main mitochondrial lineages (Adriatic, Mediterranean, and marmoratus) developed during the Pleistocene climatic events in the southern Alpine ecosystem. Here, the natural distribution of native brown trout S. trutta is controversial, complicated by introductions of the Atlantic strain. By investigating museum vouchers, this study aimed to retrace the historical presence of brown trout in the southern Alpine ecosystem before the beginning of mass introductions, which occurred since the middle of the 19th century. By examining the combination of historical and current genetic variability, this study aims to depict the actual impact of introductions of the introduced strain, increasing knowledge and informing conservation strategies and future management plans. The molecular approaches selected were: (i) sequencing of the mitochondrial control region and (ii) genotyping of the nuclear gene LDH-C1 *. Vouchers dated the presence of the native Adriatic strain since 1821, while current genetic variability showed the widespread signature of introgression, a consequence of several decades of introductions. Focused plans to preserve local lineages are urgently needed, including short-term solution to avoid complete pauperization of this ecosystem.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:DAE, author = "Yongtao Li and Zhaolong Cheng and Tao Zuo and Mingxiang Niu and Ruisheng Chen and Jun Wang", title = "Distribution and Abundance of the \geoname{East Asian} Finless Porpoise in the Coastal Waters of \geoname{Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "410", day = "10", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080410", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/410", abstract = "The baseline data pertaining to the population of the East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) in Chinese waters are significantly deficient. Boat-based visual line transect surveys were conducted from 2018 to 2020 to evaluate the distribution and abundance of the East Asian finless porpoise in the coastal waters (depth {$<$} 30 m) of the Yellow Sea, with a specific focus on the Shandong Peninsula. A total of 50 transects covering 2705 km were conducted, encompassing an area of 23,604 km 2 between {119$^\circ $}30{\prime} E--{123$^\circ $}15{\prime} E and {35$^\circ $}25{\prime} N--{38$^\circ $} N. Throughout the surveys, a total of 117 East Asian finless porpoise groups were detected, with over 90\% of these groups occurring within 15 km of the coast or adjacent islands. The estimated abundance of the East Asian finless porpoise in the study area was determined to be 3978 individuals (CV = 22.39\%, 95\% CI = 2561--6177), reflecting a low density of 0.169 individuals/km 2 (CV = 22.39\%, 95\% CI = 0.109--0.262) within the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea in the Shandong Peninsula. The findings highlight the need for conservation measures to address the threats faced by this species, including bycatch, habitat degradation, and pollution. The establishment of marine protected areas and the implementation of bycatch mitigation measures are crucial for the long-term survival of the East Asian finless porpoise population in the study area. By providing valuable data on the distribution and abundance of the East Asian finless porpoise, this study contributes to our understanding of the population dynamics and conservation status of this threatened species in the Yellow Sea of the Shandong Peninsula.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garcia-Marquez:2023:PEM, author = "Jorge Garc{\'\i}a-M{\'a}rquez and Marta Dom{\'\i}nguez-Maqueda and Miguel Torres and Isabel M. Cerezo and Eva Ramos and Francisco Javier Alarc{\'o}n and Juan Miguel Mancera and Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha and Miguel {\'A}ngel Mori{\~n}igo and Mar{\'\i}a Carmen Balebona", title = "Potential Effects of Microalgae-Supplemented Diets on the Growth, Blood Parameters, and the Activity of the Intestinal Microbiota in \bioname{Sparus aurata} and \bioname{Mugil cephalus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "409", day = "09", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080409", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/409", abstract = "This work aimed to assess the suitability of a microalgal blend as a dietary ingredient for feeding juveniles of marine carnivorous and herbivorous teleost, as is the case of Sparus aurata and Mugil cephalus, respectively, and to isolate microorganisms from different media and characterize them on the base of their enzymatic activities and their antagonism against important fish pathogens. Thirty juveniles of each species (70 {\pm} 3.2 g S. aurata mean weight and 47 {\pm} 2.8 g M. cephalus mean weight) were distributed in four tanks (15 individuals each) corresponding to four independent dietary treatments (control and microalgae diets designed for each species). Fish were fed their corresponding diets ad libitum for 108 days. At the end of the trial, fish were weighed, and plasma, liver, perivisceral fat, and the entire intestines were obtained for the evaluation of growth performance and metabolic assessment. Furthermore, 117 bacterial strains were isolated in different culture media from the gastrointestinal tract of S. aurata fed the microalgae blend and further characterized for their potential use as probiotics in aquaculture. S. aurata fed the microalgae-supplemented diet (25\% dietary inclusion) showed a significant increase in weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, hepatosomatic, and intestine length indices. However, growth performance and somatic indices in M. cephalus were not affected by the experimental diets. Plasma samples from S. aurata fed the microalgal diet revealed higher levels of glucose and triglycerides and a decrease in cortisol levels. No significant differences were found in any biochemical parameters among the experimental diets in M. cephalus. In conclusion, both species demonstrated a favorable adaptation to the nutritional formulation employed in this study, and bacterial strains UMA-169 and UMA-216 (both identified as Bacillus pumilus) could be considered for use in aquaculture as they might benefit host health by improving digestion and absorption of different energy sources and by minimizing the colonization of pathogenic species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lattos:2023:ADM, author = "Athanasios Lattos and Dimitrios K. Papadopoulos and Konstantinos Feidantsis and Ioannis A. Giantsis and Ioannis Georgoulis and Dimitrios Karagiannis and Basile Michaelidis", title = "Antioxidant Defense of \bioname{Mytilus galloprovincialis} Mussels Induced by Marine Heatwaves in Correlation with \bioname{Marteilia} Pathogen Presence", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "408", day = "08", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080408", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/408", abstract = "Background: The effects of climate change negatively affect marine bivalves' health. Lately, the intensity of marine heatwaves poses serious threats to the aquatic environment setting of high-risk bivalve farming. Since temperature increases can jeopardize bivalves' immunity response, pathogen infection becomes more evident. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased during the process of phagocytosis, is confronted by the animals' antioxidant defense system. However, apart from pathogenic infections, antioxidant defense responses are also induced by seawater temperature increases; Methods: To enlighten the antioxidant status of Mytilus galloprovincialis originating from mortality events enhanced by intense heatwaves in Thermaikos Gulf, northern Greece, along with Marteilia refringens infection, we examined the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense (catalase, CuSOD and mt10) along with the lipid peroxidation levels and activity levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, SOD and glutathione reductase); Results: Our results exhibited increased levels of all these biomarkers. This increase was intensified in the Marteilia infected individuals; Conclusions: Our findings shed light on the oxidative and antioxidant status of farmed mussels led to mortality in the context of Marteilia infection. The latter is augmented by the synergistic effect of heatwaves causing a significant increase in oxidative damage and subsequent antioxidant defense.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fedder:2023:SDM, author = "Jens Fedder", title = "Sex Determination and Male Differentiation in Southern Swordtail Fishes: Evaluation from an Evolutionary Perspective", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "407", day = "06", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080407", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/407", abstract = "Southern swordtail fishes, which belong to the viviparous teleosts called Xiphophorus, are unique models for studies of evolution of sex chromosomes. Monofactorial sex-determining systems, with either the male or the female being the heterogametic sex, as well as sex determination involving more than two sex chromosomes, are found in swordtails and related species. Some swordtail species seem to have originated by crossing between two closely related species. Although the sword has disappeared in many Xiphophorus species during evolution, females of non-sworded species still prefer sworded males, demonstrating a discrepancy between natural and sexual selection. Natural sex change has not been documented sufficiently convincingly in swordtails, but, at least in some subspecies, two or more male phenotypes exist. In a laboratory experiment performed for over 30 years, it has been observed that sex-determining genes may be translocated from one chromosome to another in hybrids of these evolutionary young species. While the factors suggested to play central roles in sex determination and differentiation, e.g., Dmrt1 and AMH, are highly conserved during evolution, several master determining factors have been detected in teleosts. Endocrine-induced sex reversal has been demonstrated in the guppy Poecilia reticulata, another viviparous fish. In swordtails (X. helleri), endocrine disruptors such as nonylphenol and bisphenol A may cause testis cell degeneration and the inhibition of spermatogenesis. Furthermore, swordtails are very easy to breed in freshwater aquaria and, therefore, may be good models for studying the factors influencing sex determination and male differentiation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Schemmel:2023:HEH, author = "Eva Schemmel and Nancy J. Brown-Peterson", title = "Handling Effects on Histological Identification of Female Reproductive Status: Examples from Tropical Deepwater Snappers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "406", day = "04", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080406", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/406", abstract = "Post-mortem ovarian tissue degradation from handling effects, such as delays in preservation, can lead to inaccurate reproductive assessments. Therefore, it is important to understand the differences between handling effects and natural ovarian atresia. Seven treatments of various holding temperatures and times to preservation were applied to whole fish and extracted ovaries of three tropical deepwater snapper species. Ovarian post-mortem degradation was observed at 12 h at ambient temperature and after 48 h iced or refrigerated for both whole fish and extracted ovaries; however, degradation did not adversely affect correct reproductive phase classification in fishes stored in ice from 12 to 48 h post-capture. A clear histological indicator of post-mortem degradation was the breakdown of ooplasm organelles at the oocyte periphery observed in vitellogenic and cortical alveolar oocytes. However, the chorion typically remains intact during post-mortem degradation, in contrast to natural atresia. Effects on post-ovulatory follicles were most discernible after 96 h on ice or refrigeration. Freezing gonadal tissue resulted in drastic changes to oocyte shape and morphology, making reproductive phase classification challenging. We advise that (1) freezing ovaries should be avoided where possible, and (2) gonad tissue should ideally be preserved immediately but no later than 48 h post-capture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wan:2023:ELP, author = "Shuai Wan and Zhaosheng Sun and Chang Zhang and Tingshuang Pan and Shuya Yuan and Yuxi Chen and Jun Zou and Qian Gao", title = "Effects of {LPS}, Poly ({I:C}) and \bioname{Edwardsiella tarda} on the Expression Patterns of {IL-17} Family Members and Their Receptors in Spotted Sea Bass (\bioname{Lateolabrax maculatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "405", day = "04", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080405", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/405", abstract = "In fish, the immune system plays a crucial role in defending against pathogen-induced infections. The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, which is a well-studied class of cytokines, serves as a key component of the immune response against external pathogens. In this research, four IL-17 ligands (IL-17A/F1, IL-17B, IL-17C and IL-17D) and one receptor (IL-17RB) genes were identified from spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Alignment analysis showed that the C-terminal region of IL-17 ligands in spotted sea bass was highly conserved. The expression of the IL-17 ligand and receptor genes differed in unstimulated tissues. To investigate the impact of various factors on the immune response of spotted sea bass, we assessed the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic--polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] and Edwardsiella tarda treatment on the IL-17 ligands and receptor responses. Our results reveal that the expression of the IL-17 ligand and receptor transcripts is modulated by LPS, poly (I:C) and E. tarda, indicating their significant role in the immune system.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Batista:2023:SLS, author = "Rosana Oliveira Batista and Bianca Leticia Richter and Jorge Filipe Banze and Delano Dias Schleder and Maria Salhi and Renata Oselame Nobrega and Maria Fernanda Oliveira da Silva and Bruna Mattioni and James Eugene Pettigrew and D{\'e}bora Machado Fracalossi", title = "Soy Lecithin Supplementation Promotes Growth and Increases Lipid Digestibility in {GIFT} \geoname{Nile} Tilapia Raised at Suboptimal Temperature", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "404", day = "03", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080404", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/404", abstract = "Soy lecithin (SL) is a source of phospholipids, which play a crucial role in determining cell membrane structure, fluidity, and functionality. This study investigated the effects of dietary SL on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and body composition of Nile tilapia juveniles (average initial weight 12.2 g) raised at 22 {$^\circ $}C. The experimental diets contained increasing levels of SL (0.0, 21.0, 43.0, and 64.0 g kg {$-$1}). The best weight gain and feed efficiency occurred with 42.2 and 49.8 g kg {$-$1} of SL inclusion, respectively, estimated through quadratic regression after 90 days of feeding. The body composition of the fish was also affected by feeding with SL, with a decrease in total body lipids and viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices but an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids. A digestibility trial using only two diets (0SLD and 43SLD) revealed increased lipid and fatty acids digestibility in fish fed with 43SLD. In addition, the consumption of digestible nutrients was the highest in fish fed the diet 43SL. Therefore, SL supplementation is beneficial in fall/spring diets for Nile tilapia juveniles as it can improve growth, lipid digestibility, and body composition when supplemented within the range of 42 to 50 g kg {$-$1} diet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fitzpatrick:2023:EPF, author = "Ryan M. Fitzpatrick and David W. Longrie and Ryan J. Friebertshauser and H. Paul Foutz", title = "Evaluation of a Prefabricated Fish Passage Design for \geoname{Great Plains} Fishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "403", day = "03", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080403", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/403", abstract = "Connectivity is critical for stream fish persistence, and fish passage structures are a useful conservation tool to reconnect fragmented systems. The design of fish passage structures is a tradeoff between the area available for construction, slope, and costs associated with the structure. The Longrie--Fecteau fish passage structure was designed to be modular, adjustable to barrier-specific needs, and to have a low slope (2\%) to pass small-bodied fishes. We evaluated fish passage through this structure in Fountain Creek, Colorado, USA, via a PIT tag mark--recapture study. We documented four native Great Plains fish species successfully ascending the passage structure, with most passage occurring at night. We estimated a 3\% probability of a released fish entering the structure, then 89\% and 99\% passage to the midpoint and exit of the 123 m structure, respectively. Low entrance efficiency was due to low recapture probability of small-bodied study organisms in a relatively large system, and the low percentage of space of the entryway on this barrier ({$<$3}\% of the length of the barrier). Fish that entered the structure ascended quickly, with median time for successful ascent of 19 min, and minimum time of 6 min. The Longrie--Fecteau fish passage structure is a conservation tool that may broaden the adoption of fish passage structures for small-bodied fishes due to its modularity and low slope.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Akgun:2023:RTB, author = "Yagmur Akgun and Ekin Akoglu", title = "{Randall}'s Threadfin Bream (\bioname{Nemipterus randalli}, {Russell} 1986) Poses a Potential Threat to the \geoname{Northeastern Mediterranean Sea} Food Web", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "402", day = "03", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080402", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/402", abstract = "The eastern Mediterranean Sea is one of the most invaded marine ecosystems due to the introduction of Lessepsian species, which migrated from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea following the construction of the Suez Canal. Some of these species may initially appear to be beneficial for fisheries by providing additional income sources for fishers; however, this usually occurs at the expense of negatively impacted native species and, thus, the ecosystem, which leads to greater economic losses for the fisheries in the long term. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the impact of N. randalli, which is one of the Lessepsian species with increasing commercial importance for the fisheries, on the food web dynamics in a coastal ecosystem in the northeastern Mediterranean Sea using a mass-balance food web modelling approach by capitalising on field data obtained from trawl samplings conducted within the scope of the study. Results showed that the ecosystem was in a developmental stage and experienced an autotrophic succession. The keystone fish group with a structuring role in the food web was sea breams and porgies. Although N. randalli had positive impacts on certain commercially exploited indigenous demersal fish species by mitigating the negative impact of another Lessepsian species, i.e., Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848), in the food web, it had a negative impact on the keystone group of the food web, i.e., sea breams and porgies. Therefore, N. randalli poses a potential threat to the ecosystem's structure, and the interactions of N. randalli with other species in the food web may instigate an ecosystem reorganisation in the future. We suggest targeted fisheries exploitation and incentives for the fishery of N. randalli as management strategies to mitigate its negative impacts. However, the mitigating role of N. randalli in regulating the negative impacts of S. undosquamis could be adversely affected by its increasing exploitation; therefore, future modelling studies should consider scenario simulations to test such effects.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mao:2023:FNP, author = "Xiao-jiang Mao and Kang-le Lu", title = "Fish Nutrition and Physiology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "401", day = "02", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080401", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/401", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tserkova:2023:BPB, author = "Feriha M. Tserkova and Vesselina V. Mihneva and Elitsa P. Petrova-Pavlova", title = "Biological Parameters and Biomass and Abundance Indices of Two Demersal Species, Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maximus}) and Thornback Ray (\bioname{Raja clavata}), Estimated by a Trawl Survey in \geoname{Western Black Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "400", day = "02", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080400", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/400", abstract = "In this study, we determined the biological characteristics and indices of abundance and biomass of two demersal species, turbot and thornback ray, through a scientific trawl survey of Bulgarian Black Sea waters in the autumn of 2020. Turbot is among the most valuable fish species in the Black Sea, and thornback ray is a sensitive cartilaginous species with a significantly declining abundance throughout the Mediterranean region. The stock biomass of turbot was estimated at 1467.6 tons, with a relative abundance of 896,922 individuals, and those of the thornback ray were 1187.9 tons and 519,606 individuals, respectively. Mean turbot abundance, interpolated into {0.5$^\circ $} latitude/longitude grid cells, ranged between 52 and 120 ind{\cdot}km {$-$2}, with a mean biomass of 78.26--238.31 kg{\cdot}km {$-$2}, and for the thornback ray, these indices were within the limits of 0--107 ind{\cdot}km {$-$2} and 0--219 kg{\cdot}km {$-$2}. The distribution of the different length classes of the two fish species by depth layer was analyzed. Length--weight relationships were estimated based on combined samples of both sexes and separately for female and male individuals, allowing a better understanding of growth patterns.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Samy-Kamal:2023:MET, author = "Mohamed Samy-Kamal and Tatiana Shulezhko and Natalia Lisitcyna", title = "Marine Endangered and Threatened Species in \geoname{Russia}: a Review of Current Conservation Strategies and Management Legislative Tools", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "399", day = "02", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080399", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/399", abstract = "Despite the global decline in marine species biodiversity, relatively few countries have enacted national endangered and threatened species legislation. Tailoring an adequate legislative framework with clear objectives and regulations consistent with the available scientific evidence is fundamental for the effective conservation of marine endangered and threatened species. This paper analyzes the legal framework and current institutional tools for the conservation of marine endangered and threatened species in the Russian Federation. In this regard, important legislative tools include federal laws, as well as internationally binding signed agreements, among others, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar). A strategy and an action plan for the conservation of biological diversity were also developed. Besides, the most important tool for the conservation and protection of marine endangered and threatened species is the Red Book of the Russian Federation (RBRF) and other regional Red Books. Responsibility for causing harm to the species listed in the RBRF and their habitat is specified in the code of administrative offenses and the criminal code of the Russian Federation. Finally, conclusions and identified gaps were highlighted in the last section, including, among other things, that legislation is still limited in how it takes the impacts of climate change into account. Such type of study is highly recommended, considering the relatively few number of papers dedicated to the study of the impact and/or implications of the conservation tools and strategies mentioned in this paper on the status of the marine endangered and threatened species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ellis:2023:SMA, author = "Robert D. Ellis and Christopher C. Koenig and James V. Locascio and Christopher R. Malinowski and Felicia C. Coleman", title = "Spawning Migrations of the \geoname{Atlantic} Goliath Grouper along the \geoname{Florida Atlantic Coast}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "398", day = "01", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080398", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/398", abstract = "Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara), the largest reef fish in the Western Atlantic, exhibit high site fidelity to home reefs but also undertake annual migrations to distant spawning sites. Once relatively common throughout Florida and the Caribbean, the species; is now considered vulnerable (i.e., threatened with extinction) due to overfishing and loss of juvenile mangrove habitat. Goliath grouper in the southeastern US form annual spawning aggregations on high-relief reefs located offshore of both the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of Florida, US. To determine spawning site fidelity and describe migration patterns to aggregations, we implanted 50 adult goliath grouper with acoustic transmitter tags from 2010 to 2013. Fish were tagged at known spawning sites off the Florida Atlantic coast and tracked as they moved through the FACT Network array of acoustic receivers. From 2010 to 2020, we collected $ \approx $7 million detections from tagged goliath grouper at 153 sites along the southeastern US Atlantic coast. Results of this long-term tracking indicate that adult goliath grouper are relatively sedentary during non-spawning months (Nov to June) but move significantly more prior to, during, and immediately after spawning (July to Oct). Inter-annual spawning site fidelity was high: between 80--93\% of tagged fish returned to the same spawning sites each year. Arrival timing at spawning sites coincided with the August new moon, with males arriving earlier than females. Some individuals migrated distances greater than 400-km per year, with observed migration rates of up to 44-km per day prior to spawning. Long-term tagging data are critical for understanding movement patterns and developing management strategies for this species of special conservation concern.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shi:2023:EFG, author = "Lian Shi and Junjie Zhang and Lingmin Zhao and Qi Li and Lixing Huang and Yingxue Qin and Qingpi Yan", title = "Effect of the Flagellar Gene \gene{fliL} on the Virulence of \bioname{Pseudomonas plecoglossicida} to Hybrid Grouper (\bioname{Epinephelus fuscoguttatus} [female sign] $ \times $ \bioname{E. lanceolatus} [male sign])", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "8", pages = "397", day = "01", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080397", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Thu Sep 14 11:07:45 MDT 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/8/397", abstract = "Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is the pathogen of visceral white spot disease in marine fish, which usually occurs at 16--19 {$^\circ $}C and has resulted in heavy economic losses. Our previous RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of the fliL gene in P. plecoglossicida was significantly up-regulated during infection of the host. In order to study the influence of the fliL gene on the virulence of P. plecoglossicida, the fliL gene of the NZBD9 strain was knocked out by the homologous recombination method, the fliL gene-deleted strain ({\Delta} fliL strain) constructed, and complemented the fliL gene to the {\Delta} fliL strain to obtain the C-{\Delta} fliL strain. The growth curves of the NZBD9 strain, {\Delta} fliL strain, and C-{\Delta} fliL strain did not show significant differences. Compared with the NZBD9 strain, the motility, adhesion, and biofilm formation ability were tendered in the {\Delta} fliL strain (p {$<$} 0.05); the complement of the fliL gene enhanced these abilities to the level of the NZBD9 strain. The results of artificial infection experiments showed that the LD 50 of NZBD9 strain, {\Delta} fliL strain, and C-{\Delta} fliL strain in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus {[female-sign]} $ \times $ E. lanceolatus {[male-sign]}) were 5.0 $ \times $ 10 3 CFU/fish, 6.3 $ \times $ 10 4 CFU/fish, and 1.3 $ \times $ 10 3 CFU/fish, respectively. RNA sequencing was performed on wild-type strains and {\Delta} fliL strains. A total of 126 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened (p {$<$} 0.05), of which 114 were downregulated and 12 were upcontrolled, among which several genes related to the six-type secretion system and transport activity were significantly downregulated. The DEGs were aligned to the GO and KEGG databases and enriched to 44 GO pathways and 39 KEGG pathways, respectively. The active pathways of ABC transporters were significantly enriched in both databases. These results indicate that the fliL gene is related to the movement, biofilm formation, and adhesion ability of P. plecoglossicida, and may reduce virulence by affecting substance transport and bacterial secretion.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:CDI, author = "Hongxiang Xu and Jindong Ren and Xiaojun Xu and Bao Lou and Demin Zhang", title = "The Composition and Diversity of Intestinal Microbes at Different Growth Stages of Giant Freshwater Prawns (\bioname{Macrobrachium rosenbergii})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "473", day = "21", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090473", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/473", abstract = "Intestinal bacterial communities play an important role in the growth and health of aquatic animal hosts and have drawn increasing attention. However, the role of the intestinal microbiota in the growth of freshwater prawns remains unclear. Here, the intestinal microbiota of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) at different life stages (one, two, and three months old) were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that community richness and diversity increased with growth, which might be one of the reasons that the prawns maintained a fast growth rate before sexual maturation. Three core phyla were identified in the one-month-old group, namely, Firmicutes (79.24\%), Proteobacteria (17.09\%) and Actinobacteriota (2.01\%). Five core phyla were identified in the two-month-old group, including Firmicutes (47.84\%), Proteobacteria (44.22\%), Actinobacteriota (1.83\%), Acidobacteriota (1.66\%) and Bacteroidota (1.24\%), and the core phyla in the three-month-old group were similar, except for Acidobacterota, which was not identified. A total of 12 core genera were identified in all samples, and significant differences were observed in the relative abundance of gut microbiota between the three groups (p {$<$} 0.05). Exiguobacterium, Lactococcus and Shewanella were the three most significantly differentially abundant genera between stages. In addition, Candidatus Hepatoplasma was detected only in the two- and three-month-old prawn groups. This study provides information on the differences in the intestinal microbiota in different developmental stages, which contribute to adaptation to salinity in the early developmental stage and digestive ability to meet the growth needs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Aviles-Polanco:2023:CES, author = "Gerza{\'\i}n Avil{\'e}s-Polanco and Marco Antonio Almendarez-Hern{\'a}ndez and Luis Felipe Beltr{\'a}n-Morales and Fernando Aranceta-Garza", title = "Cost Efficiencies of the Shrimp Fishery in \geoname{Mexico}: a Stochastic Frontier Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "472", day = "21", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090472", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/472", abstract = "Fishing sector fuel subsidies are designed to increase profitability by reducing costs. However, despite the number of liters of fuel subsidized in 2018 in Mexico, there is no information available on the effectiveness of the subsidies in reducing cost inefficiencies. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost efficiency of shrimp fishing companies in Mexico, as well as measure the impact of fuel subsidies on the cost inefficiency of the sector from 2003 to 2018. The True Fixed Effects model was used to represent a Cobb--Douglas stochastic production frontier, which included a shrimp fishing inefficiencies model. The results indicate that shrimp fishing companies could reduce their costs by 25\% without reducing their catch levels. Fishing companies in the Gulf of Mexico were more efficient than those operating in the Gulf of California and the South Pacific. Fuel subsidies reduce cost inefficiencies, with a greater effect when the subsidy reaches a level of 20\% of the total liters of subsidized fuel.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Linnansaari:2023:RCW, author = "Tommi Linnansaari and Ant{\'o}in M. O'Sullivan and Cindy Breau and Emily M. Corey and Elise N. Collet and R. Allen Curry and Richard A. Cunjak", title = "The Role of Cold-Water Thermal Refuges for Stream Salmonids in a Changing Climate --- Experiences from \geoname{Atlantic Canada}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "471", day = "21", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090471", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/471", abstract = "Thermal refuges are becoming increasingly influential for dictating the population status and spatial distribution of cold-water stenotherm salmonids in the mid- to southern extent of their range. The global climate is predicted to continue to warm, and therefore, the overall thermal suitability of freshwater habitats for stream salmonids is predicted to decline in concert. However, stream and river thermal heterogeneity will offer considerable resiliency for these populations. Thermal refuges are formed by many physical processes; common natural refuges include cold tributary plumes, groundwater springs, alcoves, and hyporheic upwellings. However, many anthropogenically formed refuges (such as stratified reservoirs or cold-water tailrace outflows) also exist in hydropower-regulated rivers. The significance of these refuges to stream salmonids depends on their size and temperature differential, but also other habitat characteristics such as their depth, flow velocity, Froude number, and many biotic factors within the refuges. Modern technologies such as drone-mounted thermal infrared cameras and other remote sensing techniques allow for the efficient identification of such refuges, and inexpensive options include the identification of refuges during ice cover using orthophotographs. Behavioural thermoregulation, i.e., salmonids aggregating in cold-water refuges, can be either facultative or obligate and the timing of these events is governed by life stage, species, and population-specific physiologically regulated cumulative thresholds that are inherently related to the recent thermal history, or hysteresis, of each individual. Salmonids appear to have an excellent spatial cognition for locating and relocating cold-water refuges, and their spatial distribution is largely affected by the availability of the cold-water refuges during the warm-water period in many thermally stressed rivers. Gregarious behaviour is the norm for salmonid fishes within the thermal refuges; however, the size/microhabitat hierarchy appears to dictate the within-refuge distribution at the micro-scale. There continues to be a great impetus for protecting---and in carefully determined cases creating---cold-water refuges in the future. A thorough understanding of what a ``goldilocks'' refuge is for various salmonids and their different life stages will be imperative as cold-water restoration is gaining popularity. Finally, disentangling the roles of the climate-induced and landscape activity-induced warming potential of fluvial freshwater will be important to ensure continued environmentally responsible landscape activities in future waterscapes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huo:2023:SAE, author = "Yilin Huo and Dazhang Yang and Jing Xie and Zhikang Yang", title = "Simulation Analysis and Experimental Verification of Freezing Time of Tuna under Freezing Conditions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "470", day = "21", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090470", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/470", abstract = "In order to predict the regular temperature change in tuna during the freezing process for cold chain transportation, improve the quality of frozen tuna, and reduce the energy consumption of freezing equipment, a three-dimensional numerical model for freezing tuna of different sizes was established. An unsteady numerical simulation of the air velocity and flow field was combined with an analysis of the freezing process of tuna. This paper also studied the effect of air velocity, temperature, and tuna size on the freezing process. The numerical results show that there was a positive correlation between the cold source environment and the tuna-freezing process. Lower temperatures and higher air increased the velocity at which the tuna moved through the maximum ice crystal formation zone, maintaining a better aquatic product quality. In some cases, however, the smaller tuna models achieved a longer freezing time. Due to the difficulty of obtaining the whole tuna sample, the temperature curve and freezing rate over time obtained during the freezing process were tested using a tuna block of a specific size. The maximum error did not exceed 6.67\%, verifying the authenticity and feasibility of the simulation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Binstock:2023:ITF, author = "Addie L. Binstock and Audrey S. Fox and John A. Mohan", title = "Isotopic Turnover and Fractionation of {$ \delta^{15} $N} and {$ \delta^{13} $C} in Captive \bioname{Pseudopleuronectes americanus} ({Walbaum})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "469", day = "21", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090469", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/469", abstract = "Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen ({\delta} 15 N) and carbon ({\delta} 13 C) are ubiquitous ecological tracers used to elucidate an organism's diet and habitat. However, the application of stable isotope ratios to reconstruct a consumer's ecology relies upon accurate rates for isotopic turnover at both a tissue and species-specific level. This study estimated isotope turnover rates and trophic discrimination factors in four different tissues (liver, digestive tissue, muscle, and skin) with variable metabolic activity in winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus using a controlled diet-switch experiment. Differences in half-lives were noted among the tissues and between the experimental diets for both {\delta} 15 N and {\delta} 13 C. The experimental diets of krill and mysis had variability in nutritional composition, resulting in similar turnovers in {\delta} 15 N but slower turnovers in {\delta} 13 C for fish fed krill. Turnovers in both {\delta} 15 N and {\delta} 13 C were strongly influenced by metabolism, with the contribution reaching up to 98\%, as fish exhibited minimal overall growth. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering differences in the catabolic activity of tissue maintenance for fish exhibiting minimal growth, as well as differences in metabolic assimilation of dietary sources that vary in their protein and lipid contents.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nguyen:2023:RFH, author = "Van Bon Nguyen and San-Lang Wang and Thi Hanh Nguyen and Tu Quy Phan and Thi Huyen Nguyen and Thi Ha Trang Tran and Manh Dung Doan and Van Anh Ngo and Anh Dzung Nguyen", title = "Recycling Fish Heads for the Production of Prodigiosin, a Novel Fungicide via Experimental and Molecular Docking Characterization", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "468", day = "19", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090468", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/468", abstract = "This report aims to characterize and reuse fish head powder (FHP) as a potential carbon/nitrogen source for microbial fermentation to produce prodigiosin (PG), and to evaluate its novel anti-fungal effect via an experimental and docking study. FHP has high protein (30.25\%) and lipid (5.12\%) content and a diversity of elements, which suggests that FHP is a potential substrate for microbial fermentation. Serratia marcescens TNU01 was screened as the most effective strain to produce PG from FHP. Further experiments indicated that the combination of FHP and crude chitin at the ratio of 9/1 and used at 1.5\% as a C/N source for fermentation significantly enhanced PG production. Supplementing a minor amount of 0.05\% Ca 3 (PO 4) 2, 0.03\% K 2 SO 4 also positively affects PG yield production. The fermentation using a bioreactor system (type of 14 L) achieved the highest PG yield production (6.4 mg/mL) in a short cultivation time (10 h) in comparison with the highest PG yield (5.8 mg/mL) obtained after 36 h of fermentation in a flask. In the anti-fungal evaluation of various plant pathogen fungal strains, PG demonstrated efficacy against Fusarium solani F04. The molecular docking results also showed that PG effectively interacted with targeting protein 3QPC of F. solani with good binding energy (DS---9.2 kcal/mol) and an acceptable RMSD value (0.94 {\AA}). In this study, we provide a novel application of FHP for the eco-friendly production of PG, which can potentially used for the management of Fusarium solani.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2023:HDD, author = "Xuanyi Yang and Xinwei Guo and Xiaohui Dong and Qihui Yang and Hongyu Liu and Shuang Zhang and Beiping Tan and Shuyan Chi", title = "How Do Different Dietary Carbohydrate\slash Lipid Ratios Influence Intestinal Morphology and Glycolipid Metabolism Capacity in Hybrid Grouper (\bioname{Epinephelus fuscoguttatus} [female sign] $ \times $ \bioname{E. lanceolatus} [male sign])", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "467", day = "19", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090467", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/467", abstract = "Levels of dietary carbohydrates and lipids have important effects on the growth, health, and glycolipid metabolizing capacity of the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus {[female-sign]} $ \times $ E. lanceolatus {[male-sign]}). This experiment evaluated the effect of carbohydrate to lipid ratios (CHO:L ratio) on growth, serum biochemical indices, intestinal morphology and activity of digestive enzymes, and the ability to metabolize carbohydrates and lipids in the hybrid grouper. Six iso-nitrogenous (500 g/kg) and iso-energetic (190 MJ/kg) feeds with CHO:L ratios of 0.82, 1.03, 1.28, 1.58, 1.94, and 2.27 were formulated. The 720 groupers with an initial body weight of 7.76 {\pm} 0.08 g were sorted into 24 fiberglass buckets of 30 fish each. Feed was delivered twice daily at 8:00 and 16:00 to apparent satiety for 56 days. The results showed that the growth performance of the groupers was not significantly affected by the diet. Based on the specific growth rate (SGR), the optimal CHO:L ratio was 1.72 for the groupers by the second-order polynomial regression model. The intestinal trypsin and lipase, and the hepatic trypsin activities of the groupers showed a maximum in the 1.58 group. The intestinal muscle thickness in the 1.94 group and the villus length in the 1.58 group were significantly greater than in the 0.82, 1.03, 1.28, and 2.27 groups. The glycogen synthase, pyruvate kinase, and hexokinase activities of the liver were significantly higher in the 1.58 group than in the 0.82 and 2.27 groups. The hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase of the liver showed significantly higher activities in the 1.58 group than those in the 0.82 and 1.03 groups. These results showed that based on the SGR of the groupers, the best CHO:L ratio was 1.72. An appropriate dietary CHO:L ratio can reduce the lipid deposition of the fish body, liver, and muscle, as well as improve the intestinal morphology and activities of liver carbohydrate and lipid metabolism enzymes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:EFC, author = "Zhanzhan Wang and Shuling Liao and Jun Wang and Yun Wang and Zhong Huang and Wei Yu and Xiaolin Huang and Heizhao Lin and Maoyan Luo and Zhenyan Cheng and Chuanpeng Zhou", title = "Effects of Fermented Cottonseed Meal Substitution for Fish Meal on Intestinal Enzymatic Activity, Inflammatory and Physical-Barrier-Related Gene Expression, and Intestinal Microflora of Juvenile Golden Pompano (\bioname{Trachinotus ovatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "466", day = "18", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090466", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/466", abstract = "The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) substitution for fish meal on intestinal enzymatic activity, inflammatory and physical-barrier-related gene expression, and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano. The 375 golden pompanos were divided into 15 groups of 25 fish each, with three replicates for each experimental group. The fish were fed five experimental diets (0 (FM), 12.5\% (CSM12.5), 25\% (CSM25), 50\% (CSM50), and 100\% (CSM100) substitution levels) for 8 weeks. The fish were reared and fed the experimental diets under a natural-day light cycle. Compared with the control group, the activities of AMY (amylase) enzymes in the CSM12.5 group and all other groups were elevated (p {$<$} 0.05). The CSM25 group exhibited a considerable up-regulation of IL-10 (Interleukin-10) expression relative to the FM group (p {$<$} 0.05). With an increase in dietary FM substitution with FCSM from 0 to 25\%, the relative expressions of NF-{\kappa}B (Nuclear factor kappa-B), IL-1{\beta} (Interleukin-1 beta), and IL-8 (Interleukin-8) were down-regulated. In this study, the relative expressions of ZO-1 (zonula occluden-1) and Occludin were up-regulated, and those of Claudin-3 and Claudin-15 significantly up-regulated, when the FCSM substitution ratio was 25\%. The results of high-throughput sequencing of the intestinal microflora showed that ACE indices the lowest in the CSM25 group, which was significantly different from those in the CSM100 group (p {$<$} 0.05). The CSM50 group had the highest Shannon and Simpson indices and the highest community diversity. In addition, replacing a high percentage of fish meal with FCSM can negatively affect the intestinal flora of fish. In this study, the 25\% substitution ratio improved nutrient absorption, reduced intestinal inflammation, improved intestinal physical barrier damage, did not affect intestinal microecology, and had no adverse effects on fish. However, substitution of a high proportion of FM with FCSM negatively affects the intestinal microflora and nutrient absorption capacity of fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:OUO, author = "Changwei Li and Xiaoyu Zhang and Yu Chen and Shiyu Zhang and Limin Dai and Wenjing Zhu and Yuan Chen", title = "Optimized Utilization of Organic Carbon in Aquaculture Biofloc Systems: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "465", day = "16", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090465", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/465", abstract = "Biofloc technology (BFT) as an efficient aquaculture alternative is attracting attention for boosting biosecurity with minimal water exchange and reduced feed intake. BFT relies on applying organic carbon to maintain a high C/N ratio above 10, which allows heterotrophs to assimilate toxic nitrogen. A high percentage of carbon loss is thus generated from BFT. For this review, a thorough search of the relevant literature was conducted to gather valuable information on the optimization of carbon utilization. The keywords searched included `BFT', `carbon use efficiency', `carbon conversion', `carbon retention', `carbon emission', `carbon loss', and `carbon release'. The current review discusses the possible effects of various C/N ratios, carbon types, addition strategies, and technology integration with respect to the optimized carbon utilization in BFT. Given the extreme lack of accessible research, it was concluded that the carbon utilization in BFT is still in its initial research stage. Anyhow, this review sheds light on plausible approaches for boosted carbon utilization by adopting slow-release carbon, reducing carbon input, integrating with other technologies, and enhancing interactions between functional microbes within BFT, thereby contributing to sustainable aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cheng:2023:CEM, author = "Zhaohai Cheng and Lei Gao and Lixiong Yu and Xinbin Duan and Fengyue Zhu and Huiwu Tian and Daqing Chen and Mingdian Liu", title = "Catch Efficiency of Multi-Mesh Trammel Nets for Sampling Freshwater Fishes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "464", day = "16", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090464", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/464", abstract = "A multi-mesh trammel net has been developed and used for sampling freshwater fishes. However, little is known about the catch efficiency of the net. This research investigated the catch efficiency of a multi-mesh trammel net (nominal mesh size; 10.0, 30.0, 50.0, and 70.0 mm) for fish sampling in the Yangtze River of China. Catch composition and factors affecting catch per unit effort based on fish number (CPUE N), weight (CPUE W), and species number (CPUE S) were analyzed. The results showed that the net was capable of capturing a wide range of fish sizes (total length, 5.5 to 121.0 cm) and species (n = 50). Increasing soak time from 9.4 to 24.0 h resulted in a decrease in CPUE N and CPUE W while a longer soak time increased CPUE S. CPUE N, CPUE W, and CPUE S varied significantly with fishing locations. The net provides a potential complement to the current fish sampling techniques used in freshwater ecosystems (e.g., large rivers, lakes, and reservoirs). The findings of this research help to improve our understanding of the catch efficiency of the multi-mesh trammel net and provides insight into better designs for gears and methods for sampling diverse fish sizes and species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Muslim:2023:SSM, author = "Ahmad Imam Muslim and Miho Fujimura and Tsuji Kazunari and Muslim Salam", title = "Small-Scale Marine Fishers' Possession of Fishing Vessels and Their Impact on Net Income Levels: a Case Study in \geoname{Takalar District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "463", day = "15", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090463", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/463", abstract = "Over the last two decades, the growth of the fisheries sector in Indonesia has shown an increasing trend; however, behind the rapid development of this sector, the role of small-scale fisheries as one of the main actors supporting the whole industry is often neglected. They remain poor and continue to conduct fishing activities traditionally. Therefore, this study aims to describe the real situation of small-scale fishers, analyzing the fishers' ownership of the boat they use, analyzing their income level to reveal their poverty status, and analyzing the factors affecting their income. The regression analysis results indicate that boat category, sea fish catch, fish selling price, fixed costs, and variable costs have significant effects on fishers' net incomes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Leite:2023:SUP, author = "Tamara Leite and Daniel Mameri and Paulo Branco and In{\^e}s Vieira and Margarida Oliveira and Jos{\'e} Maria Santos", title = "Swimming under Pressure: The Sub-Lethal Effects of a Pesticide on the Behaviour of Native and Non-Native Cypriniformes Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "462", day = "15", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090462", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/462", abstract = "River ecosystems are exposed to a multitude of stressors, including increasing pesticide run-off driven by precipitation and irrigation. Pyrethroids are the fourth major group of insecticides in use worldwide and have extremely negative effects on aquatic fauna. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of an acute 2 h sub-lethal exposure to different levels of the pyrethroid esfenvalerate on the swimming behaviour of two Cypriniformes species: the native Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus bocagei) and the non-native invasive bleak (Alburnus alburnus). The experimental set-up consisted of previous exposure to three esfenvalerate concentrations (control, 1.2 (low), and 2.0 (high) {\mu}g/L) before being stocked in a three-artificial-flume-channel mesocosm for behavioural trials through direct observation. Monitored behaviours included (i) routine activity, (ii) shoal cohesion, and (iii) boldness. Significant differences in fish behaviour were detected for the native species (barbel), as individuals spent significantly more time holding position (i.e., resting) in the control (44.9\%) than in the high esfenvalerate concentration (25.2\%). Concordantly, control barbels were also found to perform more directional changes than the ones exposed to high esfenvalerate concentrations. Behavioural changes were also found for boldness, measured by the proportion of fish attempts to negotiate the upstream ramp, which were significantly higher in the control (37.4\%) and in the high concentration (41.5\%) compared to the low one (21.1\%). Finally, regarding shoal cohesion of the barbel, it was tighter in the control (81.3\%) than in the low- (70.5\%) and high- (71.1\%) esfenvalerate treatments. For the invasive bleak, there were no significant differences in any of the behavioural traits upon previous exposure to an increasing esfenvalerate concentration. This experimental study demonstrated that even short-term exposure to the pyrethroid esfenvalerate was sufficient to alter the behaviour of a native Cypriniformes fish species while not affecting the non-native species. This may confer greater competitive advantages to non-native fish species in the context of global changes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Diaz:2023:EMB, author = "Patricio A. D{\'\i}az and Gonzalo {\'A}lvarez", title = "Effects of Microalgal Blooms on Aquaculture and Fisheries", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "461", day = "15", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090461", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/461", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tweedley:2023:SFM, author = "James R. Tweedley and Clara Obreg{\'o}n and Sarah J. Beukes and Neil R. Loneragan and Michael Hughes", title = "Selecting from the Fisheries Managers' Tool-Box: Recreational Fishers' Views of Stock Enhancement and Other Management Options", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "460", day = "14", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090460", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/460", abstract = "As recreational fishers act relatively autonomously, management relies heavily on voluntary compliance. Therefore, understanding fishers' views on management options can be beneficial. This study used a two-phase approach of face-to-face interviews and subsequent online questionnaires to evaluate recreational fishers' salient views on issues affecting the Blue Swimmer Crab (Portunus armatus) and Black Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) fisheries in Western Australia as well as current and potential management arrangements, including stock enhancement. The strength and heterogeneity of views were also determined. Minimum size limits were mainly considered acceptable or very acceptable, with restricting recreational fishing and spatial closures the least supported management options for both species, in addition to maximum size limits for crabs. These views were not always consistent across fishing locations for each species and among types of crab fishers, indicating heterogeneity in views. Stocking was the most acceptable of the management measures not already utilised for crabs and among the most popular for bream fisheries. Recreational fishers of both species believed stock enhancement could have strong positive outcomes for the abundance of their target species and increase their subsequent catches. They also recognized that some negative outcomes, e.g., increased fishing pressure and environmental issues, might occur but considered them unlikely.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ge:2023:ACI, author = "Guangyu Ge and Zhihong Liu and Tao Yu and Liqing Zhou and Xiujun Sun and Zhuanzhuan Li and Yanxin Zheng", title = "Aminotransferase Class {I} and {II} Gene Family in the \geoname{Jinjiang} Oyster (\bioname{Crassostrea ariakensis}): Genomewide Identification, Phylogenetic Analysis and Expression Profiles after Salinity Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "459", day = "14", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090459", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/459", abstract = "Aminotransferases are enzymes found in living organisms that catalyze transfer reactions between amino acids and keto acids, crucial for amino acid metabolism and synthesis. Aminotransferase classes I and II play a vital role in regulating osmolarity, protecting cells, and improving metabolic homeostasis and cellular fitness. To investigate the characteristics of the aminotransferase class I and II gene family and their roles in osmotic pressure regulation in the Jinjiang oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis), the gene structure, chromosomal localization, and phylogeny were characterized and the genes' expression in the gill under high-salt stress was analyzed. In this study, eighteen Aminotransferase class I and II genes, including SPTLCa and SPTLCb, SPTa and SPTb, ALAT2a and ALAT2b, KAT3a and KAT3b, and ASTa, ASTb and ASTc, were identified. The physicochemical properties of 11 family members were stable, with their instability factors less than 40. Subcellular localization prediction showed that aminotransferase classes I and II were localized in the cytoplasm or mitochondria. Chromosomal localization results showed that the 18 aminotransferase class I and II genes were located on eight chromosomes. All members of this gene family had the Aminotran_1_2 structural domain which is associated with osmotic pressure regulation by adjusting the conversion reaction between amino acids and keto acids. Most gene expressions showed an initial increase followed by a decrease from 0 h to 12 h when the oysters were challenged by acute stress using artificial seawater with a salinity of 40. However, the expression of CarAGT2 and CarKAT3b genes showed an increased trend with increasing stress time. This study systematically investigated the bioinformatics characteristics of the aminotransferase class I and II gene family in C. ariakensis and their role in osmotic pressure regulation, which provides scientific data for understanding the potential functions of these genes in physiological adaptation, thereby expanding the research on osmoregulation in bivalves.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:MBF, author = "Jilong Wang and Peilun Li and Wei Liu and Wanqiao Lu and Fujiang Tang", title = "The Migratory Biology and Feeding Habits of Downstream-Migrating Juvenile Chum Salmon \bioname{Oncorhynchus keta} in the \geoname{Amur River of Northeast China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "458", day = "14", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090458", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/458", abstract = "The size of chum salmon juveniles is crucial to their survival. In order to understand the population status and migration patterns of juvenile chum salmon in the waters of the Amur River in China, this study investigated the status of juvenile chum salmon resources and their basic biological characteristics in the Amur River and the Ussuri River in China. The results showed that the average catch per unit effort (CPUE) of chum salmon in river margins was 0.140 ind{\cdot}10 {$-$3} m 3 for the Amur River and 0.255 ind{\cdot}10 {$-$3} m 3 for the Ussuri River. Chum salmon migrate downstream, mainly in mid-May in the Amur River and in early May in the Ussuri River, and no fish was caught in the rivers after June. Most chum salmon migrated when the water was between 10 and 14 {$^\circ $}C. The average FL (fork length) and BW (body weight) of the Amur River samples were 37.1 {\pm} 2.9 mm and 0.42 {\pm} 0.09 g, respectively, while the Ussuri River samples' FL and BW were 34.9 {\pm} 3.7 mm and 0.36 {\pm} 0.08 g, respectively. The empty stomach rate of the samples was zero, and the prey category of the samples was composed of fish, aquatic insects, copepods, and cladocerans, of which Ephemeroptera had the largest percentage index of relative importance (IRI \%), with a value of 58.45\%. The size of the downstream-migrating juvenile chum salmon in this study is similar to the size of those in some other rivers, and the CPUE varies depending on the river conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:EAG, author = "Peilun Li and Jiacheng Liu and Tai Wang and Jilong Wang", title = "Estimates of the Age, Growth, and Mortality of \bioname{Triplophysa scleroptera} ({Herzenstein}, 1888) in the Upper Reaches of the \geoname{Yellow River, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "457", day = "13", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090457", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/457", abstract = "To investigate the age composition, growth pattern, mortality, and exploitation rate of Triplophysa scleroptera in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, we measured the total length (L) and body weight (W) of 347 individuals based on three sampling surveys from 2022 to 2023. The otoliths were used in this investigation to determine age. The total length of the collected samples ranged from 5.69 cm to 18.40 cm, body weight ranged from 1.65 g to 50.22 g, and the age ranged from 1 to 7 years old. The relationship of total length and body weight was W=0.009L2.942 for the total samples, and the growth pattern observed in the study belongs to the isometric type. The von Bertalanffy growth equation revealed that the fish had an asymptotic total length L {\infty} of 37.536 cm, and the growth coefficient K was 0.064 yr {$-$1}. Total instantaneous mortality rate (Z) of total samples calculated by the age-based catch curve method was 1.092 yr {$-$1}. The average instantaneous rate of the natural mortality (M), estimated by three different methods, for the total samples was 0.237 yr {$-$1}. The instantaneous rate of fishing mortality (F) for the total samples was calculated as 0.855 yr {$-$1}, and the exploitation rate (E) was determined as 0.783. As a whole, compared with other Triplophysa fishes, the growth rate of T. scleroptera in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is relatively slow, and the population of T. scleroptera has been overexploited. It is crucial to establish some effective management strategies to protect this species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ma:2023:TSA, author = "Yanwen Ma and Yingying Ye and Ronghui Yao and Pengzhi Qi and Jiji Li", title = "Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Sex-Related Genes in the Gonads of \bioname{Mytilus unguiculatus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "456", day = "11", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090456", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/456", abstract = "In the cultivation of Mytilus unguiculatus, the broodstock are shade-dried to stimulate sperm and egg production. To identify the functional genes affecting gonad development in M. unguiculatus, the transcriptome of gonads in mussels stimulated by shade-drying and those not stimulated were compared. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that there were 22 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the testis and 70 DEGs in the ovary among the experimental groups. KEGG enrichment analysis identified a total of 11 pathways that might be related to environmental stimuli affecting gonadal development. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), the cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR), hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 (HCRTR2), and gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABBR) were highly expressed in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, indicating that these genes might be involved in the transduction of environmental information that stimulates gonadal development. Meanwhile, nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 (NCoR2) was highly expressed in the notch signaling pathway, indicating that NCoR2 might be involved in the regulation of gonad development. To validate the transcriptome data, we selected five DEGs in the KEGG signaling pathway, including AChRs, CCKAR, HCRTR2, GABAB, and NCoR2, for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), which produced results consistent with the RNA-Seq data. The transcriptome analysis and gene pathway identification in this study have enhanced our comprehension of the reproductive mechanisms in M. unguiculatus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Imsland:2023:CFD, author = "Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland and Jon Petter Berg and Velimir Nola and Lena Geitung and Tina Oldham", title = "Cleaner Fish Do Not Impact the Pigmentation of Salmon Lice (\bioname{Lepeophtheirus salmonis}) in Commercial Aquaculture Cages", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "455", day = "10", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090455", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/455", abstract = "Salmon lice are one of the biggest challenges to sustainable salmonid aquaculture. The species display high evolutionary potential, which is evident by its development of resistance to numerous chemical compounds used for delousing. In response to this, salmon farms now use non-chemical delousing methods to minimize the damage done by salmon lice, including heavy reliance on cleaner fish. Anecdotal reports from farmers and fish health personnel in areas where cleaner fish are used have suggested that salmon lice are becoming less pigmented, potentially making them harder for cleaner fish to visually detect. This experiment investigated changes in the pigmentation of salmon lice in relation to the use of cleaner fish, louse stage and sex, temperature, preferred salmon swimming depth, daylength, and salinity. Salmon lice were sampled from snorkel cages on a commercial salmon farm where three cages were stocked with farmed lumpfish and ballan wrasse, and three cages were without cleaner fish. Water temperature, salinity, and depth were recorded using a conductivity, temperature, and depth recorder. Pigmentation was measured via photographic analysis of individual lice. Although louse pigmentation varied considerably throughout the experiment, using cleaner fish throughout a single production cycle did not reduce average louse pigmentation compared to control cages. On average, male lice were significantly darker pigmented than females, but otherwise there were no patterns in louse pigmentation in relation to life stage, salinity, temperature, or daylength. Salmon lice exhibit a high degree of evolvability and have become resistant to every chemical removal treatment developed thus far. The present data suggest that, with the densities and species of cleaner fish commonly used in commercial salmon production, there is not strong directional selection on louse pigmentation. Lice, at least with regard to visual appearance, are not likely to adapt in a way which reduces cleaner fish efficacy anytime soon.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pan:2023:EAM, author = "Tingshuang Pan and Min Yang and He Jiang and Tong Li and Guoqing Duan and Jun Ling and Qian Gao", title = "Effect of \bioname{Astragalus membranaceus} on Transcriptome and Survival of Hybrid Yellow Catfish (\bioname{Pseudobagrus vachellii} [male sign] $ \times $ \bioname{Tachysurus fulvidraco} [female sign]) in Response to \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} Challenge", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "454", day = "10", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090454", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/454", abstract = "Intensive culturing of hybrid yellow catfish (Pseudobagrus vachellii {[male-sign]} $ \times $ Tachysurus fulvidraco {[female-sign]}) has increased their mortality. Astragalus membranaceus has been used as an immune stimulant and antioxidant in fish for several years. A. membranaceus was decocted and mixed with the diet. After feeding for 28 d, the hybrid yellow catfish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. To better understand the function of A. membranaceus in the defense of hybrid yellow catfish against A. hydrophila, we analyzed the spleen transcriptome data and relative percentage survival (RPS). There were 396 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the A. membranaceus and control groups at 24 h after A. hydrophila stimulation, including 263 upregulated and 133 downregulated DEGs. A significant enrichment of DEGs was found in the A. membranaceus group when the GO enrichment terms in the spleen were analyzed. The qRTPCRresults for the five upregulated and two downregulated DEGs from the spleen, intestine, and liver were consistent with the transcriptome data. The relative percentage survival of A. membranaceus was 85.71\% after the fish were challenged with A. hydrophila.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Selvaraj:2023:SSF, author = "John Josephraj Selvaraj and Leidy Viviana Rosero-Henao and Maria Alejandra Cifuentes-Ossa", title = "Small-Scale Fisheries in the \geoname{Colombian Pacific}: Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Fishermen's Livelihoods", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "453", day = "09", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090453", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/453", abstract = "While few have contemplated the potential impacts of climate change on small-scale fisheries and fishermen in the Colombian Pacific, understanding these effects is crucial for devising effective adaptation strategies. This study presents the outcomes of a vulnerability assessment related to climate change for fishermen in the Colombian South Pacific. The assessment employed a multivariable model that considered the sensitivity of marine and coastal ecosystems that support fishing resources alongside fishermen's adaptability to changes in the biophysical environment. Socioeconomic factors were also scrutinized. The study revealed that 80\% of the surveyed fishermen are at a medium to high level of vulnerability due to changes in the distribution of key commercial species, which influences the productivity of their traditional fishing sites. Their vulnerability is primarily attributed to low usage of fishing technologies, the boat engine's limited propulsion capacity, and a lack of diversity and sustainability in fishing gear. These elements increase their reliance on fishing sites close to the coast (approximately 3 km to 5 km from the shoreline), resulting in a low adaptive capacity for the fishermen. The dominant factor driving the sensitivity component was the economic significance of the fishing gear and the fact that the gear could be more diverse and durable. These findings provide a critical scientific basis for assessing the fishing sector's vulnerability to climate change and informing future collaborative decision-making in managing small-scale fisheries in the Colombian South Pacific Ocean.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Siamujompa:2023:IBP, author = "Mazuba Siamujompa and Kunda Ndashe and Frederick Chitonga Zulu and Chanda Chitala and Mwansa M. Songe and Katendi Changula and Ladslav Moonga and Emmanuel Shamulai Kabwali and Stephen Reichley and Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe", title = "An Investigation of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Diseased \geoname{Nile} Tilapia in Small-Scale Cage Culture Farms on \geoname{Lake Kariba, Siavonga, Zambia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "452", day = "08", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090452", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/452", abstract = "This study investigated disease outbreaks in farmed Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) in Siavonga among small-scale cage culture farms on Lake Kariba in order to establish bacterial etiological agents associated with fish mortality and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. A total of 300 fish samples from 11 farms were aseptically collected and bacteria were isolated from the kidney, liver, brain, and spleen. The isolates were identified using their morphological characteristics and conventional biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of selected bacteria was determined by the Kirby--Bauer disc diffusion method. The following well-known fish pathogens were identified at a prevalence of Aeromonas spp. (13\%), Pseudomonas spp. (10.3\%), Micrococcus spp. (9.7\%), Klebsiella spp. (8.7\%), Lactococcus spp. (7.3\%), Streptococcus spp. (7.0\%), and Acinetobacter spp. (7.0\%). All the isolates tested were susceptible to doxycycline, and complete resistance to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, and cephalothin was recorded in the Bacillus spp. The observed resistance could be attributed to bacteria from terrestrial sources as fish farmers do not administer antibiotics to fish. To our knowledge, this is the first study to establish the occurrence of several bacterial species infecting tilapia in Zambia and the first to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of fish bacteria among small-scale farms on Lake Kariba. The current study provides baseline information for future reference and fish disease management on Lake Kariba and in Zambia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:YRS, author = "Jun Yu Chen and Chaoshu Zeng and Jennifer M. Cobcroft", title = "Year-Round Spawning, Filial Cannibalism, and Embryonic and Larval Development of the Coral Reef Fish Orchid Dottyback, \bioname{Pseudochromis fridmani}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "451", day = "08", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090451", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/451", abstract = "Aquaculture of marine ornamental fish could potentially reduce the fishing pressure on wild stocks by the global aquarium trade, but its expansion is often constrained by the limited understanding on the biology and early life history of candidate species. The orchid dottyback Pseudochromis fridmani is a valuable and popular marine ornamental fish, but scientific reports on its baseline biology, especially the egg filial cannibalistic behaviour, are scarce. The present study documented key aspects of reproductive biology and early ontogeny of P. fridmani in captivity, including reproductive behaviour, patterns of spawning and filial cannibalism throughout a 12-month period by seven pairs of brood fish, as well as the embryonic and larval development. The results showed that the captive spawning of the broodstock pairs generally occurred every 5--11 days, most commonly every 6--8 days, throughout a year. Despite feeding the brood fish to satiation throughout the data collection period, the average monthly rate of egg filial cannibalism reached 55 {\pm} 37\%, but the cannibalism frequency appeared to be pair-specific. The egg incubation duration was approximately 96 h at 27 {\pm} 1 {$^\circ $}C, and the development of embryos from cleavage, blastula, gastrula, and segmentation to the pharyngula stage is herein described in detail. The newly hatched P. fridmani larvae possessed important structures and organs for first feeding, including pigmented eyes, developed jaws, and a straight-tube gut. The 0 to 14 days post-hatching (DPH) period appeared to be an important larval stage, as P. fridmani larvae were observed to complete major changes in morphology, gut development, and phototactic behaviour by 14 DPH. Under the culture conditions of this study, the earliest transition to the juvenile stage was observed on 31 DPH, and the majority of fish became juveniles by 56 DPH. The results of this study inform baseline aquaculture production protocols and direct future research, particularly to reduce filial cannibalism through broodstock management and to improve larval culture through supporting the early ontogenetic development of P. fridmani. Additionally, these findings form a foundation for further studying the biology and ecology of P. fridmani in the wild.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Esposito:2023:PHF, author = "Ana{\"\i}s Esposito and Jos{\'e}phine Foata and Yann Quilichini", title = "Parasitic Helminths and Freshwater Fish Introduction in \geoname{Europe}: a Systematic Review of Dynamic Interactions", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "450", day = "07", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090450", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/450", abstract = "The introduction of non-native freshwater fish is a primary cause of aquatic biodiversity loss at global scale. Such introductions have a severe impact on freshwater ecosystems in terms of competition, predation, habitat alteration, genetic pollution and transmission of diseases and parasites. A systematic review was conducted on the helminths parasites of freshwater fish in the context of species introduction and a total of 199 publications were retrieved between 1969 and November 2022. Several scenarios may arise when a new fish species arrive in a recipient area. Non-native fish hosts can co-introduce their parasites without transmitting them to native fish (e.g., the case of North American Centrarchidae and their Monogenea parasites). Another possible outcome is the transfer of these parasites to the native fish fauna (spillover, e.g., the cases of the Nematoda Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara, Niimi \& Itagaki, 1974 and the Monogenea Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957). Reciprocally, non-native fish hosts may acquire parasites in their new distribution range whether these parasites are native or were previously introduced (e.g., the cases of Ponto-Caspian Gobiidae and the Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877). Acquired parasites can then be spilled back to the native fauna. This phenomenon is of particular interest when non-native fish hosts influence the dynamics of zoonotic parasites.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yuan:2023:CTP, author = "Hang Yuan and Naijie Hu and Yudong Zheng and Cuihong Hou and Beiping Tan and Lili Shi and Shuang Zhang", title = "A Comparison of Three Protein Sources Used in Medium-Sized \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}: Effects on Growth, Immunity, Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Microbiota Structure", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "449", day = "06", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090449", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/449", abstract = "The type of protein source in diets has many effects on shrimp. In this study, Litopenaeus vannamei with an initial body weight of 3.68 {\pm} 0.002 g were fed for 8 weeks on three experimental diets (isoproteic: 41.00\%; isolipidic: 7.61\%) that were formulated using fish meal (FM), Chlorella sorokiniana (CHL), and Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) as the primary protein sources, respectively. This study examined the growth, non-specific immunity, intestinal digestion, and microbiota of L. vannamei after the feeding experiment concluded. Compared to the FM group, the findings indicate that the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of L. vannamei were notably enhanced via dietary CAP. The CHL group exhibited the highest levels of catalase (CAT), phenoloxidase (PO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the gills of L. vannamei, whereas the FM group had the lowest levels. Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content showed the opposite trend. Both dietary CHL and CAP promoted the digestive enzyme activities of L. vannamei, with dietary CAP having a more pronounced promotional effect. An analysis of alpha diversity indicated that the consumption of dietary CHL substantially enhanced the abundance and diversity of microbiota in the intestinal tract of L. vannamei. Furthermore, the dietary CHL significantly increased the colonization of immune-associated beneficial bacteria and inhibited the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract of L. vannamei, whereas dietary CAP mainly increased the colonization of growth-associated beneficial bacteria. Functional predictions showed that different dietary protein sources affect various metabolic activities and signaling pathways of L. vannamei, and some functions, including signal transduction, cell motility, and the immune system, were significantly enhanced in the CHL group. In summary, both dietary CHL and dietary CAP promoted growth and immunity in L. vannamei compared to dietary FM. The results of this study could be helpful for the sustainable development of shrimp farming.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:EDF, author = "Qin Zhang and Qiuyue Yang and Mengjie Guo and Fanghui Li and Meilan Qin and Yi Xie and Jian Xu and Yongqiang Liu and Tong Tong", title = "The Effects of Dietary Fermented Soybean Meal Supplementation on the Growth, Antioxidation, Immunity, and \gene{mTOR} Signaling Pathway of Juvenile {Coho} Salmon (\bioname{Oncorhynchus kisutch})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "448", day = "05", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090448", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/448", abstract = "This experiment aims to investigate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM) and/or fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the growth, serum biochemistry, digestion, antioxidation, immunity, and mTOR signaling pathway of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Four iso-nitrogen and iso-lipid diets were designed and fed to four groups of juvenile coho salmon (152.25 {\pm} 2.96 g) in triplicate for 10 weeks. The four diets were the G0 diet (control group, containing 28\% FM protein), the G1 diet (containing 10\% SBM protein and 18\% FM protein), the G2 diet (containing 5\% SBM protein, 5\% FSBM protein, and 18\% FM protein), and the G3 diet (containing 10\% FSBM protein and 18\% FM protein). It was found that compared with the G0 diet (control group), the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), pepsin, trypsin, {\alpha}-amylase, and lipase, and the expression levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor), protein kinase B (akt), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k), plant ribosome S6K protein kinase (s6ks), and lysozyme (lyz) genes, of juvenile coho salmon fed the G3 diet increased significantly (p {$<$} 0.05), and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnf-{\alpha}), interleukin-1{\beta} (il-1{\beta}), and interleukin-6 (il-6) genes of juvenile coho salmon fed the G3 diet decreased significantly (p {$<$} 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in growth, muscle composition, and serum biochemistry of juvenile coho salmon fed the G3 diet compared with the G0 diet (p {$>$} 0.05). In conclusion, replacing 10\% FM protein with FSBM protein could improve the digestion, antioxidation, immunity, and mTOR signaling pathway of juvenile coho salmon.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liontakis:2023:EVE, author = "Angelos Liontakis and Vassiliki Vassilopoulou", title = "An Economic View on the Effects of Invasive Rabbitfishes Based on Fishers' Perspectives: The Case of the Parrotfish M{\'e}tier in the \geoname{South Ionian Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "447", day = "04", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090447", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/447", abstract = "The effect of thermophilic species invasion in the eastern Mediterranean is well-noted in the literature. During the last decade in western Greek waters, small-scale fisheries (SSF) catches exhibit increased relative contribution of rabbitfishes, which have originated from the Red Sea and inhabited the country's southeastern part since the Second World War. This study has used quantitative and qualitative information to assess the short-term economic effect of the rabbitfishes' expansion in the SSF m{\'e}tier targeting the indigenous thermophilic parrotfish in the South Ionian Sea. The short-term micro-level negative economic effects of the rabbitfishes' invasion and the corresponding adverse effects on fishers' economic wealth have been estimated. The results indicate attitudinal differences among fishers, although their local ecological knowledge may enable them to avoid rabbitfishes' hot spots and mitigate the respective economic losses, that particularly for smaller SSF vessels already seem to be quite important. As climate warming may further facilitate the expansion of rabbitfishes, outcompeting parrotfish, the latter m{\'e}tier may eventually become economically unsustainable. Fine-scale analysis at the m{\'e}tier level enables addressing the specificities of social-ecological systems and can contribute to informed and more effective decision making related to SSF, which is an important building block of Mediterranean coastal communities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dance:2023:LCC, author = "Michael A. Dance and Mitchell S. Lovell", title = "Lipid Correction for Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis of Yellowfin Tuna", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "446", day = "01", month = sep, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090446", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/446", abstract = "Carbon stable isotopes ({\delta} 13 C) are widely used in ecological studies to understand diet, food web dynamics, and movements of marine fishes. Still, {\delta} 13 C is influenced by lipid content and often requires chemical extraction or mathematical correction. Here, we developed a species-specific mathematical lipid correction for white muscle tissue of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), a highly migratory finfish of considerable economic and ecological value. Lipid extraction was conducted on yellowfin tuna white muscle tissue (C:N range: 2.96--6.49), and both linear and non-linear lipid correction models for {\delta} 13 C were fitted and assessed. Lipid extraction increased {\delta} 13 C, and to a lesser extent, {\delta} 15 N values in yellowfin tuna white muscle tissue, but had no effect on {\delta} 34 S. Both non-linear models provided better fits to the data than the linear model, suggesting an asymptotic relationship between C:N and \SGMLentity{8710}{\delta} 13 C. Results support the growing body of evidence that C:N ratios can be used to predict lipid corrected {\delta} 13 C and highlight the value of mathematical correction approaches. We provide species-specific parameter estimates that can be used for lipid correction of white muscle tissue for {\delta} 13 C analysis in yellowfin tuna and similar species for which species-specific models have yet to be developed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Madariaga-Mendoza:2023:EIM, author = "Diana Madariaga-Mendoza and Jos{\'e} Marrugo-Negrete and V{\'\i}ctor Atencio-Garc{\'\i}a", title = "Effect of Inorganic Mercury on Semen Quality, Embryo and Larval Development of Bocachico \bioname{Prochilodus magdalenae}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "445", day = "31", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090445", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/445", abstract = "The study aimed to evaluate the effect of inorganic mercury (iHg) on the sperm quality, embryos, and larvae of Prochilodus magdalenae. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, semen was activated with contaminated water at different iHg concentrations (0.0, 25, 50, 100 {\SGMLmicro}g/L) and sperm kinetics were analyzed with a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system. In the second trial, 2 g of oocytes were fertilized with 50 {\SGMLmicro}L of milt, activated with contaminated water at different iHg concentrations (0.0, 25, 50, 100 {\SGMLmicro}g/L), and maintained that way during the first hour of incubation. Samples were taken every 3--4 h until hatching to identify embryo deformations. Fertilization and hatching rates were estimated. The survival of newly hatched larvae (1 day) and larvae eight days post-hatching (dph) was also assessed. The results show that the quality parameters of semen treated with contaminated water at different iHg concentrations (25, 50, 100 {\SGMLmicro}g/L) were altered and showed significant differences (p {$<$} 0.05) from the control group (0 {\SGMLmicro}g/L). Total motility decreased (9.8--13.2\%) and the amount of immotile sperm increased (3-fold) relative to values in the control group. A significant increase in oocyte diameter and a decrease in fertilization and hatching rates were observed with the higher iHg concentrations (50--100 {\SGMLmicro}g/L). Embryo deformations ({$>$40}\%) such as scoliosis, lordosis, and microcephaly were observed, as well as premature hatchings. The larval survival at 1 dph was reduced between 25\% (25 {\SGMLmicro}g/L) and 97.2\% (100 {\SGMLmicro}g/L) relative to that in the control group. The results suggest that bocachico semen, embryos, and larvae are sensitive to contamination with iHg from 25 {\SGMLmicro}g/L.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bischoff:2023:DFA, author = "Adrian A. Bischoff and Melanie Kubitz and Laura Ballesteros-Redondo and Marcus St{\"u}eken and Tobias Rapp and Patrick Fink and Wilhelm Hagen and Harry Wilhelm Palm", title = "Dynamics of Fatty Acids in Pikeperch (\bioname{Sander lucioperca}) Larvae and Juveniles during Early Rearing and Weaning in a Commercial {RAS} --- Implications for Dietary Refinement", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "444", day = "31", month = aug, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090444", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:13 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/9/444", abstract = "The aquaculture production of pikeperch has reached commercial scale in a number of European countries, but the high mortality of early life cycle stages and minor understanding of nutritional requirements are still major bottlenecks. To investigate the fate of fatty acids during early development, weaning and rearing, pikeperch larvae and juveniles from a commercial recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) were sampled over 2 months for morphometric data, as well as fatty acid composition, with a total of 6 sampling days, with four to five replicates per sampling day and between 1 and 25 pikeperch larvae per individual sample, depending on larval biomass. The biomass of sampled pikeperch larvae varied from 0.1 to 420 mg (dry mass DM), depending on the age of the larvae, and the initial length of the pikeperch larvae was about 4.5 mm. Our data confirm that, accompanied by an exponential increase in dry mass, total fatty acids (TFAs) in larval tissues increased with the beginning of exogenous feed uptake and were depleted between days 13 and 25 post hatch, most likely associated with the weaning and metamorphosis of the larvae. We conclude that all fatty acid classes may serve as metabolic fuel during metamorphosis, but the ultimate fatty acid composition is strongly impacted by the available feed. The chosen diet probably caused a lack of alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3; ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) during larval development and a shortage of vaccenic (18:1n-7), alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3; ALA) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; ARA) in juvenile pikeperch. This led to low DHA/EPA ratios 13 days post hatch, a high EPA/ARA ratio at days 41 and 56 post hatch and a fluctuating ratio of alpha-linolenic acid to linoleic acid (18:2n-6; LA). A temporary lack of essential fatty acids can cause dysfunctions and eventually mortalities in pikeperch larvae and juveniles. Despite high larval growth rates, the biochemical composition of the first fed Artemia and microdiets was most likely not sufficient and in need of improvement. We suggest that deficiencies must be compensated, e.g., through the substitution of the offered Artemia with more suitable live feed organisms, such as freshwater rotifers, and the enrichment of current microdiets in order to prevent high mortalities during pikeperch rearing and weaning.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ziebell:2023:HUT, author = "Ann-Christin Ziebell and Maite L. Vogel and Niklas Kjell Ratajczak and Bert W. Hoeksema", title = "Habitat Use of Two Coral-Associated Cryptobenthic Gobiid Fishes (Family: {Gobiidae}) in the \geoname{Southern Caribbean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "531", day = "23", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100531", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/531", abstract = "Cryptobenthic fishes make up more than half of coral reef fish fauna and contribute greatly to coral reef trophodynamics and diversity. Because of their small size, they are easily overlooked and understudied. Some of them use corals as their habitat, but this association is not well understood. In the Caribbean, two common cryptobenthic gobies, Elacatinus evelynae and Coryphopterus lipernes, are usually observed residing on corals. In order to compare their habitat use, we investigated their distributions on a range of scleractinian host-coral species at three different depths (5, 10, and 15 m) at Cura{\c{c}}ao, southern Caribbean. The numbers of both species were relatively low at 5 m. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between fish size and depth and found that adult E. evelynae individuals were most common at 5 m depth and juveniles at 15 m depth. Novel host corals were found for both fish species. Taking host size into account, the gobies were most abundant on large coral colonies of two host species: E. evelynae on both Colpophyllia natans and Montastraea cavernosa, and C. lipernes only on C. natans. In summary, depth, host species, and host-colony size were found to be environmental factors that may determine the occurrence of both fish species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fei:2023:ESF, author = "Yingjie Fei and Shenglong Yang and Mengya Huang and Xiaomei Wu and Zhenzhen Yang and Jiangyue Zhao and Fenghua Tang and Wei Fan and Sanling Yuan", title = "Evaluating Suitability of Fishing Areas for Squid-Jigging Vessels in the \geoname{Northwest Pacific Ocean} Derived from {AIS} Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "530", day = "23", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100530", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/530", abstract = "Understanding the spatial distribution of fishing activity and suitable fishing areas is important for improving sustainable fisheries management and protecting vulnerable fish stocks. To identify climate-related habitat changes and variations in the distribution of fishing activity for squid-jigging vessels in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, two types (weighted arithmetic mean method, weighted-AMM; weighted geometric mean method, weighted-GMM) of habitat suitability index (HSI) models were developed in this study with marine environmental data at different depths. The boosted regression tree (BRT) model was adopted to access the monthly important environmental variables and the relative influence of the corresponding variables. The results showed that the weighted-AMM has better prediction performance than the weighted-GMM. The suitable fishing areas showed significant seasonal changes in both spatial location and coverage area. The hotspot map showed that the suitable fishing area for squid-jigging vessels was located in the scope of 42 {\SGMLcompfn} N{\sim}44 {\SGMLcompfn} N, 155 {\SGMLcompfn} E{\sim}170 {\SGMLcompfn} E throughout the year during 2012{\sim}2019, which suggests that high squid-jigging fishing pressure should be given more attention in fishery management. The HSI model also had good prediction performance for the fishery data of Chinese companies, except for June and July. Additionally, fishing efforts could be used as alternative data for fishery research. The study has also suggested that fishery data are restricted by spatial and temporal distribution and fishing experience, which probably biases the results of the research.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:EAC, author = "Ying Zhang and Meng-Fei Li and Xiao-Han Fang", title = "Efficiency Analysis of \geoname{China} Deep-Sea Cage Aquaculture Based on the {SBM--Malmquist} Model", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "529", day = "23", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100529", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/529", abstract = "Deep-sea cage aquaculture (DSCA) is an important way to expand new space for marine aquaculture, promote the transformation and upgrade of the fishery industry, and optimize the structure of marine aquaculture. Using the panel data of DSCA in China's coastal areas from 2013 to 2021, this study constructs the SBM--Malmquist model to measure the DSCA production efficiency and analyzes its total factor productivity. The results show that the overall DSCA production efficiency exhibited an increasing trend in spite of a sharp decline in 2019. The efficiency exhibited regional differences, being the strongest in the Bohai Sea region, followed by in the Yellow Sea, the South China Sea, and the East China Sea regions. The overall total factor productivity remained generally stable, although a large fluctuation occurred between 2019 and 2021. Both pure technological efficiency and scale efficiency promoted the total factor productivity in 2019--2021, while the efficiency of technological changes in societal aspects declined. This study shows that the DSCA production efficiency is significantly influenced by input factors such as labor and capital investment. In addition, natural disasters inhibit the improvement of the production efficiency to some extent.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:MAP, author = "Yu Zhang and Lu Qi and Fengping Li and Yi Yang and Zhifeng Gu and Chunsheng Liu and Qi Li and Aimin Wang", title = "Mitogenomic Analysis of {Pterioidea} ({Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia}): Insights into the Evolution of the Gene Rearrangements", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "528", day = "23", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100528", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/528", abstract = "The complete mitogenomes of Pinctada albina and Pinctada margaritifera were sequenced in this study, with sizes of 23,841 bp and 15,556 bp, respectively. The mitochondrial genome analysis of eight Pterioidea species indicated the existence of gene rearrangements within the superfamily. The ATP8 gene was not detected in the two new mitogenomes, and rrnS was found to be duplicated in P. albina 's mitogenome. The reconstructed phylogeny based on mitogenomes strongly supported the monophyly of Pterioidea and provided robust statistical evidence of the phylogenetic relationships within Pteriomorphia. The analysis of the mitochondrial gene order revealed that of P. margaritifera to be the same as the ancestral order of Pterioidea. The gene orders of the Pterioidea species were mapped to the phylogenetic tree, and the gene rearrangement events were inferred. These results provide important insights that will support future research, such as studies extending the evolutionary patterns of the gene order from P. margaritifera to other species and determining the evolutionary status of Pterioidea within the infraclass Pteriomorphia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sintori:2023:IAA, author = "Alexandra Sintori and Vasilia Konstantidelli and Angelos Liontakis and Stamatis Mantziaris and Irene Tzouramani", title = "Is It All about Profit? \geoname{Greek} Fishers' Motives and Objective Profiles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "527", day = "22", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100527", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/527", abstract = "Fishing contributes significantly to food security and offers employment and income to many coastal communities worldwide. On the other hand, it has been recognized as a dangerous and demanding activity that involves high economic risk and uncertainty as well as outdoor work and interactions with nature, which makes fishing more of a way of life rather than just a way to make a living. Non-monetary attributes of fishing have been reported to affect fishers' decision-making and management and can explain the resilience and sustainability of the sector, even in difficult economic circumstances that hinder profitability. This study uses multivariate statistical analysis to identify profiles of Greek fishers according to their motives and objectives and to link them to the main demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Overall, five fisher profiles are identified, including ``profit maximizers'', ``business-oriented'' and ``subsistence'' fishers. Our analysis indicates that all fishers value the non-monetary attributes of the activity higher than monetary values like profit, though large-scale fishers seem to be more business-oriented than small-scale fishers. The identification and understanding of the objective profiles provide useful insights to researchers, advisors and policymakers regarding fishers' decision-making and can ultimately lead to more efficient policy design and fisheries management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Asencio-Alcudia:2023:SPR, author = "Gloria Gertrudys Asencio-Alcudia and Cesar Antonio Sep{\'u}lveda-Quiroz and Juan Carlos P{\'e}rez-Urbiola and Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Rodr{\'\i}guez-Jaramillo and Andressa Teles and Joan Sebasti{\'a}n Salas-Leiva and Rafael Mart{\'\i}nez-Garc{\'\i}a and Luis Daniel Jim{\'e}nez-Mart{\'\i}nez and Mario Galaviz and Dariel Tovar-Ram{\'\i}rez and Carlos Alfonso Alvarez-Gonz{\'a}lez", title = "Stress-Protective Role of Dietary $ \alpha $-Tocopherol Supplementation in Longfin Yellowtail (\bioname{Seriola rivoliana}) Juveniles", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "526", day = "22", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100526", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/526", abstract = "Aquaculture practices expose fish to several factors that may generate stress, modifying the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of antioxidant defenses that induce cell damage. Alpha-tocopherol (VE) improves the antioxidant capacity against ROS production in fish. A 50-day trial with longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) juveniles was conducted to compare the dietary supplementation of 500 mg/kg of VE against a control diet without VE supplementation on growth, lymphoid tissue enzymatic activity, immune-system-related gene expression, and the histology of the liver and spleen. Growth, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion rate, and survival did not show significant differences (p {$>$} 0.05) among treatments. Fish fed with an {\alpha}-tocopherol-enriched diet showed a higher enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase in the liver (p {$<$} 0.05) and a lower percentage of melanomacrophage coverage area in the lymphoid organs (p {$<$} 0.05). Overexpression was observed of MyD88 and il-10 in the spleen, and il-1b in the liver in fish fed 500 mg/kg of VE, as well as overexpression of Toll-like 3 in the head kidney, spleen, and liver in fish fed the control diet. Dietary supplementation with VE reduces the effects of oxidative stress and improves lymphoid tissue defense and immune-related gene expression in S. rivoliana.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:UST, author = "Ran Xu and Xiaoming Yang and Siquan Tian", title = "Use of Space-Time Cube Model and Spatiotemporal Hot Spot Analyses in Fisheries --- a Case Study of Tuna Purse Seine", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "525", day = "21", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100525", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/525", abstract = "Katsuwonus pelamis, or skipjack, is a vital resource in purse seine fishing across the Central and Western Pacific. Identifying skipjack distribution hotspots and coldspots is crucial for effective resource management, but the dynamic nature of fish behavior means these spots are not constant. We used Chinese fishing logbook data from 2010 to 2019 to analyze skipjack resource hotspots and coldspots in a space-time cube. The study revealed 13 spatiotemporal patterns in skipjack Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE). Hotspots (36.53\%) were concentrated in the central area, predominantly showing oscillating hotspots (21.25\%). The significant effect of the eastern oscillating hotspot continues to be enhanced and extends to the east. Coldspots constituted 63.47\% of the distribution, mainly represented by intensifying coldspots (25.07\%). The no-pattern-detected type (10.53\%) is distributed between coldspots and hotspots. The fishing grounds exhibited longitudinal oscillations of {3$^\circ $}--6{$^\circ $} and latitudinal oscillations of {1$^\circ $}--2{$^\circ $}. The spatial autocorrelation of cold and hot spot distribution was strong, and the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in skipjack resources were closely related to the El Ni{\~n}o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Notably, during 2011--2016, hotspots exhibited an eastward expansion trend, which continued from 2017--2019 due to the influence of fishery management measures, such as the Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) system.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Natesan:2023:ARS, author = "Balaji Natesan and Chuan-Ming Liu and Van-Dai Ta and Raymond Liao", title = "Advanced Robotic System with Keypoint Extraction and {YOLOv5} Object Detection Algorithm for Precise Livestock Monitoring", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "524", day = "21", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100524", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/524", abstract = "Molting is an essential operation in the life of every lobster, and observing this process will help us to assist lobsters in their recovery. However, traditional observation consumes a significant amount of time and labor. This study aims to develop an autonomous AI-based robot monitoring system to detect molt. In this study, we used an optimized Yolov5s algorithm and DeepLabCut tool to analyze and detect all six molting phases such as S1 (normal), S2 (stress), S3--S5 (molt), and S6 (exoskeleton). We constructed the proposed optimized Yolov5s algorithm to analyze the frequency of posture change between S1 (normal) and S2 (stress). During this stage, if the lobster stays stressed for 80\% of the past 6 h, the system will assign the keypoint from the DeepLabCut tool to the lobster hip. The process primarily concentrates on the S3--S5 stage to identify the variation in the hatching spot. At the end of this process, the system will re-import the optimized Yolov5s to detect the presence of an independent shell, S6, inside the tank. The optimized Yolov5s embedded a Convolutional Block Attention Module into the backbone network to improve the feature extraction capability of the model, which has been evaluated by evaluation metrics, comparison studies, and IoU comparisons between Yolo's to understand the network's performance. Additionally, we conducted experiments to measure the accuracy of the DeepLabCut Tool's detections.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Devergne:2023:ILT, author = "Jimmy Devergne and V{\'e}ronique Loizeau and Christophe Lebigre and Anne Bado-Nilles and Sophie Collet and Olivier Mouchel and Ugo Iaria and Marie-Madeleine {Le Gall} and Lauriane Madec and Cyril Turi{\`e}s and Arianna Servili", title = "Impacts of Long-Term Exposure to Ocean Acidification and Warming on Three-Spined Stickleback (\bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus}) Growth and Reproduction", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "523", day = "21", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100523", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/523", abstract = "The warming and acidification of surface waters as predicted by the IPCC leads aquatic species to face major multifaceted changes in their environment. Although teleosts have efficient regulatory systems to cope with these changes, such changes clearly have the potential to impact their physiological functions. Hence, it is crucial to estimate the ability of teleost fishes to cope with multi-stresses to predict how they will deal with future environments. In this context, we investigated the joint effect of warming and acidification on three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the juvenile stage to adulthood, focusing on parameters linked to growth, sexual maturation, and reproduction. Juvenile sticklebacks were split in 2 climate scenarios: a ``Current'' scenario corresponding to the current seasonal physico-chemical parameters of the water of the ``Rade de Brest'' in France, and a ``RCP8.5'' scenario with a warming of 3 {$^\circ $}C and an acidification of 0.4 pH units. After 7 months, fish in the RCP8.5 scenario reached the same size and mass as those in the Current scenario, but they needed greater amounts of food to reach satiety. Furthermore, the mortality rate over the experiment was higher in the RCP8.5 scenario. Muscle lipid content, an indicator of energy reserves, was lower in females in the RCP8.5 scenario, suggesting an increased need for energy to maintain homeostasis and other physiological functions or a divergence in energy allocation strategy. Moreover, females exhibited lower sexual maturation and egg quality under the RCP8.5 scenario, which could have contributed to the lower fertilisation rate observed. Males were more resilient to the RCP8.5 scenario, exhibiting only a trend for lower kidney somatic index scores. Altogether, these results suggest a delay and/or an inhibition of gametogenesis and maturation in fish in warmed and acidified waters. The analysis of blood sex steroid concentrations, brain gene expression profiles, and physiological indexes did not allow us to discriminate between a delay and an inhibition of maturation in the RCP8.5 scenario. Overall, these findings clearly indicate that there is a long-term global impact of combined acidification and warming on the mortality and reproductive performance of three-spined stickleback.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Seret:2023:FRH, author = "Bernard S{\'e}ret and Jean-Pascal Quod", title = "First Records of a Hydrolagus Species ({Holocephali: Chimaeridae}) from \geoname{Reunion Island} and \geoname{Mayotte} (\geoname{Southwestern Indian Ocean})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "522", day = "20", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100522", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/522", abstract = "Two specimens of large blackish chimaeras of the genus Hydrolagus were caught, one off Reunion Island and the other off Mayotte in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The specimens, an adult male of 710 mm BDL and a female of 870 m BDL, are described, compared to similar species (i.e., having a large size, over 110 cm TL, dark blackish colour, and rather long conical snout), and tentatively identified to the small-eyed rabbitfish Hydrolagus affinis, pending a taxonomic revision of the large blackish chimaeras is completed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Filipsson:2023:WBJ, author = "Karl Filipsson and Veronika {\AA}sman and Larry Greenberg and Martin {\"O}sterling and Johan Watz and Eva Bergman", title = "Winter Behavior of Juvenile Brown Trout in a Changing Climate: How Do Light and Ice Cover Affect Encounters with Instream Predators?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "521", day = "20", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100521", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/521", abstract = "During winter, stream fishes are vulnerable to semi-aquatic predators like mammals and birds and reduce encounters by being active in darkness or under surface ice. Less is known about the behavior of fishes towards instream piscivorous fishes. Here, we examined how surface ice and light affected the anti-predator behavior of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) in relation to piscivorous burbot (Lota lota Linnaeus, 1758) and northern pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) at 4 {$^\circ $}C in experimental flumes. Trout had lower foraging and swimming activity and spent more time sheltering when predators were present than when absent. In daylight, trout's swimming activity was not affected by predators, whereas in darkness trout were less active when predators were present. Trout consumed more drifting prey during the day when ice was present, and they positioned themselves further upstream when under ice cover, regardless of light conditions. Trout stayed closer to conspecifics under ice, but only in the presence of pike. Piscivorous fishes thus constitute an essential part of the predatory landscape of juvenile trout in winter, and thus loss of ice cover caused by climate warming will likely affect trout's interactions with predators.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vella:2023:PAS, author = "Noel Vella and Adriana Vella", title = "Phylogeographic Analyses of the Shortfin Mako, \bioname{Isurus oxyrinchus} {Rafinesque}, 1810 ({Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes}) from the \geoname{Central Mediterranean Sea}, a Critically Endangered Species in the Region", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "520", day = "20", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100520", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/520", abstract = "The Shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, is a globally distributed highly migratory pelagic shark species, occurring mostly in temperate and tropical regions, including the Mediterranean Sea where it is by-caught during fishing activities targeting other economically important fish species. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic connectivity of the Shortfin mako from the central Mediterranean Sea to previously studied populations. The mtDNA control region (CR), 977 bp, of 37 I. oxyrinchus specimens collected between 2004 and 2012 from landings in Malta were analysed, and we identified nine haplotypes, including three newly discovered haplotypes that may be unique to the Mediterranean Sea and which represent 16.7\% of the studied individuals. These haplotypes, together with variations in haplotype frequencies, led to significant F ST and {\SGMLvarphi}ST values between the Mediterranean population and other global populations, with the exception of that from the north Atlantic Ocean. This study provides the first insight of the mtDNA CR diversity of this critically endangered species in the Mediterranean Sea and highlights the importance of conserving this species in the region.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gough:2023:RVT, author = "Brendan Gough and Alexandra Prouse and Michael A. Dance and R. J. David Wells and Jay R. Rooker", title = "Regional Variation in the Trophic Ecology of Wahoo (\bioname{Acanthocybium solandri}) in the \geoname{Western Atlantic Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "519", day = "20", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100519", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/519", abstract = "Intrinsic tracers, such as stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, are common dietary markers that accumulate in the muscle tissue of consumers and can be used to determine the dietary sources and trophic positions of consumers. The aim of this study was to assess regional variation in the trophic ecology of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) using bulk stable isotopes. Muscle biopsies of wahoo were collected from four regions in the western Atlantic Ocean: the eastern Gulf of Mexico, western Gulf of Mexico, Northwest Atlantic Ocean, and Caribbean Sea. Muscle tissue {\delta} 13 C and {\delta} 15 N values for wahoo ranged from {$-$15}.8{\SGMLpermil} to {$-$18}.8{\SGMLpermil} and from 7.2{\SGMLpermil} to 12.8{\SGMLpermil}, respectively. Wahoo collected in the Caribbean Sea displayed the highest mean {\delta} 13 C value ({$-$16}.3{\SGMLpermil}), and individuals from this region were statistically different from the three other regions sampled. Mean {\delta} 15 N values were elevated for wahoo collected in the eastern and western Gulf of Mexico (11.4{\SGMLpermil} and 11.1{\SGMLpermil}, respectively), and the values were over 2{\SGMLpermil} higher than samples from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Trophic position (TP) was estimated using {\delta} 15 N baselines (zooplankton) and {\delta} 15 N wahoo values for each region, and mean TP was 0.4 to 0.9 higher in the Caribbean Sea relative to the three other regions, suggesting that wahoo in this region feed on higher-trophic-level prey. The results indicate that {\delta} 15 N baselines and the trophic positions of wahoo each vary as a function of their geographic location, which supports the hypothesis that this species feeds opportunistically throughout its range.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pompeu:2023:ISF, author = "Paulo Santos Pompeu and L{\'\i}dia Wouters and Heron Oliveira Hil{\'a}rio and Raquel Coelho Loures and Alexandre Peressin and Ivo Gavi{\~a}o Prado and F{\'a}bio Mineo Suzuki and Daniel Cardoso Carvalho", title = "Inadequate Sampling Frequency and Imprecise Taxonomic Identification Mask Results in Studies of Migratory Freshwater Fish Ichthyoplankton", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "518", day = "19", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100518", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/518", abstract = "In South America, knowledge of major spawning sites is crucial for maintaining migratory fish populations. In this study, we aimed to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of fish eggs in the upper S{\~a}o Francisco River using high sampling frequency and DNA metabarcoding identification. We evaluated the possible effects of the non-molecular identification of eggs and decreased sampling frequency on the determination of spawning sites and major breeding periods. Collections were carried out every three days from November 2019 to February 2020. We found that, if we had assumed that all of the free and non-adhesive sampled eggs belonged to migratory species, as is usual in the literature, this assumption would have been wrong for both the spawning sites and the breeding periods. Moreover, any decrease in the frequency of sampling could dramatically affect the determination of the major spawning rivers, and the spawning events of some of the migratory species may not have been detected. Therefore, without the proper identification and adequate sampling frequency of eggs, important spawning sites may be overlooked, leading to ineffective or inappropriate conservation measures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kiruba-Sankar:2023:ATK, author = "Rajendran Kiruba-Sankar and Sirisha Adamala and Jessica Barman and Kandasamy Saravanan and Jayasimhan Praveenraj and Eswaran Yuvaraj and Gokhlesh Kumar and Sheikh Zamir Ahmed", title = "{Aboriginal} Tribe's Knowledge of the Endangered Freshwater Turtle \bioname{Cuora amboinensis} in \geoname{Car Nicobar}, a Remote Oceanic Island in the \geoname{Bay of Bengal}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "517", day = "18", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100517", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/517", abstract = "Freshwater turtles are among the least studied faunas in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Here, we report the presence of freshwater turtles (Cuora amboinensis) from Car Nicobar, a small remote island in the Nicobar archipelago comprising the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the people belonging to Nicobarese tribes (n = 233) to gather their local ecological knowledge as supportive information to obtain a better understanding of the status of turtles in Car Nicobar. Most interviewees (90\%) opined that freshwater turtles are found to be rare or very rare on the Island. All the respondents (100\%) expressed willingness to contribute to future conservation projects. Community-level awareness emerged as a prominent issue for future conservation using the Garrett ranking method. A stream network map was prepared using the digital elevation model to visualize streams and potential habitats of turtles. This report on the freshwater turtles is essential from an ecological perspective since information is scarce on the freshwater turtles in Car Nicobar. This study emphasizes the importance of the engagement of stakeholders in conservation projects and recommends providing adequate attention to the conservation and protection of freshwater turtle diversity in Car Nicobar.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cheng:2023:AAI, author = "Xin Cheng and Fan Zhang and Xinjun Chen and Jintao Wang", title = "Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Study of Fishing Vessel Behavior", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "516", day = "18", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100516", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/516", abstract = "Monitoring and understanding the behavior of fishing vessels are important in facilitating effective management, preventing illegal fishing, informing fishing grounds and evaluating effects of harvests on fishery resources. In recent decades, a large quantity of real-time data of fishing vessels have become available with the development of vessel-tracking systems, making it possible to study the behavior of fishing vessels in high spatial and temporal resolutions. To effectively and efficiently deal with the large amount of data, algorithms from artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly applied in the study of fishing vessel behavior. In this paper, we first introduce the various data sources for studying fishing vessel behavior and compare their pros and cons. Secondly, we review the AI methods that have been used to monitor and extract the behavior of fishing vessels from big data. Then, studies on the physical, ecological and social mechanisms affecting the behavior of fishing vessels were synthesized. Lastly, we review the applications of fishing vessel behavior in fishery science and management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luo:2023:EWS, author = "Yuan-Yuan Luo and Xian-Can Chen and Rui-Lin Xie and Zhuo-Hao Ruan and Zhi-Qiang Lu and Liang-Sen Jiang and Yi-Fu Li and Wen-Sheng Liu", title = "The Effect of Water Spinach on the Water Quality, Antioxidant System, Non-Specific Immune Response, Growth Performance, and Carbon Balance in Red Tilapia Production", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "515", day = "18", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100515", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/515", abstract = "In this study, the compound aquaculture model of red tilapia (O. mossambicus albina $ \times $ O. urolepis hornorum) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) was used to investigate the effect of water spinach rafts on the water quality, antioxidant system, non-specific immune response, and growth performance of red tilapia and the carbon balance of payments. Red tilapia is characterized by its high adaptability to different production environments and food sources, as one of the most productive fish in aquaculture, and is well accepted in the market due to its nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. The experiment lasted for nine weeks and included two systems: the red tilapia-water spinach raft aquaponics (AP) system with 10\% cover ratio with water spinach floating beds, and the aquatic monoculture (AM) system with only red tilapia. The total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and nitrate nitrogen (NO {$-$} 3 -N) in the AM were higher than those in AP from the fifth to ninth week. On the second, third, fifth, and sixth weeks, the ammonia nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), in the AM was higher than those in the AP. From the seventh week, the pH of the AM was significantly lower than the AP, while the nitrite nitrogen (NO {$-$} 2 -N) was significantly higher than the AP. The water quality index of the AP was better than that of the AM, indicating that water spinach can remove the nutrients from aquaculture water bodies. The average daily gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish in AP were higher than those in the AM. The acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and catalase (CAT) activities in the hepatopancreas of red tilapia in the AP were also significantly higher than those in the AM, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the AP was lower than the AM. The serum ACP and CAT of red tilapia in the AP were also higher than those in the AM, while the MDA of fish in the AP was lower than the AM. The results showed that both the experimental group and the control group were carbon sources and released greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, but the total carbon emissions of the red tilapia and the water spinach symbiotic system in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p {$<$} 0.05). These results demonstrated that the application of water spinach rafts in aquaponics can not only improve the water quality, but also improve the growth performance, antioxidant system and non-specific immune responses of red tilapia, while promoting the utilization of organic matter in the aquaculture system, improving the ecological benefits in terms of the carbon income and expenditure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hamzaoui:2023:IDL, author = "Mahdi Hamzaoui and Mohamed Ould-Elhassen Aoueileyine and Lamia Romdhani and Ridha Bouallegue", title = "An Improved Deep Learning Model for Underwater Species Recognition in Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "514", day = "16", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100514", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/514", abstract = "The ability to differentiate between various fish species plays an essential role in aquaculture. It helps to protect their populations and monitor their health situations and their nutrient systems. However, old machine learning methods are unable to detect objects in images with complex backgrounds and especially in low-light conditions. This paper aims to improve the performance of a YOLO v5 model for fish recognition and classification. In the context of transfer learning, our improved model FishDETECT uses the pre-trained FishMask model. Then it is tested in various complex scenes. The experimental results show that FishDETECT is more effective than a simple YOLO v5 model. Using the evaluation metrics Precision, Recall, and mAP50, our new model achieved accuracy rates of 0.962, 0.978, and 0.995, respectively.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Patil:2023:CMP, author = "Maheshkumar Prakash Patil and Jong-Oh Kim and Seung Hyun Yoo and Yong Bae Seo and Yu-Jin Lee and Jin-Koo Kim and Shin-Ichi Kitamura and Gun-Do Kim", title = "Complete Mitogenome and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Marine Ray-Finned Fish, \bioname{Alcichthys elongatus} ({Perciformes: Cottidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "513", day = "16", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100513", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/513", abstract = "Alcichthys elongatus is the only species in the genus, and this work is the first to provide a comprehensive mitogenome analysis of this species. The A. elongatus mitogenome was 16,712 bp long, with biased A + T content (52.33\%), and featured thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), twenty-two tRNAs, two rRNAs, and the control region (D-loop). The H strand encoded twenty-eight genes (twelve PCGs, fourteen tRNA, and two rRNA) and the control region, whereas the L strand encoded the remaining nine genes (ND6 and eight tRNA). Except for COXI, which started with GTG, all PCG sequences started with ATG and ended with TAA (ND4L, ND5, COXI, ATP8) or TAG (ND1, ND6) termination codons, with some (ND2, ND3, ND4, COXII, COXIII, ATP6, Cytb) having an incomplete termination codon. Except for tRNA-serine-1 (trnS), the majority of the tRNAs exhibited characteristic cloverleaf secondary structures. Based on 13 PCGs, phylogenetic analysis placed A. elongatus in the same clade as Icelus spatula. This genomic data will be useful for species identification, phylogenetic analysis, and population genetics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rind:2023:EDC, author = "Khalid Hussain Rind and Syed Sikandar Habib and Javed Ahmed Ujan and Francesco Fazio and Saira Naz and Aima Iram Batool and Mujeeb Ullah and Sobia Attaullah and Khayyam Khayyam and Khalid Khan", title = "The Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Water Quality, Growth Performance, Hematology, Immune, and Antioxidant Status in Cultured \geoname{Nile} Tilapia with Biofloc Technology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "512", day = "14", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100512", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/512", abstract = "The biofloc technology system (BFT) is considered to be one of the sustainable aquaculture systems, which is based on the principle of nutrient recycling with the addition of a carbon source to give dominance to heterotrophic microorganisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sugar cane molasses and tapioca flour as carbon sources on the water quality, growth, hematology, immune status, and non-specific antioxidant status of Oreochromis juveniles. Methodologically, the experiment was carried out for 10 weeks on 225 juvenile Nile tilapia with initial body weights of 47.0 {\pm} 1.3 g that were randomly distributed in 09 tanks (1000 L) with a stocking density of 25 tilapias per tank; the treatments were: BFT + SM (S molasses), BFT + TF tapioca flour (TF), and a control with no carbon source added. The control group was fed 100\% feed, while the BFT experimental groups were fed microbial flocs along with 75\% feed. The results revealed that the water quality parameters were affected by the carbon sources, but were adequate for normal fish welfare, and the biofloc volume was higher (28.94) with the TF carbon source. The growth performance, such as weight gain (98.61), survival (99.01), and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.69), was recorded in BFT + TF. Significant improvements in WBCs, HCT, HB, lymphocytes, plasma proteins, albumin, and non-specific immune factors (lysozyme activity, immunoglobulins levels, and ACH50) were observed in biofloc-reared fish with tapioca flour as the carbon source compared to the control and sugarcane molasses groups. Moreover, significant increases in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found in the biofloc-reared fish with different carbon sources. In conclusion, the use of BFT + TF was found to affect improving the water quality, growth, hematology, immunity, and antioxidant status of juvenile Tilapia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luo:2023:ENI, author = "Zhengli Luo and Yanbo Zhou and Ning Liu and Liangming Wang and Yan Liu and Binbin Shan and Manting Liu and Cheng Chen and Changping Yang and Dianrong Sun", title = "Ecological Niche and Interspecific Association of the Main Fishes in the Coastal Waters of \geoname{Hainan Island, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "511", day = "13", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100511", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/511", abstract = "This study explored the ecological niche and interspecific relationships among the main fish species in the coastal waters of Hainan Island based on data from fishery stock surveys conducted in the spring and autumn of 2022. The methods of chi-square test, percentage of co-occurrence (PC), association coefficient (AC), cluster analysis, and redundancy analysis were used to analyze the interspecific associations and influence of environmental factors on the ecological niches of fish communities. According to the cluster analysis of niche breadth, 20 main fishes could be divided into broad, medium, and narrow niche species. There were four and eight broad niche species in spring and autumn, respectively. The ranges of niche overlap values were 0.001--0.91 in spring and 0--0.87 in autumn, indicating that the species differed and were similar in their ability to utilize resources, survive in habitats, and prey. According to the variance ratio and statistic value W, the main fishes in spring showed a significant positive association, whereas those in autumn showed a positive association, but not at a significant level, indicating that the main fishes in spring were more closely associated with each other. There were 56 species pairs in the 2 seasons that were significantly associated ({\chi} 2 {\geq} 3.841). AC and PC tests revealed that the interspecific association was strong and tended to be positive. According to the redundancy analysis, environmental factors such as surface temperature, water depth, and pH significantly affected the main fishes in spring, while environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen, bottom temperature, surface salinity, and pH significantly affected those in autumn.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sadler:2023:RHF, author = "Daniel E. Sadler and Phillip C. Watts and Silva Uusi-Heikkil{\"a}", title = "The Riddle of How Fisheries Influence Genetic Diversity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "510", day = "13", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100510", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/510", abstract = "Overfishing drives population decline, which in turn drives loss of genetic diversity. Many studies provide evidence of declines in genetic diversity; however, controversy exists within the literature, as some studies show evidence of no change in genetic diversity despite decades of overharvesting. The apparent discrepancy in the literature should therefore be examined to understand what biological and ecological processes are driving the differences in results. Here, we assess how different factors contribute to fisheries-induced susceptibility to declines in genetic diversity by first focusing on the different roles of genetic markers. Second, we assess how habitat type and conditions contribute to loss of genetic diversity. Third, we assess how life history and physiology affects catchability and loss of genetic diversity. Finally, we discuss how coinciding abiotic and biotic factors influence the intensity of genetic loss. We find a multitude of these factors could be interacting to influence how results are perceived and how intense the loss of genetic diversity can be. Future studies should carefully consider the methodology of genetic analysis used, as well as considerations of life history and ecology of the target species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Santos:2023:GPH, author = "Fabio A. C. Santos and Felipe S. Batista and Andr{\'e} S. Souza and Gustavo S. C. Julio and Gisele C. Favero and Jos{\'e} F. V. Junior and S{\'\i}lvio T. Costa and Carla C. Zeppenfeld and Nadia H. Bianchini and Berta M. Heinzmann and Bernardo Baldisserotto and Ronald K. Luz", title = "Growth Performance and Histomorphology of Intestine, Skin, Gills and Liver of Juvenile \bioname{Colossoma macropomum} Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of the Essential Oil of \bioname{Nectandra grandiflora}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "509", day = "11", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100509", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/509", abstract = "The present study evaluated different levels of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (EONG) in the diet of juvenile Colossoma macropomum. The juveniles (0.75 {\pm} 0.05 g) were fed four experimental diets with differing levels of EONG (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.50 mL/kg). After 20 days, the weight, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, and daily feed consumption per fish were highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg, while after 30 days, only the weight and daily feed consumption per fish for that diet remained highest. The viscerosomatic index was highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg while the hepatosomatic index was higher for the groups that received dietary EONG for 30 days. The juveniles fed 1.5 mL EONG/kg showed a proliferative response of the mucous cells in the gills, but the proliferation of these lysozyme- and immunoglobulin-secreting mucosal cells was higher for the skin of the fish of all EONG levels, compared to that of the control fish. The fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg had the greatest height and width of intestinal villi. The two highest levels of dietary EONG supplementation (0.75 and 1.50 mL/kg) reduced the hepatocyte dimensions but did not modify the centrolobular vein area. Dietary supplementation with 0.5 mL EONG/kg improved the growth, gut health, and immune response of juvenile C. macropomum.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shelledy:2023:RST, author = "Katharine N. Shelledy and Amy Y. Olsen and Alexander Tanz and Megan H. Williams and Jeff Christiansen and Heidi Wilken and Chris {Van Damme} and Shawn Larson", title = "Rockfish Species Trends in \geoname{Puget Sound, Washington, USA}, 2009--2023", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "508", day = "11", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100508", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/508", abstract = "Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) are a long-lived, understudied, multi-species fish assemblage in inland Washington (USA) waters. Driven by large-scale fishery removals in the 1970s, their numbers declined and have yet to recover, perhaps due to slow maturation and rare recruitment success. Since then, rockfish fishing restrictions have increased within Puget Sound, culminating in a 2010 total ban. Here, we analyze rockfish community trends (abundance and Shannon Diversity) within Puget Sound from 2009 to 2023. Our dataset includes 157 recorded dive transects from nine rocky or artificial reef habitats at depths 5--24 m throughout four Puget Sound basins: Admiralty Inlet (2 sites), Central Puget Sound (4 sites), Hood Canal (2 sites), and South Puget Sound (1 site). Significant differences in community species composition between basins were observed; we noted more Black (S. melanops), Yellowtail (S. flavidus), and Puget Sound (S. emphaeus) rockfish and fewer Brown rockfish (S. auriculatus) at sites in Admiralty Inlet vs. Central Puget Sound. Adult rockfish counts and Shannon Diversity varied seasonally, with higher rockfish counts and diversity indices in summer/autumn vs. winter/spring. Notably, we observed that total adult rockfish count per survey tended downward over time, driven partly by significant downward trends in Hood Canal Copper rockfish (S. caurinus) counts. We recommend continued monitoring and additional investigation into what factors besides fishing may be driving the trends reported here.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhao:2023:HLG, author = "Lingmin Zhao and Lixing Huang and Yingxue Qin and Dou Yang and Jiaonan Zhang and Jiaolin Zhang and Qingpi Yan", title = "How the \gene{luxR} Gene Affects the Pathogenicity of \bioname{Pseudomonas plecoglossicida} and the Immune Response of \bioname{Epinephelus coioides}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "507", day = "11", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100507", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/507", abstract = "This study aimed to investigate the effect of reduced expression of the luxR gene on the virulence of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and the immune response of Epinephelus coioides. To achieve this, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to silence the luxR gene, and the pathogenicity of wild-type and luxR -RNAi strains of P. plecoglossicida, as well as the immune response of Epinephelus coioides to the infection of these two strains, were compared. The mutant strain with the highest silencing efficiency of 70.1\% was selected for subsequent analysis. Silencing the luxR gene in the mutant strain resulted in a significant 30\% reduction in mortality rates in artificially infected Epinephelus coioides compared to the wild-type strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the host transcriptome, particularly in the spleens of infected Epinephelus coioides, was markedly altered by the silencing of the luxR gene in the mutant strain. Tilapia infected with the luxR -RNAi strain exhibited altered immune defenses, with changes in gene expression primarily in the NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway. These results suggest that the luxR gene plays a crucial role in the host's resistance to pathogen invasion, and reducing its expression could decrease quorum sensing (QS) signals while increasing the expression of the IL-1{\beta} gene in the host's NLR pathway. This effect may lead to a pro-inflammatory response that enhances the immune response to infection. Further investigation of these mechanisms may lead to innovative approaches to treating bacterial infections.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:PPD, author = "Jiyuan Li and Yanfeng Wang and Teng Guo and Shihong Xu and Guang Gao and Feng Liu and Xiaoyang Guo and Yanduo Wu and Haixia Zhao and Jun Li", title = "Phenethylamine Is a Potential Density Stress Pheromone in Turbot (\bioname{Scophthalmus maximus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "506", day = "11", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100506", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/506", abstract = "Pheromones play a vital role in regulating fish behavior, including reproduction, aggregation, hazard recognition and food location. To gain a better understanding of chemical communication in fish produced by density changes, this study analyzed the metabolites released by turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under different stocking densities. The experiment was conducted at low (LD: 3.01 kg/m 2), medium (MD: 6.62 kg/m 2) and high (HD: 10.84 kg/m 2) densities for 15 days. High-throughput non-targeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify variations in metabolites released into the aquatic environment by turbot at different densities. Results showed that 29 and 47 metabolites were significantly upregulated in the MD and HD groups, respectively, compared with the LD group. Among them, hexadecanedioic acid, xanthine, phenethylamine, proline and styrene were significantly upregulated in the MD vs. LD, HD vs. MD and HD vs. LD. The VIP diagram of OPLS-DA alignment showed that phenethylamine was the most important metabolite shared by MD vs. LD, HD vs. MD and HD vs. LD. Key gene changes in the GH/IGF-1 signaling pathway, HPI axis of turbot were studied using qRT-PCR for density treatment. The results demonstrated that the expression of GH, GHR and IGF-1 was significantly lower, while the expression of CRH and ACTH was higher in the HD group. Additionally, plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, triglycerides and T 3 were also highest in the HD group compared with the LD and MD groups. Phenylethylamine concentration was positively correlated with the HPI axis and negatively correlated with the GH/IGF-1 signaling pathway. To investigate the impact of phenethylamine accumulation on turbot, an acute treatment experiment with phenethylamine was set up. Its concentration in the aquatic environment was set at 0 (CON), 10 {$-$7} (LP) and 10 {$-$5} (HP) mol/L via exogenous addition, and turbot were exposed to these environments for 2 days. There was a high degree of concordance between the GH/IGF-1 signaling pathway (GH, GHR, IGF-1), HPI axis (CRH, ACTH) and plasma physiological changes (cortisol, glucose, triglycerides, T 3) in the phenethylamine-treated group and the density-treated group. Therefore, accumulation of phenethylamine with increasing stocking density may be a potential cause of density stress. Phenylethylamine has a dose-dependent and trace effect as a pheromone.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hamzaoui:2023:OXP, author = "Mahdi Hamzaoui and Mohamed Ould-Elhassen Aoueileyine and Lamia Romdhani and Ridha Bouallegue", title = "Optimizing {XGBoost} Performance for Fish Weight Prediction through Parameter Pre-Selection", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "505", day = "10", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100505", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/505", abstract = "Fish play a major role in the human nutritional system, and farmers need to know the accurate prediction of fish weight in order to optimize the production process and reduce costs. However, existing prediction methods are not efficient. The formulas for calculating fish weight are generally designed for a single species of fish or for species of a similar shape. In this paper, a new hybrid method called SFI-XGBoost is proposed. It combines the VIF (variance inflation factor), PCC (Pearson's correlation coefficient), and XGBoost methods, and it covers different fish species. By applying GridSearchCV validation, normalization, augmentation, and encoding techniques, the obtained results show that SFI-XGBoost is more efficient than simple XGBoost. The model generated by our approach is more generalized, achieving accurate results with a wide variety of species. Using the r2_score evaluation metric, SFI-XGBoost achieves an accuracy rate of 99.94\%.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2023:DSG, author = "Yang Zhou and Li Xu and Zhongtang He and Weijie Cui and Qun Lu and Jianguang Qin and Shengqi Su and Tao He", title = "Discrimination of \bioname{Schizothorax grahami} ({Regan}, 1904) Stocks Based on Otolith Morphology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "504", day = "10", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100504", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/504", abstract = "Otoliths grow throughout a fish's life and are important for identifying fish stocks and fish age. This study aims to differentiate different stocks of Schizothorax grahami (Regan, 1904) in the Chishui River, an upper reach of the Yangtze River, by otolith morphology. The otolith morphology of S. grahami from three different river sections was analyzed using the Shape Index, Fourier coefficients, and wavelet coefficients. The composite discrimination success rate of the Shape Index was 59.7\%, and it was difficult to distinguish in the scatter plots. In contrast, canonical principal coordinate scatter plots clearly showed three distinguished stocks. The above results indicate that otolith morphology can discriminate between stocks in plateau endemic fish, and several S. grahami stocks may be separately managed in the Chishui River.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sun:2023:TDF, author = "Lufeng Sun and Xiuqi Li and Guancang Dong and Xuri Cong", title = "Taxonomic Diversity of Fish Species in the Lower Reaches of the \geoname{Yellow River}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "503", day = "09", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100503", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/503", abstract = "In order to study the community of fishery resources, five sampling sections were set up in the lower Yellow River from 2019 to 2022 to investigate the diversity of fishery resources. A total of 54 fish species were identified in the survey, belonging to 9 orders, 19 families, and 48 genera. The number of species reached its highest level since the Integrated Water Regulation of the Lower Yellow River in 1999. The original rare and endangered fish species in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, such as Coilia nasus, Rhinogobio nasutus, and Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, have reappeared in the lower reaches. The population and abundance of main economic fish and common small-sized fish in the lower reaches of the Yellow River have increased. These signs all indicate that, and the fishery resources are recovering slowly in the lower Yellow River. By comparing the fish resources of various investigation sections, it was found that there are differences in fish diversity: the closer to the estuarine waters, the higher the variety of fish in the Yellow River at the upper level of the taxonomic category. However, that section of the lower Yellow River where species evenness, species diversity, and community structure of fishery resources were most stable was the confluence of Dongping Lake into the Yellow River, which has the most significant number of fish species, the smallest {\Lambda} + value, and the most extensive G-F index. The above results indicate that Dongping Lake, as the only lake connected to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, plays an essential role in replenishing fish resources in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Song:2023:BRS, author = "Yifan Song and Shengmao Zhang and Fenghua Tang and Yongchuang Shi and Yumei Wu and Jianwen He and Yunyun Chen and Lin Li", title = "Behavior Recognition of Squid Jigger Based on Deep Learning", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "502", day = "08", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100502", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:14 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/10/502", abstract = "In recent years, with the development of pelagic fishing, the working environment and monitoring of crew (squid jigger) members have become increasingly important. However, traditional methods of pelagic human observers suffer from high costs, low coverage, poor timeliness, and susceptibility to subjective factors. In contrast, the Electronic Monitoring System (EMS) has advantages such as continuous operation under various weather conditions; more objective, transparent, and efficient data; and less interference with fishing operations. This paper shows how the 3DCNN model, LSTM+ResNet model, and TimeSformer model are applied to video-classification tasks, and for the first time, they are applied to an EMS. In addition, this paper tests and compares the application effects of the three models on video classification, and discusses the advantages and challenges of using them for video recognition. Through experiments, we obtained the accuracy and relevant indicators of video recognition using different models. The research results show that when NUM_FRAMES is set to 8, the LSTM+ResNet-50 model has the best performance, with an accuracy of 88.47\%, an F1 score of 0.8881, and an map score of 0.8133. Analyzing the EMS for pelagic fishing can improve China's performance level and management efficiency in pelagic fishing, and promote the development of the fishery knowledge service system and smart fishery engineering.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:EGB, author = "Gangfu Chen and Jing Xu and Min Wu and Huatao Li and Qihui Yang and Lin Feng", title = "Extract of \bioname{Ginkgo biloba} Leaves ({EGb}) Decrease Lipid Oxidation in Fish Feed and Meat and Enhance Growth and Antioxidant Capacity in {Jian} Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio} var. {Jian})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "564", day = "20", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110564", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/564", abstract = "Firstly, a linoleic and linolenic acid emulsion were incubated with petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract (EAE), ethanol extract and aqueous extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The flavonoids content, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and metal-chelating ability (MCA) were determined in EGbs above. Results showed that the extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGbs) inhibited the lipid oxidation in material above. Of all of EGbs, EAE showed the strongest T-AOC, MCA and protective effects against the lipid oxidation. Next, fish feeds were incubated with graded levels of EAE. The results showed that EAE inhibited lipid oxidation in fish feeds. The optimal inclusion levels of EAE for minimizing lipid oxidation were 4.26 g kg {$-$1} feeds. The effect of EGbs on the lipid oxidation may be closely associated with their flavonoid content. Finally, juvenile carp (14.8 {\pm} 0.4 g) were fed with EAE at concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 6.0 g kg {$-$1} for 60 days. Current data displayed that dietary EAE increased the growth performance of fish. This result of EAE may be ascribed to its enhancing effect on the activity of digestive and absorptive enzymes and antioxidant capacity in digestive organs of fish. Furthermore, dietary EAE decreased the hot-drying-induced lipid oxidation in fish meat through inhibiting the induction effect of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Our study suggests that EGb can be considered as a potential natural antioxidant for fish and fish feed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mpomwenda:2023:COC, author = "Veronica Mpomwenda and Tumi T{\'o}masson and J{\'o}n Geir P{\'e}tursson and Da{\eth}i Mar Krist{\'o}fersson", title = "From Co-Operation to Coercion in Fisheries Management: The Effects of Military Intervention on the \geoname{Nile} Perch Fishery on \geoname{Lake Victoria} in \geoname{Uganda}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "563", day = "20", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110563", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/563", abstract = "In 2017, Uganda's small-scale inland fisheries underwent a significant transformation, shifting from local co-management to state military enforcement owing to ineffective enforcement of regulations and declining exports. Employing a mixed-methods approach and blending qualitative and quantitative data, we assessed the impact of military intervention on Lake Victoria's Nile perch fishery, focusing on fishing effort, catch, and exports. Our findings indicate that military operations adhered to regulations, gaining primary support from key stakeholders, specifically motorized fishing operators. Consequently, between 2016 and 2020, legal fishing activities experienced substantial growth. By 2021, approximately 90\% of Nile perch catches were made by motorized vessels using longlines and gillnets, despite a declining trend in catch-per-unit effort. Between 2015 and 2021, the Nile perch fishery saw changes: boat seines made up about 5\% of motorized fleet catches in 2021, while catches in paddled vessels increased from 20\% to over 50\%, suggesting a potential role in the growing longline fishery. Therefore, the current management approach does not increase catches or exports compared with the co-management period. The observed decline in catch-per-unit effort among motorized gillnets suggests overcapacity. Further research is needed to comprehend the broader sociological and ecological impacts of the present enforcement strategy for sustainable fishery management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Queller:2023:LLE, author = "Philip S. Queller and Elena R. M. Adams and Molly E. Cummings", title = "Life-Long Experience with Male Mating Tactics Shapes Spatial Cognition and Coercion Evasion in Female Swordtails", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "562", day = "20", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110562", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/562", abstract = "Social experiences can shape adult behavior and cognition. Here, we use El Abra swordtails (Xiphophorus nigrensis) to assess how life-long experience with different male mating tactics shapes coercion evasion ability and female spatial cognition. We raised females from birth to adulthood in environments that varied by male mating tactic: coercers only, courtship displayers only, coercers and displayers together, mixed-strategists, and female only. In adulthood, we tested females' behavioral responses to a coercive male and spatial cognition in a maze. Females reared with only displayers were significantly worse at distancing themselves from the coercive male than females raised with coercers and displayers and females raised with only coercers. Females raised with a single mating tactic (either courtship display or coercion) exhibited significantly higher accuracy in the spatial maze than females from other rearing groups, and showed significant reduction in total errors (courtship display group) or latency to reward (coercion group) over successive trials. These more predictable environments (one tactic), and not the more complex environments (two tactics), showed evidence for spatial learning. The results are discussed in light of the existing literature on two components of environmental change (environmental predictability and the certainty with which cues predict the best behavioral response) and their effect on the development of cognitive abilities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Antognazza:2023:CAA, author = "Caterina M. Antognazza and Anja Palanda{\'c}i{\'c} and Giovanni B. Delmastro and Giuseppe Crosa and Serena Zaccara", title = "Correction: {Antognazza et al. Current and Historical Genetic Variability of Native Brown Trout Populations in a Southern Alpine Ecosystem: Implications for Future Management. {{\booktitle{Fishes}}} 2023, {\bf 8}, 411}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "561", day = "20", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110561", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Antognazza:2023:CHG}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/561", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yu:2023:IMS, author = "Hyun-Ji Yu and Young Il Seo and Jae-Hyeong Yang and Jeong-Ik Baek and Seong hun Kim", title = "Investigating the Mesh Size Selectivity of Olive Flounder (\bioname{Paralichthys olivaceus}) Gillnets for Fisheries Resource Management in the \geoname{East Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "560", day = "20", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110560", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/560", abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the mesh selectivity of gillnets used in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fishing by examining the distribution of total length (TL) across various mesh sizes. A marine fishing experiment was conducted at Gajin Harbor in Goseong County, Gangwon Province, employing experimental gear with four different mesh sizes: 90, 105, 135, and 150 mm. Mesh selectivity analysis involved a comparative assessment of selectivity curve methods through normal, log-normal, and bi-normal functions. Among these, the bi-normal function demonstrated the best fit for estimating the mesh selectivity curve within the SELECT model. The critical finding was the net size at which 50\% of the minimum landing size (35 cm in TL) of olive flounder was selected, ranging from 108.7 to 121.1 mm. According to the bi-normal function curve, this size was estimated as 114.0 mm. Our findings indicate that using a mesh size larger than the theoretically estimated size in mesh selectivity analysis can further decrease the catch of immature individuals. These findings provide essential data for devising strategies to efficiently utilize and manage olive flounder resources.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:SDM, author = "Menghui Li and Xuehui Wang and Feiyan Du and Shuai Peng and Lianggen Wang and Dianrong Sun and Yuezhong Wang and Pimao Chen and Yongsong Qiu", title = "Spatial Distribution of Major Fish Species Catches and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors in the \geoname{Beibu Gulf, South China Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "559", day = "20", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110559", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/559", abstract = "This study focused on major fish species caught from different ecological habitats to analyze the habitat changes in economically important fish in the Beibu Gulf. The maximum entropy model was constructed based on the data from 26 voyages obtained through the otter trawl fishery stock surveys conducted in the Beibu Gulf from 2006 to 2018. A total of 10 taxa of major fish catches, belonging to 4 families, 1 genus, and 5 species, were analyzed for their distribution characteristics in potential habitats during various ecological periods, specifically the withered and high-water periods, as well as their relationships with crucial environmental factors. During both the withered and high-water periods, the average area under the curve was 0.927, and all models had values exceeding 0.9. Salinity was identified as the principal factor during both periods. The salinity niche of Acropoma japonicum and the primary productivity niche of Sciaenidae were identified as the most restricted factors. The total distribution area of potentially suitable regions for major fish catches extended between {106$^\circ $}30{\prime}--109{$^\circ $}45{\prime} E and {17$^\circ $}30{\prime}--20{$^\circ $}45{\prime} N, and the area was lesser during the withered period. During the withered period, the distribution areas of Sciaenidae, Leiognathidae, and Saurida increased, while the distribution area of Trachurus japonicus increased during the high-water period. Sciaenidae and Trachurus japonicus exhibited the highest rates of change at 6.22\% and 10.92\%, respectively. This indicates that the high-water period may expand the range of suitable habitats for large catches that have an ideal habitat status in the Beibu Gulf. Therefore, it is crucial to anticipate the potential fish habitats in the Beibu Gulf and clarify their spatial distribution patterns.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2023:TCL, author = "Fan Zhou and Xuelin Zhang and Gaohua Yao and Xiaoming Chen and Ming Qi and Qin Zhou and Ningyu Zhu and Qinghui Meng and Yu Zhang and Xueyan Ding", title = "Transcriptomic Comparison of Liver Tissue across Different Largemouth Bass (\bioname{Micropterus salmoides}) Strains", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "558", day = "19", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110558", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/558", abstract = "Over the past few years, China has become a hotspot for the domestication of the commercially valuable largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Although the food preference of this fish has been studied, little is known about the genes regulating its growth. Population breeding was performed using two indigenous strains (QT1 and QT2), with the results showing that the organ/body ratio, abdominal fat rate and the body weight gain of QT1 and QT2 were higher than for the offspring YL1 and Y3 which are extensively cultured in China. Subsequent RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) allowed for the identification of potential genes and pathways involved in growth performance. Overall, the transcriptome analysis generated 89,056 transcripts and 42,529 Unigenes. A PCA revealed significant differences between QT1 and the other three strains, while the other three strains did not show much difference. A KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that steroid biosynthesis was the most enriched pathway among the four strains. These pathways could be related to the growth of largemouth bass. In addition, a co-expression network analysis suggested a strong interaction between liver steroid biosynthesis and the genes for photosynthesis, secondary metabolism and stress response. Taken together, the above results can provide new insights into the liver metabolism of different strains of largemouth bass during culture and provide references for the subsequent domestication and breeding programs of largemouth bass.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mundahl:2023:CRF, author = "Neal D. Mundahl and Kelsey A. Hoffmann", title = "Condition, Reproductive Fitness, and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Brook Stickleback: Responses to Anthropogenic Runoff", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "557", day = "19", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110557", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/557", abstract = "Multiple indicators have been used to assess the degree of exposure of fish to anthropogenic chemicals in their stream habitats. We hypothesized that brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in a headwater stream receiving urban and agricultural runoff (South Fork Whitewater River, SFWR) would exhibit poorer condition, reduced reproductive fitness, and a greater left side to right side morphological asymmetry (i.e., fluctuating asymmetry or FA) than fish from a nearby headwater stream with a forested drainage basin (Garvin Brook). Male and female fish were collected from both streams just prior to spawning in 2013--2015. In 2013 and 2014, fish were assessed for overall condition (Fulton's K), internal measures of condition (hepatosomatic index, HSI) and reproductive fitness (gonadosomatic index [GSI], total oocyte count, and oocyte mass). In 2015, measurements of head length, jaw length, eye diameter, pectoral fin length, and pelvic fin length were made on both sides of each fish for assessing degree of FA. We observed declining condition with fish size, increased liver size, and reduced oocyte counts and oocyte size in female brook stickleback in SFWR relative to those from Garvin Brook. SFWR females had significantly higher FA than Garvin females for all structures assessed, except pelvic fin length. FA also was slightly higher for all structures in SFWR males compared to Garvin males, but differences were not significant. A composite FA index combining all measurements from an individual fish into a single value displayed highly significant differences for female fish (SFWR FA {$ > $$ >$ } Garvin FA), but not for male fish (SFWR FA = Garvin FA). Exposure of brook stickleback to reduced water quality in SFWR during early development appears to increase morphological asymmetry in female (but not male) fish, and continuing exposure to compromised water quality throughout life impacts both general condition and reproductive fitness of stickleback, especially older female fish, in SFWR.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zuluaga-Hernandez:2023:NCI, author = "Christian David Zuluaga-Hern{\'a}ndez and Carlos A. Hincapi{\'e} and Marisol Osorio", title = "Non-Conventional Ingredients for Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis} spp.) Feed: a Systematic Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "556", day = "18", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110556", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/556", abstract = "The objective of this systematic review was to identify and classify, from the available literature, non-conventional feed ingredients from terrestrial plants, animals, algae, and fungi which have been evaluated for their potential use for tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) production. For this purpose, 795 papers published in the Scopus and Web of Science databases between 2011 and 2021 were analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Data on the growth rate (GR) and effects on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR); digestibility; fatty acid profile (FAP) of the fish carcass; and the survival rate (SR) were compiled in databases and summary tables. The results were refined according to different criteria, obtaining 144 documents that were pertinent for an in-depth analysis. From those, we found that 50.7\% evaluated terrestrial plants, 22.2\% animals, 13.9\% algae, 9\% fungi, and the remaining, combinations of some of the above categories. From the summarized results we concluded that most of the non-conventional sources analyzed have a positive potential impact as alternatives for producing tilapia. Survival was the most evaluated parameter, while digestibility was the least evaluated parameter.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zheng:2023:ESD, author = "Jishu Zheng and Zhengxi Wang and Decheng Pu and Peiyuan Li and Xiuli Wei and Mai Li and Dongsheng Li and Lihong Gao and Xuliang Zhai", title = "Effects of Stocking Density on Intestinal Health of Juvenile \bioname{Micropterus salmoides} in Industrial Aquaponics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "555", day = "17", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110555", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/555", abstract = "Stocking density is a key factor affecting the health of aquatic organisms in industrial aquaponics. In this study, Micropterus salmoides were assigned to one of two density groups (160 and 120 fish/m 3) for 40 days. The growth performance, intestinal morphology, enzyme activity, and microbial communities were compared between the two density groups. The findings revealed that the higher stocking density condition exhibited an increased weight gain rate and specific growth rate during the developmental phase of the juvenile M. salmoides. Moreover, remarkable increases in villi height, villi width, and muscular layer thickness were observed. Additionally, this elevated stocking density condition also enhanced the activity of intestinal antioxidant enzymes, consequently improving the structural integrity of the intestine and augmenting the digestive and absorptive capacities of the juvenile M. salmoides. With regard to the intestinal microbial community, the dominant phyla detected were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. However, under the higher stocking density condition, there was a significant upsurge in the abundance of Mycoplasma. Consequently, it is advised to mitigate the abundance of such pathogenic microorganisms through the regulation of the water environment during the aquacultural process. Drawing from recent investigations on the impact of various factors on the intestinal microbiota of M. salmoides, it can be deduced that the composition of the intestinal microbiota is closely intertwined with factors including aquaculture practices, feed composition, water environment, and developmental stage. In summary, the aforementioned research findings possess noteworthy implications for the control of stocking density in the cultivation of juvenile M. salmoides.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mazzucato:2023:OBM, author = "Matteo Mazzucato and Tiziano Dorotea and Eleonora Franzago and Paolo Mulatti and Giulio Marchetti and Claudia Casarotto and Andrea Fabris and Nicola Ferr{\`e} and Anna Toffan and Andrea Marsella and Azzurra Callegaro and Grazia Manca and Manuela {Dalla Pozza}", title = "Overview on the Biosecurity Measures of Salmonid Fish Farms: a Case Study in \geoname{Italy}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "554", day = "16", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110554", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/554", abstract = "Italy is one of the main European producers of trout fish, and the most important producing area is the Autonomous Province of Trento (APT) in the North East. The objective of the study was to obtain a snapshot of the trout farms of the APT by identifying biosecurity factors, objectifying them, and classifying the establishments accordingly. Data from 62 salmonid farms were collected using a national checklist in which biosecurity elements were identified and assessed using the method of expert elicitation. The purpose was to evaluate the levels of biosecurity of a trout farm in order to rank the risk of introduction and spread of infectious fish diseases. The main critical factors identified during this study were as following: (i) cleaning and disinfection of the cargo truck; (ii) regular collection, storage, and disposal of dead fish; (iii) presence of anti-bird nets; (iv) use of dedicated equipment for the different sectors of the farm; and (v) presence of external areas dedicated to the loading of dead fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kropielnicka-Kruk:2023:EFT, author = "Katarzyna Kropielnicka-Kruk and Quinn P. Fitzgibbon and Mohamed B. Codabaccus and Andrew J. Trotter and Chris G. Carter and Gregory G. Smith", title = "Effect of Feed Texture and Dimensions, on Feed Waste Type and Feeding Efficiency in Juvenile \bioname{Sagmariasus verreauxi}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "553", day = "16", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110553", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/553", abstract = "The ``messy'' feeding behaviour of spiny lobsters remains an obstacle for formulated feed development. This study examined the relationship between feeding efficiency and feed waste by juvenile spiny lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi, fed different formulated pellet diameters or lengths across two separate experiments. Feed texture (hard and dry pellet, HDP; soft and moist pellet, SMP) was also examined. Juvenile lobsters were fed experimental feeds at 0.5\% BW daily over a 6 h duration. The resulting feed waste was categorised as either feeding-related waste (FRW) or non-feeding-related waste (NFRW). For all feed types, the FRW increased with increasing pellet diameter and pellet length. The increase in FRW corresponded with a decrease in NFRW, particularly for HDP, resulting in no difference in total feed waste in any treatment investigated. Thus, even with improved feeding efficiency with small feed dimensions, feed intake was not improved. Feed leaching rate decreased with increasing pellet size, suggesting a more rapid decline in feed attractiveness for smaller pellets. This finding indicates that currently a counteractive interaction exists between pellet size and feed attractiveness and suggests improving attractiveness would further enhance feeding. Future research should aim at optimising feed dimensions simultaneously to support efficient feeding whilst enhancing attraction/gustatory stimulations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Monahan:2023:SPF, author = "Dylan Monahan and Jeff S. Wesner and Stephanie M. Parker and Hannah Schartel", title = "Spatial Patterns in Fish Assemblages across the {National Ecological Observation Network (NEON)}: the First Six Years", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "552", day = "16", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110552", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See correction \cite{Monahan:2024:CMA}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/552", abstract = "The National Ecological Observation Network (NEON) is a thirty-year, open-source, continental-scale ecological observation platform. The objective of the NEON project is to provide data to facilitate the understanding and forecasting of the ecological impacts of anthropogenic change at a continental scale. Fish are sentinel taxa in freshwater systems, and the NEON has been sampling and collecting fish assemblage data at wadable stream sites for six years. One to two NEON wadable stream sites are located in sixteen domains from Alaska to Puerto Rico. The goal of site selection was that sites represent local conditions but with the intention that site data be analyzed at a continental observatory level. Site selection did not include fish assemblage criteria. Without using fish assemblage criteria, anomalies in fish assemblages at the site level may skew the expected spatial patterns of North American stream fish assemblages, thereby hindering change detection in subsequent years. However, if NEON stream sites are representative of the current spatial distributions of North American stream fish assemblages, we could expect to find the most diverse sites in Atlantic drainages and the most depauperate sites in Pacific drainages. Therefore, we calculated the alpha and regional (beta) diversities of wadable stream sites to highlight spatial patterns. As expected, NEON sites followed predictable spatial diversity patterns, which could facilitate future change detection and attribution to changes in environmental drivers, if any.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:GGC, author = "Yichao Zhang and Siyong Qin and Qinghua Liu and Wenqi Wang", title = "Gonad and Germ Cell Development and Maturation Characteristics of the Pot-Bellied Seahorse (\bioname{Hippocampus abdominalis}) under Captive Breeding Conditions in \geoname{Northern China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "551", day = "15", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110551", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/551", abstract = "Ovoviviparity and male pregnancy represent distinctive reproductive strategies in seahorses. However, the detailed process of gonadal development in seahorses, particularly in the pot-bellied seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis), remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the complete gonadal development process of the pot-bellied seahorse under captive breeding conditions (18 {\pm} 1 {$^\circ $}C). Immediately after birth, primordial germ cells (PGCs) were found within the genital ridge, enclosed by a single layer of somatic cells. Around 7--9 days after birth (DAB), the ovary begins to differentiate. By 30 DAB, two germinal ridges had formed along the edge of the follicular lamina in the ovary. The primary oocytes, resulting from this differentiation process, gradually migrated from the dorsal sides to the mid-ventral area of the ovary, eventually maturing into eggs. In the testis, the primary and secondary spermatocytes appeared at 15 and 30 DAB, respectively, preceding the formation of the testicular lumen (50 DAB). The testis was observed to consist of a single large germinal compartment. Under captive breeding conditions in Northern China, the pot-bellied seahorse demonstrated year-round breeding capability, with each male producing approximately 100--150 larvae. The findings from this study contribute valuable insights into seahorse aquaculture and enhance understanding of the unique reproductive strategy employed by seahorses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{An:2023:MCE, author = "Hyung-Eun An and Min-Ho Mun and Chang-Bae Kim", title = "Metabarcoding by Combining Environmental {DNA} with Environmental {RNA} to Monitor Fish Species in the \geoname{Han River, Korea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "550", day = "15", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110550", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/550", abstract = "Fishes are ecologically important organisms that have long lifespans, high mobilities, and diverse trophic levels. Due to their importance, fishes are used as bioindicators for monitoring aquatic environments. One method for monitoring fishes is based on environmental DNA (eDNA), which are the deoxynucleic acids released by organisms into the environment. However, there has been a problem with false positives because eDNA is relatively stable in the environment and could even likely represent dead or non-inhabiting organisms. To address this weakness, environmental RNA (eRNA), which degrades more rapidly than eDNA in the environment, can be utilized to complement eDNA. But, to date, few studies have used eRNA for freshwater fish monitoring. In this study, to determine the relative usefulness of eDNA and eRNA metabarcoding in freshwater fishes, we performed eDNA and eRNA metabarcoding on 12S rRNA targeting fish using water samples that were collected from three locations in the Han River. We then calculated the sensitivity and positive predictivity of this approach by comparing our data to the previous specimen capture survey (PSCS) data from the last six years. The results showed that 42 species were detected by eDNA and 19 by eRNA at the three locations. At all locations, compared to the PSCS data, the average sensitivity was higher for eDNA (46.1\%) than for eRNA (34.6\%), and the average positive predictivity was higher for eRNA (31.7\%) than for eDNA (20.7\%). This confirmed that eDNA metabarcoding has the advantage of broadly determining species presence or absence (including those that are no longer present or dead), but it also generates false positives; meanwhile, eRNA metabarcoding reports living fish species, but detects fewer species than eDNA. Combining eDNA and eRNA therefore emphasizes their advantages and compensates for their disadvantages, and conducting this may therefore be useful for identifying false positives and monitoring the fish species that are actually present in the environment. This metabarcoding technique can be used in the future to provide insights into the aquatic environment and the monitoring of fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:TAG, author = "Yifan Zhang and Dandan Zhang and Ying Tian and Junxia Mao and Yang Liu and Zhenlin Hao", title = "Transcriptome Analysis of Gill Tissues from \bioname{Neptunea cumingii} in Different Seasons", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "549", day = "11", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110549", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/549", abstract = "Neptunea cumingii is an economically important marine shellfish found in the Yellow and Bohai Seas areas of China. In this study, samples of Neptunea cumingii were collected in Zhangzidao and Yantai during spring, summer, autumn, and winter to clarify the gene expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms in their gills in different seasons. Transcriptome analysis was conducted using Neptunea cumingii gill tissues, and genes with significantly different expression levels were extracted for functional verification. The most genes with differences in expression (DEGs) were found in comparisons of the winter and summer samples. Gene enrichment analysis based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes terms showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in immune and metabolic pathways, and they had significant effects on oxidative stress, body metabolism, and protein synthesis in Neptunea cumingii. Further screening of DEGs identified thirty-four genes related to temperature regulation, comprising thirteen genes with roles in innate immunity in shellfish, twelve genes related to oxidative stress, and nine genes related to protein synthesis and energy metabolism. Eleven DEGs were randomly selected for qPCR verification, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis results. In summary, the transcriptome results differed significantly between seasons in the gill tissues of Neptunea cumingii. The expression levels of immune regulatory genes could be promoted in Neptunea cumingii during the high temperature season, whereas the expression of these genes may be inhibited in the low temperature season. The results obtained in this study provide insights into the molecular defense mechanisms that might allow Neptunea cumingii to adapt to climate change.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Miller:2023:YAH, author = "Michael J. Miller", title = "43 Years after {H. G. Moser}'s Seminal ``{{\booktitle{Morphological and Functional Aspects of Marine Fish Larvae}}}'': The Commonalities of Leptocephali and Larvae of Other Marine Teleosts", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "548", day = "10", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110548", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/548", abstract = "H.G. Moser was not particularly well known regarding the Elopomorpha, but he began his seminal 1981 fish larvae morphology review by describing the mysteries of European eels and their leptocephali, and he eventually described some California Current leptocephali. Descriptions of all types of leptocephali and then microscope photographs have revealed complex pigmentation patterns and diverse body shapes that parallel the features of the other teleost fish larvae that his review showed so clearly, some of which appear to mimic gelatinous zooplankton (GZ). Most recently, underwater photographs and video of leptocephali indicate that predator avoidance through transparency, shape-change-mediated mimicry, or morphological features have evolved in response to natural selection from predation in ways generally similar to other fish larvae. Several families of leptocephali perform remarkable curling into round or flattened shapes or use expandable chromatophores when threatened, which appears to mimic GZ for predation reduction. Like a number of other teleost fish larvae, some leptocephali have body extensions or telescopic eyes, and at least one has a long caudal filament with pigmented swellings that is similar to the remarkable GZ mimicry appendages of some fish larvae. The morphology and use of mimicry of leptocephali in comparison to other fish larvae is reviewed as a tribute to H.G. Moser's remarkable career.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wildhaber:2023:RGC, author = "Mark L. Wildhaber and Benjamin M. West and Karlie K. Ditter and Adrian P. Moore and Alex S. Peterson", title = "A Review of Grass Carp and Related Species Literature on Diet, Behavior, Toxicology, and Physiology Focused on Informing Development of Controls for Invasive Grass Carp Populations in \geoname{North America}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "547", day = "10", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110547", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/547", abstract = "Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are globally important in aquaculture and aquatic vegetation control. However, escaped grass carp have established invasive populations. A targeted keyword search was performed on a carp (order: Cypriniformes) literature database maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey to identify literature relevant to grass carp. Additional sources cited in reviewed documents and provided by numerous reviewers were also included. There were three focus areas designed to provide support for invasive grass carp management: (1) diet and behavior; (2) physiological constraints, toxicity, and biology; and (3) gut physiology. Each focus area provides information to guide development of potential pathways for invasive grass carp control. Information from other carp species was used to fill in gaps where grass carp information was lacking and provide additional, potential research directions. Diet-related information included food selection and aquacultural diet formulations. Behavioral information included stimuli and non-physical barriers to attract, repel, or stop movement. Physiological constraints, toxicology, reproductive control, and biological control provide a research review for control options. Gut physiology and related control pathways provide knowledge to improve toxin or pathogen delivery. This review provides a basis for developing approaches and research for controlling invasive grass carp populations, aquaculture, and native population management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mendez-Martinez:2023:GPF, author = "Yuniel M{\'e}ndez-Mart{\'\i}nez and Alan Rodrigo Vera-Veliz and Edilmar Cort{\'e}s-Jacinto and Yanis Cruz-Quintana and Aroldo Botello-Leon and Pedro Daniel Mendoza-Carranza and Natalia S. Calvo", title = "Growth Performance, Feed Utilisation, Digestive and Metabolic Enzyme Activity, and Liver Morphohistology in Hybrid Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis mossambicus} $ \times $ \bioname{Oreochromis niloticus}) Juveniles Fed with the Inclusion of Chitosan in Their Diet", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "546", day = "09", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110546", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/546", abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance, feed utilisation, digestive and metabolic enzyme activity, and liver histology in juveniles of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus $ \times $ Oreochromis niloticus) fed with the inclusion of chitosan in their diet. Six dietary chitosan levels (0 ``control'', 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g kg {$-$1}) were used to feed juvenile fish (initial weight 7.50 {\pm} 0.20 g) that were cultured for eight weeks in 18 tanks at a density of 15 fish/tank. The growth performance presented significant differences (p \SGMLentity{706} 0.05) for weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and survival rate. The digestive and metabolic enzyme activities were significantly (p {$<$} 0.05) influenced by the levels of chitosan in the administered diet. Histologically, no damage was found in the liver; however, morphometrically, a significant difference (p {$<$} 0.05) was found in the hepatocyte area and sinusoid area. Vacuolisation of hepatocytes was found in treatments with 40 and 50 g kg {$-$1} of chitosan in the diet. Treatments with doses of chitosan showed a better response (p {$<$} 0.05) compared to the control treatment in most of the different groups of variables analysed. The result of the principal component analysis suggests that a diet containing 40 g kg {$-$1} of chitosan is optimal for tilapia growth performance.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Franca:2023:CFR, author = "Susana Fran{\c{c}}a", title = "Changes in the Functional Role of the \geoname{Tejo Estuary (Portugal, Europe)} According to Fish Ecological Guilds", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "545", day = "08", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110545", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/545", abstract = "Estuaries are extremely productive ecosystems, providing habitats for numerous aquatic species and crucial ecological services. The Tejo estuary, one of the largest European estuaries, has been thoroughly studied, and its important functional role as a nursery for several commercially important fish species is already established. In the present work, a trait-based approach was applied to functionally describe the fish community structure of the Tejo estuary and to enlighten potential changes in the ecosystem functioning at this level, following environmental changes expected to occur. To predict the distribution of species from the two most representative ecological guilds of the Tejo estuary, estuarine residents and marine migrants, species distribution models were built using an ensemble technique (combining forecasts of single models). The predictions obtained were more accurate for the marine migrants and the species distribution was strongly related with salinity, whereas estuarine species, were also influenced by depth, habitat type and river flow. The potential distributions of these ecological guilds showed that marine migrants will tend to use upstream areas in the estuary, where salinity is lower. Nonetheless, salinity is expected to increase as extreme weather events such as droughts tend to occur more frequently, decreasing favorable habitat availability for these species, and thus threatening the crucial role this ecosystem plays for these species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2023:GDG, author = "Zhe Zhang and Chengkuan Lu and Kebing Lin and Weiwei You and Zhangwu Yang", title = "Genetic Diversity and Genetic Structure among Four Selected Strains of Whiteleg Shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}) Using {SSR} Markers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "544", day = "06", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110544", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/544", abstract = "The whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the most economically important aquaculture species in China. Genetic diversity is crucial for maintaining the gene pool of farmed shrimp. In this study, the effects of artificial selection on the genetic structure of four whiteleg shrimp strains were evaluated using microsatellite sequences. The results showed that the observed heterozygosity (H o), expected heterozygosity (H e), and the polymorphism information content (PIC) of the four selected strains ranged from 0.446 to 0.574, 0.450 to 0.566, and 0.435 to 0.509, respectively. All the selected strains maintained a moderate level of genetic diversity. Most inbreeding coefficients (F is) in the four strains were positive but not significantly different from zero, indicating a relatively low degree of inbreeding within each strain. However, H e and PIC in line 5 showed a decreasing trend from the 2017 to the 2019 generations, and F is in line 10 showed a significant increasing trend across generations, indicating that measures must be taken to maintain the level of genetic diversity for lines 5 and 10. UPGMA cluster trees showed that the four breeding lines had apparent genetic differences, which could provide a genetic basis for studying crossbreeding between selective lines and the utilization of heterosis. This study will be useful for population genetic research and the breeding strategies of whiteleg shrimp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yu:2023:BAU, author = "Young-Bin Yu and Jae-Ho Choi and Ju-Hyeong Lee and A-Hyun Jo and Sung Won Han and Song-Hun Han and Hee Jae Choi and Cheol Young Choi and Ju-Chan Kang and EunYoung Min and Jun-Hwan Kim", title = "Biofloc Application Using Aquaponics and Vertical Aquaculture Technology in Aquaculture: Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "543", day = "04", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110543", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/543", abstract = "Some aspects of traditional aquaculture have negative impacts on the aquatic environment, leading to pollution and disease outbreaks in farmed organisms. Biofloc technology (BFT) is a closed aquaculture system that utilizes specific microbial communities to remove ammonia emitted from aquaculture organisms or adds carbon to the aquaculture system to improve water quality. BFT has benefits, such as increasing production and improving water quality, and reducing disease spread and pollution, without the need for water exchange. However, there are disadvantages, such as rapid changes in water quality due to accumulation of dissolved nutrients and total suspended soils (TSS) and the requirement for expensive aeration equipment to maintain dissolved oxygen. BFT can be enhanced in value and efficiency by combining it with other aquaculture technologies, such as aquaponics and vertical aquaculture to overcome the disadvantages. The integration of biofloc with technologies from the fourth industrial revolution holds potential for further development, while aquaponics and vertical farming can eliminate geographical limitations and accelerate the urbanization of aquaculture. The integration of aquaponics and vertical aquaculture with BFT has potential for development, accelerating the urbanization of aquaculture and removing geographic limitations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yildirim-Aksoy:2023:FBS, author = "Mediha Y{\i}ld{\i}r{\i}m-Aksoy and Rashida Eljack and Janset Aksoy and Benjamin H. Beck", title = "Frass from Black Soldier Fly Larvae, \bioname{Hermetia illucens}, as a Possible Functional Dietary Ingredient in Channel Catfish Feed", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "542", day = "02", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110542", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/542", abstract = "Frass--the by-product of the larva meal industry--was recently shown to be a sustainable ingredient for use in diets of several fish species. Additionally, because of its possible immunomodulatory activity and anti-microbial properties, frass may have great potential as an organic method of pathogen control in aquaculture. Five diets containing 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30\% frass from black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, were fed to channel catfish (5.24 {\pm} 0.04 g) in quadruplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily. At the end of the 10-week feeding trial, blood samples were collected from all groups to measure hematological and immune parameters, and to determine the effects of dietary frass on resistance to Flavobacterium covae infection. Hematological parameters (red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit)---but not white blood cell count---were improved with the inclusion of frass. Serum glucose levels were significantly lower in fish on the diet with frass than fish on the diet without frass. Fish fed the highest dietary levels of frass (30\%) had a significantly higher serum cholesterol level than fish on the control diet. Serum complement activity was significantly higher in fish on diets containing frass at levels of 10\% and 20\%. No significant differences were observed in other measure serum components including albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, total protein, globulin, thyroxine and lysozyme activity. Even though overall mortality was low (0--17\%), fish on the diets containing frass at levels 20\% or more showed significantly higher survival than that of control fish or fish on lower levels of dietary frass. The use of frass in the catfish diet may prove beneficial by improving hematological parameters, and select serum immune effectors, and the overall resistance of juvenile channel catfish against F. covae infection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Madera-Santana:2023:DDC, author = "Sara Madera-Santana and Carlos Rodr{\'\i}guez-Garc{\'\i}a and Jairo Castro-Guti{\'e}rrez and {\'A}ngel Rafael Dom{\'\i}nguez-Bustos and Remedios Cabrera-Castro", title = "Discarded but Not Dismissed: a Comprehensive Study of the Feeding Habits of the Brown Comber (\bioname{Serranus hepatus}, ({Linneaus} 1758)) in the \geoname{Gulf of C{\'a}diz (NE Atlantic)}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "541", day = "02", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110541", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/541", abstract = "The brown comber (Serranus hepatus) is a small benthopelagic species with no commercial value, primarily caught by bottom trawls as a by-catch. In this work, we studied the feeding habits of this species. For this purpose, samples were obtained from the trawl fleet within the different editions of the ECOFISH project carried out between 2019 and 2022. A total of 1534 individuals were analyzed. In the diet analysis, various factors were considered, such as the season, the depth, and the time of day of the capture, as well as the size range of the individuals caught. For the feeding analysis, different indexes were calculated, such as the vacuity index (\%Vi) and index of relative importance (\%IRI). The size range of the specimens was between 3.2--16.3 cm, and the weight was between 1.02--39.73 g. Of the stomach content analyzed, 49.7\% of the stomachs were found to be empty. The resources with the greatest importance in the diet of the brown comber were from the crustacean group, especially mysidaceans and decapods. There were differences in the diet according to season, depth, and size; however, there was no variation in diet by the time of day.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sun:2023:BTF, author = "Yan Sun and Yi Huang and Ying Wang and Yanqun Wang and Guiying Hao and Changwei Jiang and Zhiqiu Huang", title = "The {bZIP} Transcription Factor Family Orchestrates the Molecular Response to Nitrite Stress in the Largemouth Bass Spleen", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "540", day = "01", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110540", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/540", abstract = "Nitrite toxicity poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms, including largemouth bass (LMB) and Micropterus salmoides. This study aimed to elucidate the role of bZIP transcription factors in mediating the molecular responses to nitrite stress in the LMB spleen. We identified 120 bZIP genes in the LMB genome using bioinformatics analysis and divided them into 11 subgroups based on phylogenetic relationships. Under nitrite stress, the bZIP_XI subgroup was upregulated, suggesting the activation of the stress response in the LMB spleen. Cellular pathway analysis revealed enrichment of pathways related to stress response, DNA repair, apoptosis, and autophagy. Co-expression network analysis highlighted bZIP_XI members such as msabZIP_49, msabZIP_12, msabZIP_39, and msabZIP_116 as potential key regulators. These transcription factors likely modulated the expression of stress-related genes like VCAM1, POLE3, and BMP1. Conserved binding motifs in the promoters of these genes may support regulation by bZIP_XI. Furthermore, bZIP_XI members correlated with immune cell infiltration in the spleen, potentially regulating immune-related genes like BCL2L1 and SELE. Homologs of bZIP_XI in other fish species exhibited similar expression patterns under stress. Overall, this study implicates the bZIP transcription factor family, notably the bZIP_XI subgroup, in orchestrating the molecular response of the LMB spleen to nitrite toxicity by regulating stress response pathways and immune function. These findings provide insights into nitrite stress adaptation in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Osowski:2023:DHH, author = "Ana R. Osowski and Matthew B. Jargowsky and Pearce T. Cooper and Sean P. Powers and J. Marcus Drymon", title = "Dietary Habits of Hardhead (\bioname{Ariopsis felis}) and Gafftopsail (\bioname{Bagre marinus}) Catfish Revealed through {DNA} Barcoding of Stomach Contents", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "539", day = "31", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110539", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/539", abstract = "A better understanding of trophic interactions between hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis) and gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus) is crucial for developing multi-species management strategies for the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). These two species are often aggregated in food web models; however, limited data are available to substantiate this approach. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the dietary habits of hardhead catfish and gafftopsail catfish using analysis of stomach contents aided by DNA barcoding. Hardhead (n = 693) and gafftopsail (n = 655) catfish were sampled in the northern GOM from 2015--2019 using both fisheries-dependent and -independent techniques. The average percent number (\%N), average percent mass (\%M), prey specific number (\%PN), prey specific mass (\%PM), and prey-specific index of relative importance (\%PSIRI) were computed to quantify prey species. The stomach content analysis identified distinct differences in diet between hardhead and gafftopsail catfish. Crustaceans were the most important prey for hardhead catfish, while gafftopsail catfish showed a significantly broader dietary breadth and were primarily piscivorous. Multivariate analyses indicated that the location of capture explained the greatest amount of diet variability for both species. These findings address fundamental knowledge gaps regarding the dietary habits of hardhead and gafftopsail catfish in northern GOM ecosystems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shahraki:2023:DEA, author = "Mojgan Zare Shahraki and Yazdan Keivany and Eisa Ebrahimi Dorche and Karen Blocksom and Andreas Bruder and Joseph Flotemersch and Doru B{\u{a}}n{\u{a}}duc", title = "Distribution and Expansion of Alien Fish Species in the \geoname{Karun River Basin, Iran}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "538", day = "31", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110538", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/538", abstract = "We assessed the distribution of alien fishes in the Karun River Basin, Iran. Fish were collected from 39 sites during the November--December 2018 low-flow period. In total, 39 fish species from nine orders and 14 families were documented. Among these, 10 species were alien to the basin (986 individuals; 15.7\%). Four species were the most abundant alien species and primarily in impounded, downstream reaches. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted to identify the extent of changes in alien fish assemblages with environmental parameters. RDA1 and RDA2 accounted for 36.24\% and 25.33\% of the variation of alien species, respectively. Altitude, depth, electrical conductivity, water temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and river width were the most significant parameters affecting alien species distributions. We present a dual-pathway cause-and-effect hypothesis proposing that alien fish species presence causes declines in the ecological status of native fish communities. We then explore how human-induced aquatic ecosystem degradation creates opportunities for alien species to invade new ecosystems, further impacting native fish communities. Our study contributes insight into the cause and effect of the presence of alien fish species in the Karun River Basin and emphasizes the urgency of conservation measures to protect this critically endangered watershed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:RLR, author = "Chang Xu and Yang Liu and Zhaobin Pei", title = "Research on Legal Risk Identification, Causes and Remedies for Prevention and Control in \geoname{China}'s Aquaculture Industry", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "537", day = "29", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110537", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/537", abstract = "Aquatic products fulfill the protein needs of people and play an important role in food safety. And aquaculture is prized for its high productivity, sustainability and environmental friendliness. Considering the importance of aquaculture, the legal risks exposed during the aquaculture process deserve attention in order to prevent them from hindering the development of the aquaculture industry. Through online research, literature analysis and practical communication, it is shown that the current legal risks with commonalities include land use violations, lack of legal documents, failure to meet tailing water criteria, unquarantined fry and misuse of prohibited agricultural pharmaceuticals through online research, literature analysis and practical communication. By analyzing the reasons for the formation of legal risks and combining the experiences in sustainable development of three major aquaculture countries, which are Korea, Norway and Chile, this paper provides targeted preventive remedies and suggestions for aquaculture operators, administrative parties, legislators and other parties on legal risks. It includes promoting the improvement of the rule of law in multiple aspects, clarifying the positioning of the aquatic breeding certificates, improving and propagating the standards for wastewater discharge, increasing the self-sufficiency rate of aquatic fry and fingerlings, as well as making use of the synergy of soft law and hard law.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Boussard:2023:NSS, author = "Annika Boussard and Stephanie Edlund and Stephanie Fong and David Wheatcroft and Niclas Kolm", title = "No Sex-Specific Effects of Artificial Selection for Relative Telencephalon Size during Detour Learning and Spatial Discrimination in Guppies (\bioname{Poecilia reticulata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "536", day = "26", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110536", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/536", abstract = "Over recent decades, substantial research has focused on fish cognitive evolution to increase our understanding of the evolution of the enormous diversity of cognitive abilities that exists in fishes. One important but understudied aspect of cognitive evolution is sexual dimorphism in cognitive abilities. Sex-specific variation in brain region morphology has been proposed to be an important mechanism in this context. However, it is also common to find sex-specific variation in behavior and cognition without associated differences in brain morphology among the sexes. The telencephalon is the major cognitive center in the vertebrate brain and variation in telencephalon size has been associated with variation in cognition. Here, we utilize recently developed guppy artificial selection lines with ca. 10\% differences in relative telencephalon size to investigate whether similar responses to selection of the size of this region may affect cognitive abilities differently in males and females. To that end, we compared two ecologically relevant aspects of cognition, detour learning and binary spatial discrimination. We tested the significance of the interaction between telencephalon size and sex, and we found no sex-specific effects of evolutionary increases in telencephalon size in the cognitive abilities tested. This study indicates that no clear cognitive sex-specific effects occur in response to rapid selection of telencephalon size. We suggest that future research on sexual dimorphism in cognitive abilities in fish could use various cognitive tests and examine telencephalic sub-regions to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their evolution.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2023:EDL, author = "Yongqiang Liu and Enhao Huang and Yi Xie and Liuqing Meng and Dongsheng Liu and Ziqi Zhang and Jiang Zhou and Qin Zhang and Tong Tong", title = "The Effect of Dietary Lipid Supplementation on the Serum Biochemistry, Antioxidant Responses, Initial Immunity, and {mTOR} Pathway of Juvenile Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "535", day = "26", month = oct, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110535", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/11/535", abstract = "The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of different dietary lipid levels on the serum biochemistry, antioxidant responses, initial immunity, and mTOR pathway of juvenile genetic improvement-farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Six groups of the juveniles (initial body weight 20.66 {\pm} 1.33 g) in triplicate were fed for 90 days using six iso-nitrogen diets with different lipid levels (0.35\%, 3.35\%, 6.35\%, 9.35\%, 12.35\%, and 15.35\%). The main results were as follows: Compared with the control group (0.35\%), the diets with different lipid supplementation significantly improved (p {$<$} 0.05) the contents of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), complement 3 (C3), and immunoglobulin M (IgM), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), lysozyme (LYZ), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the expression level of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), Akt protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) genes in juvenile tilapia. However, diets with different lipid supplementation significantly reduced (p {$<$} 0.05) the expression level of tumor necrosis factor {\alpha} (TNF-{\alpha}), interleukin-1{\beta} (IL-1{\beta}), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes of juvenile tilapia. In conclusion, the with different lipid supplementation could significantly affect the serum biochemistry, antioxidant responses, initial immunity, and mTOR pathway of juvenile tilapia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2023:CGA, author = "Yuanhao Yang and Yameng Zhang and Fenggang Li and Sien Wen and Lvzhou Wang and Guozhu Lan and Jishu Zhou and Yang Li and Zilin Zhu", title = "Comparative Genomic Analysis Unveils Potential Factors Contributing to the Endangerment of \bioname{Silurus lanzhouensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "613", day = "18", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120613", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/613", abstract = "Silurus lanzhouensis is a large endemic fish exclusively found in the middle and upper reaches of China's Yellow River, with a restricted distribution range and a small population size and is listed as an endangered species. To investigate the potential genetic factors contributing to the observed decrease in the population of S. lanzhouensis, we have successfully assembled the first chromosome-level genome of S. lanzhouensis. This genome comprises a total of 30 chromosomes, with a size of 794.43 Mb, and 23,093 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics analysis reveals that the genetic relationship between S. lanzhouensis and S. meridionalis Chen is the closest, and their common ancestor experienced two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) before diverging. Notably, amino acid metabolism-related pathways are enriched in the unique S. lanzhouensis gene family. In addition, we observed that the chemokine receptor and scavenger receptor gene families contracted in S. lanzhouensis, which may be associated with its diminished immune response. Our research findings provide valuable insights into the endangered mechanism of S. lanzhouensis and enhance our understanding of the evolution of Siluriformes fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Piper:2023:EAI, author = "Adam T. Piper and Paula J. Rosewarne and Charlotte Pike and Rosalind M. Wright", title = "The Eel Ascending: The Influence of Lateral Slope, Climbing Substrate and Flow Rate on Eel Pass Performance", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "612", day = "18", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120612", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/612", abstract = "Optimising the design of passage facilities to restore fluvial connectivity for juvenile European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a key priority within conservation efforts for the species, across the majority of its freshwater range. Employing an experimental setup that simulated gravity-fed upstream eel passes, this study demonstrated that novel V-profile passes, which incorporate two lateral slopes ({15$^\circ $}), performed better than laterally flat passes over the flow rates tested (0.2--0.6 L s {$-$1}). For the small eel size used (60--80 mm length), the bristle substrate consistently outperformed studs, but the lateral slope had a greater effect on passage metrics than the substrate choice. Our findings strongly support the use of V-shaped channels for upstream migrating eel at fish passage facilities, particularly in scenarios where flow rates may be elevated and/or fluctuating, such as for gravity-fed passes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Peele:2023:EIT, author = "Emily E. Peele and Charlie Huveneers and Culum Brown and Connor R. Gervais and Kara E. Yopak", title = "Effects of Increased Temperature on Brain and Sensory Development in the \geoname{Port Jackson} Shark (\bioname{Heterodontus portusjacksoni})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "611", day = "17", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120611", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/611", abstract = "Morphological differences in the peripheral (sensory) and central (brain) nervous system may confer sensory and/or behavioral variation in elasmobranchs, both across taxa and throughout ontogeny. Over the last century, sea surface temperatures have increased over 0.5 {$^\circ $}C and are predicted to rise 1--4 {$^\circ $}C by the year 2100, potentially affecting species' physiological performance negatively. As the nervous system of fishes grows continually throughout their lives, it may be highly plastic in response to environmental changes. This study examined the effects of increased rearing temperature on nervous system development in Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Egg cases (n = 21) were collected from Gulf St. Vincent (Adelaide, SA) and placed into either ambient (17.6 {$^\circ $}C) or 3 {$^\circ $}C above ambient seawater conditions through hatching and reared for up to five months post-hatch. Relative volumes of the eyes and nose (olfactory rosette) were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging, and relative brain size and size of major brain regions were compared between the two treatment groups. The size of the olfactory bulbs and tegmentum varied significantly between the treatment groups, which suggest differences in primary, secondary, or tertiary sensory processing and/or motor functions at elevated temperatures. While studies on acute responses to environmental conditions cannot inform true adaptation across broad timescales, understanding the effects of increased temperature on the brain phenotype can aid in predicting how elasmobranchs may fare in response to changing ocean conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huang:2023:BAH, author = "Po-Lin Huang and Farok Afero and Yao Chang and Bo-Ying Chen and Hsun-Yu Lan and Yen-Lung Hou and Cheng-Ting Huang", title = "The Bioeconomic Analysis of Hybrid Giant Grouper (\bioname{Epinephelus fuscoguttatus} $ \times $ \bioname{Epinephelus lanceolatus}) and Green Grouper (\bioname{Epinephelus malabaricus}): a Case Study in \geoname{Taiwan}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "610", day = "17", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120610", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/610", abstract = "Grouper aquaculture is a rapidly growing and dynamic industry within the Taiwan aquaculture sector that serves as an important source of income generation. Farming fishes at a better location (FFABL) is a promising production strategy. This study evaluated the production and economic performance of grouper farming in Taiwan. This investigation employed two steps: (1) a cost--benefit analysis to determine the main component affecting profitability; and (2) multivariate statistics to clarify the relationship between biological and economic factors. The findings suggest that the best choice of species is hybrid giant grouper that generates and highlights a positive income, viable benefit--cost ratio and profit rate. The study found the feed management of hybrid giant groupers requires more consideration due to its low feed conversion ratio. The producers need to replace trash fish in commercial feed during the production cycle to ensure better feed management. Finally, this paper argues that feed is the main constraint for grouper farming, which is sensitive to any change in feed productivity, and this constraint must be solved to sustain the grouper industry in Taiwan.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jensen:2023:ITF, author = "Lasse Lange Jensen and Thomas Bj{\o}rn and Andreas Hein Korsgaard and Cino Pertoldi and Niels Madsen", title = "Influence of Turbidity on Foraging Behaviour in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (\bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "609", day = "16", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120609", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/609", abstract = "Anthropogenic activities increase turbidity in coastal marine environments globally, and turbidity is particularly caused by eutrophication. Turbidity is a measurement of the scattering and absorption of light by suspended matter in water. An increase in turbidity influences visual predators and affects community structures and whole ecosystems. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a widespread species in the northern hemispheric Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is a visual predator and, therefore, a very well-suited species for studying the effects of increasing turbidity on foraging behaviour and activity. Sticklebacks used for this study were from an aquarium in the North Sea Oceanarium. They have been in the aquarium for around two months and were originally collected in a highly eutrophicated marine fjord system. They were individually placed in an observation aquarium, fed with krill, given 10 min to forage, and observed by video cameras. The video films were analysed to study stickleback predation behaviour. Experiments were repeated with four different turbidity treatments, ranging from a mean of 0.034 up to 10 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit). Bentonite clay was used as a turbidity-increasing substance. A statistically significant difference in foraging behaviour and activity between the turbidity treatments was observed. The test subjects were found to lunge less for prey and had a higher feeding latency with increasing turbidity. Additionally, they were less active with increasing turbidity. The behavioural instability estimated as a variation in feeding latency increased with increasing turbidity but decreased at the highest turbidity value. Our study indicates an effect of turbidity-increasing events on the behaviour of the three-spined stickleback and potentially also other similar visual predators.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cai:2023:ERL, author = "Xin Cai and Yaxing Zhang and Bin Wang and Aijun Cui and Yan Jiang and Zhaojun Meng and Yuting Li and Yongjiang Xu", title = "Effects of Recombinant Leptin Proteins on the Expression of Key Genes in the {HPG} Axis and Liver of Tongue Sole In Vitro", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "608", day = "16", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120608", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/608", abstract = "Leptin (Lep) plays a crucial role in controlling food intake and maintaining energy balance in mammals. While several studies have shown the presence of multiple leptin genes in teleosts, limited information is currently available on how sex steroid hormones regulate the expression of these genes in fish. In this study, we used two previously expressed and purified leptin proteins to incubate four tissues in vitro (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and liver) and used the RT-qPCR method to detect the expression of genes related to growth and reproduction in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The results showed that both recombinant LepA and LepB proteins of tongue sole almost entirely suppressed the expression of genes related to growth and reproduction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and liver, while LepB may have had a positive role on steroid synthesis in gonads. Further, a high concentration of LepA facilitated the expression of IGF-{\Iota} in liver. At the same time, we utilized human leptin to incubate four tissues in vitro; although most of them had trends similar to those stimulated with tongue sole leptins, there were still some differences, indicating differences among leptin homologs between humans and fishes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the function of tongue sole LepA and LepB within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and liver in vitro. Our results provide a valuable resource and foundation for future studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hasan:2023:CIM, author = "Imam Hasan and Francesco Gai and Simona Cirrincione and Simona Rimoldi and Giulio Saroglia and Genciana Terova", title = "Chitinase and Insect Meal in Aquaculture Nutrition: a Comprehensive Overview of the Latest Achievements", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "607", day = "14", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120607", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/607", abstract = "The aquaculture industry is looking for sustainable alternatives to conventional fish meals in fish feed, and insect-based meals are proving to be a promising solution. These meals are nutritionally optimal as they have a high protein content and an ideal amino acid profile. However, the presence of chitin, a component of the insect exoskeleton in these meals presents both an opportunity and a challenge. Chitosan, a derivative of chitin, is known to improve the physiological functions of fish, including growth, immunity, and disease resistance. While chitin and its derivative chitosan offer several physiological benefits, their presence can affect the digestibility of feed in some fish species, making the inclusion of insect-based meals in aquafeeds complex. While studies suggest positive effects, some problems, such as reduced growth rates in certain species, emphasize the need for further research on chitin digestion in fish. Chitinase, an enzyme that breaks down chitin, is being investigated as a potential solution to improve the nutritional value of insect meals in aquafeed. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the applications, benefits, and challenges of using chitinase in aquaculture, highlighting the enzyme's role in improving feed digestibility, disease control, and environmental sustainability. Extensive research is required to fully understand the potential of chitinase enzymes in aquaculture and to optimize their applications in this dynamic field. Overall, this review provides insight into the evolving landscape of insect-based meals and the applications of chitinase enzymes within sustainable aquaculture practices.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shi:2023:EPT, author = "Yongchuang Shi and Haibin Han and Fenghua Tang and Shengmao Zhang and Wei Fan and Heng Zhang and Zuli Wu", title = "Evaluation Performance of Three Standardization Models to Estimate Catch-per-Unit-Effort: a Case Study on \geoname{Pacific} Sardine (\bioname{Sardinops sagax}) in the \geoname{Northwest Pacific Ocean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "606", day = "11", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120606", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/606", abstract = "Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) standardization in fisheries is a critical foundation for conducting stock assessment and fishery conservation. The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) is one of the economically important fish species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean (NPO). Hence, the importance of choosing an appropriate CPUE standardization model cannot be overstated when it comes to achieving a precise relative abundance index for the efficient management of Pacific sardine fishery. This study's main aim was to assess and compare the efficacy of three models, specifically the General Linear Model (GLM), the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), and the spatio-temporal GLMM (VAST), in the CPUE standardization for Pacific sardine fishery in the NPO, with the ultimate goal of identifying the most appropriate model. An influence analysis was applied to analyze the impact of individual variables on the disparity among standardized and nominal CPUE, and the main explanatory variables influencing standardized CPUE were identified. A coefficient--distribution--influence (CDI) plot was generated to analyze the impact of the different models on the annual standardized CPUE. Additionally, a simulation testing framework was developed to evaluate the estimated accuracy of the three models. The results indicated that the standardized CPUE and the nominal CPUE exhibited similar trends between 2014 and 2021 for the three models. Compared to the GLM and the GLMM, the VAST demonstrates larger conditional R 2 and smaller conditional AIC, indicating a better performance in standardizing the CPUE for Pacific sardines due to its consideration of spatial and temporal variations. The interaction terms within the three models exert significant influences on the annual standardized CPUE, necessitating their inclusion in the model construction. CDI plots indicate that the spatio-temporal influence of the VAST model exhibits a smaller variation trend, suggesting that the VAST is more robust when standardizing the CPUE for Pacific sardines. Simulation testing additionally demonstrated that the VAST model displays smaller model root mean squared error (RMSE) and bias, establishing it as the superior performer for standardizing CPUE. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the scientific management of Pacific sardines in the NPO and can be extended to CPUE standardization for other small pelagic fish species worldwide.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nunes:2023:BSF, author = "Alberto J. P. Nunes and Hiroshi Yamamoto and Jo{\~a}o Paulo Sim{\~o}es and Jo{\~a}o Luiz Pisa and Nelson Miyamoto and Jordana Sampaio Leite", title = "The Black Soldier Fly (\bioname{Hermetia illucens}) Larvae Meal Can Cost-Effectively Replace Fish Meal in Practical Nursery Diets for Post-Larval \bioname{Penaeus vannamei} under High-Density Culture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "605", day = "10", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120605", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/605", abstract = "The black soldier larvae meal (BSFLM) has been the most extensively studied insect protein source in shrimp nutrition. However, both the availability and prices of BSFLM are still a constraint for its widespread use as an ingredient in animal feeds. The present study investigated the growth and economic performance of post-larval (PL) P. vannamei fed nursery diets with a progressive replacement of fish meal (FML) for BSFLM at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100\%. These replacements corresponded to a dietary inclusion (\% of the diet, as-is) of FML and BSFLM of 16.50 and 6.33\%, 11.00 and 13.04\%, 5.50 and 19.74\%, and 0 and 26.46\%, respectively. A total of 102,647 shrimp at the age of PL15 with 2.7 {\pm} 0.2 mg body weight (BW) were stocked in fifty 1.5 m 3 tanks under 1369 PLs/m 3 (2053 {\pm} 33 PLs/tank) and reared for 42 days. Final shrimp survival (90.5 {\pm} 7.6\%), daily weight gain (14.7 {\pm} 1.1 mg/day), and apparent feed intake (0.67 {\pm} 0.03 g of feed per stocked shrimp) were unaffected by dietary treatment. The highest gained yield (791 {\pm} 52 and 776 {\pm} 38 g/m 3) and final BW (621 {\pm} 7.2 and 632 {\pm} 7.2 mg) were attained when FML was replaced for BSFLM at 50 and 75\% with the lowest at 0\% (726 {\pm} 34 g/m 3 and 598 {\pm} 8.1 mg, respectively). Shrimp fed diets with 0 and 100\% replacement of FML exhibited the highest feed conversion ratio (1.25 {\pm} 0.04 and 1.24 {\pm} 0.08) compared to those fed a diet with 50\% (1.16 {\pm} 0.06). At a price of USD 2.00/kg, BSFLM demonstrated a favorable ROI (return of investment) when compared to FML, irrespective of the replacement level. With 25 and 50\% replacement, BSFLM remained cost-competitive up to 3.50 USD/kg. At 75\% FML replacement, there were no significant differences in ROI with a price range of 2.00 up to 3.04 USD/kg. At full replacement, ROI dropped significantly at a BSFLM price of 2.50 USD/kg and beyond. It can be concluded that FML can be fully replaced for BSFLM in well-balanced nursery diets for P. vannamei. Although the full replacement of FML for BSFLM was successfully accomplished, the competitive ROI was sustained only when the price of BSFLM did not exceed 3.04 USD/kg at its dietary highest inclusion of 19.74\%. Further research may be necessary to fine-tune cost-effective inclusion levels of BSFLM to optimize the economic outcomes while considering the fluctuating prices of FML.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Shi:2023:EAG, author = "Xuehui Shi and Xinyi Tang and Yichao Zhang and Wenqi Wang and Siyong Qin and Qinghua Liu and Jie Mei", title = "The Early Allometric Growth and Osteological Ontogeny of Pot-Bellied Seahorse (\bioname{Hippocampus abdominalis}, {L.} 1827) under Mass-Scale Captive Breeding Conditions in \geoname{North China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "604", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120604", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/604", abstract = "Seahorses are valuable species for their use in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as for the aquarium trade as ornamentals and curiosities. To balance market demand and reduce pressure on wild populations, many countries have undertaken commercial seahorse cultivation. Skeletal development plays a crucial role in fish fry culture, affecting external morphology, feeding, and movement. This study investigated the ontogeny allometry, timing, and progression of skeletal development in H. abdominalis from DAB (day after birth) 1 to DAB 100 under mass-scale captive breeding conditions in north China. The results of this study revealed the growth rate was significantly increased between DAB 30 and DAB 54. Allometry analysis revealed that in the early stage, the head, trunk, and tail demonstrated almost isometric growth. However, in the later stage, the head and trunk exhibited negative isometric growth, whereas the tail displayed positive isometric growth. Skeletal staining results showed that newborn seahorses do not have ossified bones until DAB 11 (SL 28.14 {\pm} 2.94 mm). Ossification was primarily observed in the jaw region and the tubular nasal structure of the cranium, which indicated the importance of the early development of feeding organs. The initial formation of ossified vertebral columns was observed at DAB 13 (SL 26.48 {\pm} 0.63 mm), with the complete ossification of all vertebrae occurring by DAB 45 (SL 54.87 {\pm} 4.70 mm). Furthermore, the cranium, rings, and plates were all fully ossified by DAB 30. Ossification of the fins began at DAB 23 (SL 31.27 {\pm} 4.05 mm). However, neither of them were fully ossified by DAB 100. The pelvic fin and the complete structure of the caudal fin were not observed, possibly because of caudal fin ray structure degeneration within the pouch. In addition, no skeletal deformities were observed in all the tested samples. The results of this study provide valuable information on the developmental biology of H. abdominalis, enriching our understanding of their growth and offering insights for optimizing fish fry breeding technologies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2023:EVF, author = "Jiayang Li and Yu Guo and Xinye Zhao and Shengjie Zhou and Zhenhua Ma and Gang Yu and Chuanxin Qin and Xingqiang Wang", title = "The Effects of Vibration Frequency on Oxidative Stress, Digestive Enzymes and {ATPases} of Crimson Snapper (\bioname{Lutjanus erythropterus}) Fry during Transport", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "603", day = "08", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120603", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/603", abstract = "In this study, we sought to characterize the effect of water vibration frequency stress on crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus) survival to determine an optimal transportation speed. To achieve this, we used a transport tank (25 cm $ \times $ 17 cm $ \times $ 16 cm) to simulate the transport process. After 8 h at five different vibration frequencies (D1 = 75 rpm, D2 = 105 rpm, D3 = 135 rpm, D4 = 165 rpm, and D5 = 195 rpm), the pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the tanks decreased; ammonia nitrogen levels (NH 4 -N) and temperature (T) increased with increasing density; and significant changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, digestive enzymes, and ATPase levels were observed in crimson snapper fry. The enzyme activity increased and reached the maximum value at 195 rpm. The experimental results suggested that during the actual transport, when using transport tanks, the length of the transport time was less than 8 h, and setting the vibration frequency for transportation at 135 rpm was more appropriate, that is, a speed of 50 km/h for transporting crimson snapper fry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vaihola:2023:EFD, author = "Siosaia Vaihola and Stuart Kininmonth", title = "Environmental Factors Determine Tuna Fishing Vessels' Behavior in \geoname{Tonga}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "602", day = "07", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120602", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/602", abstract = "Comprehending the spatial distribution of human fishing endeavors holds significant importance in the context of monitoring fishery resources and implementing spatial management measures. To gain insights into the spatial arrangement of tuna longline activities within the exclusive economic zones of Tonga and their correlation with the marine environment, this study utilizes data from the Tonga Tuna Longline Fisheries spanning from 2002 to 2018. The data are employed to extract information about the spatial distribution of fishing efforts and coupled with 15 marine environmental variables covering both sea surface and subsurface conditions. This study employs boosted regression trees (BRT) and general additive models (GAM) to establish the non-linear relationships between the distribution of fishing effort and marine environmental factors. Furthermore, it examines and analyzes the ecological niche occupied by tuna longline vessels in high-sea environments. The outcomes of the factor analysis indicate that the most important factors influencing the fishing efforts of tuna longliners are the dissolved oxygen content at the sea surface and latitude. These two factors contribute significantly, accounting for 19.06\% and 18.62\% of the fishing efforts of vessels, respectively, followed by distance to ports, longitude, and dissolved oxygen at 100 m depth, contributing 10.77\%, 7.07\%, and 6.30\%, respectively. The sea surface chlorophyll, ocean current at 100 m depth, and mixed layer depth contributed the least, 3.63\%, 2.13\%, and 1.72, respectively. In terms of space and time, tuna longliners are more likely to operate in the 18--{22$^\circ $} S latitudinal and 172--{178$^\circ $} W longitudinal region, and fishing efforts increased in the months from March to August. The spatial distribution of the fishing efforts modeled for fishing vessels in 2018 is predicted to have good spatial distribution with the actual fishing efforts of these vessels. This research aids in comprehending the environmental impacts resulting from shifts in the spatial distribution of tuna longline vessels, offering valuable insights for the effective management of tuna longline fisheries in Tonga.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:CXA, author = "Qian Xu and Zheng Yang and Siyu Chen and Wenjuan Zhu and Siyuan Xiao and Jing Liu and Hongquan Wang and Shile Lan", title = "Correction: {Xu et al. Effects of Replacing Dietary Fish Meal by Soybean Meal Co-Fermented Using \bioname{Bacillus subtilis} and \bioname{Enterococcus faecium} on Serum Antioxidant Indices and Gut Microbiota of Crucian Carp \bioname{Carassius auratus}. {{\booktitle{Fishes}}} 2022, {\bf 7}, 54}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "601", day = "07", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120601", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Xu:2022:ERD}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/601", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cohen-Sanchez:2023:IOS, author = "Amanda Cohen-S{\'a}nchez and Antoni Gabriel S{\'a}nchez-Mairata and Jos{\'e} Mar{\'\i}a Valencia and Antonio Box and Samuel Pinya and Silvia Tejada and Antoni Sureda", title = "Immune and Oxidative Stress Response of the Fish \bioname{Xyrichthys novacula} Infected with the Trematode \bioname{Ectoparasite scaphanocephalus} sp. in the \geoname{Balearic Islands}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "600", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120600", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/600", abstract = "Global change produces substantial modification to the distribution and rhythm of infection of diseases in fish, favouring the introduction of new pathogens. Recently, the presence of black spot disease, associated with a digenean fluke of the genus Scaphanocephalus, has been observed in specimens of Xyrichthys novacula on the island of Ibiza (Balearic Islands). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and immune response in both the skin mucus and spleen of X. novacula depending on the degree of infection by Scaphanocephalus sp. The specimens were captured in a control area, without the presence of the parasite, and in an affected area, classifying the fish as low infection (1--15 spots) and high infection ({$>$15} spots). As the degree of infection increased, a decrease in the body condition index was observed. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the mucus---catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase---increased progressively with the degree of infection. This activation of antioxidant defences was not enough to prevent an increase in malondialdehyde levels, an indicator of oxidative damage, in the group with the highest infection. Similarly, an increase in immunological parameters---lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, myeloperoxidase and immunoglobulins---was observed in mucus as infection increased. Regarding the spleen, only an increase in lysozyme activity and alkaline phosphatase in fish with a greater severity of infection was observed. In conclusion, as the severity of Scaphanocephalus sp. infection increased, it induced an immune and oxidative stress response in skin mucus, leading to a decrease in overall body condition. The potential health effects that the ectoparasite may have on X. novacula populations will require follow-up studies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Johnston:2023:SDB, author = "Samuel J. Johnston and Jason B. Smith and Brady D. Slater and Jonathan P. Doubek", title = "Spatial Density, Biomass, and Composition of Crustacean Zooplankton on \geoname{Lake Michigan} Beaches", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "599", day = "06", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120599", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/599", abstract = "Ecosystem alterations to Lake Michigan (LM), such as the invasion of dreissenid mussels, have decreased the abundance of phytoplankton and, subsequently, zooplankton, which has implications for Great Lake fisheries. The community composition of zooplankton has also been altered over the past 20 years in LM, shifting the summer dominance from cladoceran to calanoid taxa. However, most of our information on zooplankton community dynamics is from deeper pelagic zones. The nearshore beach ({\leq}1 m) habitat, which serves as a critical nursery for some larvae and juvenile fish, is composed of different zooplankton taxa than deeper zones, but limited data are available for comparison. We conducted a standardized summer sampling campaign to characterize the zooplankton community across 32 beaches in LM. We found the lowest crustacean zooplankton density and biomass on northern LM beaches and a higher zooplankton density and biomass on Greater Green Bay and central LM beaches, which had warmer water temperatures. Smaller-bodied cladocera (mainly Bosmina) and cyclopoid taxa were the most abundant groups on beaches. Our results provide the first comprehensive characterization of zooplankton on beaches in the Great Lakes, with applications for other lake systems. These results may help identify potential ``hot spots'' of fish recruitment for management.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2023:EUP, author = "Yingming Yang and Wenlong Li and Run Wang and Dan Xu and Yadong Chen and Zhongkai Cui and Songlin Chen", title = "Effects of \bioname{Ulva prolifera} Degradation on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Capacity of \geoname{Japanese} Flounder (\bioname{Paralichthys olivaceus}) Family", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "598", day = "05", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120598", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/598", abstract = "Massive macroalgae blooms, primarily caused by the overgrowth of Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera) in the Yellow Sea of China, pose a severe risk to both marine organisms and the aquaculture industry. This study's aim was to evaluate the impact of U. prolifera degradation on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and select some potential Japanese flounder families (labeled 2101--2108, established by crossbreeding) tolerating U. prolifera degradation conditions. Thus, a 60-day U. prolifera exposure experiment was conducted. The results showed that the contents of Na, K, Mg, and Fe elements in the U. prolifera degradation water were significantly increased. The specific growth rate and survival rate of flounder were significantly decreased under the U. prolifera degradation condition, while the 2101 and 2103 flounder families showed a better growth performance compared with the positive control (PC) group. Moreover, the results showed that activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum were significantly decreased, while the 2103 flounder family showed higher activities. Furthermore, U. prolifera degradation significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content while decreasing catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver. Specifically, SOD and CAT activities of the 2103 flounder family were higher than the 2101 flounder family and PC group. In addition, the gill SOD and CAT activities of the 2103 flounder family were significantly higher than the PC group. Similarly, the antioxidant-related gene (sod and cat) expressions were synchronously upregulated or downregulated in the liver and gills in response to U. prolifera degradation. These results revealed that U. prolifera degradation decreased the growth performance and influenced the antioxidant capacity of Japanese flounder, while the 2103 flounder family had better advantages in the U. prolifera degradation condition. Therefore, the 2103 flounder family could be regarded as the potential flounder family tolerating U. prolifera degradation. The increased Fe content in the U. prolifera degradation water may be one of the main causes of the physiological alterations observed in Japanese flounder.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2023:ICS, author = "Zhongyuan Chen and Ronghua Wang and Ruisong Wang and Naitong Yu and Pinhong Yang", title = "Identification and Characterization of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes ({STING}) in \geoname{Chinese} Giant Salamander \bioname{Andrias davidianus}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "597", day = "04", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120597", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/597", abstract = "The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a central and multifaceted mediator in innate immunity, and plays vital roles in defending against pathogen infection. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the STING homolog from the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus (AdSTING) for the first time. The open reading frame of AdSTING encodes a 362 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 41.6 kDa, which shares 31.1--46.7\% of its sequence identity with STING homologs in other vertebrates. Structural analysis revealed that AdSTING possesses four predicted transmembrane domains (TMs) at the N-terminal, and a C-terminal domain (CTD) featuring a dimerization domain (DD), a c-di-GMP-binding domain (CBD), and a short C-terminal tail (CTT). Tissue distribution analysis showed that AdSTING mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with abundant expression in muscles, intestine, and thymus. During Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV) infection, significant up-regulation of AdSTING expression was observed in the thymus, spleen, and kidney. Upon different stimuli in vitro, the expression of AdSTING was significantly induced by ADRV infection or polyinosin-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation, but no obvious changes were observed during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that AdSTING mainly localized in the cytoplasm in the Chinese giant salamander thymus cell line (GSTC) and co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Luciferase reporter assays confirmed the ability of AdSTING to activate the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and interferon (IFN) promoter. Furthermore, overexpression of AdSTING effectively decreased ADRV infection, as evidenced by the reduction of virus titers and viral gene expression. Collectively, our findings underscore the pivotal role of AdSTING in the antiviral innate immunity of the Chinese giant salamander, offering insights into the functional evolution of STING in amphibians.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Schakmann:2023:IBS, author = "Mathias Schakmann and Emil Aputsiaq Flindt Christensen and John Fleng Steffensen and Morten Bo S{\o}ndergaard Svendsen", title = "The Influence of Body Size on Behavioral Thermal Preference in \geoname{Atlantic} Cod (\bioname{Gadus morhua}): Larger Fish Favor Colder Waters", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "596", day = "02", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120596", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/596", abstract = "In the context of global warming and the concurrent decrease in ectothermic fish body size, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon remain a subject of scientific debate. This study, utilizing the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as a model organism, delves into the behavioral size-dependent temperature preference in the context of climate change. A significant negative correlation between temperature preference and fish size was discovered, aligning with in situ habitat temperatures and optimal physiological performance metrics from other studies. This correlation suggests that larger fish exhibit a behavioral preference for colder areas, potentially leading to shifts in distribution toward polar regions or deeper waters in response to local global warming. The findings contribute to predictions of species distribution shifts, emphasizing the critical role of size-dependent temperature preference in shaping fish populations and offering valuable insights for conservation efforts. Additionally, the study uncovers a noteworthy relationship between body size and thermal safety margins in fish behavior, providing a novel avenue for future research into the intricate dynamics of thermal regulation in response to climate change. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the complex interplay between temperature, fish size, and ecological responses, offering crucial information for informed conservation and management strategies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2023:ESP, author = "Wenqian Wang and Shengyan Su and Ping Dong and Wenrong Feng and Jianlin Li and Chengfeng Zhang and Yongkai Tang", title = "Effects of Seasonal Photoperiod on Growth, Lipid Metabolism, and Antioxidant Response in the \geoname{Huanghe} Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio haematopterus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "595", day = "01", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120595", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/595", abstract = "Photoperiod is one of the most important environmental cues for organisms, and it plays a crucial role in regulating feeding, behavior, growth, and metabolism. However, seasonal photoperiods are often overlooked in carp culture or experiments, with a poorly understood effect on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in fish. To explore the effects of seasonal photoperiods, we exposed Huanghe carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) to summer photoperiod (14 h light:10 h dark) and winter photoperiod (10 h light:14 h dark) daylight conditions in an eight-week experiment. Our results suggested that the winter photoperiod significantly increased the liver TG level as well as the transcript levels of genes related to lipid synthesis, indicating that the lipid metabolism in Huanghe carp liver was enhanced compared to summer photoperiod conditions, and that lipid deposition may be responsible for the increase in body weight level and hepatosomatic index. Additionally, MDA, GSH, GSH-PX, and T-AOC levels were significantly elevated in the liver of fish under the winter photoperiod, suggesting that Huanghe carp responded to winter photoperiod exposure-induced oxidative stress in the liver by enhancing the antioxidant response. Based on transcriptome analysis, the winter photoperiod activated hepatic autophagy response and the FOXO signaling pathway in Huanghe carp. Combined with the correlation analysis, the Huanghe carp maintains the physiological health of the liver by activating the FOXO signaling pathway-mediated cell cycle regulation and autophagy response in response to oxidative stress during winter photoperiod exposure. Our study provides the first evidence for the physiological regulation of the liver in Huanghe carp under seasonal photoperiod stimulation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2023:EAM, author = "Jing Xu and Gangfu Chen and Min Wu and Qihui Yang and Huatao Li", title = "The Extract of \bioname{Astragalus membranaceus} Inhibits Lipid Oxidation in Fish Feed and Enhances Growth Performance and Antioxidant Capacity in {Jian} Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio} var. {Jian})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "594", day = "01", month = dec, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120594", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/594", abstract = "In this study, a linoleic and linolenic acid were incubated with petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract, acetone extract (AE) and aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus. The phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were determined in the extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (EAms) above. Results showed that EAms decreased the levels of malonaldehyde, conjugated diene, and peroxide value levels in material above. Of all of EAms, AE showed the strongest T-AOC and inhibitory effect on the lipid oxidation. Next, fish feeds were incubated with graded levels of AE. The results showed that AE inhibited lipid oxidation in fish feed. The appropriate dosage for reducing lipid oxidation was 6.74 g AE kg {$-$1} feeds. The effect of EAms on the lipid oxidation may be closely associated with their phenolic content. Then, juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian, 10.2 {\pm} 0.3 g) were fed with diets containing graded levels of AE (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 g kg {$-$1}) for 60 days. Current data displayed that dietary AE increased the growth performance of fish. The optimum dosage for growth promotion was 5.15 g AE kg {$-$1} diet. This result of AE may be ascribed to its enhancing effect on the activity of digestive and absorptive enzymes and antioxidant capacity in digestive organs of fish. Our present study indicated that EAm holds promise as a natural antioxidant for fish and their feed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cao:2023:BTA, author = "Zhichen Cao and Denghua Yin and Zhanwei Li and Yan Yan and Peng Zhang and Sigang Zhang and Danqing Lin and Zhong Hua and Jialu Zhang and Congping Ying and Han Zhang and Pao Xu and Guixin Dong and Kai Liu", title = "Blood Transcriptome Analysis Provides Responsive Changes in Gene Expression between \latinname{Ex Situ} and Captive \geoname{Yangtze} Finless Porpoises (\bioname{Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "593", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120593", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/593", abstract = "The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis, YFP) is an endangered species endemic to the Yangtze River in China, and it is the only freshwater whale in the genus Neophocaena. In terms of protection, three effective conservation strategies exist: in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, and artificial breeding, all of which have been implemented by the Chinese government. Of these, ex situ conservation involves the relocation of Yangtze finless porpoises to semi-natural waters with less human interference, and artificial breeding involves the relocation of Yangtze finless porpoises to a controlled environment that is more strictly managed. To compare and analyze the responsive changes in gene expression of the YFPs between the ex situ and controlled environments, we performed the RNA sequencing of blood tissues from these YFPs. A total of 1201 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 423 were up-regulated in the ex situ population and 778 were up-regulated in the controlled-environment population. Gene enrichment analysis showed that 1201 DEGs between the ex situ and controlled-environment populations were generally enriched for vision-, digestion- and immune-system-related pathways. Further analysis revealed that several key immune system pathways, such as the chemokine signaling pathway and B cell receptor signal pathway, were activated in the ex situ population. In addition, the key pathways related to vision, including phototransduction and the inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, as well as the pathways related to the digestive system, such as protein digestion and absorption and salivary secretion, were activated in the controlled-environment population. These results suggest that the ex situ populations may respond to complex environmental conditions in semi-natural waters by enhancing their immune function through the increased expression of immune-related genes and that the visual function and protein digestion of the YFPs were improved compared to those of the ex situ population based on the conditions of artificial feeding, such as the higher transparency of the water and regular feeding. This study provides clues for evaluating the adaptability of YFPs to different environments and is a useful reference for future ex situ conservation and artificial breeding.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{David-Ruales:2023:ZPE, author = "Carlos David-Ruales and D{\'e}bora Machado Fracalossi and Felipe Collazos-Lasso", title = "Zootechnical Parameters and Enzyme Activity in the Species \bioname{Brycon moorei} ({Steindachner} 1878)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "592", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120592", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/592", abstract = "Brycon moorei is an opportunistic omnivorous species. It is not known what its nutritional requirements are at any stage of its development; this study determined the influence of diet on the zootechnical parameters and enzyme activity of these fish. In a completely randomized quintuplicate design, an ad libitum dietary protocol was applied, which included Prochilodus magdalenae larvae, Artemia salina and balanced feed with increasing inclusion levels (35 to 55\% crude protein (CP)). Larvae 22 h post-hatching (HPH), with an average initial weight and length of 3.07 {\pm} 0.69 mg and 6.069 {\pm} 0.22 mm, respectively, were seeded at a density of 17 larvae L {$-$1} in tanks with an effective volume of 60 L. The main zootechnical parameters, water quality and enzyme activity were analyzed with respect to the experimental diets. Significantly, the best diet was that of 45\% CP when compared with the other CP levels used. Specific serum enzyme activity was found from hatching, with fluctuating values, the specific pepsin-like activity started at 111 HPH. B. moorei larvae can receive a dry diet from 124 HPH and their requirement corresponds to 48.5\% CP.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2023:FRU, author = "Liang Liu and Junfeng Wu and Tao Zheng and Haiyan Zhao and Han Kong and Boyu Qu and Hong Yu", title = "Fish Recognition in the Underwater Environment Using an Improved {ArcFace} Loss for Precision Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "591", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120591", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/591", abstract = "Accurate fish individual recognition is one of the critical technologies for large-scale fishery farming when trying to achieve accurate, green farming and sustainable development. It is an essential link for aquaculture to move toward automation and intelligence. However, existing fish individual data collection methods cannot cope with the interference of light, blur, and pose in the natural underwater environment, which makes the captured fish individual images of poor quality. These low-quality images can cause significant interference with the training of recognition networks. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes an underwater fish individual recognition method (FishFace) that combines data quality assessment and loss weighting. First, we introduce the Gem pooing and quality evaluation module, which is based on EfficientNet. This module is an improved fish recognition network that can evaluate the quality of fish images well, and it does not need additional labels; second, we propose a new loss function, FishFace Loss, which will weigh the loss according to the quality of the image so that the model focuses more on recognizable fish images, and less on images that are difficult to recognize. Finally, we collect a dataset for fish individual recognition (WideFish), which contains and annotates 5000 images of 300 fish. The experimental results show that, compared with the state-of-the-art individual recognition methods, Rank1 accuracy is improved by 2.60\% and 3.12\% on the public dataset DlouFish and the proposed WideFish dataset, respectively.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barrows:2023:IKM, author = "Frederick T. Barrows and Kelly B. Campbell and T. Gibson Gaylord and Rodrigo C. M. Sanchez and Sergio A. Castillo and Ewen McLean", title = "Influence of Krill Meal on the Performance of Post-Smolt \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon That Are Fed Plant-Based and Animal-Based Fishmeal and Fish Oil-Free Diets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "590", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120590", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/590", abstract = "The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of krill meal (KM) inclusion at various levels (0\%, 2.5\%, 5\%) in plant-based and animal-based feeds, that were fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) free, on Atlantic salmon growth. A FM/FO feed containing 0\% KM was the control. Using a 2 $ \times $ 3 factorial approach, diets were randomly assigned to one of 28 0.5 m 3 flow-through tanks (n = 4 tanks per diet) initially stocked with 60 fish (148.4 {\pm} 12.9 g; 23.6 {\pm} 0.8 cm; condition factor (K) = 1.16 {\pm} 0.08) each. Salmon were fed for 90 days using automatic feeders ad libitum. On day 45, stocking densities were reduced to 45 fish per tank by the random removal of 15 individuals to remove any potential of density affecting growth through the trial end. Water temperature, oxygen saturation, pH, and salinity throughout the trial were 11.8 {$^\circ $}C, 103.5\%, 7.38, and 32.0 g L {$-$1}, respectively. Fish fed plant-based feed without KM were lighter (p {$<$} 0.05) than all other groups at day 45 and 90, but those fed a plant-based feed with KM had comparable growth and feed intake compared to that of fish fed the control diet. Irrespective of the presence of KM, animal-based feeds achieved comparable weight growth (p {$>$} 0.05) to the control and 5\% KM plant-based groups, with KM increasing feed intake (p {$<$} 0.05). Between day 45 and 90, feed conversion ratios increased in all groups except the control and 0\% KM plant-based group, while specific growth rates (SGRs) decreased for all except the 0\% KM plant-based diet. Between-group differences (p {$<$} 0.05) were also noted for the thermal growth coefficient. No differences were recorded in visceral or intestinal weight, and whole-body lipid levels were identical, proportional for all groups. Although differences (p {$<$} 0.05) were apparent in the concentrations of individual fillet fatty acids between groups, a 75 g serving size of any treatment would be sufficient to exceed daily intake recommendations for EPA + DHA. This trial determined that benefit, in terms of feed intake and growth performance, was gained when KM was added to plant-based feeds. However, no such advantage was observed when KM was used with animal-based feeds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rajalakshmi:2023:CED, author = "Kaakarlu Shivakumar Vinanthi Rajalakshmi and Wen-Chao Liu and Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan and Arun Meyyazhagan and Govindharajan Sattanathan and Manikantan Pappuswamy and Kadanthottu Sebastian Joseph and Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari and Jang-Won Lee", title = "Cadmium as an Endocrine Disruptor That Hinders the Reproductive and Developmental Pathways in Freshwater Fish: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "589", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120589", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/589", abstract = "Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element with sub-lethal effects even at low concentrations. The persistent nature of Cd and its tendency to bioaccumulate eventually create harmful effects on water biota, including fish. Cd affects various aspects of hormonal action in fish since it bioaccumulates in the endocrine system and hinders the synthesis, secretion, and metabolic activity of hormones, causing severe damage along the hypothalamus--pituitary--gonadal axis. Linking reproductive and developmental impairments in fish with ecologically relevant concentrations of individual metals can be challenging due to the complexity of aquatic ecosystems. This review deliberated the significant and novel trends of toxicological difficulties and approaches, including elucidating environmental sources' bioavailability and Cd-induced toxic effects in freshwater fish. Both acute and chronic exposure to Cd can cause a range of adverse effects, such as growth inhibition, impaired reproductive capacity, endocrine disruption, and developmental abnormalities in freshwater fish, as evidenced by the present review. These investigations support the concept of Cd as a naturally available pollutant that causes irreversible damage in fish. These findings will help to understand the etiology of environmental circumstances that pose substantial dangers to fish health and are also crucial for preventing and treating exposure-related reproductive disturbances in freshwater fish due to environmental pollution.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cruces:2023:PBG, author = "Celso Luis Cruces and Raquel Sim{\~o}es and Arnaldo Maldonado J{\'u}nior and Ruperto Severino and Jhon Darly Chero and Jos{\'e} Luis Luque", title = "Proposal of \bioname{Brotulella} n. gen. for Monogeneans from the Gills of the \geoname{Pacific} Bearded Brotula \bioname{Brotula clarkae} {Hubbs}, 1944 ({Ophidiiformes: Ophidiidae}) Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "588", day = "30", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120588", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/588", abstract = "Based on morphological and molecular data, Brotulella n. gen. is proposed to accommodate the dactylogyrid monogeneans Brotulella laurafernandae n. sp. (type species) and Brotulella luisahelenae n. sp. on the gill filaments of the Pacific bearded brotula Brotula clarkae Hubbs, 1944 (Ophidiiformes: Ophidiidae) from Puerto Pizarro in the Tumbes region (northern Peru). Species of the new genus are distinguished from all other dactylogyrids by the combination of the following features: (1) anchors with a stocking-shaped sheath associated with the distal end of superficial and deep roots, (2) tandem gonads, (3) a vas deferens looping left intestinal caecum, (4) a distally twisted male copulatory organ (MCO) with a delicate membranous accessory piece articulated to the shaft of the MCO, (5) a U-shaped ovary, (6) an almost sigmoid seminal vesicle, and (7) two prostatic reservoirs with thick muscular walls. A 28S ribosomal DNA-based phylogenetic analysis (Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of sequences of two new species of Brotulella n. gen. from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean, along with sequences from closely related genera of the marine Dactylogyridae, supports the establishment of the new genus for the dactylogyrid parasites on the gills of the Pacific bearded brotula.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2023:TTE, author = "Zhibin Zhou and Lubo Wang and Mingqin Dai and Qingyan Gao and Peng Wang and Lili Zhao and Yanlu Li and Rui Xi and Mingchao Pan and Qiang Ma and Houguo Xu and Mengqing Liang and Yuliang Wei", title = "Three Types of \bioname{Enteromorpha prolifera} Bio-Products Based on Different Processing Procedures as Feed Additives in the Diets of \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "587", day = "29", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120587", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/587", abstract = "A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the biological activities of Enteromorpha prolifera bio-products in the diets of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Bio-products of E. prolifera included E. prolifera meal, E. prolifera hydrolysate and E. prolifera polysaccharide, which was supplied using different processing procedures. The control diet was supplemented without any E. prolifera bio-products or dietary attractants. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.2\% and 0.4\% of E. prolifera hydrolysate (EPH0.2\% and EPH0.4\%), 0.03\% of E. prolifera polysaccharide (EPP0.03\%), 3\% of E. prolifera meal (EPM3\%), 0.1\% of dimethyl- {\beta} -propiothetn (DMPT0.1\%) and 1\% of squid paste (SP1\%). Shrimp ($ \approx $8 g) were randomly distributed in 21 tanks and fed for 44 days. Feed intake showed that 3\% of E. prolifera meal and 0.4\% of E. prolifera hydrolysate in diets exhibited similar attractant effects as 0.1\% of DMPT. Gross qualitative observation showed that the abundance of lipid droplets decreased in hepatopancreas of the EPH0.4\% and EPM3\% groups, which were supported by hepatopancreas triacylglycerol (TG), where significantly lower concentrations were observed in the EPH0.4\% and EPM3\% groups compared with the control group. Similarly, TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum significantly decreased in the EPH0.4\%, EPP0.03\% and EPM3\% groups compared to the control group. Supplemental E. prolifera bio-products resulted in significantly higher serum glutathione level of EPP0.03\% or superoxide dismutase activities of EPH0.4\% and EPM3\%, but significantly lower serum malondialdehyde level of EPM3\%. In addition, tnf - {\alpha} expression in hepatopancreas was significantly down-regulated in shrimp fed the EPH0.2\%, EPH0.4\% and EPM3\% diets. Based on survival analysis, E. prolifera bio-products improved the resistance of shrimp to hypoxic stresses. Thus, this study confirmed that bio-products of E. prolifera supplied using different processing procedures could be used to reduce the amount of E. prolifera in feed of shrimp without compromising their biological functions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Costa:2023:BRO, author = "L{\'e}a Carolina de Oliveira Costa and Andrezza Carvalho and Mariana Holanda and Jorge Santos and Luc{\'e}lia Borges and Bruna Guterres and Je Nam Junior and Virginia Fonseca and Larissa Muller and Luis Romano and Silvia Botelho and Marcelo Pias and Juliane Ventura and Lu{\'\i}s H. Poersch", title = "Biological Responses of Oyster \bioname{Crassostrea gasar} Exposed to Different Concentrations of Biofloc", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "586", day = "29", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120586", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/586", abstract = "Oysters have the potential to be a part of more sustainable farming systems, such as multitrophic systems integrated into biofloc systems, due to their filtration activity, which enables them to act as organic consumers. However, the stress experienced by animals in a system with a high organic load can compromise their productive performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological responses of Crassostrea gasar oysters when exposed to different concentrations of total suspended solids in biofloc systems. The oysters were exposed to four different concentrations of solids for 28 days. Hall effect sensors were installed on the outside of the shells to detect the movement of the oyster valves. Also, biochemical and histological analyses were conducted to assess the biological responses of the oysters to exposure to varying levels of solids. A difference in valve opening detected by the Hall sensors was observed from the second week of culture, indicating a relationship between shell closure and higher concentrations of suspended solids present in the system. In terms of biochemical analysis, a significant increase in lipid damage was observed in treatments with medium and high levels of total suspended solids compared with the control group. Conversely, no changes were observed in the gill structure of the oysters caused by the concentrations of suspended solids in the system when compared with the control. According to the analyses of gill activity and biochemistry, it is suggested that C. gasar should be cultured with total suspended solids at less than 200 mg/L. Oysters cultivated in a biofloc system keep their shells closed when subjected to high concentrations of total suspended solids; concentrations of total suspended solids below 200 mg/L do not induce oxidative stress, changes in behavior or histological alterations in C. gasar oysters cultivated in a biofloc system.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kamikawa:2023:GCR, author = "Keith Kamikawa and Brian W. Bowen and Donald Kobayashi and Kimberly Peyton and Elizabeth Wallace", title = "Genetic Connectivity of Roundjaw Bonefish \bioname{Albula glossodonta} ({Elopomorpha, Albulidae}) in the \geoname{Central Pacific Ocean} Resolved through {ddRAD}-Based Population Genomics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "585", day = "29", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120585", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/585", abstract = "Bonefishes are a nearshore species targeted by non-commercial anglers and subsistence fishers in the Central and South Pacific islands. Among the bonefish species in the Indo-Pacific region, Albula glossodonta are known to have one of the widest geographic ranges, from the Red Sea to the Central Pacific, but it is unknown how dispersive A. glossodonta are between geographically isolated islands. Volunteer anglers collected A. glossodonta fin clips from the main Hawaiian Islands in the North Pacific, Anaa Atoll in the South Pacific, and intermediate Kiritimati Island (Line Islands) to assess the scale of dispersal and population structure within the Pacific Ocean. Population genomics was conducted based on 208 individuals and 7225 SNPs. Although adult A. glossodonta exhibit strong site fidelity, genomic results show no population differentiation between Oahu and Maui in Hawai`i. Bonefishes exhibit significant population structure between Anaa and Hawai`i (F ST = 0.096), with intermediate Kiritimati comprising admixed fishes. A lengthy larval duration likely promotes connectivity between Pacific islands. Regional management regimes may be most appropriate for a species with this level of dispersal.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Iitembu:2023:CDA, author = "Johannes A. Iitembu and Daniel Fitzgerald and Themistoklis Altintzoglou and Pierre Boudry and Peter Britz and Carrie J. Byron and Daniel Delago and Sophie Girard and Colin Hannon and Marcia Kafensztok and Francisco Lagreze and Jefferson Francisco Alves Legat and Angela Puchnick Legat and Adriane K. Michaelis and Ingelinn Eskildsen Pleym and Simone S{\"u}hnel and William Walton and {\AA}sa Strand", title = "Comparative Description and Analysis of Oyster Aquaculture in Selected \geoname{Atlantic} Regions: Production, Market Dynamics, and Consumption Patterns", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "584", day = "29", month = nov, year = "2023", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8120584", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:15 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/8/12/584", abstract = "In the face of an increasing world population and a subsequent need for an increase in sustainable and healthy food production, low trophic species, such as oysters, emerge as a promising alternative. However, regional variations in oyster production techniques, market dynamics, and consumption patterns create challenges for both the global and local industry's growth. In this study, a descriptive qualitative analysis of oyster markets across seven Atlantic regions was carried out. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was found to be farmed in most Atlantic regions except the US but is classified as invasive in Sweden and potentially invasive in South Africa. Other farmed and/or harvested species include native species (C. gasar and C. rhizophorae) in Brazil, the American cupped oyster (C. virginica) in the US, and the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in France, Sweden, and the US. In Irish farms, Pacific oysters are primarily for export to European markets. The marine aquaculture sectors of Sweden, South Africa, and Namibia, as well as Brazil's farming for C. gasar, were found to be underdeveloped. This study also observed a variation in licensing, property rights, and regulatory frameworks. Financial challenges for small businesses, ecological implications of seed production techniques, biosecurity risks, and public health considerations are emphasized as critical areas for attention. This study offers valuable insights into the selected markets and can serve as a useful resource for policymakers, aquaculture practitioners, and stakeholders in optimizing global shellfish industry strategies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sayed:2024:ICP, author = "Ramy K. A. Sayed and Doaa M. Mokhtar and Madeha Ahmed Hashim and Ahmed S. Aly and Giacomo Zaccone and Marco Albano and Alessio Alesci and Nada Abdellah", title = "Immune Cell Profiling in the Ovarian Stroma of a Viviparous Fish during the Breeding Season: a Histological and Immunohistochemical Investigation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "10", day = "25", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010010", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/10", abstract = "The molly fish is a member of viviparous teleosts that are characterized by the fusion of the right and left ovaries during their early embryonic development. This fusion results in a singular and saccular ovary, where the germinal epithelium lines the internal lumen. The present study aimed to identify the immune cells in the ovarian stroma of Molly fish during the breeding season using histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Histological examination of the ovaries displayed oocytes at all different stages of development and degeneration. The ovocoel, a lymph-filled space, remains in the center of the ovary and branches posteriorly, creating the lumen of the gonoduct. The ovarian wall is composed of three layers: the mesothelium, tunica albuginea, and germinal epithelium. The developing ova were held together by the stroma, which consisted of vascular collagenous connective tissue clustered with immune cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of clusters of macrophages expressing APG5, IL-1{\beta}, TGF-{\beta}, S100, NF-{\kappa}B, CD68, Iba-1, and Ach. Monocytes demonstrated positive immunoreactivity for both APG5 and IL-1{\beta}, whereas dendritic cells expressed only APG5. Furthermore, rodlet cells exhibited immunoreactivity for S100 protein, IL-1{\beta}, NF-{\kappa}B, CD68, Nrf2, Ach, myostatin, SOX9, and Iba-1. In contrast, stem cells displayed immunoreactivity for Nrf2, myostatin, and SOX9. In conclusion, the ovarian stroma of Molly fish demonstrated a notable presence of immune cells, indicating their active involvement in immune reactions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Crisostomo:2024:RCP, author = "Rafael Octavio Cris{\'o}stomo and Renzo Pepe-Victoriano and Sheda M{\'e}ndez-Ancca and Abel Walter Zambrano-Cabanillas and Olegario Mar{\'\i}n-Machuca and Hernan Mauricio Perez and V{\'\i}ctor Yana-Mamani and Mario Ruiz-Choque", title = "Reproductive Conditioning of the \geoname{Peruvian} Scallop \bioname{Argopecten purpuratus} in Different Environments", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "9", day = "24", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010009", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/9", abstract = "Obtaining viable Argopecten purpuratus seeds faces challenges, especiallyci the unpredictability of the marine environment and high production costs in hatcheries. However, improving the method of ``Broodstock Conditioning In Hatcheries'' is key to ensure permanent seed supplies by minimizing the dependence on marine conditions and by maximizing economic viability in hatcheries. In an effort to overcome these barriers, broodstock were conditioned into two different environments: (a) Natural Environment: Natural marine conditions located in Bah{\'\i}a Inglesa, Atacama Region, Chile. (b) Hatchery: Laboratory conditions to achieve gonadal maturation, spawning induction, fertilization and larval development. The purpose of this research was to evaluate how the type of reproductive conditioning affects the reproductive potential and nutritional quality of the progeny. Both methods were successful at inducing the necessary maturity for reproduction, obtaining viable gametes and larvae. On the other hand, it was observed that in the natural environment, the oocytes and D larvae reached a greater size and nutritional value, being the most significant differences with (p {$<$} 0.05): the size of the D larvae reached figures of 95.8 {\pm} 3.1 {\mu}m and 91.2 {\pm} 2.7 {\mu}m in the environment and hatchery, respectively; the lipid content in dry mass was 25.2 {\pm} 3.1 mg g {$-$1} and 13.5 {\pm} 1.9 mg g {$-$1} for the natural environment and hatchery, respectively. Although quality indicators in hatcheries were slightly lower compared to the natural environment, the possibility of conditioning A. purpuratus broodstock independently of environmental variability highlights the importance of further optimizing broodstock conditioning aspects in hatcheries that would allow more predictable and sustainable production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Svenning:2024:ECC, author = "Martin A. Svenning and Eigil T. Bj{\o}rvik and Jane A. Godiksen and Johan Hammar and Jack Kohler and Reidar Borgstr{\o}m and Nigel G. Yoccoz", title = "Expected Climate Change in the \geoname{High Arctic} --- Good or Bad for \geoname{Arctic} Charr?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "8", day = "23", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010008", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/8", abstract = "Lakes in the High Arctic are characterized by their low water temperature, long-term ice cover, low levels of nutrients, and low biodiversity. These conditions mean that minor climatic changes may be of great importance to Arctic freshwater organisms, including fish, by influencing vital life history parameters such as individual growth rates. In this study, Arctic charr sampled from two Svalbard lakes (78--{79$^\circ $} N) over the period 1960--2008 provided back-calculated length-at-age information extending over six decades, covering both warm and cold spells. The estimated annual growth in young-of-the-year (YOY) Arctic charr correlated positively with an increasing air temperature in summer. This increase is likely due to the higher water temperature during the ice-free period, and also to some extent, due to the winter air temperature; this is probably due to thinner ice being formed in mild winters and the subsequent earlier ice break-up. However, years with higher snow accumulation correlated with slower growth rates, which may be due to delayed ice break-up and thus a shorter summer growing season. More than 30\% of the growth in YOY charr could be explained specifically by air temperature and snow accumulation in the two Arctic charr populations. This indicated that juvenile Svalbard Arctic charr may experience increased growth rates in a future warmer climate, although future increases in precipitation may contradict the positive effects of higher temperatures to some extent. In the longer term, a warmer climate may lead to the complete loss of many glaciers in western Svalbard; therefore, rivers may dry out, thus hindering migration between salt water and fresh water for migratory fish. In the worst-case scenario, the highly valuable and attractive anadromous Arctic charr populations could eventually disappear from the Svalbard lake systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:BVC, author = "Lijuan Liu and Dongdong Jiang and Yan Ren and Cunbin Shi and Yajun Wang and Jiyuan Yin and Qing Wang and Defeng Zhang", title = "The \bioname{Bacillus velezensis} {CYS06} Strain Exhibits Promising Applications in Fighting Grass Carp Bacterial Diseases", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "7", day = "22", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010007", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/7", abstract = "Aeromonas septicemia and columnaris disease are major bacterial diseases in grass carp; however, the drugs currently used to control these diseases pose environmental and health risks. This study aimed to screen for a probiotic Bacillus strain with antagonistic activity to prevent and control bacterial diseases in grass carp and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities, biosafety, and biocontrol effects of this strain. A Bacillus strain with antagonistic activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, obtained from grass carp intestines, was screened, and the isolate CYS06 was identified by analyzing the 16S rRNA and gyrA gene sequences. The antimicrobial spectrum of the strain CYS06 was determined, and the activities of amylase, cellulase, protease, and lipase of the strain CYS06 were determined. The whole genome of the strain CYS06 was sequenced using the nanopore sequencing technology platform, followed by the analysis of the antagonistic substance synthesis gene clusters and CAZy enzyme gene families. The biosafety of the strain CYS06 was evaluated via intraperitoneal injection into healthy grass carp. After the strain CYS06 was fed to the grass carp, its biological control effect on this fish was evaluated through artificial infection experiments. The strain CYS06 was identified as Bacillus velezensis, based on molecular identification, which shows broad antimicrobial activity against various fish pathogens. The strain CYS06 secretes amylase, cellulase, protease, and lipase. The genome size of the strain CYS06 is 3,914,159 bp, and it contains eight antagonistic substance synthesis gene clusters and many CAZy enzymes. The strain CYS06 exhibits high biological safety for grass carp, based on the challenge test. Feeding grass carp with the strain CYS06 for 4 weeks significantly enhanced the resistance of the fish to A. hydrophila. Strain CYS06 could inhibit the growth of Flavobacterium columnare under co-culture and reduce the amount of F. columnare adherence on the gills of grass carp, indicating that CYS06 has good potential for the prevention and control of columnaris disease. In conclusion, we isolated an antagonistic probiotic strain, CYS06, which exhibits a biological control effect on septicemia and columnaris disease caused by Aeromonas spp. and F. columnare in grass carp, respectively. This strain contains many antagonistic substance synthesis-related gene clusters and holds the potential to degrade various types of carbohydrates. As a biological control agent, the strain CYS06 exhibits significant potential for the prevention and control of bacterial diseases in grass carp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2024:IBC, author = "Yiqian Xu and Junren Xue and Hongbo Liu and Tao Jiang and Xiubao Chen and Jian Yang", title = "Identification of {``Bathed''} \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crabs (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) Using Geometric Morphological Analysis of the Carapace", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "6", day = "21", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010006", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/6", abstract = "To confirm whether Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis), commonly known as hairy crabs or river crabs, in non-Yangcheng Lake areas undergo morphological convergence with the original crabs in the Yangcheng Lake purse seine and high-standard modified aquaculture ponds after being ``introduced'' or ``bathed''-cultured, we employed a geometric morphometrics approach. This approach allowed us to compare and analyze the dynamic changes in the carapace morphology of both the original and ``introduced'' crabs in Yangcheng Lake and high-standard ponds in Kunshan City at 0, 7, 14, and 30 days after ``bathing'' culture. The geometric morphological analysis of the carapace was conducted using a system of 35 established landmarks. The stepwise discriminant analysis of the relative distortion score revealed morphological differences between ``introduced'' and resident original crabs in the Yangcheng Lake area and in high-standard modified ponds after 7, 14, and 30 days of bathing culture. The accuracy of the discriminant analysis was 100\%. The results of the geometric morphological visualization demonstrated that the carapaces of the bathed crabs underwent adaptive changes in the water. However, even after one month of bathing culture, the ``introduced'' crabs in lakes and ponds could not reach the morphological characteristics of the original crabs, i.e., their carapaces did not exhibit the characteristics of the original crabs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sanchez-Paz:2024:SEP, author = "Arturo S{\'a}nchez-Paz and Trinidad Encinas-Garc{\'\i}a and Fernando Mendoza-Cano", title = "In Silico Evaluation of the {PCR} Performance of Different Tests for Detection of {WSSV}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "5", day = "20", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010005", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/5", abstract = "In this study, the primers of different protocols for the detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) were analyzed in silico to evaluate their potential performance in PCR. As with any biological entity, this virus evolves constantly. Thus, this analysis showed that a few primers, including those recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), might mismatch with some isolates of WSSV, specially with isolates more recently sequenced. Furthermore, a set of primers recommended by WOAH, showed the potential to self-dimer and form hairpin loop structures, which could affect the efficiency of PCR, resulting in an inaccurate diagnostic result. From our perspective, and considering the evolutionary trajectory of this virus, it may be time for the WOAH to update the PCR protocols recommended for WSSV detection, which remains as a highly prevalent and lethal virus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Valic:2024:MAT, author = "Damir Vali{\'c} and Matej Kristan Mirkovi{\'c} and Vi{\v{s}}nja Besendorfer and Emin Teskered{\v{z}}i{\'c}", title = "Molecular Analysis of Two Endemic \bioname{Squalius} Species: Evidence for Intergeneric Introgression among {Cyprinids} and Conservation Issues", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "4", day = "20", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010004", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/4", abstract = "Conservation of indigenous species, especially endemic ones, is of the utmost importance. Morphological determination of species is usually not sufficient; therefore, molecular phylogenetic analyses of the Illyrian chub, Squalius illyricus, and the Zrmanja chub, Squalius zrmanjae, from the Krka River were performed. For the genetic characterization of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and the non-coding nuclear region Cyfun P, 15 specimens from each species were subjected to analysis. The obtained sequences were aligned with similar ones from GenBank to determine the taxonomic and phylogenetic position of these species. The obtained molecular results imply that S. zrmanjae from the Krka River has a nuclear region that resembles Dalmatian rudd, Scardinius dergle. This result implies an introgression event and the transfer of genetic information between the two genera. The investigated species are on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, their biological data are scarce, and further investigation and protection are needed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Horka:2024:ETB, author = "Petra Horka and Monika Vlachova", title = "The Effect of Turbidity on the Behavior of Bleak (\bioname{Alburnus alburnus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "3", day = "20", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010003", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/3", abstract = "In group-living species, social interactions with conspecifics play a crucial role in group formation and the ability to make consensus decisions, with far-reaching consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes in natural populations. Individual recognition and partner preferences based on social familiarity are important mechanisms driving a range of interactions between individual fish and social structure in fish populations. However, the social interactions of gregarious species are also influenced by the ecological environment experienced by individuals. This study aimed to determine how fish shoals' structure is shaped by increased turbidity, a typical environmental constraint in anthropogenically impacted rivers. A freshwater, shoal-forming, visually orientated pelagic fish---bleak (Alburnus alburnus)---was used as the model organism. The behavior of 40 individuals at three different turbidity levels (0 NTU, 30 NTU, 60 NTU) was tested in the laboratory experiment. Specifically, the aim was to determine if the turbidity reduces between individual distances in response to the deteriorated visual conditions. The results showed that bleaks increased the compactness of the shoal even at the medium turbidity level (30 NTU), and compactness further increased with turbidity. Such results indicate that turbidity is an important phenomenon influencing the structure of shoals and ultimately an ecological process in natural fish populations in ecosystems affected by increasing turbidity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Herdiana:2024:UCS, author = "Yudi Herdiana and Budy Wiryawan and Sugeng Hari Wisudo and James Richard Tweedley and Irfan Yulianto and Heidi Retnoningtyas and Neil Randell Loneragan", title = "Untangling the Complexity of Small-Scale Fisheries: Building an Understanding of Grouper-Snapper Fisheries Dynamics in \geoname{Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "2", day = "19", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010002", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/2", abstract = "Small-scale tropical fisheries are complex systems that utilize multiple fishing gears to target various species. In this study, we investigated small-scale reef and demersal fisheries in Saleh Bay, Indonesia, using catch and effort data from 2016 to 2019, where 57.7 percent of the catch was grouper (serranids) and snapper (lutjanids). Despite the complexity (75 documented species and eight fishing methods), this fishery is characterized by the catches of four dominant species: leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), orange-spotted-grouper (Epinephelus coioides), spotted coral grouper (P. maculatus), and malabar blood snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus). The species caught varied among fishing methods. Over 90\% of the catch was attributed to three primary fishing methods: bottom longline, speargun, and handline. Multivariate analyses found that fishing depth, season, and/or year significantly influenced the catch composition for each of these fishing methods. Fishing activities exhibit a temporal pattern influenced by monsoonal seasons. Results also suggest that fishers employ specialized fishing tactics by targeting high-value species to maximize their profits. This study recommends a management strategy of focusing on monitoring and managing the three main fishing gears and four important species during their peak seasons to reduce some of the complexity and management costs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jiang:2024:PTM, author = "Zheng-Ting Jiang and Gang Shi and Dong-Neng Jiang and Yu Li and Yuan-Qing Huang and Hong-Juan Shi and Guang-Li Li", title = "Preliminary Trial of Male to Female Sex Reversal by 17$ \beta $-Estradiol in Combination with Trilostane in Spotted Scat (\bioname{Scatophagus argus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "1", day = "19", month = dec, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9010001", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Dec 26 13:36:16 MST 2023", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/1/1", abstract = "The spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an important ornamental species with sexually biased ornamental values that favor males. Therefore, it makes sense to breed mono-male fingerlings as ornamental fish. The spotted scat has an XX/XY sex determination system; therefore, the first step in producing genetically all-male offspring should be the induction of a fertile sex-reversed XY pseudo-female, which would then be mated with a normal XY male to produce a YY super-male. However, the XY pseudo-female produced by estradiol (E 2) treatment failed due to ovarian malformations. Here, male to female sex reversal was induced in spotted scat through a combination of E 2 and an androgen inhibitor (trilostane, TR). Spotted scat fingerlings of approximately 2.8--3.5 cm were fed a diet containing both E 2 (300 {\SGMLmicro}g/g) and TR (300 {\SGMLmicro}g/g). The fish were treated for 90 days and then fed a normal diet until they reached one year of age, when they were sampled. Twenty-eight treated XY individuals were identified using sex-linked markers. According to their gonadal histological characteristics, these treated XY fish could be divided into three groups: males with testes (n = 21), intersex individuals with ovaries--testes (n = 3), and fully sex-reversed individuals with ovaries (n = 4). All treated XX fish (n = 8) developed into normal females. There were no obvious abnormalities in the ovaries of the XY sex-reversed fish compared to the treated XX fish. Serum 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels were significantly lower in XY-reversed females and treated XX females than in XY males. Compared with XY male fish, the expression of female (42sp50, foxl2, figla, zar1, and zp2) and male (dmrt1, gsdf, amh and cyp11b2) biased genes was up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the gonads of XY-completely sex-reversed fish. Immunohistochemical results indicate that 42Sp50 was expressed in oocytes of XY-partially and completely sex-reversed fish, while strong Gsdf signals were mainly detectable in testicular somatic cells of XY-partially sex-reversed fish and XY male fish. XY females were successfully produced by the combined treatment of E 2 and TR in the spotted scat. Their fertility will be tested in the future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Roubie:2024:TMD, author = "Eleni Roubie and Sotirios Karavoltsos and Aikaterini Sakellari and Nikolaos Katsikatsos and Manos Dassenakis and Persefoni Megalofonou", title = "Trace Metals Distribution in Tissues of 10 Different Shark Species from the \geoname{Eastern Mediterranean Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "77", day = "16", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020077", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/77", abstract = "As long-living apex predators, sharks tend to bioaccumulate trace metals through their diet. The distribution of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn and Hg in different tissues (muscle, liver, heart, gills and gonads) of large-size (58--390 cm) sharks, some of which rare, of the eastern Mediterranean Sea was studied. Trace metals analyses in samples originating from ten different Chondrichthyes species were performed by inductively coupled plasma--mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS) for Hg. Data on trace metal levels are for the first time reported herewith for the species O. ferox and H. nakamurai. Higher median concentrations of trace metals were generally determined in the liver. The concentrations of Hg, Cs and As in the muscle increased proportionally with body length. Statistically significant differences between sexes were recorded for Hg, Cr, Ni and As (p = 0.015) in the muscle tissues of P. glauca. Muscle tissue Hg concentrations exceeded the EU maximum limit (1 {\mu}g g {$-$1} wet weight) in 67\% of the individuals sampled, with the highest concentrations detected in O. ferox and S. zygaena, whereas regarding Pb (limit 0.30 {\mu}g g {$-$1} ww), the corresponding percentage was 15\%. Arsenic concentrations were also of concern in almost all shark tissues examined.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Abdelbaky:2024:ICV, author = "Shimaa A. Abdelbaky and Zakaria M. Zaky and Doha Yahia and Mohamed H. Kotob and Mohammed A. Ali and Mohammed Aufy and Alaa El-Din H. Sayed", title = "Impact of \bioname{Chlorella vulgaris} Bioremediation and Selenium on Genotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity and Oxidative\slash Antioxidant Imbalance Induced by Polystyrene Nanoplastics in \geoname{African} Catfish (\bioname{Clarias gariepinus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "76", day = "15", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020076", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/76", abstract = "Contamination of the environment with nano- and microplastic particles exerts a threatening impact on the aquatic ecosystems and sustainable catfish aquaculture. The presence of nanoplastics has been found to have a detrimental impact on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The present study examines the effect of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) on the DNA, erythrocytes, oxidative status and renal histology of catfish, in addition to the potential protective effects of Chlorella vulgaris bioremediation and selenium to hinder this effect. Six equal groups of fish were used as follows: Group 1 served as a control group and received water free from PS NPs; Group 2 was exposed to PS NPs at a concentration of 5 mg/L; Group 3 was exposed to PS NPs (5 mg/L) + selenium (1 mg/kg diet); Group 4 was exposed to PS NPs (5 mg/L) + C. vulgaris (25 g/kg diet); Group 5 was supplemented with C. vulgaris (25 g/kg diet); and Group 6 was supplemented with selenium (1 mg/kg diet). The exposure period was 30 days. The results indicated that PS NPs induced oxidative stress by significantly elevating malondialdehyde activities and slightly reducing antioxidant biomarkers, resulting in DNA damage, increased frequency of micronuclei, erythrocyte alterations, and numerous histopathological alterations in kidney tissue. Selenium and C. vulgaris significantly ameliorated the oxidative/antioxidant status, reducing DNA damage, micronucleus frequency, erythrocyte alterations, and improving the morphology of kidney tissue. Nevertheless, further research is needed for a profound understanding of the mechanism behind the toxicity of nano-microplatics in aquatic systems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Negrini:2024:PRF, author = "Celma Negrini and Caio Henrique do Nascimento Ferreira and Rafael Ortiz Kracizy and Rosane Lopes Ferreira and Luana Costa and Marlise Teresinha Mauerwerk and Milena Cia Retcheski and Luisa Helena Cazarolli and Wilson Rog{\'e}rio Boscolo and Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester", title = "Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Protein Hydrolysates in the Diet of \bioname{Penaeus vannamei} ({Boone}, 1934) during the Nursery Phase", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "75", day = "15", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020075", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/75", abstract = "The objective was to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fish meal with protein hydrolysates and a commercial product in the diets of Penaeus vannamei post-larvae on zootechnical performance, proximate chemical composition, digestive enzyme activity, and total hemocyte count. The experiment was conducted in a clear water recirculation system comprising 24 experimental units, each with 30 shrimp with an average weight of 0.2 g. The treatments were control, chicken protein hydrolysate (CPH), enzymatic hydrolysate of chicken feathers, Aquabite {\reg}, CPH + maltodextrin, and CPH + yeast, with four replicates each. The inclusion level of the different protein sources evaluated was 6\%. At the end of the experiment, all shrimp were counted, weighed, and measured to determine the zootechnical performance. The body and feed chemical compositions, as well as the enzymatic activities of the hepatopancreas and the total hemocyte count in the hemolymph, were analyzed. The data obtained were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. There was no statistical difference between the treatments in any of the analyzed parameters. The results showed that all the evaluated protein hydrolysates can be used as partial substitutes for fish meal in P. vannamei diets during the nursery phase, maintaining equivalent and adequate digestive enzyme activities, health, growth, and body composition of the shrimp, in addition to being ecologically sustainable ingredients.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Papadopoulos:2024:IWN, author = "Dimitrios K. Papadopoulos and Athanasios Lattos and Ioanna Chatzigeorgiou and Aphrodite Tsaballa and Georgios K. Ntinas and Ioannis A. Giantsis", title = "The Influence of Water Nitrate Concentration Combined with Elevated Temperature on Rainbow Trout \bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss} in an Experimental Aquaponic Setup", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "74", day = "13", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020074", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/74", abstract = "Intensive recirculating systems are a fast-developing sector of aquaculture. While several warm-water fish have been reared in aquaponics, almost no data are available for cold-water species. The determination of nitrate toxicity thresholds in recirculating aquaculture is crucial. Different pollutants are typically more toxic at elevated temperatures. We investigated the performance of Oncorhynchus mykiss under two different nitrate levels and two temperatures. We applied a 2 $ \times $ 2 factorial design, where fish (9.78 {\pm} 0.51 g) were exposed to nitrate concentrations of 40 or 110 mg/L NO 3 {$-$} and to temperatures of 17 {$^\circ $}C or 21 {$^\circ $}C for 20 days. This study focused on understanding the physiological responses of rainbow trout to relatively low nitrate levels under heat stress in order to investigate the feasibility of integrating this species into commercial aquaponics. The growth, condition, and expression of genes involved in metabolism, heat shock, antioxidant, and immune response were assessed in the liver, together with the activities of enzymes related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism. High nitrate levels at 17 {$^\circ $}C affected the condition but did not alter growth, leading to increased glycolytic potential and, occasionally, a greater reliance on lipid oxidation. Antioxidant defense was mainly induced due to high nitrates and the similar expression patterns of antioxidant genes observed under high nitrate at both 17 {$^\circ $}C and 21 {$^\circ $}C. Warm exposure decreased condition and growth, leading to greatly reduced glucokinase transcription, irrespective of the nitrate levels. Exposure to 21 {$^\circ $}C and high nitrate led to equivalent growth and condition as well as to a milder inflammatory response combined with metabolic readjustments (enhancement of glycolytic and lipid oxidation pathways) compared to the low nitrates at 21 {$^\circ $}C. Based on the results, rearing at a temperature close to 21 {$^\circ $}C should be avoided for fingerling growth, while NO 3 {$-$} concentration until 110 mg/L may not have severe impacts on fingerling health and growth at 17 {$^\circ $}C. In addition, rainbow trout fingerlings can tolerate a 20-day exposure at 21 {$^\circ $}C and NO 3 {$-$} up to 110 mg/L. Additional factors should always be considered, such as specific water quality parameters, for a comprehensive approach to assessing the feasibility of rainbow trout aquaculture in aquaponics.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Negrini:2024:DPH, author = "Celma Negrini and Caio Henrique do Nascimento Ferreira and Rafael Ortiz Kracizy and Rosane Lopes Ferreira and Luana Cardoso dos Santos and Milena Cia Retcheski and Marlise Teresinha Mauerwerk and Luisa Helena Cazarolli and Wilson Rog{\'e}rio Boscolo and Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester", title = "Different Protein Hydrolysates Can Be Used in the \bioname{{Penaeus} vannamei} ({Boone}, 1934) Diet as a Partial Replacement for Fish Meal during the Grow-Out Phase", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "73", day = "12", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020073", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/73", abstract = "This study evaluated the inclusion of protein hydrolysates and a commercial product as a partial replacement for fish meals in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) during the grow-out phase. A recirculation system with 24 experimental units and a biological filter was used. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments: control; chicken protein hydrolysate (CPH); enzymatic hydrolysate of chicken feathers; Aquabite {\reg}; CPH + maltodextrin; CPH + yeast; and four replicates. After 50 days, the zootechnical performance and animal welfare parameters, centesimal carcass composition, digestive enzyme activity, and hemocyte count were evaluated. The treatments did not affect the zootechnical performance and total hemocyte count of the animals (p {$>$} 0.05). The evaluation of the antenna length indicated that all animals were in good health. The antenna length in treatment T5 was significantly greater (p {$>$} 0.05) than that in T4 and similar to that in treatments T3 and T6, demonstrating a positive influence of dietary protein hydrolysates. Concerning animal welfare, dietary protein hydrolysates influenced the length of the antenna (p {$<$} 0.05). The antenna length associated with different treatments indicated that the animals were in good welfare conditions in the production environment. With respect to body chemical composition, dry matter, ether extract, and ash were affected by the treatments (p {$<$} 0.05). Regarding the analysis of digestive enzymes, the treatments influenced the activities of amylase and trypsin (p {$<$} 0.05). The performance of the animals was satisfactory under all treatments, including enzymatic activity, demonstrating the possibility of using hydrolysates.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yu:2024:MTC, author = "Linghui Yu and Weijun Yin and Senrong Han and Tanjun Zhao and Zhenlin Hao and Donghong Yin and Yaoyao Zhan and Yaqing Chang", title = "Morphological Trait Correlations, Gonadal Development Characteristics and Pleopod Nutrient Compositions of the Whelk \bioname{Volutharpa perryi perryi}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "72", day = "11", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020072", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/72", abstract = "The aim of this study was to clarify the ``morphological-trait--body weight'' correlation, gonadal development characteristics, and pleopod (main edible part) nutrient composition of the whelk (Volutharpa perryi perryi). Live body mass (BM), soft tissue mass (STM), and eight other morphological traits of the whelk were measured, and path coefficients, correlation indices (R 2), and coefficients of determination were then calculated. Gonadal development characteristics were investigated by histological observation. Pleopod nutrient composition was analyzed by standard biochemical assays. The results indicated that (1) shell aperture width (SAW) and body whorl height (BWH) were positively correlated with both live BM and STM (p {$<$} 0.01), and shell height (SH) was positively correlated with both live BM and STM (p {$<$} 0.01) in male whelks; (2) similar gonadal development characteristics were observed in both female and male whelks; and (3) pleopod nutrient composition was consistent in both female and male whelks, whereas sex-specific variation in pleopod nutrient content was observed in the whelks. The observations in this study will provide theoretical support for the development of the whelk aquaculture industry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Porto:2024:EPF, author = "L{\'\i}via de A. Porto and Yhago P. A. S. Assis and Matheus P. S. Amorim and Paulo E. C. M. de Oliveira and Alessandro L. Paschoalini and Nilo Bazzoli and Ronald K. Luz and Gisele C. Favero", title = "Effects of Prolonged Fasting and Refeeding on Metabolic, Physiological, Tissue, and Growth Performance Adjustments in \bioname{Colossoma macropomum}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "71", day = "10", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020071", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/71", abstract = "Fish can tolerate prolonged periods of fasting more easily than endothermic organisms. However, these fasting periods are associated with pronounced lipid and protein catabolism and body weight loss. We evaluated the use of body reserves, growth performance, and the histology of the intestines and muscles of Colossoma macropomum subjected to prolonged fasting for 45 days and refeeding for 14 days. We used 66 juvenile C. macropomum (71.78 {\pm} 10.75 g) distributed in 10 tanks of 100 L in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and kept 6 fish in a separate tank, considered the basal group. The fish were divided into two groups: fed (continuously fed for 59 days) and fasted/refed (subjected to fasting for 45 days and subsequently refed for 14 days). The tambaqui juveniles showed the mobilization of their body reserves during 45 days of fasting but with a large deficit in their growth performance. The 14-day refeeding period was sufficient for fish to restore their energy but insufficient for recovering most growth parameters.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Imsland:2024:EDF, author = "Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland and Hj{\"o}rtur Meth{\'u}salemsson", title = "The Effects of Different Feed Ration Levels on Growth, Welfare Rating, and Early Maturation in Juvenile \geoname{Atlantic} Salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "70", day = "10", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020070", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/70", abstract = "To investigate the possible effect of different feed ration levels on the growth, welfare, and early maturation of juvenile Atlantic salmon, 450 salmon parr with a mean ({\pm}standard error) initial weight of 51.6 g ({\pm}0.8) were reared in triplicate under three different feed ration levels for five months. The control group (100r) was fed every day, the 50r group was fed every other day, and the 33r group was fed every third day. In every group, 75 fish (half of the group) were individually tagged for monitoring of growth. The number of fin wounds was used as the welfare indicator, and to inspect the development of maturation, all fish were euthanized, and development of the gonads was monitored by visual inspection at the termination of the trial. The control group (100r) showed a significantly higher specific growth rate (0.90\% day {$-$1}) compared to the lower fed groups (50r, 0.67\% day {$-$1} and 33r, 0.49\% day {$-$1}); however, the growth difference was 21--24\% less than expected solely on the difference in the amount of feed given to each group. The 100r group showed the highest welfare rating, and the 33r group the lowest possible, indicating more aggressive behaviour and fin biting due to feed restriction in the 33r group. No difference (p {$>$} 0.45) was found in the development of maturation in females, but the combined numbers of males in maturity stages 2--5 showed an overall trend towards slower maturation in the 33r group compared to the 100r group. Although the present findings on the development of sexual maturation were subtle due to the limited time frame of the trial, the findings offer a foundation for future investigation into the relationship between the feed ration level and the development of sexual maturation in the rearing of juvenile Atlantic salmon.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cotou:2024:GPE, author = "Efthimia Cotou and Helen Miliou and Evanthia Chatzoglou and Eirini Schoina and Nektarios Politakis and Dimitra Kogiannou and Eleni Fountoulaki and Afrodite Androni and Aggeliki Konstantinopoulou and Georgia Assimakopoulou and Cosmas Nathanailides", title = "Growth Performance and Environmental Quality Indices and Biomarkers in a Co-Culture of the \geoname{European} Sea Bass with Filter and Deposit Feeders: a Case Study of an {IMTA} System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "69", day = "08", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020069", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/69", abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system comprising co-cultured fed fish and organic extractive species representing three distinct trophic levels as well as the impact and potential utilization of two commercially available fish feeds made up of 35\% fish meal (FM) and 20\% fish meal (LFM) ingredients, using a multi-indicator assessment approach. Significant alterations were observed in growth performance indicators (GPIs), water and sediment quality indices, toxicity tests and biomarkers within the IMTA system. The fish survival, weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were higher in the IMTA system with significantly lower feed conversion ratios (FCRs) and higher feed efficiency (FE) in comparison to the fed fish monoculture system. Yet, organic filter feeders displayed 100\% survival, and increased shell growth, while deposit feeders exhibited successful survival and significant weight gain. In the comparison between FM-IMTA and LFM-IMTA, fed fish in FM-IMTA showed higher WG, SGR, and FE with lower FCR. Environmental parameters like temperature, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations fluctuated but generally improved in the IMTA system, indicating lower mesotrophic conditions. Sediment fatty acid profiles differed between systems and toxicity assessments, which suggested a lower impact in IMTA and FM-IMTA systems. The sediment microbial community displayed high similarity within IMTA systems and between FM-IMTA and LFM-IMTA. These findings underscore the potential of IMTA systems for sustainable aquaculture, emphasizing improved growth performance and reduced environmental impact, particularly when using fish meal feeds.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Monahan:2024:CMA, author = "Dylan Monahan and Jeff S. Wesner and Stephanie M. Parker and Hannah Schartel", title = "Correction: {Monahan et al., \booktitle{Spatial Patterns in Fish Assemblages across the National Ecological Observation Network (NEON): The First Six Years}. Fishes 2023, {\bf 8}, 552}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "68", day = "08", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020068", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", note = "See \cite{Monahan:2023:SPF}.", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/68", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2024:ECC, author = "Yijie Wu and Liting Chen and Xin Yan and Jun Xiao and Zhirui Ma and Zhanyang Tang and Zhongbao Guo and Liping Li and Guixiang Tong and Honglian Tan and Fuyan Chen and Xinxian Wei and Ting Huang and Yongju Luo", title = "The Effect of Copper--Cadmium Co-Exposure and Hormone Remediation on the Ovarian Transcriptome of \geoname{Nile} Tilapia (\bioname{Oreochromis niloticus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "67", day = "08", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020067", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/67", abstract = "The escalating problem of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) pollution in aquatic environments poses a significant threat to the ovarian tissue and reproductive capacity of fish, hindering the development of the aquaculture industry. However, the combined effects of Cu and Cd on fish gonadal development remain unclear. In this study, the fish species Nile tilapia was stressed with rearing water containing 300 {\mu}g/L Cu 2+ and 100 {\mu}g/L Cd 2+ for 30 days, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-{\alpha}) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at various concentrations. We investigated the ovarian transcriptome profiles before and after injection. Prior to injection, combined treatment with Cu and Cd resulted in reproductive dysfunction and metal ion imbalance in tilapia. Transcriptomic profiling revealed differential gene annotation concentrated in the MAPK signaling pathway and regulation of GTPase activity. Post-injection, all concentrations of LHRH-{\alpha} and HCG groups showed an upregulated gonadosomatic index (G.S.I) and higher levels of vitellogenin (VTG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadotropin (GTH), and estrogen (E2) in serum compared to the negative control group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed alterations in various ovarian signaling pathways, preliminarily revealing the in vivo molecular mechanisms and differences in LHRH-{\alpha} and HCG. The findings from this study could help us better understand how to counteract the effects of combined Cu and Cd exposure on tilapia ovarian development, which has significant implications for the Nile tilapia aquaculture industry.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lu:2024:SIS, author = "Zhengwei Lu and Liming Song and Keji Jiang", title = "Status Identification in Support of Fishing Effort Estimation for Tuna Longliners in Waters near the \geoname{Marshall Islands} Based on {AIS} Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "66", day = "08", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020066", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/66", abstract = "Visualising the fishing behaviour of vessels and quantifying the spatial distribution of fishing effort is the scientific basis for assessing and managing fisheries resources. The information on the dynamics of fishing vessel voyages provided by the automatic identification system (AIS) of vessels serves as high-precision fishery data and provides a means of quantifying fishing effort with high spatial and temporal resolution in the tuna longline fishery. Based on the AIS data of five tuna longliners operating in the waters near the Marshall Islands from 2020 to 2021, this study used three methods, namely the threshold screening method, the construction of a BP neural network and the support vector machine (SVM) to identify the fishing and non-fishing status of the tuna longliners, respectively. This study investigates the status identification and fishing effort estimation of the tuna longliner (VESSEL A) in 2021 based on the constructed optimal model, and spatial correlation analyses are performed between the fishing effort estimated in hours based on AIS data and in hooks based on fishing logbook data, by month. The results showed (1) the recognition accuracy of the threshold screening method is 89.9\%, the recognition accuracy of the BP neural network classification model is 95.11\%, the kappa coefficient is 0.51, the recognition accuracy of the SVM classification model is 95.74\% and the kappa coefficient is 0.52; (2) in comparison, the SVM classification model performs better than the other two status identification methods for tuna longliners; and (3) the correlation coefficients between the two types of effort of VESSEL A were greater than 0.79 on all fishing months, indicating that there was no significant difference in the spatial and temporal distribution between the two types of effort. This study suggests that the SVM model can be used to identify the status and estimate the fishing effort of longliners.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Poisson:2024:CPL, author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois Poisson", title = "Consumption of Post-Larval Swordfish (\bioname{Xiphias gladius}) by Dolphinfish (\bioname{Coryphaena hippurus}): New Ecological Insights into Both Species in the \geoname{Tyrrhenian Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "65", day = "06", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020065", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/65", abstract = "Knowledge of post-larval swordfish (Xiphias gladius) ecology in the world's oceans is incomplete as they are rarely found in ichthyoplankton samplings or commercial catches and individuals are difficult to observe in the marine ecosystem. Analyses of stomach contents of apex predators can provide otherwise unobtainable ecological insights. Two well-preserved bills of post-larval swordfish were identified among the partially digested stomach contents of an adult male dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) caught in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. The lower jaw to fork lengths of the two predated swordfish were estimated at, respectively, 18 and 22 cm, corresponding to 81- and 99-day-old swordfish hatched in the 2022 spawning season. This analysis and recent information on the reproductive dynamics of swordfish in the same area reported in the literature shed light not only on the early stages of swordfish growth but also on dolphinfish ecology in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The two species share the same habitat and are both caught with commercial pelagic surface longlines. Environmental shifts associated with climate change could unpredictably modify the reproduction dynamics, growth, recruitment and distribution of both species. This knowledge is important for the sustainable management of regional fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xie:2024:DLB, author = "Mingyang Xie and Bin Liu and Xinjun Chen and Wei Yu and Jintao Wang", title = "Deep Learning-Based Fishing Ground Prediction Using Asymmetric Spatiotemporal Scales: a Case Study of \bioname{Ommastrephes bartramii}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "64", day = "04", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020064", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/64", abstract = "Selecting the optimal spatiotemporal scale in fishing ground prediction models can maximize prediction accuracy. Current research on spatiotemporal scales shows that they are symmetrically distributed, which may not capture specific oceanographic features conducive to fishing ground formation. Recent studies have shown that deep learning is a promising research direction for addressing spatiotemporal scale issues. In the era of big data, deep learning outperforms traditional methods by more accurately and efficiently mining high-value, nonlinear information. In this study, taking Ommastrephes bartramii in the Northwest Pacific as an example, we used the U-Net model with sea surface temperature (SST) as the input factor and center fishing ground as the output factor. We constructed 80 different combinations of temporal scales and asymmetric spatial scales using data in 1998--2020. By comparing the results, we found that the optimal temporal scale for the deep learning fishing ground prediction model is 15 days, and the spatial scale is {0.25$^\circ $} $ \times $ {0.25$^\circ $}. Larger time scales lead to higher model accuracy, and latitude has a greater impact on the model than longitude. It further enriches and refines the criteria for selecting spatiotemporal scales. This result deepens our understanding of the oceanographic characteristics of the Northwest Pacific environmental field and lays the foundation for future artificial intelligence-based fishery research. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development of efficient fishery production.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vijayaram:2024:UAA, author = "Srirengaraj Vijayaram and Einar Ring{\o} and Hamed Ghafarifarsani and Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Saman Ahani and Chi-Chung Chou", title = "Use of Algae in Aquaculture: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "63", day = "01", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020063", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/63", abstract = "The utilization of algae in aquaculture is environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective and can effectively substitute for fish meal and fish oil in aquatic feeds. Incorporating algae as dietary supplements leads to significant enhancements in aquatic animals' health and also improves the aquatic ecosystem. Algae are rich sources of nutrients and serve as the foundational food source in the aquatic food chain. Currently, 40 different algae species are employed in aquaculture. Furthermore, algae contributes to elevating the overall quality of aquatic feed products. Aquaculture stands as the most vital food production sector globally; however, challenges such as infection outbreaks and aquatic environmental pollution pose significant threats to the sustainable growth of this industry. An alternative strategy for mitigating environmental issues and improving aquatic production involves the utilization of algae. The novelty in the applications of algae in aquaculture stems from their multifaceted roles and benefits, such as their capacity to improve water quality, serve as nutrient-rich feed supplements, and enhance the overall health and productivity of aquatic species. These versatile applications of algae represent a fresh and innovative approach to sustainable aquaculture practices. This review furnishes insights into the use of algae, algae extracts, or components derived from algae to enhance water quality. Additionally, it covers the utilization of algae-based feed supplements, boosting of the immune system, enhanced growth performance, and disease resistance in aquatic animals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:AIE, author = "Fei Liu and Jinfeng Sun and Jinnan Long and Lichao Sun and Chang Liu and Xiaofan Wang and Long Zhang and Pengyuan Hao and Zhongkai Wang and Yanting Cui and Renjie Wang and Yuquan Li", title = "Assessing the Interactive Effects of High Salinity and Stocking Density on the Growth and Stress Physiology of the \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "62", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020062", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/62", abstract = "This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high salinity combined with stocking density on Litopenaeus vannamei. Three salinity gradients, namely, 28 g/L, 36 g/L, and 44 g/L, and two stocking densities, namely, 300 and 600 shrimp/m 3, were used to analyze the synergistic effect of high salinity and stocking density on the growth performance, digestibility, and energy budgets of L. vannamei. The experimental testing period lasted 45 days. The research results showed that a salinity level of 36 g/L was the most suitable salinity level for shrimp growth under both high and low stocking densities. The body weight, specific growth rate, and relative weight gain of the shrimp in the 36 g/L salinity group were significantly higher than those in the other two salinity groups under both high and low stocking densities. The high-density farming group with 600 shrimp/m 3 exhibited a significant inhibition of shrimp growth compared to the low-density group under the same salinity conditions. The activities of amylase, lipase, and protease in the high-density-group shrimp gradually decreased with an increase in salinity, and the three digestive enzymes had the same overall effect of changing trends. This indicates that under high-density farming conditions, the increase in salinity is not conducive to the digestive function of shrimps. At the same time, the proportion of respiratory energy to feeding energy gradually decreased in the high-density group and with the increase in salinity. However, under the same salinity conditions, the higher the stocking density, the higher the energy consumed by respiration compared to the low-density group. In addition, the expression of the growth-related gene's small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G (SNRPG) under high stocking density was significantly lower than that in the low-density group at a salinity of 28 g/L, and ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7) expression was also significantly lower under high stocking density than that in the low-density group at a salinity of 44 g/L. The expression levels of molting-related genes retinoid X receptor (RXR), ecdysone receptor (ECR), and ecdysone-induced protein 75 (E75) were significantly higher in the 36 g/L salinity group compared with the other two salinity groups under high-stocking-density treatment. The findings indicate that the synergistic effects of salinity and stocking density have a significant impact on the growth of L. vannamei, and excessive salinity would inhibit its growth in the process of high-density culturing.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sanz-Gonzalez:2024:SOA, author = "Juan Carlos Sanz-Gonz{\'a}lez and Amalia Jurado-Mc Allister and Mercedes Navarro-Mart{\'\i}nez and Rosa Mart{\'\i}nez {\'A}lvarez-Castellanos and Ivan Felis-Enguix and Yassine Yazid and Yahya El-Mansouri and Fernando {De Miquel-Moral} and Hamid Errachdi and Ana Juan-Lici{\'a}n", title = "Sensing Offshore Aquaculture Infrastructures for Data-Driven Dynamic Stress Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "61", day = "31", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020061", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/61", abstract = "The presence of escaped fish in aquaculture facilities as a result of harsh meteorological conditions (more pressing in the face of climate change) requires a better understanding of this dynamic behaviour through vigilant monitoring and validated numerical models. In this context, data from strain and stress sensors as well as meteorological and current sensors installed at an aquaculture farm in the Region of Murcia (Spain) were collected, processed and analysed. Among them, the first results on the relationship between load and current sensors are presented. Due to the complexity of the time series, various analyses were conducted to examine their interrelation, encompassing the regression analysis of raw data and data segmented into different time intervals. Through this analysis, it was observed that employing distinct time windows better elucidated the data variability. Furthermore, an optimal data window of 240 data points was identified, demonstrating a significantly improved explanatory power, with the coefficient of determination (R 2) increasing by approximately 0.8 depending on the section. This paves the way for optimising the monitoring features that must be carried out to relate cause-and-effect variables in the behaviour of these offshore infrastructures.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sun:2024:RUC, author = "Yueping Sun and Bikang Yuan and Ziqiang Li and Yong Liu and Dean Zhao", title = "Rethinking Underwater Crab Detection via Defogging and Channel Compensation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "60", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020060", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/60", abstract = "Crab aquaculture is an important component of the freshwater aquaculture industry in China, encompassing an expansive farming area of over 6000 km 2 nationwide. Currently, crab farmers rely on manually monitored feeding platforms to count the number and assess the distribution of crabs in the pond. However, this method is inefficient and lacks automation. To address the problem of efficient and rapid detection of crabs via automated systems based on machine vision in low-brightness underwater environments, a two-step color correction and improved dark channel prior underwater image processing approach for crab detection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the parameters of the dark channel prior are optimized with guided filtering and quadtrees to solve the problems of blurred underwater images and artificial lighting. Then, the gray world assumption, the perfect reflection assumption, and a strong channel to compensate for the weak channel are applied to improve the pixels of red and blue channels, correct the color of the defogged image, optimize the visual effect of the image, and enrich the image information. Finally, ShuffleNetV2 is applied to optimize the target detection model to improve the model detection speed and real-time performance. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a detection rate of 90.78\% and an average confidence level of 0.75. Compared with the improved YOLOv5s detection results of the original image, the detection rate of the proposed method is increased by 21.41\%, and the average confidence level is increased by 47.06\%, which meets a good standard. This approach could effectively build an underwater crab distribution map and provide scientific guidance for crab farming.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jung:2024:TID, author = "Hyeok-Chan Jung and Jun-Hwan Kim and Ju-Chan Kang", title = "Toxic Impact of Dietary Cadmium on Bioaccumulation, Growth, Hematological Parameters, Plasma Components, and Antioxidant Responses in Starry Flounder (\bioname{Platichthys stellatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "59", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020059", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/59", abstract = "Starry flounders (Platichthys stellatus) (average weight---114.69 {\pm} 13 g, length---19.0 {\pm} 0.21 cm) underwent a 4-week exposure to varying dietary cadmium (Cd) concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg. Bioaccumulation patterns were revealed in the intestine, kidney, liver, and gills in descending order of accumulation. Significant declines in growth indicators---body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency ratio percentage (FER)---were evident at 80 mg Cd/kg for 2 weeks and beyond 60 mg Cd/kg for 4 weeks. Hematological parameters, including red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Ht), and hemoglobin (Hb), remarkably reduced at 80 mg Cd/kg for both 2 and 4 weeks. The total plasma protein reduced significantly after exposure to Cd for 2 and 4 weeks, alongside increased glucose levels, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT). Considerable increases in antioxidant responses---superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) levels---were observed after exposure to Cd for 2 and 4 weeks. P. stellatus exhibits a high accumulation of dietary Cd in specific tissues. Moreover, concentrations above 60 mg Cd/kg adversely affected the growth performance, hematological parameters, plasma components, and antioxidant responses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vuorinen:2024:TDM, author = "Pekka J. Vuorinen and Reijo K{\"a}kel{\"a} and Tapani Pakarinen and Petri Heinimaa and Tiina Ritvanen and Soili Nikonen and Mervi Rokka and Marja Kein{\"a}nen", title = "Thiamine Deficiency {M74} Developed in Salmon (\bioname{Salmo salar}) Stocks in Two \geoname{Baltic Sea} Areas after the Hatching of Large Year-Classes of Two Clupeid Species --- Detected by Fatty Acid Signature Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "58", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020058", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/58", abstract = "Lipid-related thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar), the M74 syndrome, is generally caused by feeding on abundant young sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Proper, the main foraging area of these salmon. In 2014, a strong year-class of sprat was hatched in the Baltic Proper, and a strong herring (Clupea harengus) year-class was hatched in the Gulf of Bothnia, where herring is the dominant salmon prey. The fatty acid (FA) signatures of prey fish in muscle or eggs of second sea-year spawners suggested that 27\% of wild River Simojoki and 68\% of reared River Dal salmon remained in the Gulf of Bothnia in 2014 instead of continuing to the Baltic Proper. In 2016, 23\% of the M74 females of the River Simojoki and 58\% of the River Dal originated from the Gulf of Bothnia, and 13\% and 16\%, respectively, originated from the Baltic Proper. Some salmon from the River Neris in the southern Baltic Proper had also been feeding in the Gulf of Bothnia. In general, low free thiamine (THIAM) concentration in eggs was associated with high lipid content and high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 {n$-$3}) and {n$-$3} polyunsaturated FA ({n$-$3} PUFA) concentrations in muscle but not in eggs. A higher THIAM concentration and lower proportions of DHA and {n$-$3} PUFAs in Arctic Ocean salmon eggs, despite higher egg lipid content, indicated that their diet contained fewer fatty fish than the Baltic salmon diet. Hence, M74 originated by foraging heavily on young fatty sprat in the Baltic Proper or herring in the Gulf of Bothnia.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:USD, author = "Suyu Liu", title = "Using Sustainable Development Goal Indicator 14.7.1 to Measure Sustainable Fishery: The Statistical Limitations", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "57", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020057", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/57", abstract = "Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 14.7.1 is the only statistical indicator under the SDG framework which measures the progress to achieve sustainable fisheries. However, despite its advantages, it suffers from substantial limitations. One main problem is that it is ambiguous what this indicator really measures and what the definition of sustainable fisheries is, which is the core concept of SDG Indicator 14.7.1. In particular, this indicator has both an environmental dimension and an economic dimension, but it is unclear how one indicator can exactly reflect these two dimensions at the same time. In addition, while SDG Indicator 14.7.1 emphasizes inclusiveness in name, its definition, methodology, and practical application reveal the exclusion of a substantial number of countries from this indicator. These limitations not only diminish the anticipated functionality of SDG Indicator 14.7.1 but also contradict the objective of inclusivity. Such shortcomings of SDG Indicator 14.7.1 are possibly a result of the non-statistical considerations during the development of this indicator, including possible political influence on the statistical scientific process. A number of implications for improving the further development and use of this indicator are provided, such as the provision of more specific data and metadata", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2024:SPY, author = "Junru Hu and Lei Wang and Guoxia Wang and Hongxia Zhao and Huijie Lu and Kai Peng and Wen Huang and Zhenxing Liu and Ding Liu and Yuping Sun", title = "Selenium Protects Yellow Catfish (\bioname{Tachysurus fulvidraco}) from Low-Temperature Damage via the Perspective Analysis of Metabolomics and Intestinal Microbes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "56", day = "30", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020056", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/56", abstract = "The effects of selenium supplementation in Tachysurus fulvidraco (T. fulvidraco) on low-temperature stress are not known. In this study, 280 healthy T. fulvidraco were divided into two groups, the G0 group (a control group) and the T0 group (a selenium treatment group on a 0.22 mg/kg diet), for a 6-week feeding time. Then, low-temperature stress (water temperature dropped from 26 to 13 {$^\circ $}C, with a rate of 1 {$^\circ $}C/h) was administered after that. The feeding results showed that selenium increased the percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) of T. fulvidraco and decreased the feed conversion rate (FCR), but these differences were not significant (p {$>$} 0.05). Under low temperatures, selenium still has no significant effects on antioxidant indexes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum (p {$>$} 0.05). However, metabolomic analysis revealed that selenium caused changes in lipids and lipid-like molles, organic acids and their derivatives, and fatty acyls. Choline, linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways; d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation; and biosynthesis pathways, as well as pyrimidine metabolism pathways, were activated to produce these metabolites to combat against this stress. In addition, selenium increased the diversity of intestinal microbes in T. fulvidraco and decreased the relative abundance of Plesiomonas. However, the combined analysis showed the intestinal microbe changes did not affect metabolite production. In summary, selenium activated lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism for energy substance provision, reduced the oxidation and production of other harmful substances, and increased the intestinal microbe diversity of T. fulvidraco to improve resistance to low-temperature stress.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Torres:2024:PPE, author = "Susana Torres and Montserrat Compa and Antonio Box and Samuel Pinya and Antoni Sureda", title = "Presence and Potential Effects of Microplastics in the Digestive Tract of Two Small Species of Shark from the \geoname{Balearic Islands}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "55", day = "29", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020055", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/55", abstract = "In recent years, there has been an increase in the reporting of plastic pollution in the marine environment and its effects on marine animals, especially bony fish. However, the prevalence and effect, particularly concerning biomarkers of oxidative stress, in elasmobranchs remain underreported and unknown. In this study, microplastics were observed in two elasmobranch species from the Balearic Islands: the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) with an average of 4.38 {\pm} 1.77 items per individual, and the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) with an average of 8.31 {\pm} 2.46 items per individual. Moreover, for the first time, antioxidant and pro-inflammatory responses were determined in the digestive tract of individuals of both species. Specifically, the activation of antioxidant defences, mainly superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels, was observed, while the pro-inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase activity was also greater in individuals with a high abundance of microplastic items. Additionally, a significant increase in glutathione S-transferase activity in catsharks with high microplastic ingestion was evidenced, suggesting that the detoxification process was activated. Overall, the results of this study highlight that both catshark species are ingesting microplastics, which, in turn, are causing physiological effects at a cellular level. Considering this, continued monitoring of these species should include the presence of microplastics, and the results from this study can serve as baseline data for future research.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Janampa-Sarmiento:2024:FRV, author = "Peter C. Janampa-Sarmiento and Francisco Y. T. Reis and Renata C. Egger and Santiago B. de P{\'a}dua and S{\'o}stenes A. C. Marcelino and Jo{\~a}o L. R. Cunha and Felipe Pierezan and Henrique C. P. Figueiredo and Guilherme C. Tavares", title = "First Report of \bioname{Vibrio vulnificus} Outbreak in Farm-Raised Sorubim (\bioname{Pseudoplatystoma} sp.) from \geoname{Brazil}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "54", day = "29", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020054", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/54", abstract = "Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and exhibits pathogenic behavior in several aquaculture fish species. To date, in Brazil, there are no reports of V. vulnificus outbreaks in farmed fish. However, in 2019, sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) in the grow-out phase with clinical signs and cumulative mortality of 40\% was registered. We aimed to identify and characterize the etiological agents of this outbreak. Seven moribund fish were sampled for bacteriological studies, and isolates were obtained from the brain and kidneys. Bacterial identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) revealed V. vulnificus. One isolate, RP4, was used for identification via dnaJ and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation. Sorubim juveniles were experimentally challenged with RP4 isolate via intracelomic injection (IC, 10 7 colony-forming units [CFU] fish {$-$1}) and immersion bath (IB, 10 6 CFU mL {$-$1} for 30 min). Identities to V. vulnificus of dnaJ and 16S rRNA genes by BLAST analysis were higher than 92\% and 98\%, respectively. Susceptibility to oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and other antimicrobial molecules was also observed. In the IC-challenged group, the mortality rate was 100\% with V. vulnificus recovered from fish organs (brain, liver, spleen, and kidney). Additionally, splenic endothelium alterations were observed in the IC group. On the contrary, the control and IB groups did not develop any clinical signs, mortality, or bacterial recovery after 7 days of challenge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of pathogenic V. vulnificus in farmed Pseudoplatystoma sp.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Linh:2024:BSF, author = "Nguyen Vu Linh and Supreya Wannavijit and Khambou Tayyamath and Nguyen Dinh-Hung and Thitikorn Nititanarapee and Md Afsar Ahmed Sumon and Orranee Srinual and Patima Permpoonpattana and Hien Van Doan and Christopher L. Brown", title = "Black Soldier Fly (\bioname{Hermetia illucens}) Larvae Meal: a Sustainable Alternative to Fish Meal Proven to Promote Growth and Immunity in Koi Carp (\bioname{Cyprinus carpio {\rm var.} koi})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "53", day = "28", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020053", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/53", abstract = "Insect meal has shown promise as a potentially sustainable source of nutrients for aquafeeds, offering an alternative to expensive and ecologically undesirable ingredients, in the context of population explosion and climate change. Despite this promising outlook, its effects on fish growth and immune responses remain to be thoroughly investigated. Our scientific goal was to experimentally test responses to replacements of the fish meal with a protein source derived from black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM). Possible impacts on growth, immunological response, and the expression of selected immune-system related genes were evaluated in Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) using a biofloc culture system. Three hundred fish (20.0 {\pm} 0.2 g) were allocated into five groups: a control group receiving a basal diet containing 0 g kg {$-$1} BSFLM and four experimental groups in which fish meal was replaced with 50, 100, 150, and 200 g kg {$-$1} BSFLM for eight weeks. After 4 weeks of feeding, there were no statistically significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate between fish fed BSFLM-enriched diets at 50, 100, 150 g kg {$-$1} and a control (0 g kg {$-$1} BSFLM) diet. However, fish fed 200 g kg {$-$1} BSFLM showed significantly improved weight gain (WG) and SGR compared to the control after 4 weeks; this difference persisted through 8 weeks (p {$<$} 0.05). After eight weeks, there was a moderate to weak negative linear regression shown in FCR (r = 0.470) and SR (r = 0.384), respectively, with the BSFLM levels, but significant and highly correlated linear relationships were observed in WG (r = 0.917) and SGR (r = 0.912). Immunological response analysis showed slight changes in lysozyme and peroxidase levels by replacing fish meal with BSFLM, but these apparent differences were not significantly related to experimental diets. Interestingly, mRNA transcripts of immune-related genes (TNF-{\alpha}, TGF-{\beta}, IL1, IL10, and hsp70) were upregulated in the groups receiving higher amounts of BSFLM, with statistically significant differences observed in certain comparisons. Our findings reveal that fish meal can be effectively replaced by BSFLM, and that this not only has a positive effect on immune-related gene expression in Koi carp, but also on growth rate, pointing to the future potential role of BSFLM as an alternative fish meal protein in aquafeed formulation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2024:RAS, author = "Ao Chen and Zehua Lv and Junbo Zhang and Gangyi Yu and Rong Wan", title = "Review of the Accuracy of Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques in Identifying Coastal Aquaculture Facilities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "52", day = "27", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020052", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/52", abstract = "The predominant form of aquaculture is the facility fishery, which is also subject to significant impacts from marine disasters. Conducting research on the extraction of facility fishery areas based on remote sensing technology is crucial to efficiently comprehending the configuration of coastal culture patterns and to establishing scientifically sound plans for managing and administering these areas. The extensive dispersion of facility fishery areas in coastal regions poses a challenge to the conduction of comprehensive field surveys. The utilization of satellite remote sensing images for information extraction has emerged as a significant area of research in the fields of coastal fishery and ecological environment. This study provides a systematic description of the current research status of coastal fishery area extraction methods using remote sensing technology from 2000 to 2022 reported in the literature. The methods discussed include the visual interpretation method, image element-based classification, object-based classification, supervised classification, unsupervised classification, and neural network classification. The extraction accuracy of each method in the coastal facility fishery area is evaluated, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as their limitations and existing problems, are analyzed in detail, to construct a reference framework for the investigation of the high-precision extraction of facility fishery areas from satellite remote sensing images.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Johnston:2024:RPG, author = "Christina U. Johnston and Christopher J. Kennedy", title = "A Review of {P}-Glycoprotein Function and Regulation in Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "51", day = "27", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020051", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/51", abstract = "The teleost ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an active transmembrane transporter that plays a pivotal role in facilitating the movement of both endogenous and xenobiotic substrates (moderately hydrophobic and amphipathic compounds) across cell membranes. P-gp exhibits substrate specificity often shared with other ABC transporters and solute carrier proteins, thereby ensuring the maintenance of chemical homeostasis within cells. These transporters are integral to chemical defense systems in fish, as they actively expel a wide range of substrates, primarily unmodified compounds, from cells. This transport process assists in preventing chemical absorption (e.g., intestine), safeguarding sensitive tissues (e.g., brain and gonads), and effectively excreting substances (e.g., liver and kidney). Upregulated P-gp export activity in aquatic animals results in the multi-xenobiotic resistance (MXR) phenotype that plays an essential protective role in survival in contaminated environments. Pollutants inhibiting P-gp are termed chemosensitizers and heighten fish sensitivity to toxic P-gp substrates. While the known intrinsic functions of P-gp in fish encompass steroid hormone and bile acid processing, relatively little attention has been given to endogenous substrates and inhibitors. Fish P-glycoprotein regulation is orchestrated by pivotal nuclear transcription factors, including pregnane X receptor (PXR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). This comprehensive review provides profound insights into P-gp's significance across diverse fish species, contributing to an enhanced understanding of fish physiology, evolution, and toxicology, and provides information with potential applications, such as environmental monitoring.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jungwirth:2024:ECA, author = "Arne Jungwirth and Anna Horsfield and Paul N{\"u}hrenberg and Stefan Fischer", title = "Estimating Cognitive Ability in the Wild: Validation of a Detour Test Paradigm Using a Cichlid Fish (Neolamprologus pulcher)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "50", day = "27", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020050", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/50", abstract = "Cognitive abilities vary within and among species, and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this variation. Two of the most prominent hypotheses regarding the evolution of cognition link increased social and habitat complexity with advanced cognitive abilities. Several studies have tested predictions derived from these two hypotheses, but these were rarely conducted under natural conditions with wild animals. However, this is of particular importance if we aim to link cognitive abilities with fitness-relevant factors to better understand the evolution of cognition. The biggest hurdle to assessing cognition in the wild is to find a suitable setup that is easy to use under field conditions. Here, we set out to evaluate an extremely simple test of cognitive ability for use with a broad range of aquatic animals in their natural habitat. We did so by developing a detour test paradigm in which fish had to detour a clear obstacle to reach a food reward. By altering the difficulty of the task, we confirmed that this setup is a valid test of cognitive abilities in wild groups of a Lake Tanganyika cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher. Subsequently, we probed specific predictions from the two major hypotheses regarding cognitive evolution using the most difficult test configuration. Specifically, we tested the variation in cognitive abilities among groups of different sizes occupying habitats of varying complexity. We find mixed support for both hypotheses, but we hope that our work inspires future investigations on the evolution of cognition in Lake Tanganyika cichlids.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ma:2024:VCG, author = "Xueyan Ma and Wu Jin and Guohua Lv and Wanwen Chen and Dongpo Xu and Pao Xu and Dan Hua and Haibo Wen", title = "In Vitro Culture of Glochidia and Morphological Changes in Juveniles of the Endangered Freshwater Mussel \bioname{Solenaia oleivora}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "49", day = "27", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020049", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/49", abstract = "The artificial propagation of the endangered Solenaia oleivora, with unknown fish hosts, was performed via in vitro culture with bighead carp, grass carp, common carp, bovine, and rabbit sera. The effects of glochidium density on transformation rates were evaluated, and the development of juveniles that metamorphosed successfully was documented. The control group had a transformation rate of 0 and a contamination rate of 0. No significant differences were found in the transformation and contamination rates of the bighead carp, grass carp, and common carp serum groups, and their transformation rates were significantly higher, and contamination rates were significantly lower than those of the bovine and rabbit serum groups. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the transformation rates of glochidia (culture density, 2000--5000 glochidia/dish) in contamination-free conditions. Specimen shell length/height increased from 1.08 {\pm} 0.01 on the first day to 3.08 {\pm} 0.29 during the 13th week. On the basis of anterior and posterior growth differences, juvenile growth was divided into the following three phases: the rapid anterior growth period, distinct anterior and posterior idiophase, and rapid posterior growth period. This study not only provides technological support for the artificial propagation of S. oleivora but also lays a foundation for resource recovery.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yazici:2024:ARM, author = "Metin Yazici and Fatemeh Zavvar and Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Shiva Nedaei and Hien Van Doan", title = "Administration of Red Macroalgae (\bioname{Galaxaura oblongata}) in the Diet of the Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) Improved Immunity and Hepatic Gene Expression", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "48", day = "26", month = jan, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020048", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:35 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/2/48", abstract = "This study is designed to evaluate the effects of dietary red macroalgae (Galaxaura oblongata) on growth performance, serum, and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this, rainbow trout were fed diets containing different levels of G. oblongata (0 (ctrl), 0.5 (G1), and 1 (G2) \%) for 8 weeks. Following the feeding trial, there were no significant differences in growth performance between the experimental treatments (p {$>$} 0.05). Total immunoglobulin (Ig) content and lysozyme (LYZ) activity in serum were increased in fish fed G. oblongata (p {$<$} 0.05), with the highest value at (0.5\%). Regardless of the inclusion level, mucus total Ig levels were significantly increased in the G. oblongata groups (p {$<$} 0.05), and mucus LYZ activity was not changed (p {$>$} 0.05). All groups fed G. oblongata showed higher serum catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities than the control group (p {$<$} 0.05). However, skin mucus SOD activity increased more in the group fed 1\% of G. oblongata than the other groups (p {$<$} 0.05). Additionally, the skin mucus GPx activity showed higher values in the group fed 0.5 and 1\% G. oblongata than in the control (p {$<$} 0.05). No significant differences were recognized between the experimental treatments in terms of CAT activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p {$>$} 0.05). G. oblongata up-regulated gpx gene expression with the maximum value at the group fed 1\% G. oblongata (p {$<$} 0.05). Additionally, interleukin 6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-{\alpha}) gene expressions were significantly up-regulated in fish fed 1\% compared with the control and 0.5\% groups. Based on the results, 0.5--1\% G. oblongata can be used in the fish diet and enhance immunity without causing impairment in growth.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Brown:2024:ATE, author = "Pete Brown and Tomas Araya-Schmidt and Terry Bungay and Paul D. Winger", title = "Assessing the Technical and Economic Viability of Galvanizing Snow Crab (\bioname{Chionoecetes opilio}) Traps", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "109", day = "19", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030109", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/109", abstract = "Commercial harvesting of snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) began in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in 1967. Today, the fishery consists of 2188 active fishing licenses and has grown into the province's most economically valuable fishery. Snow crabs are captured using conical traps consisting of a mild carbon steel frame, hard plastic entry funnel and a jacket of polyethylene netting. The frames of these traps corrode over time, which is expedited by being deployed in marine environments and stored on land near the ocean when not in use. As a result, there is interest within the community to increase the longevity of crab traps. One solution is to galvanize the steel frames prior to installing the funnel and netting. However, before harvesters transition to galvanized traps, two questions must be answered. Will the use of galvanized steel negatively impact catch rates? Will the life cycle of a crab trap be extended sufficiently to justify the additional cost of galvanizing? This study employed a generalized linear mixed model to evaluate the catch of legal-sized male crabs (CPUE) during the commercial fishery as a function of three trap frame treatments (old traditional, new traditional and new galvanized). We also assessed the economic viability of galvanizing trap frames by evaluating the life cycle cost (LCC) of traditional and galvanized traps to the harvester. The LCC was calculated over a range of inflation (0--6\%) and discount (3--20\%) rates. Our results found no significant difference in CPUE between new traps (traditional vs. galvanized) and concluded that except during instances of very high discount rates (12.9--19.9\%), it is economically favourable to galvanize crab trap frames.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hoffling:2024:ASM, author = "Fl{\'a}via Bander{\'o} Hoffling and Alex Silva Marquezi and Isabela Pinheiro and Cedric Simon and Artur Nishioka Rombenso and Walter Quadros Seiffert and Felipe do Nascimento Vieira and Delano Dias Schleder", title = "\bioname{Aurantiochytrium} sp. Meal as Feed Additive for \geoname{Pacific} White Shrimp Reared under Low Temperature and Challenged by {WSSV} in Association with Thermal Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "108", day = "18", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030108", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/108", abstract = "A study was conducted to test the inclusion of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal in the rearing of Penaeus vannamei grown in a clear water system and at a suboptimal temperature of 22 {$^\circ $}C. The doses tested were 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and 4\% at a stocking density of 100 shrimp/m 3. Rearing was carried out with aeration and individual heaters, and seawater temperature was controlled with a chiller. After nine weeks, shrimp were weighed and hemolymph was collected for hemato-immunological tests, and growth performance were calculated. Shrimp raised at 22 {$^\circ $}C and fed a 1\% of dietary supplementation of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal were superior in immunological parameters. After the dietary assay, a total of 42 shrimps (10.9 {\pm} 0.06 g) per treatment were infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). They were orally infected with 2.6 {\pm} 10 6 virus particles per g of the animal, maintained at a suboptimal temperature of 22 {$^\circ $}C for 108 h, and acclimated to an optimal temperature of 28 {$^\circ $}C for an additional 48 h. At 7 days post infection, surviving shrimp were collected for hemato-immunological analysis. Cumulative mortality results showed that shrimp fed diets containing 3\% and 4\% Aurantiochytrium sp. meal had higher survival than other treatments when challenged with WSSV.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yu:2024:HSS, author = "Jun Yu and Lihong Wen and Siyuan Liu and Heng Zhang and Zhou Fang", title = "Habitat Suitability of the Squid \bioname{Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis} in \geoname{Northern Indian Ocean} Based on Different Weights", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "107", day = "15", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030107", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/107", abstract = "Data from the fishery of S. oualaniensis in the northern Indian Ocean from January to March and October to December 2017 to 2019 were modeled with sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed (WS), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In this study, the fishing effort was used to evaluate the suitability index (SI) at SST, WS, and PAR. An integrated habitat suitability model (HSI) was developed with different weighting scenarios and weighting schemes. The optimal case was selected by calculation and comparison with the proportion of catch, effort, and catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the HSI interval (0~0.2, 0.2~0.6, 0.6~1); validation was performed using data from 2019. The weight of the optimal HSI model was 0.25 for sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, and 0.5 for wind speed. This model yielded the best performance and could accurately predict the fishing ground of S. oualaniensis in the northern Indian Ocean. The findings suggest that the integrated HSI model can predict the distribution of S. oualaniensis commendably, with wind speed as the most important factor affecting the spatial distribution of S. oualaniensis' habitat in the northern Indian Ocean. By analyzing habitat selection by S. oualaniensis, this study verified and predicted the distribution of squid in the northern Indian Ocean, which allows the distribution of squid resources and fishing grounds to be modeled, and for the sustainable use of squid fishery resources.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rodriguez-Dominguez:2024:FAD, author = "Guillermo Rodr{\'\i}guez-Dom{\'\i}nguez and Eugenio Alberto Arag{\'o}n-Noriega and Jorge Pay{\'a}n-Alejo and Jaime Edzael Mendivil-Mendoza and Marcelo Vidal Curiel-Bernal and Wenceslao Valenzuela-Qui{\~n}onez and Ricardo Ur{\'\i}as-Sotomayor", title = "The Fractal Approach to Describe Growth of Farmed Marine Species: Using Double and Triple Logistic Models", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "106", day = "12", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030106", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/106", abstract = "Modeling individual growth in marine species for aquaculture encounters many difficulties when the species pauses its growth but resumes its later after the disrupting phenomenon (environmental or physiological) has been overcome. Seasonal or oscillatory growth has been addressed by modifying existing models, such as von Bertalanffy and Gompertz, to include an oscillatory component in this study. The novelty of this study lies in the fractal approach used to analyze growth using multiple logistic functions. Three commercially farmed marine species were studied, including shellfish, crustacea, and finfish. The oscillatory version of the von Bertalanffy model as well as double and triple logistic functions were used for analysis. The best model was selected using the information theory, Specifically the Akaike criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian criterion (BIC). Normal and log-normal distributions of error were assumed. The triple logistic model with log-normal distribution in the error structure was found to be the best model to describe the growth pattern of the three commercially farmed species as it obtained the lowest AIC. Overall, this study concludes that the fractal approach is the most effective way to describe growth in farmed species, including shellfish, crustacean, and finfish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2024:HEG, author = "Wencheng Xu and Yanzhe Wang and Guodong Wang and Lili Zhang and Guiling Zhang and Zhipeng Huo and Hui Ge", title = "Heritability Estimates for Growth Traits and Correlation Analysis between Weight and Metamorphosis Rate in the Bullfrog \bioname{Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "105", day = "09", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030105", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/105", abstract = "Metamorphosis is a crucial process in the life cycle of Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana. R. catesbeiana tadpoles, in their short larval period, possess a high survival rate and also a highly competitive ability in the amphibious stage. In actual seed production, the economic traits of larval period and metamorphosis rate are used as quantifiable indicators of quality for individuals and populations, respectively. However, studies of these economic traits in larval cultivation and production are still lacking. In this study, we constructed 40 full-sib families of R. catesbeiana and measured the weight and metamorphosis rate of tadpoles at different developmental stages. Subsequently, we calculated the phenotypic and genetic association between weight and metamorphosis rate in tadpoles and assessed the heritability of these two traits. The heritabilities of weight at three developmental stages were all higher than 0.40 and decreased with advancement of the developmental stage; the heritability of the metamorphosis rate was 0.18 {\pm} 0.20, a moderate level. Correlation analysis of weight and metamorphosis rate at each developmental stage in each tadpole family showed that weight at stages 25-I, 25-II, and 25-III was significantly correlated at the phenotypic level but non-significantly at the genetic level. The metamorphosis rate was only moderately associated with stage 25-III weight (0.38, p {$<$} 0.05). The results of this study confirm the importance and transportability of tadpole weight in actual seed production and provide basic data and a potentially optimized direction for the selective breeding of high-metamorphosis-rate bullfrogs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Christidis:2024:AOB, author = "Georgios Christidis and Stratos Batziakas and Panagiota Peristeraki and Evangelos Tzanatos and Stylianos Somarakis and George Tserpes", title = "Another One Bites the Net: Assessing the Economic Impacts of \bioname{Lagocephalus sceleratus} on Small-Scale Fisheries in \geoname{Greece}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "104", day = "07", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030104", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/104", abstract = "The assessment of the economic impacts of marine invasive species is fundamental for adopting mitigation measures, yet such impacts have been underreported in the Mediterranean Sea. The silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus) is a toxic pufferfish that since its introduction has seriously disturbed small-scale fisheries along the eastern Mediterranean coast. This species depredates on fishing gears, causing damage to nets, longlines and commercial catches. To quantify its economic impact on small-scale fisheries, we interviewed 141 fishers from Crete (Cretan and Libyan Sea) and the Ionian Sea (Greece) during May 2020--December 2022. The mean annual economic cost resulting from L. sceleratus depredation was estimated at EUR 6315 {\pm} 2620 per vessel in Crete and EUR 258 {\pm} 120 in the Ionian Sea. Additionally, observer surveys carried out on board small-scale fishing vessels in Crete showed that depredation probability was significantly influenced by fishing depth, sea surface temperature, gear type (nets, longlines) and region (Cretan, Libyan Sea). L. sceleratus was caught more frequently and in higher numbers in the Libyan Sea. In response to depredation, fishers in Crete have altered their fishing tactics in terms of fishing in deeper waters, reducing fishing time and changing the technical characteristics of fishing gears. Our results underscore the adverse impacts of L. sceleratus on Greek small-scale fishers, emphasizing the need for region-specific management plans where the species establishes large populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jongjaraunsuk:2024:TLM, author = "Roongparit Jongjaraunsuk and Wara Taparhudee and Soranuth Sirisuay and Methee Kaewnern and Varunthat Dulyapurk and Sommai Janekitkarn", title = "Transfer Learning Model Application for \bioname{Rastrelliger brachysoma} and \bioname{R. kanagurta} Image Classification Using Smartphone-Captured Images", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "103", day = "07", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030103", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/103", abstract = "Prior aquatic animal image classification research focused on distinguishing external features in controlled settings, utilizing either digital cameras or webcams. Identifying visually similar species, like Short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) and Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), is challenging without specialized knowledge. However, advancements in computer technology have paved the way for leveraging machine learning and deep learning systems to address such challenges. In this study, transfer learning techniques were employed, utilizing established pre-trained models such as ResNet50, Xception, InceptionV3, VGG19, VGG16, and MobileNetV3Small. These models were applied to differentiate between the two species using raw images captured by a smartphone under uncontrolled conditions. The core architecture of the pre-trained models remained unchanged, except for the removal of the final fully connected layer. Instead, a global average pooling layer and two dense layers were appended at the end, comprising 1024 units and by a single unit, respectively. To mitigate overfitting concerns, early stopping was implemented. The results revealed that, among the models assessed, the Xception model exhibited the most promising predictive performance. It achieved the highest average accuracy levels of 0.849 and 0.754 during training and validation, surpassing the other models. Furthermore, fine-tuning the Xception model by extending the number of epochs yielded more impressive outcomes. After 30 epochs of fine-tuning, the Xception model demonstrated optimal performance, reaching an accuracy of 0.843 and displaying a 11.508\% improvement in predictions compared to the model without fine-tuning. These findings highlight the efficacy of transfer learning, particularly with the Xception model, in accurately distinguishing visually similar aquatic species using smartphone-captured images, even in uncontrolled conditions.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Qiu:2024:ICC, author = "Hengtong Qiu and Huan Wang and Xiaomin Yan and Lin Hu and Yonglin Huang and Yanni Ye", title = "The Identification of a Cell Cycle Regulation Gene {{\em Cyclin E\/}} from \geoname{Hong Kong} Oysters (\bioname{Crassostrea hongkongensis}) and Its Protein Expression in Response to Salinity Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "102", day = "06", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030102", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/102", abstract = "Hong Kong oysters (Crassostrea hongkongensis) are an important marine bivalve with nutritional and commercial value. The expanded off-bottom farming scale in recent years makes the oysters more susceptible to exposure to abiotic stresses, such as salinity stress, an important environmental factor that has been proven to have significant effects on oyster growth and development. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Cyclin E is an important protein in the process of cell cycle regulation that is indispensable for propelling G1/S phase transition in a dose-dependent manner. In order to investigate whether the salinity stress affects cyclin E expression in oysters, the cDNA sequence of C. hongkongensis~cyclin E (Ch-CCNE) was isolated from a gill cDNA library, and the 2.8 kbp length cDNA fragment contained a complete open reading frame (ORF) encoding 440 amino acid residues. Ch-CCNE mRNA was highly expressed in the gonad and low in the adductor mussel, mantle, gill, labial palp, and digestive gland. The recombinant CCNE protein was expressed and purified in a pET32a(+)- CCNE / Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) system via IPTG induction and was used for generating mice anti-Ch-CCNE antiserums. Western blot analysis showed that the CCNE protein in the gill was maintained at low expression levels under either hypo- (5 ppt) or hyper- (35 ppt) salinity, and could be produced at high levels under appropriate salinity during a 10-day exposure period. The immuno-localization indicated that the Ch-CCNE protein was distributed in the nucleus. These results suggested that either hypo- or hyper-salinity stress could inhibit the CCNE expression of Hong Kong oysters and their negative impact on cell division and proliferation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Govindharajan:2024:ESM, author = "Sattanathan Govindharajan and Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian and Vivi Thapo and Sournamanikam Venkatalakshmi and Wen-Chao Liu", title = "Enhancement of Skin Mucus Immunity, Carotenoid Content, Sexual Parameters, and Growth Response in Guppy Fish (\bioname{Poecilia reticulata}) Fed with Green Algae (\bioname{Chaetomorpha aerea}) Diets", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "101", day = "06", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030101", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/101", abstract = "The research aimed to analyze the influences of adding marine green algae Chaetomorpha aerea to the diet of guppy fish (Poecillia reticulate) on growth, immunological responses in skin mucus, total carotenoid content, and sexual characteristics. A total of 450 fish, with a mean body weight of 0.19 {\pm} 0.1 g and 30 fish per tank (triplicate), were randomly fed into 15 experimental tanks, each containing 50 L. Five different diets with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10\% of C. aerea g/kg diets were fed to P. reticulate for 30 days. After 30 days, growth, immunological responses in skin mucus, total carotenoid content, and sexual characteristics were investigated. The results observed that the feed conversion rate and fry output were significantly (p {$>$} 0.05) decreased in experimental groups compared to the control group. The results revealed that the dietary inclusion of C. aerea algal significantly increased (p {$<$} 0.05) in mucosal immunological parameters containing lysozyme activity, myeloperoxidase activity, total immunoglobulins, and alternative complement activity, which were the highest in the group with 4\% of C. aerea g/kg. Additionally, lateral skin and the caudal fin of fish had higher total carotenoid levels from the dietary C. aerea algae diet than the control group, which were the highest in the groups with 4\%. Among them, 4 and 8\% of C. aerea g/kg diet resulted in better growth performance and feed conversion ratio. Thus, the study suggested that 4\% of C. aerea g/kg diet has enrichment of immunity, total carotenoid concentrations, and skin mucus immunity of P. reticulate.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jiang:2024:TAR, author = "Senhao Jiang and Yuting Lei and Ti Wang and Ruiting Ma and Chunqiang Hou and Qiuning Liu", title = "Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Potential Immune-Related Genes of Head Kidney in the Yellow Catfish (\bioname{Pelteobagrus fulvidraco}) Challenged with \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "100", day = "06", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030100", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/100", abstract = "Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is an important freshwater fish species in aquaculture. However, as intensive farming has rapidly expanded, infectious diseases caused by various bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, have also increased. We conducted a transcriptomic analysis of head kidney from P. fulvidraco stimulated by A. hydrophila strain SHOU. A total of 43,249 unigenes with an average length of 1342 bp were obtained following assembly and annotation. By analyzing GO and KEGG enrichment, many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways related to immunity were identified. Out of the 973 DEGs that were identified, 553 were upregulated and 420 were downregulated. Moreover, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the innate immune system, including the TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway involved in the defense, is activated against infectious response. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that immune response genes were upregulated in response to A. hydrophila stimulation compared to the control. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the immune defense mechanism of P. fulvidraco and sheds light on the host immune genes involved in the response to bacterial infection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Dube:2024:AAP, author = "Edith Dube and Grace Emily Okuthe", title = "Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Aquaculture: Effect on Fish Pathogenic Bacteria", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "99", day = "05", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030099", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/99", abstract = "Increased infectious diseases and the reduced effectiveness of antibiotics due to antimicrobial resistance pose global challenges affecting the aquaculture industry. As bacteria increasingly develop antibiotic resistance, research scientists are shifting their focus to technologies such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), which show potential for treating and controlling fish infections without promoting the development of resistant bacteria. Various photosensitizers (PSs), both natural and synthetic, are under investigation for their application in aPDT within the aquaculture industry. This shift is crucial for the sustainability of the aquaculture industry, which plays a significant role in achieving several of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review highlights the application of aPDT against fish pathogens in the industry and the types of PSs utilized. It also explores the potential application of this technique for treating and controlling fish infections, along with the advantages and limitations of its use in aquaculture production systems. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives are provided.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Eliso:2024:PMN, author = "Maria Concetta Eliso and Barbara Bill{\`e} and Tiziana Cappello and Maria Maisano", title = "Polystyrene Micro- and Nanoplastics ({PS MNPs}): a Review of Recent Advances in the Use of -Omics in {PS NP} Toxicity Studies on Aquatic Organisms", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "98", day = "05", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030098", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/98", abstract = "In recent years, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have represented an emerging threat for the aquatic environment due to their persistence and widespread distribution. Indeed, their small size and increased surface area lead to a high biological reactivity, which can be crucial for the health status of biota. To date, several studies have investigated lethal and sublethal endpoints of MNPs, while one of the main challenges is to understand their mechanisms of toxicity in a comprehensive manner. With this aim, the field of aquatic ecotoxicology can now benefit from the -omics approaches. This review focuses on the recent advances related to the use of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to deeply investigate the molecular and biochemical responses of aquatic organisms, both fishes and aquatic invertebrates, to pristine polystyrene (PS) MNPs. The literature reviewed revealed that transcriptomics and metabolomics are the most frequently used -omic approaches. Overall, the studies taken into consideration shed light on the events triggered by PS MNPs at molecular and cellular levels, identifying as mechanisms of toxicity the pathways involved in oxidative stress, energy metabolism, immune response, and the nervous system. Future studies should therefore focus on the use and integration of multi-omics approaches for a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in MNPs toxicity.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2024:FCP, author = "Xiandong Xu and Yanping Zhang and Liyun Ding and Jiangfeng Huang and Zhiyong Zhou and Wenjing Chen", title = "Farmed \geoname{Chinese} Perch (\bioname{Siniperca chuatsi}) Coinfected with Parasites and Oomycete Pathogens", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "97", day = "04", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030097", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/97", abstract = "Farming Chinese perch in aquaculture systems with artificial diets is a new method and developing trend. This method of raising Chinese perch has led to outbreaks of new diseases. In 2022, a disease outbreak occurred among farmed Chinese perch fed an artificial diet in Jiangxi Province, China, during which 50\% of the fish died. The clinical signs exhibited by the diseased Chinese perch included decreased physical vitality, anorexia, emaciation, and dorsal fin ulceration with white cysts and flocs. Coinfection with ciliate parasites and an oomycete was found. No pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the microbial test, and the viral detection results were negative. After morphological and 18S or 28S rDNA sequence clustering analysis, the parasites were identified as Epistylis wuhanensis and Zoothamnium sp., while the oomycete was identified as Achlya klebsiana. This article discusses the interaction between parasitic and oomycete coinfections in Chinese perch from the perspective of the characteristics of Chinese perch raised with an artificial diet. The relationships between parasites, oomycete, and fish were also briefly discussed. This is the first report of the coinfection of Chinese perch with Epistylis wuhanensis, Zoothamnium sp. and Achlya klebsiana.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2024:CSB, author = "Yukai Yang and Heizhao Lin and Xiaolin Huang and Hongbiao Dong and Yafei Duan", title = "Changes in the Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Microbial Community of Rabbitfish (\bioname{Siganus oramin}) in Three Different Habitats", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "96", day = "04", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030096", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/96", abstract = "The rabbitfish Siganus oramin is an important naturally caught and aquaculture fish species. Intestinal microbiota can affect the metabolism and immunity of fish, which is closely related to the habitat of the host. In this study, we collected the wild fry S. oramin from a natural sea area, and cultured them in outdoor and indoor ponds, respectively, and investigated the changes in serum biochemical indexes and intestinal microbial community in three different habitats. The results showed that compared with the wild population, the serum total protein content of the outdoor culture population increased significantly. The indoor culture population had significantly higher triglyceride and total cholesterol contents than that of the outdoor culture population. Additionally, the intestinal microbial richness indexes ACE and Chao1 of the cultured population were higher than those of the wild population, especially the indoor culture, but Shannon and Simpson had no obvious changes. The relative abundances of Firmicutes, Spirochaetae and Bacteroidetes increased in the outdoor culture population, but decreased in the indoor culture population; those of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were completely the opposite. Some putative beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Intestinibacter) and harmful bacteria (Vibrio, Photobacterium, Desulfovibrio, Streptococcus) all decreased in the intestines of the cultured population when compared with the wild population, while Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium were enriched in the outdoor culture population. These results reveal that a change in habitat environment, whether an outdoor or an indoor pond, positively influenced the intestinal microbiota of the rabbitfish, which is beneficial to the healthy culture of the fish from the perspective of microbial community.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lin:2024:CCR, author = "Ainuo Lin and Yaxi Li and Zhi Yan and Huilin Zhang and Baozhen Jiang and Jingjing Chen and Derui Wang and Huan Wang and Xiaodong Li and Zhen Lu and Ke Li", title = "Chemical Cues Released by Predators' Consumption of Heterospecific Prey Alter the Embryogenesis of Zebrafish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "95", day = "01", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030095", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/95", abstract = "Environmentally cued hatching is prevalent, diverse, and crucial to many animals' survival. Fish embryos use a variety of chemical cues to initiate hatching to avoid potential predators, yet the function of chemical cues released from the predatory consumption of heterospecific prey is largely unknown. Zebra cichlids (Metriaclima estherae) are ferocious predators that can feed on medaka (Oryzias latipes), though it is impossible for this to occur in their natural habitat. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos have been employed as experimental subjects due to their sensitivity to a variety of chemical signals. In this study, zebrafish embryos were subjected to three types of chemical signals: predator cues (PCs, released from cichlids), heterospecific cues (HCs, released from medaka), and heterospecific dietary cues (HDCs, released from cichlids that have ingested medaka). As a result, the hatching times of zebrafish embryos were accelerated by 6.8\% and 12.6\% by PCs and HDCs, respectively. PCs and HDCs cause significantly reduced morphology in zebrafish embryos, including regarding total length, eye length, dorsal fin length, trunk height, caudal fin height, and body cavity, and increase yolk sac height. The PCs and HDCs diminished the larvae's motion at 120 and 144 h post fertilization (hpf), which could be attributed to non-developmental embryogenesis. Overall, the impacts of HDCs on embryonic hatching, developmental morphology, and locomotor were more pronounced in comparison with PCs. Our findings demonstrate that predators' dietary cues, even those released after predation on heterospecific prey, can modify embryogenesis, highlighting the critical functions of chemical signals in predation risk assessment using embryos.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Karimov:2024:LWA, author = "Erkin Karimov and Bernhard Zeiringer and Johan Coeck and Pieterjan Verhelst and Bakhtiyor Karimov and Otabek Omonov and Martin Schletterer and Daniel S. Hayes", title = "Length--Weight--Age Relationship of \bioname{Schizothorax eurystomus} {Kessler}, 1872 and Comparison to Other Snow Trout Species in \geoname{Central Asia}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "94", day = "29", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030094", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/94", abstract = "This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the length-weight relationship, condition factors, and age of Schizothorax eurystomus in the Shakhimardan River basin in Central Asia, along with a comparative perspective to other Schizothorax species in the region. The study found that S.~eurystomus exhibits positive allometric growth, which is consistent with similar patterns observed in this species from the Syr Darya River basin. The two analyzed condition factors showed mean values within the normal range, indicating good feeding and environmental conditions. However, significant disparities between minimum and maximum values of these factors indicated varied growth conditions which may be influenced by anthropogenic factors. Age estimation using opercular bones showed variations in the total length among fish of the same age, and a clear age distribution pattern across different sites. Younger fish predominantly inhabited the shallower, warmer, and lower sections of the river, which is impacted by agricultural water diversion, while older specimens were found in areas with higher discharge and deeper pools. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the life history traits of S. eurystomus, underlining the need for sustainable fishery management and conservation strategies in the Shakhimardan River basin. The findings also emphasize the importance of considering habitat quality and anthropogenic pressures regarding understanding both fish population dynamics and growth patterns.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mendes:2024:SHM, author = "Hugo Mendes and Cristina Silva and Manuela Azevedo", title = "Southern Horse Mackerel (\bioname{Trachurus trachurus}) Spatio-Temporal Distribution Patterns Based on Fine-Scale Resolution Data", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "93", day = "29", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030093", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/93", abstract = "In this study, the distribution patterns of southern horse mackerel are examined using commercial fine-scale resolution data. Using landings by size category and VMS data from the Portuguese commercial bottom-trawl fishery, which consistently targets horse mackerel, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of horse mackerel age distributions spanning a decade (2010--2020). Importantly, this study addresses potential biases in commercial effort data and establishes the usefulness of commercial bottom-trawl gear as a suitable method for sampling and evaluating southern horse mackerel stock dynamics. Ordered regression models were applied to allow for the modelling of the distribution of multiple age categories and investigate spatio-temporal migrations off the Portuguese coast. Southern horse mackerel show a widespread age distribution range and stable abundance with indications of seasonal and spatial patterns in the distribution of specific age groups. The insights derived from this research contribute valuable knowledge for understanding the dynamics and distribution patterns of fish populations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pan:2024:CTH, author = "Tingshuang Pan and Tong Li and Min Yang and He Jiang and Jun Ling and Qian Gao", title = "Cardiac Transcriptome and Histology of the Heart of the Male \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis}) under High-Temperature Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "92", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030092", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/92", abstract = "High temperatures are important environmental stressors affecting the metabolism, growth, immunity, and mortality of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). In this study, Chinese mitten crabs were divided into two groups and exposed to temperatures of 35 {$^\circ $}C (thermal stress group) or 25 {$^\circ $}C (control group) for 24 h, and the transcriptome of the heart was analyzed. There were 4007 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the thermal stress and the control groups, including 2660 upregulated and 1347 downregulated genes. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and transcription factors (TFs) were temperature-sensitive DEGs in Chinese mitten crabs. DEGs mainly focused on protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome biogenesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, protein export, and insect hormone biosynthesis pathways. A total of 28,916 SSRs and 59 TF families, including 851 TFs, were detected among all unigenes of E. sinensis transcripts. The qRT-PCR results for the HSPs and apoptotic DEGs from the heart exhibited the same trends as those in the E. sinensis transcriptome data. Results of light microscopy analyzing histological sections of the heart indicated that most myocardial fibers were lysed, and the number of nuclei and the connective tissue contents between the myocardial layers were both reduced following 35 {$^\circ $}C exposure for 24 h.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wei:2024:MEM, author = "Qingcong Wei and Dan Wang and Kaijin Wei and Bin Xu and Jin Xu", title = "The Mechanism of \bioname{Elizabethkingia miricola} Infection of the Black Spotted Frog as Revealed by Multi-Omics Analysis", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "91", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030091", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/91", abstract = "Elizabethkingia miricola (E. miricola) is a significant pathogen that causes the crooked head disease in black spotted frogs. This disease has plagued numerous frog farms in China and has resulted in substantial losses to the frog farming industry. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism that causes the disease in frogs remains unknown. In this study, transcriptomic and microbiomic analyses were conducted to analyze frog samples infected with E. miricola to reveal the infection mechanism of the pathogen. Liver transcriptomic analysis indicated that the livers of infected frogs had 1469 differentially expressed genes when compared with an uninfected group. These DEGs are mainly involved in immunity and metabolism, including neutrophil extracellular trap formation, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, chemokine signaling pathway, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and ``metabolism''-related pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway, carbon metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism. Similarly, 4737 DEGs were found in the kidney of infected frogs. These DEGs are mainly involved in immunity, including neutrophil extracellular trap formation, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascade, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Ten immune-associated DEGs were screened in liver and kidney DEGs, respectively. And it was hypothesized that E. miricola infection could influence the host immune response. Microbiome analysis results showed that some opportunistic pathogens such as Citrobacter, Shigella, and Providencia were significantly elevated (p {$<$} 0.05) in infected frogs. Additionally, functional prediction confirmed that most of the microbiota in infected frogs were linked to metabolism-related KEGG pathways. In this study, the screened genes linked to immunity showed an association with the gut microbiome. The majority of these genes were found to be linked with the abundance of opportunistic pathogens. The results showed that E. miricola infection led to the downregulation of immune and metabolic-related genes, which led to the inhibition of immune function and metabolic disorder, and then increased the abundance of opportunistic pathogens in the gut microbiota. The findings of this study offer a preliminary foundation for comprehending the pathogenic processes of E. miricola infection in black spotted frogs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wei:2024:COD, author = "Shuwei Wei and Zhong Hua and Yanping Yang and Fengjiao Ma and Wei Han and Wei Zhang and Congping Ying and Yanmin Deng and Kai Liu", title = "Characterization of the Ovarian Development and Associated Factors during the Breeding Migration of \bioname{Coilia nasus} in the \geoname{Yangtze River}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "90", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030090", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/90", abstract = "Coilia nasus is a typical anadromous migratory fish found in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Every year, C. nasus clusters offshore and swims upstream along the Yangtze River into the tributaries and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to breed. In this study, female C. nasus were collected as study subjects from the Chongming section of Shanghai, the Taizhou section of Jiangsu, and the Anqing section of Anhui. Their ovaries were used to examine tissue sections and investigate gene expression, including the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr), the luteinizing hormone receptor (lhr), kisspeptin-1 (kiss1), and forkhead box l2 (foxl2), which are related to reproductive development, while the serum levels of estrogen (including estradiol, E2) and progestins (including 17{\alpha},20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregenen-3-one, 17{\alpha},20{\beta}-DHP) were also analyzed. Our results showed that, first, the growth period of the oocytes was small in stage II of ovarian development, in which both E2 and 17{\alpha},20{\beta}-DHP levels and gene expression were low. Then, in stage III, the growth period of the oocytes became large, and the yolk granules and oil droplets began to appear. Simultaneously, E2 and the expression of kiss1 and foxl2 were significantly elevated. Finally, stage IV was the period of a large amount of accumulation of nutrients in the oocytes, and 17{\alpha},20{\beta}-DHP levels and the expression of fshr and lhr were significantly elevated. These results enrich the theoretical study of ovarian development in the natural population of C. nasus, supplementing the biological basis of C. nasus reproduction and scientifically supporting the study of C. nasus population ecology and resource conservation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhao:2024:MMG, author = "Yun Zhao and Junming Zhou", title = "Molecular Mechanisms of Growth Differences in \bioname{Gymnocypris przewalskii} and \bioname{Gymnocypris eckloni} through a Comparative Transcriptome Perspective", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "89", day = "28", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030089", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/89", abstract = "Genetic composition plays a crucial role in the growth rate of species, and transcriptomics provides a potent tool for studying genetic aspects of growth. We explored the growth rates and transcriptomes of the Cyprinids G. przewalskii (GP) and G. eckloni (GE). A total of 500 individuals of G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, matched in size, were separately cultured for 9 months in six cement tanks (each group with three replicates). Growth indices were measured, revealing that the growth rate of GE was greater than that of GP (p {$<$} 0.05), while there was no significant difference in survival rates (p {$>$} 0.05). Simultaneously, we conducted RNA-Seq on the muscles of both GP and GE. The results indicated a significant difference of gene expression between GP and GE, identifying 5574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction of 10 DEGs demonstrated consistency in expression profiles with the results from the RNA-Seq analysis. The DEGs were significantly enriched in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (ko00010), arachidonic acid formation (ko00061), arginine biosynthesis (ko00220), and the MAPK (ko04013), PI3K-Akt (ko04151), mTOR (ko04150), and TGF-{\beta} (ko04350) signal pathways, as revealed by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. This study also identified some growth-related DEGs, such as IGF2, Noggin, Decorin and others. Notably, the low expression of IGF2 may be a factor contributing to the slower growth of GP than GE.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wei:2024:EFT, author = "Yuchong Wei and Aixing Ma and Ya Deng and Minxiong Cao and Ying Hu and Zhaoyi Cheng and Lijun Zhu", title = "Effects of Flow Turbulence on the Entire Development Process of Drifting Fish Eggs", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "88", day = "27", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030088", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/88", abstract = "Excessive flow turbulence poses a threat to the development of drifting fish eggs, leading to mortality or developmental malformations and ultimately depleting early fish resources. Currently, there is a scarcity of quantitative studies investigating the effects of flow turbulence on the entire process of drifting fish egg development, from fertilized egg division to hatching. In this paper, the effects of different flow turbulence conditions (FTCs), including turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress, and action times on different stages of fish egg development were quantitatively explored using a transverse-oscillating-grids turbulence tank. Empirical formulas were established to predict the proportion of normal fish egg development under different FTCs within a selected range. The research findings provide a quantitative basis for protecting early fish resources, mitigating the biological invasion of specific fish, constructing fish-breeding facilities, and ensuring safe transfer and transportation.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Laskar:2024:ITC, author = "Boni Amin Laskar and Dhriti Banerjee and Sangdeok Chung and Hyun-Woo Kim and Ah Ran Kim and Shantanu Kundu", title = "Integrative Taxonomy Clarifies the Historical Flaws in the Systematics and Distributions of Two Osteobrama Fishes ({Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae}) in \geoname{India}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "87", day = "27", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030087", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/87", abstract = "The taxonomy and geographical distributions of Osteobrama species have historically posed challenges to ichthyologists, leading to uncertainties regarding their native ranges. While traditional taxonomy has proven valuable in classification, the utility of an integrated approach is restricted for this particular group due to limitations in combining information from biogeography, morphology, and genetic data. This study addresses the taxonomic puzzle arising from the recent identification of Osteobrama tikarpadaensis in the Mahanadi and Godavari Rivers, casting doubt on the actual distribution and systematics of both O. tikarpadaensis and Osteobrama vigorsii. The research reveals distinctions among specimens resembling O. vigorsii from the Krishna and Godavari riverine systems. Notably, specimens identified as O. vigorsii from the Indian Museum exhibit two pairs of barbels, while those from the Godavari River in this study are identified as O. tikarpadaensis. Inter-species genetic divergence and maximum likelihood phylogeny provide clear delineation between O. vigorsii and O. tikarpadaensis. The study suggests that O. vigorsii may be limited to the Krishna River system in southern India, while O. tikarpadaensis could potentially extend from the Mahanadi River in central India to the Godavari River in southern India. Proposed revision to morphological features for both species, accompanied by revised taxonomic keys, aim to facilitate accurate differentiation among Osteobrama congeners. The data generated by this research provide a resource for future systematic investigations into cyprinids in India and surrounding regions. Further, the genetic diversity information obtained from various riverine systems for Osteobrama species will be instrumental in guiding aquaculture practices and formulating effective conservation action plans.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2024:AFS, author = "Jingjing Wu and Jinghua Fu and Dingkang Zhou and Jiasen Huang and Minjun Xu", title = "Assessment of Fish Species in \geoname{Wanlv Lake}, the Largest Drinking Water Source in \geoname{South China}, by Environmental {DNA} Metabarcoding Technology", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "86", day = "24", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030086", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/86", abstract = "As the largest lake in South China, Wanlv Lake is also an important drinking water source for Guangdong and Hong Kong and is responsible for water supplying of more than 40 million people in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. The study of fish diversity in Wanlv Lake can help us to effectively understand the changes and states of its aquatic ecosystem and provide scientific basis for natural ecological protection, biodiversity, sustainable use and scientific management of fishery resources. However, research on the lake's fish is scarce. The high throughput environmental DNA metabarcoding technology (eDNA technology) of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence was herein used to conduct a preliminary exploration of Wanlv Lake fish diversity. A total of 10 sampling sites were set up to monitor fish diversity and analyze the composition and richness of the species. The results revealed a total of 83 genera in 42 families and 17 orders of fish in the lake, with the highest proportion found in Cypriniformes (38 species), accounting for 45.24\% of the total. Five alien species and eight rare and endangered species were also detected. The proportion of invasive species was 5.95\%, and the combined proportion of rare and endangered species was 9.52\%. The results indicated that Wanlv Lake serves as an important drinking water source, and overall, the condition of fish is satisfactory. However, proactive measures should be implemented to control the overpopulation of invasive species, as their unchecked proliferation may lead to a decline in species abundance, particularly among endangered species. This was the first overall assessment report on fish of the Wanlv Lake via 12S rRNA; the results herein lay a foundation for water quality assessment of Wanlv Lake as a drinking water source.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2024:AOA, author = "Junxiang Chen and Shilong He and Zelong Zhang and Jiajun Li and Xiuxia Zhang and Juntao Li and Jiarui Xu and Peihua Zheng and Jianan Xian and Yaopeng Lu", title = "Application of Organic Acid Salts as Feed Additives in Some Aquatic Organisms: Potassium Diformate", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "85", day = "24", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030085", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/85", abstract = "Antibiotics are the primary measures employed in the prevention and treatment of diseases in aquaculture. However, the frequent utilization of antibiotics can significantly impact the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms, resulting in water pollution. The European Union (EU) has prohibited antibiotic additives in animal feed. Potassium diformate (KDF) represents the first non-antibiotic feed additive approved by the EU as a viable alternative to antibiotics. Its application in animal nutrition has been validated, demonstrating beneficial health effects. This article reviews the physicochemical properties, biological functions, synthesis conditions, and applications of KDF in aquaculture and looks toward to its future potential. It also provides insights into improving the utilization of KDF in aquaculture practices.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2024:DMR, author = "Feipeng Li and Siyu Xie and Mingzhu Wang and Ling Chen and Haixiang Yu", title = "Distribution and Management of Residual Antibiotics in the \bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei} Shrimp Farming Environment: Recommendations for Effective Control", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "84", day = "23", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030084", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/84", abstract = "This study specifically focused on Litopenaeus vannamei and examined the distribution of residual antibiotics in various components of shrimp ponds throughout an aquaculture cycle. The findings revealed that aquaculture feed served as the primary source of antibiotics, continuously introducing them into the ponds throughout the entire production cycle. A multimedia distribution model for antibiotics in the ponds was established based on the principle of mass balance. The distribution characteristics of six antibiotics with higher levels in the feed, namely, sulfamethoxazole (SMX), norfloxacin (NOF), levofloxacin (LEOF), tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC), were investigated in the pond water, sediment, and shrimp. At the end of the cultivation period, the total antibiotic residues accounted for 65~80\% in various media, with the sediment containing 50~60\% of the distribution proportion (p {$<$} 0.01), which was identified as the primary reservoir for most antibiotics, with LEOF and NOF accounting for the highest proportions (45.78\% and 50.29\%, respectively). Based on the model's findings and the allowable daily dosage of antibiotics, recommendations were made for the effective control of antibiotic residues in shrimp farming management. To address the significant net loss of sulfonamides (SAs) and tetracyclines (TCs) in aquaculture production, it is crucial to carefully regulate their dosages and administration methods. Implementing eco-friendly additives and regularly cleaning surface sediments can aid in reducing antibiotic residue levels in various environmental media, thereby mitigating the environmental impact on aquaculture production activities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xuan:2024:DCD, author = "Wendan Xuan and Hongliang Zhang and Haobo Zhang and Tian Wu and Yongdong Zhou and Wenbin Zhu", title = "Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors of \bioname{Collichthys lucidus} Species in Offshore Waters of \geoname{Zhejiang Province, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "83", day = "23", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030083", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/83", abstract = "Collichthys lucidus is a small fish found in offshore waters that is economically important for China. It is imperative to understand its distribution characteristics and driving factors. Based on survey data of trawl fishery resources offshore of Zhejiang province, China, in spring (April) and autumn (November) from 2018 to 2022, the spatial and temporal distributions of C. lucidus in this area were analyzed. The random forest (RF) model was used to determine the important marine factors affecting the distribution of C. lucidus. The relationship between the distributions of the important variables was analyzed. The results showed that C. lucidus was mainly distributed in coastal waters. The tail density of the species exhibited obvious seasonal variation and was significantly greater in autumn than in spring. The most important factor affecting the distribution of this species in spring and autumn was water depth. The bottom temperature, bottom salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration were also important influencing factors. The importance of these factors differed among the different seasons, while the chlorophyll a concentration and pH had no significant effect on the species distribution. This study revealed the distribution pattern of C. lucidus in offshore waters of Zhejiang Province and the influence of important marine factors on its distribution. This study can enrich the survey data on C. lucidus and provide basic data for its scientific management and protection.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vetorelli:2024:IAR, author = "Michelle Pinheiro Vetorelli and Laurindo Andr{\'e} Rodrigues and Janaina Mitsue Kimpara and Wagner C. Valenti", title = "Intensification of \geoname{Amazon River} Prawn Hatchery", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "82", day = "22", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030082", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/82", abstract = "The effects of the intensification on the performance of the Amazon River prawn hatchery carried out in a simple recirculation system were investigated. Newly hatched larvae were stocked in 120 L tanks at 80, 100, 120 and 140 larvae L {$-$1} in a closed recirculating system. The experiment used a randomized block design with five replicates. An exponential equation was adjusted to express the relationship between the stocking density and productivity (postlarvae L {$-$1}). The development, larval quality, survival and postlarval (PL) dry weight did not significantly differ among the treatments (p {$>$} 0.05). When 80 larvae were stocked, the productivity (54 {\pm} 11 PL L {$-$1}) was lower than those at higher densities (p {$<$} 0.05). Stocking 120 and 140 larvae L {$-$1} resulted in higher productivities (75 {\pm} 18 and 80 {\pm} 17 PL L {$-$1}, respectively) with a lower use of Artemia nauplii to produce each postlarvae (~1200 Artemia nauplii PL {$-$1}). The maximum mean M. amazonicum postlarval production estimated by the exponential model was 93 PL L {$-$1}. This means that despite the increase in stocking density, productivity tends to stabilize. The results showed that M. amazonicum tolerates high intensification in recirculating hatchery systems based on a crushed shell bed biofilter, and the intensification optimizes Artemia use.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2024:PFG, author = "Tianjiao Zhang and Jia Xin and Wei Yu and Hongchun Yuan and Liming Song and Zhuo Yang", title = "Predicting the Fishery Ground of Jumbo Flying Squid (\bioname{Dosidicus gigas}) off \geoname{Peru} by Extracting Features of the Ocean Environment", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "81", day = "21", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030081", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/81", abstract = "We introduce a novel method that combines satellite data, advanced clustering techniques, machine learning feature extraction, and statistical models to enhance fishery forecasting accuracy. Focusing on jumbo flying squid in the southeast Pacific Ocean near Peru, we utilize MODIS-Aqua and MODIS-Terra satellite data on sea surface temperature (SST) to construct a deep convolutional embedded clustering (DCEC) model and extract the monthly SST features (FM) based on an optimized number of clusters determined by the Davies--Bouldi index (DBI). We use the extracted FM to construct a series of Generalized Additive Models (GAM) to forecast the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of jumbo flying squid within a spatial resolution of {0.5$^\circ $} $ \times $ {0.5$^\circ $}. Our results demonstrate the following findings: (1) The SST feature clusters obtained through the DCEC model could capture the SST monthly variations; (2) The GAM models with FM outperform the models with the traditional monthly average SST in terms of predictive accuracy; (3) Using both FM and average SST together can further improve model performance. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the DCEC combined with DBI in extracting marine environmental features and highlights the ocean environment feature extraction method to enhance the precision and reliability of fishery forecasting models.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Guo:2024:EAS, author = "Kun Guo and Mumin Shi and Xiaoli Huang and Liang Luo and Shihui Wang and Rui Zhang and Wei Xu and Guoliang Ruan and Zhigang Zhao", title = "The Effect of Artificial Substrate and Carbon Source Addition on Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition in Water in a Pond Polyculture System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "3", pages = "80", day = "20", month = feb, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030080", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Sat Apr 6 15:27:36 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/3/80", abstract = "The use of artificial substrates and biofloc technology can favor fish culture and improve water quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether artificial substrates and carbon source additions modify the microbial activity of water bodies. The diversity and structure of microflora in the water after adding artificial substrates and carbon sources to the ponds were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing based on the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that there was no difference in the richness and diversity of intestinal microflora between the control and experimental groups. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed that artificial substrate and carbon source addition changed the structure of the microflora. The results of a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LefSe) indicated 11 biomarkers in the EG\SGMLentity{717}st group. Spearman correlation heatmap analysis showed that environmental factors affected the bacterial communities, and the results of a redundancy analysis indicated that chemical oxygen demand was a critical factor in controlling the bacterial communities in the water. These results provide an understanding of the effect of artificial substrate and carbon source addition on bacterial diversity and community composition in water.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Nekrasova:2024:API, author = "Oksana Nekrasova and Mihails Pupins and Volodymyr Tytar and Leonid Fedorenko and Oleksandr Potrokhov and Arturs {\v{S}}kute and Andris {\v{C}}eir{\=a}ns and Kathrin Theissinger and Jean-Yves Georges", title = "Assessing Prospects of Integrating \geoname{Asian} Carp Polyculture in \geoname{Europe}: a Nature-Based Solution under Climate Change?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "148", day = "22", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040148", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/148", abstract = "Aquaculture's role in addressing food security has grown, with a spotlight on Asian carp species. Polyculture, i.e. cultivating multiple fish species in a single system, is being increasingly adopted for its resource efficiency and economic benefits. This practice for Asian fish for food and ornamental purposes is gaining traction in Europe despite their invasive potential. Rising temperatures due to climate change offer an opportunity for thermophilic Asian carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis). Using GIS modeling (Maxent), we identified the possible settlement of Asian carp in Northern Europe amidst climate change. We analyzed carp global distribution centers, assessed the potential carp spread in Europe, and evaluated their potential suitability for polyculture systems. By 2050, H. molitrix may extend its range to 58--{62$^\circ $} N latitude, with a potential 1.7-fold habitat increase, while A. nobilis, which are more heat-tolerant, may move north to 52--{58$^\circ $} N latitude, with a 1.3-fold potential increase. Despite the slight ecological differences in their native habitats, niche modeling indicates that these carp can occupy similar niches in Europe (proven statistically). The eventuality of using Asian species for polyculture in Europe presents both opportunities and challenges in the face of a changing climate as long as invasion risks are prevented. Envisaging such polyculture, yet very carefully for the protection of ecosystems, can help food security.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ahn:2024:EDC, author = "Hyojin Ahn and Michael J. Miller", title = "Environmental {DNA} Characterization of the Fish Species Composition in the \geoname{Mukawa River} and Adjacent Habitats", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "147", day = "21", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040147", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/147", abstract = "The diverse freshwater fish fauna of the Japanese archipelago is distributed among four main island landmasses, which include Hokkaido in the north, with many diadromous species. One relatively well-preserved river drainage along the southern coast of Central Hokkaido is the Mukawa River. Fish fauna surveys in the Mukawa River were mostly in downstream areas and the fish diversity is not well-documented among the upper, lower river, and coastal environments. Fish communities in the river, estuary, and sea were sampled using eDNA analysis to evaluate upstream and downstream species detections, and tidal and spatial detection variation near the river mouth. The number of species was higher at the river mouth and nearshore sites compared to the river and offshore. Fish detections reflected life history categories (freshwater resident, diadromous, brackish, or marine) and the environments. Similarity analysis showed that fish species compositions were divided into (1) upstream and midstream, (2) downstream and river mouth, (3) adjacent shore, and (4) offshore. Salmonid, cyprinid, loach, and sculpin species were detected in the river, compared to a mixture of species downstream and along the coast. This rapid assessment type study demonstrated that eDNA survey methodology would be effective for multiple river comparative surveys, seasonality studies, or evaluating possible effects of cross-river weirs or dams.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Samarajeewa:2024:SPU, author = "Upali Samarajeewa", title = "Safety, Processing, and Utilization of Fishery Products", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "146", day = "21", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040146", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/146", abstract = "Global marine fish harvests have reached a plateau over the last decade, and efforts to increase aquaculture tend to face limitations in terms of water resources and contamination problems. Of the current fish harvest, at least 50\% is discarded as waste. The current situation requires efforts to process, preserve, and utilize the fish capture to minimize waste. Chemical and microbiological contamination limit the utilization of harvested fish. There is a need to improve fish preservation to minimize spoilage and to process them into more appealing products. Instead of resorting to individual food-processing methods, the efficiency of processing could best be increased by a combination of conventional and modern processing methods or by combinations of modern processing methods. Fish waste is a rich source of oils containing essential fatty acids, polypeptides, and amino polysaccharides that could be utilized through the upscaling of current scientifically proven methods to new processing technologies. The separation of collagens, gelatins, bioactive peptides, edible fish oils, and chitosan form the primary stages in the utilization of fish waste. The products need purification to meet food quality and safety standards and to have desirable industrial characteristics. The diversity of information and products generated through new methods require advanced data handling and prediction systems, such as artificial intelligence, to address food safety and to derive the best out of fish processing and utilization.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pena-Almaraz:2024:BCE, author = "Omar Alejandro Pe{\~n}a-Almaraz and Manuel Alejandro Vargas-Ceballos and Edilmar Cort{\'e}s-Jacinto and Fernando Vega-Villasante", title = "Biochemical Composition of Eggs, Larvae and Tissues of \bioname{Macrobrachium tenellum} Females Fed Diets with Different Lipid and Protein Levels", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "145", day = "21", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040145", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/145", abstract = "One way to approach the nutritional requirements of native shrimp, necessary to consolidate their culture, is to know their biochemical composition. The effect of feeding two levels of lipids (4 and 12\% L) and four levels of proteins (30, 35, 40 and 45\% P) in M. tenellum females was evaluated with respect to the biochemical composition of their eggs (EG), larvae (LR), gonad (GO) and hepatopancreas (HP). Total protein (TP), total carbohydrate (TC) and total lipid (TL) were estimated. In EG, L and P levels influence TP and TL; TP increases in diets higher than P35. In LR, there are no differences (p {$>$} 0.05) in TP and in TL, only diets L4P40 and L12P30 were different (p {$<$} 0.05). In GO, there is no trend in TP differences; in TC there was variation in the range of the data and TL was higher in L4P30 and L4P35. In HP, the diets with L4 obtained the highest TP values (p {$<$} 0.05); the L12 diets were higher in TL (p {$<$} 0.05). In general, diets with an inclusion of L12 showed the highest TP, TC and TL means, within this lipid level the P30 diet stood out; therefore, it is recommended to use a diet with L12P30 in the formulation of balanced feed for the species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{An:2024:CBC, author = "Hyung-Eun An and Adeel Malik and Jeongho Lee and Min-Ho Mun and Kang Hyun Lee and Hah Young Yoo and Chang-Bae Kim", title = "Comparison of Bacterial Community Composition in Gut of \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crabs from Three Distinct Rivers in \geoname{Korea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "144", day = "20", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040144", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/144", abstract = "The Chinese mitten crab (CMC) also known as Eriocheir sinensis has great significance in the aquaculture industry. The bacterial communities inhabiting the CMC's gut may differ depending on the host habitat and can aid in their normal biological functioning. These microbes are also known to have certain effects on their flavor. In this study, we utilized MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology to explore the diversity of bacterial communities in the gut of CMCs from three different geographical locations in Korea: the Geum (GD), Han (HD), and Tamjin (TD) rivers. Although most of the environmental parameters were similar at the three sites, significant differences in conductivity (CDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity were observed. The results show that CMCs sampled from these locations exhibited distinct microbial composition and abundance. For example, the genus Candidatus Hepatoplasma displayed significantly higher abundance in CMCs from HD than those in the other locations, suggesting nutritional stress. Similarly, the crabs collected from TD showed a higher abundance of pathogenic Helicobacter than those from HD and GD sites. We also observed differences in the amino acid, nucleotide, and lactic acid concentrations between different tissues such as the muscle, hepatopancreas, and testis of CMCs. However, only small differences were observed when these characteristics were compared in CMCs from different locations. Our results offer important insights into the intestinal bacterial composition in CMCs which in turn may help in designing better culturing strategies for these important species of crabs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ghahvei:2024:HIN, author = "Younes Ghahvei and Mohammad Mirzaei and Shahrzad Azizi and Shadi Hashemnia and Shokoofeh Shamsi", title = "Health Insights from Nematode Larval Characterization in Greater Lizardfish, \bioname{Saurida tumbil} ({Bloch}, 1795) ({Teleostei, Synodontidae})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "143", day = "20", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040143", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/143", abstract = "Fish health is of significant ecological and economic importance. In response to public observations of parasite-like structures in a popular edible fish, this study aimed to characterize nematode larvae commonly found in the muscle and body cavity of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) , a commercially important fish species inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This fish, locally known as Hasoom, holds substantial culinary importance, being a staple in the diets of millions residing in countries around the Persian Gulf. A total of 458 Saurida tumbil specimens were obtained from fish markets between June 2022 and May 2023. Subsequent examination revealed the presence of a total of 6132 nematode larvae. Nematodes found in the body cavity were identified as belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium sp., family Raphidascarididae, while those in the muscle were identified as Anisakis sp. larval type, family Anisakidae. Histopathology results suggested that these parasites may have adverse health impacts on their fish host. Notably, both nematode genera were found in the third larval stage, which is known to be the infective stage for anisakidosis. Given the reported cases of anisakidosis among people living in the study region, it is strongly recommended that fish be properly cooked before consumption to mitigate health risks.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Erlandsson:2024:UQI, author = "Ann Erlandsson and Giedr{\.e} A{\v{s}}monait{\.e} and Bror Jonsson and Larry Greenberg", title = "Using {qPCR} to Identify Potential Effects of Thermal Conditions during Embryogenesis on Mitochondrial {DNA} Copy Number in Juvenile Brown Trout \bioname{Salmo trutta}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "142", day = "19", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040142", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/142", abstract = "Changes in the number, structure, and function of mitochondria during the early life stages of animals can play an important role for an organism's metabolic rate, growth, and health. Previous studies have shown that juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced metabolic rate. The aim of this study was to explore if embryonic temperature affects the mitochondria content of young brown trout and as such explains the previously found differences in metabolic rates. Here, we optimize a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method for the mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, and then use the method as a proxy for mitochondrial DNA content. We hypothesize that young trout subjected to elevated temperatures during the embryonic stage respond phenotypically with a reduced mitochondrial DNA content. To test this hypothesis, we subjected brown trout to either control ambient (4.4 {\pm} 1.5 {$^\circ $}C) or elevated temperatures (7.1 {\pm} 0.6 {$^\circ $}C) during embryogenesis. Subsequently, we extracted DNA from liver and white muscle tissue of juvenile brown trout from the two different incubation temperature treatments and successively optimized qPCR for mitochondrial DNA. We found that the amount of mitochondria DNA in liver tissue was 18 times higher than in white muscle tissue, but there was no significant difference in mitochondria content in liver or muscle tissue between brown trout exposed to elevated and ambient control temperatures during embryogenesis. We conclude that reduced metabolic rate is not likely associated with mitochondria DNA content. We also suggest that qPCR is a simple and cost-effective method to quantify mitochondria DNA in frozen and partly degraded tissue from different treatment groups and a useful proxy for identification of differences in mitochondria number.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yang:2024:CMP, author = "Zhigang Yang and Qingqing Jiang and Wuxiao Zhang and Silei Xia and Hongyan Tian and Fei Liu and Wenping Yang and Yebing Yu and Yanmin Wu and Yongzhi Zhu and Zhiqiang Xu and Zemao Gu and Aimin Wang and Aqin Chen", title = "Comparison of Morphometric Parameters, Nutritional Composition, and Textural Properties of Seven Crustaceans Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "141", day = "17", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040141", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/141", abstract = "In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns ( Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78\%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40\%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non--essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luo:2024:TGS, author = "Zhang Luo and Xiaohui Bai and Shuang Hao and Mengyu Wang and Yongjiang Wu and Hanchang Sun", title = "Two Genotypes of \bioname{Streptococcus iniae} Are the Causative Agents of Diseased Ornamental Fish, Green Terror Cichlid (\bioname{Aequidens rivulatus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "140", day = "17", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040140", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/140", abstract = "Green terror cichlid (Aequidens rivulatus) is a popular tropical freshwater ornamental fish. In 2021, an unknown disease was observed in cultured A. rivulatus in Tianjin, China, with a cumulative mortality rate of 25\% within 7 days of onset. The main clinical signs were scale loss, skin ulceration, and slight bleeding. Histopathological observation revealed obvious damage to the liver, spleen, and kidney of diseased fish. In addition, abundant granulomas were observed in the spleen and head kidney of the diseased fish. To define the potential pathogens from A. rivulatus, bacteria were isolated from the visceral tissue of diseased fish with conventional methods. An artificial infection experiment was carried out to prove the pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria. The strains HG-2021-1 and HG-2021-3 were isolated from diseased fish and identified as being responsible for the disease. They were identified as Streptococcus iniae based on physiological and biochemical tests, lctO gene detection, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. According to the result of multilocus sequence typing (MLST), HG-2021-1 and HG-2021-3 belong to different genotypes of S. iniae. Furthermore, they were found to contain the virulence genes pgmA, scpI, cpsD, and pdi, and the median lethal dose (LD 50) for A. rivulatus was 1.8 $ \times $ 10 6 Colony-Forming Units (CFU)/mL and 6.6 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fish coinfected by two genotypes of S. iniae.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lima:2024:NFI, author = "Adriana Ferreira Lima and Anderson Guilherme Pereira dos Reis and Vladimir Eliodoro Costa and Wagner Cotroni Valenti", title = "Natural Food Intake and Its Contribution to Tambaqui Growth in Fertilized and Unfertilized Ponds", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "139", day = "16", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040139", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/139", abstract = "Natural food available in ponds can complement formulated feed in fed aquaculture. This study elucidated the natural food intake and its contribution to tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) growth in fertilized and unfertilized ponds, using stable isotope and stomach contents analyses. Additionally, it described the impact of fertilization management on natural food availability, fish performance, and production costs. Tambaqui juveniles (93.8 {\pm} 15.0 g) were stocked (0.55 fish/m 2) in fertilized (Fert) and unfertilized (NoFert) ponds (600 m 2) for a culture period of 10 months in quadruplicate. A lower food conversion ratio was observed in Fert ponds. The main natural food items ingested by tambaqui were insects, vegetables, and cladocerans. Plankton contributed 39.4\% and 10.7\% of muscle formation in Fert and NoFert ponds, respectively. Pond fertilization (2.45 g of nitrogen and 0.80 g of phosphorus per square meter every two weeks) did not significantly affect fish growth, survival, or productivity but had a slightly influence on water quality parameters. However, fertilization increased the zooplankton density (through phytoplankton) in the water, thereby increasing autochthonous food availability for tambaqui consumption. This species demonstrates the ability to alternate between natural food sources and commercial feed without compromising its development. Consequently, tambaqui exhibits suitability for farming within restorative and integrated aquaculture systems as well as intensive systems reliant on commercial feed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2024:EDF, author = "Hongquan Wang and Zheming Zhang and Feilong Li and Liang Hu and Tiaoyi Xiao and Yurong Zhao and Mengxi Yang", title = "The Effects of Dietary Fermented Soybean Residue on the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Digestive Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Compositions of the Intestine in \geoname{Furong} Crucian Carp (\geoname{Furong} Carp[female-sign] $ \times $ Red Crucian Carp[male sign])", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "138", day = "16", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040138", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/138", abstract = "An 8-week feeding experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermented soybean residue in diets on the growth performance, serum antioxidant parameters, intestinal digestive capacity, and microbial composition of the hindgut of Furong crucian carp. The feeds were formulated to contain 0\%, 6\%, 12\%, 18\%, and 24\% fermented soybean residue (CON, FSR6, FSR12, FSR18, and FSR24, respectively), respectively, to form five diets (crude protein: 33\%; crude lipid: 5\%). The results showed that incorporating 6\% fermented soybean residue into the diet significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) and decreased the feed coefficient rate (p {$<$} 0.05). Through regression analysis of WGR and SGR, the optimal levels of the dietary fermented soybean residue of Furong crucian carp were determined to be 6.78\% and 7.06\%. Incorporating fermented soybean residue into the diet decreased the lipid content of the whole body and the levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum of Furong crucian carp. The inclusion of 6\% and 12\% fermented soybean residue in the diet markedly increased the antioxidant capacity, intestinal amylase activity, and intestinal villous height of Furong crucian carp (p {$<$} 0.05). At the 6\% level, fermented soybean residue significantly increased the abundance of Romboutsia and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 while significantly decreasing the abundance of Vibrio (p {$<$} 0.05), indicating that a 6\% level of fermented soybean residue was beneficial for intestinal health. In conclusion, incorporating 6--7\% fermented soybean residue into the diet of Furong crucian carp was recommended.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sievers:2024:MSC, author = "Katie T. Sievers and Eva C. McClure and Rene A. Abesamis and Garry R. Russ", title = "Multi-Scale Coral Reef and Seascape Habitat Variables Combine to Influence Reef Fish Assemblages", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "137", day = "15", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040137", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/137", abstract = "While benthic characteristics of coral reef habitats are a major driver of the structure of coral reef fish assemblages, non-reef habitats adjacent to coral reefs (e.g., mangroves, seagrass beds, and macroalgal beds) can affect reef fish assemblages. Here, we investigate how reef fish assemblages respond to local-scale benthic habitats within a coral reef and larger-scale adjacent seascape features (habitats within 500 m of coral reefs) on Siquijor Island in the Philippines. We examined an abundance of species for the entire reef fish assemblage and within the assemblages of parrotfishes (subfamily Scarinae) and wrasses (family Labridae). Five distinct habitat types were identified in a cluster analysis, which incorporated benthic characteristics within coral reefs and habitats adjacent to coral reefs. We found that the diversity and structure of coral reef fish assemblages were affected by benthic characteristics within coral reefs and also by benthic habitat types adjacent to coral reefs. Individual species responses and juveniles of certain species demonstrated uniquely high abundances in habitat clusters characterized by the non-reef habitats surrounding coral reefs. Considering coral reef habitats and adjacent non-reef habitats as a holistic, interconnected seascape will provide better estimations of the drivers of the structures of coral reef fish assemblages.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pinheiro:2024:RFS, author = "Larissa da Costa Pinheiro and Beatrice Padovani Ferreira and Paulo Em{\'\i}lio Santos and Ualerson Peixoto and Bianca Bentes", title = "Recent Findings on Spawning Patterns and Recommendations for the Fishery Management of the Southern Red Snapper --- \bioname{Lutjanus purpureus} ({Poey}, 1866) --- On the \geoname{Amazon Continental Shelf of Brazil}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "136", day = "15", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040136", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/136", abstract = "The southern red snapper, Lutjanus purpureus, is one of the primary fishery resources of the Amazon continental shelf. Due to the demand for specimens of less than 900 g in weight, increased fishing effort focusing on this size class has led to a drastic decrease in catches. The present study was based on the analysis of cellular structures in the female gonads (formation of oocytes and other reproductive tissues) to identify reproductive processes and evaluate the effectiveness of current fishery management practices. The presence of postovulatory follicles (POFs) peaked in April, which was interpreted as a period of intense spawning. In addition to POFs, hydrated oocytes peaked in July, indicating either reproductive continuity or a second peak, based on the presence of atretic oocytes and atresia. Given that the local snapper fishery preferentially targets very young individuals, an extension of the closed season from March to July would be recommendable to guarantee the reproductive potential of the spawning stock.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tsotsios:2024:EFE, author = "Dimitrios Tsotsios and Dimitrios K. Papadopoulos and Maria V. Alvanou and Ioannis Georgoulis and Athanasios Lattos and Basile Michaelidis and Konstantinos Feidantsis and Ioannis A. Giantsis and John A. Theodorou", title = "Environmentally Friendly and Efficient Methods for Mitigating the Density of Ascidian Fouling in \geoname{Mediterranean} Mussel Farming", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "135", day = "14", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040135", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/135", abstract = "Ascidian biofouling generates significant challenges to bivalve aquaculture. Their rapid spread across almost every available surface leads to increased maintenance costs and reduced yields in shellfish farming. In addition, ascidians may introduce pathogens or toxins, further compromising the health and marketability of bivalve stocks and thereby necessitating strict management strategies to manage these impacts. The aim of this study was the evaluation of different management practices for eliminating ascidian fouling and the identification of the best method for Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) aquaculture farms. The effects of different anti-fouling treatments as well as their interactive outcomes were examined by conducting two experiments. Various experimental procedures were applied, including the temporally differential washing of mussels, air exposure and immersion in 50 ppt and 70 ppt salinity solutions, as well as the combination of these applications. All treatments reduced the number of ascidian colonies on mussel socks but at varying proportions. Immersing mussel socks in a 70 ppt salinity solution followed by air exposure for 1 day was the most efficient method and led to a 93\% eradication.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bogwald:2024:ECF, author = "Isak B{\o}gwald and Simon Herrig and Alice Marie Pedersen and Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet and Karl-Erik Eilertsen", title = "Effect of \bioname{Calanus finmarchicus} Hydrolysate Inclusion on Diet Attractiveness for Whiteleg Shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "134", day = "13", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040134", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/134", abstract = "Shrimp feed formulations have moved towards less fish meal and more of the readily available and cheaper plant proteins. To counteract the lower attractiveness and palatability of plant proteins, feeds are supplemented with ingredients known to have chemoattractive properties that will increase feed intake. This study investigated the putative chemoattractive effect of Calanus finmarchicus hydrolysate, when used as a dietary supplement in shrimp feeds. C. finmarchicus is a zooplankton species native to the northern Atlantic Ocean and is a novel and sustainable raw material for shrimp feed products. Diet attractiveness was evaluated in a 24-day feeding trial with whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by measuring the intake of 12 diets with various levels of fish meal, calanus hydrolysate, and krill (Euphausia superba) meal. Higher inclusion rates of both ingredients resulted in increased feed intake, and supplementing the high fish meal diet with calanus hydrolysate gave a statistically significant higher feed intake. Low molecular weight peptides, chemoattractive amino acids, and the water-soluble nature of the hydrolysate could explain the chemoattractive properties observed in the study.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jareno:2024:EFA, author = "Javier Jare{\~n}o and Guillermo B{\'a}rcena-Gonz{\'a}lez and Jairo Castro-Guti{\'e}rrez and Remedios Cabrera-Castro and Pedro L. Galindo", title = "Enhancing Fish Auction with Deep Learning and Computer Vision: Automated Caliber and Species Classification", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "133", day = "13", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040133", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/133", abstract = "The accurate labeling of species and size of specimens plays a pivotal role in fish auctions conducted at fishing ports. These labels, among other relevant information, serve as determinants of the objectivity of the auction preparation process, underscoring the indispensable nature of a reliable labeling system. Historically, this task has relied on manual processes, rendering it vulnerable to subjective interpretations by the involved personnel, therefore compromising the value of the merchandise. Consequently, the digitization and implementation of an automated labeling system are proposed as a viable solution to this ongoing challenge. This study presents an automatic system for labeling species and size, leveraging pre-trained convolutional neural networks. Specifically, the performance of VGG16, EfficientNetV2L, Xception, and ResNet152V2 networks is thoroughly examined, incorporating data augmentation techniques and fine-tuning strategies. The experimental findings demonstrate that for species classification, the EfficientNetV2L network excels as the most proficient model, achieving an average F-Score of 0.932 in its automatic mode and an average F-Score of 0.976 in its semi-automatic mode. Concerning size classification, a semi-automatic model is introduced, where the Xception network emerges as the superior model, achieving an average F-Score of 0.949.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2024:CGP, author = "Ziyu Wang and Peiying Huang and Xiaoyong Li and Jianmin Pei and Wenzhen Liu and Jiahao Hou and Linjie Li and Hongxiang Fan and Liugen Zeng and Daxian Zhao", title = "Comparison of Growth Performance, Nutritional Composition, and Muscle Transcriptome between Two Cultured Varieties of the \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "132", day = "9", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040132", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/132", abstract = "This study evaluated the disparities in growth performance and nutritional composition between two common Chinese mitten crab varieties, ``Jianghai 21'' and ``Changjiang 2'', cultured in Jiangxi Province. Over the breeding period, parameters such as body weight, height, carapace length and width, and lengths of the second and third legs exhibited increases. Growth indices of ``Jianghai 21'' surpassed those of ``Changjiang 2'' during the intermediate and late breeding phases. While ``Changjiang 2'' demonstrated significantly higher crude lipid content than ``Jianghai 21'', the latter exhibited markedly higher levels of total amino acids (TAAs), essential amino acids (EAAs), and delectable amino acids. Although overall nutrient composition did not significantly differ, TAA and EAA contents in the hepatopancreas were notably greater in ``Jianghai 21'' than in ``Changjiang 2''. Moreover, a total of 901 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two varieties, with 560 upregulated and 341 downregulated. These DEGs were primarily associated with pathways related to fatty acid degradation, metabolism, and growth regulation. The observed variances in growth performance and nutrient composition between ``Jianghai 21'' and ``Changjiang 2'' suggest potential regulation by relevant genes. In summary, the results showed that the growth performance of ``Jianghai 21'' is greater than that of ``Changjiang 2'', offering valuable insights for the selection of aquaculture varieties in the region.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xiu:2024:EIP, author = "Yunji Xiu and Jingyuan Yi and Ruixin Feng and Jiaxue Song and Yunfei Pang and Peng Liu and Shun Zhou", title = "Evaluation of Immune Protection of a Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine against \bioname{Aeromonas salmonicida} and \bioname{Vibrio vulnificus} in Turbot", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "131", day = "9", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040131", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/131", abstract = "The Aeromonas salmonicida is responsible for causing furunculosis in various fish species. Furunculosis is a ubiquitous disease that affects the aquaculture industry and causes the mass mortality of turbot. Vibrio vulnificus is a pathogen that causes skin ulcers and hemorrhagic septicemia in fish, resulting in significant mortality in aquaculture. In this study, we have established a bivalent inactivated vaccine against A. salmonicida and V. vulnificus with Montanide{\trademark} ISA 763 AVG as an adjuvant. This bivalent inactivated vaccine was used to immunize turbot by intraperitoneal injection, and the relevant immune indexes were detected. The results demonstrate that the bivalent inactivated vaccine exhibited a relative percent survival (RPS) of 77\% following A. salmonicida and V. vulnificus intraperitoneal challenge. The vaccinated group exhibited higher levels of acid phosphatase activity and lysozyme activity compared to the control group. ELISA results showed a significant increase in serum antibody levels in immunized turbot, which was positively correlated with immunity. In the kidney tissue, related immune genes ( TLR5, CD4, MHCI and MHCII) were up-regulated significantly, showing that the vaccine can induce cellular and humoral immune responses in turbot. In conclusion, the bivalent inactivated vaccine against A. salmonicida and V. vulnificus was immunogenic, efficiently preventing turbot from infection, which has the potential to be applied in aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chu:2024:RBM, author = "Elaine Chu and Daniel Pauly", title = "The Relationship between Mean Length at Maturity and Maximum Length in Coral Reef Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "130", day = "9", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040130", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/130", abstract = "This article proposes a mechanism that triggers first maturation and spawning in coral reef (bony) fish, which allows for predicting their length at first maturity. Thus, mean lengths at first maturity (L m) and the corresponding maximum lengths (L max) in 207 populations of 131 species of coral reef fish were assembled and used to test the hypotheses that (a) there is, in coral reef fish, a single value of a size-related parameter acting as a trigger for their maturation and eventual spawning, and (b) that this single value is statistically the same as that published previously for other bony fish. The results, based on the assembled L m and L max data and on estimates of the parameter D, which link the length of fish with the relative surface of their gills, covered 44 families and L max values ranging from 1.8 to 181.6 cm and confirmed that the threshold in (a) exists. Also, we assessed (in b) that this threshold value, i.e., L max D /L m D = 1.35 ({\pm}0.02), is not statistically different from similar estimates for other groups of teleosts, notably semelparous salmonids, cichlids, sturgeons and Chinese and Turkish freshwater and marine fish. One implication is that given ocean warming and deoxygenation, coral reef fish will not only be smaller than they currently are, but also mature and spawn at smaller sizes, and thus produce fewer, smaller eggs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Muhammad:2024:VCA, author = "Abdullateef Mukhtar Muhammad and Chang Yang and Jingyuan Wang and Xianping Ge and Bo Liu and Linghong Miao and Guodong Gao and Qunlan Zhou", title = "Vitamin {C} Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation Caused by \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} in Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream (\geoname{Megalobrama amblycephala})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "129", day = "8", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040129", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/129", abstract = "Vitamin C (VC) can be used to increase disease resistance in practice in intensive aquaculture. But it is still unconfirmed whether VC could alleviate inflammation and what dosage is suitable. This study investigated the effects of dietary VC on the immunity and enteritis of juvenile blunt snout bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The fish were fed with VC levels ranging from 25.35 to 2231.98 mg/kg for 60 days. After that, fish fed with 150.65 mg/kg, 573.79 mg/kg, and 2231.98 mg/kg VC were challenged with A. hydrophila orally to simulate enteritis. The results showed that 285.39 and 573.79 mg/kg dietary VC significant improved growth performance and feed utilization. Dietary VC (573.79 and 1133.79 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the serum immune parameters, antioxidant enzymes' activities, and relative gene expressions of ikb{\alpha} and cat in the liver in the 60-day feeding trail. The survival rate was significantly higher in 573.79 mg/kg dietary VC group than the other two treatments. Cytokines were activated after the bacteria challenge. Dietary 573.79 mg/kg VC caused significantly higher TNF-{\alpha} level at 12 hpi and maintained a high level of IL-8 at 48 to 72 h compared to other treatments. In conclusion, more than 500 mg/kg VC was needed to maintain the health of blunt snout bream juveniles. Suitable VC would activate cytokines to increase disease resistance along with antioxidant enzymes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Stroe:2024:AGM, author = "Desimira Maria Stroe and Mirela Cretu and Magdalena Tenciu and Floricel Maricel Dima and Neculai Patriche and George Tiganov and Lorena Dediu", title = "Age, Growth, and Mortality of {Pontic} Shad, \bioname{Alosa immaculata} {Bennett}, 1835, in the \geoname{Danube River, Romania}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "128", day = "2", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040128", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/128", abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the growth, mortality parameters, and exploitation rate of Pontic shad, Alosa immaculata Benett, 1835, in the Danube River, Romania (km 169--197). The sampling collection started with the first signs of Pontic shad migration, on 4 March 2023, and continued weekly until the beginning of June 2023, when the last specimens were caught in the nets. The estimation of the growth, mortality parameters, and exploitation rate was done in FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools). The von Bertalanffy growth equation was estimated at L {\infty} = 36.75 cm, the growth coefficient was k = 0.68 year {$-$1}, and the theoretical initial age was t 0 = {$-$0}.67 year {$-$1}. The total mortality rate (Z) estimated was 2.76 year {$-$1}, with a natural mortality rate (M) and fishing mortality rate (F) of 0.89 year {$-$1} and 1.87 year {$-$1}, respectively. The Z/k ratio was found to be 4.11 and the exploitation rate (E) was estimated at 0.68 year {$-$1}, indicating the overexploitation of Alosa immaculata stocks. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the population dynamics of Pontic shad in the Danube River, Romania. The assessments of the growth parameters, mortality rates, and exploitation rates highlight a level of overexploitation of Alosa immaculata stocks. These findings underscore the importance of applying effective fishery management strategies to ensure the sustainability and conservation of this valuable fish species in the Danube River ecosystem.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xu:2024:EDF, author = "Guangming Xu and Huijie Wei and Di Peng and Lang Zhang and Xing Lu and Qing Li and Lixue Dong and Juan Tian and Hua Wen and Guiying Wang and Ming Jiang", title = "Effects of Dietary Fish Meal Replaced by Cottonseed Protein Concentrate on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Liver and Intestinal Health of Juvenile Hybrid Culter", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "127", day = "31", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040127", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/127", abstract = "The objective of this study was to assess the impact of concentrated cottonseed protein (CPC) as a substitute for fishmeal (FM) in juvenile hybrid culter (Erythroculter ilishaeformis {[female-sign]} $ \times $ ~ Ancherythroculter nigrocauda {[male-sign]}). A total of 360 fish with an initial body weight of 10.0 {\pm} 0.5 g were randomly allocated into 12 indoor culture tanks, with each tank containing 30 fish. Four diets were formulated in which fish meal (FM) was replaced by CPC at different inclusion levels: 0\% (T0), 15\% (T15), 30\% (T30), and 45\% (T45). The corresponding amounts of CPC included were 0, 61, 122, and 182 g/kg, respectively. At the end of the 10-week feeding trial, the findings revealed an inverse correlation between the proportion of CPC replacing FM and both final body weight (FBW) and weight growth rate (WG) in hybrid culter. Specifically, the T30 and T45 groups exhibited significantly lower FBW and WG compared to the T0 group (p {$<$} 0.05). No significant differences in crude protein and ash contents were observed among all groups (p {$>$} 0.05). However, the crude lipid content was highest in hybrid culter fed the T45 diet and lowest in the T0 group (p {$<$} 0.05). There were no significant differences in muscle amino acid composition among all treatment groups (p {$>$} 0.05). The contents of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) declined slightly as the proportion of FM substituted by CPC increased, yet this decline did not reach statistical significance (p {$>$} 0.05). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity elevated with increasing dietary CPC, and the T45 group exhibited significantly higher ALT activity compared to the T0 group (p {$<$} 0.05). The hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly lower in the T45 group than in the T0 and T15 groups (p {$<$} 0.05). Furthermore, there was a decrease in intestinal villi length with an increasing replacement ratio of FM by CPC, and the villi length in the T45 group exhibited a significant reduction when compared to that in the T0 group (p {$<$} 0.05). It is concluded that replacing 15\% FM with CPC does not exert obviously detrimental effects on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal morphology, muscle amino acid profile, or antioxidant performance of juvenile hybrid culter.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhou:2024:MEI, author = "Jinxin Zhou and Teng Tu and Huajin Wang and Daisuke Kitazawa", title = "Modeling Environmental Impacts of Intensive Shrimp Aquaculture: a Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Ecosystem Approach", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "126", day = "31", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040126", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/126", abstract = "Already a multibillion-dollar global industry, shrimp aquaculture, is growing all the time. The intensive method, which is the most common method in shrimp aquaculture, remains commercially challenged due to the expenditures associated with environmental pollution abatement. Although the comprehensive understanding of this intricate aquaculture environment has been advanced using mathematical modeling, recent attempts to improve the model's structure have not yielded enough results. This work upgraded the previous method to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic ecosystem model with the effects of shrimps being replaced by approximation equations for the environmental assessment of a shrimp aquaculture pond in Kyushu District, Japan. Our approach was successful, as demonstrated by the high consistency of the simulation results when compared to observation data and the previous results. Additionally, we first revealed the impacts of stratification and confirmed the notable daily variation in the water quality. Our case study offers significant practical information on the characteristics of intensive shrimp aquaculture, implications for long-term sustainable operations, and future research priorities on local-scale ecosystem modeling.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Heppell:2024:CDC, author = "Scott A. Heppell and Selina S. Heppell and N. Scarlett Arbuckle and M. Brett Gallagher", title = "A Cross-Decadal Change in the Fish and Crustacean Community of \geoname{Lower Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "125", day = "30", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040125", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/125", abstract = "Natural environmental change, anthropogenic development, and inter-annual variability can affect the ecology of estuarine fish and invertebrates. Yaquina Bay, Oregon, a well-studied estuary, has undergone intense development, as well as deep-draft dredging during the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in the alteration of ~45\% of the lower estuary's natural shoreline. In 1967, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) conducted a 21-month survey of Yaquina Bay to characterize the demersal fishes and epibenthic crustaceans that occupy the bay. From 2003 to 2005, we conducted a 25-month survey to replicate that work and provide a comparative snapshot of the demersal fish and epibenthic crustacean community in the bay. A comparison of the trawl survey datasets reveals a 91\% decline in total catch per unit effort (CPUE) between surveys, as well as a decline in multiple measures of biodiversity. Furthermore, the fishes and crustaceans of Yaquina Bay have experienced a shift in species dominance from demersal fishes in the late 1960s to epibenthic crustaceans in the 2000s, marked most notably by a nine-fold increase in the Dungeness crab CPUE. While this work does not establish a causal relationship between changes in the demersal communities of this West Coast estuary and human or natural events, it does document substantial changes in both the diversity and total abundance of animals in that community over a three-plus decade period of development and environmental variability. Hence, this forms a second baseline for continued long-term monitoring.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Fellatami:2024:AGJ, author = "Kalysta Fellatami and Wenchao Zhang and Chi Zhang and Shude Liu and Yongjun Tian", title = "Age and Growth of \geoname{Japanese} Anchovy (\bioname{Engraulis japonicus}, {Temminck} \& {Schlegel}, 1846) in Coastal Waters around \geoname{Shandong Peninsula, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "124", day = "30", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040124", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/124", abstract = "Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) is a small pelagic fish with commercial and ecological importance. In spite of its importance, in recent years, specific research on anchovy in the Shandong Peninsula area has been relatively scarce and outdated. This study aims to estimate the age and growth characteristics of anchovy through year-round seasonal sampling from 2016 to 2017, utilizing length--frequency and otolith microstructure analysis. The higher coastal abundance and larger size observed in the spring and summer suggest a potential peak spawning period for anchovies dominated by larger-sized individuals. Based on otolith analysis, anchovies range in age from 0 to 4 years, with a limited presence at age 0 and dominance in the age-1 group. The length--weight relationship (LWR) equation shows hyper-allometric growth for each season, with a mean relative condition factor (K n) of 1.025 {\pm} 0.005, indicating good health. Additionally, the von Bertalanffy growth equation of can be expressed as L t = 154.40 [1 {$-$} e {$-$0}.604 (t + 0.965) ], suggesting a medium growth rate (K = 0.604). These findings contribute to the understanding of anchovy age and growth patterns, emphasizing the continuous need for research and monitoring to support rational and sustainable fisheries management and conservation efforts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2024:IEP, author = "Ping Wang and Ziling Zhu and Qinglai Xu and Yangfen Xing and Mingyue Zhang and Jishu Zhou", title = "Inhibitory Effect of Prickly Ash (\bioname{Zanthoxylum bungeanum}) Seed Kernel Oil on Lipid Metabolism of Grass Carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idellus}) in High-Fat Diet", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "123", day = "29", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040123", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/123", abstract = "To investigate the effect of prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) seed kernel oil (PASO) on the lipid metabolism of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) under a high-fat diet, PASO were added into two lipid-level (4 g/kg and 8 g/kg) diets to form four isonitrogenous diets: soybean oil (SO), PASO, high-fat soybean oil (HSO), and high-fat prickly ash seed oil (HPASO). A total of 216 healthy grass carp (9.43 {\pm} 0.82 g) were randomly divided into four groups and fed with the four diets, respectively, for 56 days. The result showed that the viscerosomatic index (VSI) and the content of the crude lipid in the hepatopancreas and muscle was significantly higher by oil levels (p {$<$} 0.05). The linolenic acid content in the body of the fish significantly increased in PASO and HPASO compared to that in SO and HSO (p {$<$} 0.05). The fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas, intraperitoneal fat, and muscle in four dietary groups was significantly similar to the fatty acid composition in the diets (p {$<$} 0.05). More significant fat infiltration and nuclear translocation in the hepatopancreas of fish was found in the HSO group but was decreased in the HPASO group. The adipocyte size in the intraperitoneal fat tissue in the PASO group was significantly lower than that in the SO group (p {$<$} 0.05). The relative mRNA expression of the lipogenesis-related genes ppar-{\gamma}, cebp - {\alpha}, and srebp-1c was significantly down-regulated in the PASO group compared with the SO group (p {$<$} 0.05), and the mRNA expression of lipolysis-related genes ppar-{\alpha} and cpt-1 were significantly up-regulated in the PASO group (p {$<$} 0.05). In conclusion, dietary PASO showed the function of reducing lipid accumulation in the fish. This reduction might be attributed to the inhibition of the lipogenesis-related genes and the stimulation of the lipolysis-related genes, which were probably modulated by the high content of linolenic acid in PASO.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mouchlianitis:2024:ESE, author = "Foivos A. Mouchlianitis and Maria Garagouni and George Minos and Kostas Ganias", title = "Evaluating the Sustainability of an \geoname{Eastern Mediterranean} Gillnet Fishery Based on the Catches of Undersized Individuals and the Reproductive Period of Targeted Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "122", day = "29", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040122", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/122", abstract = "The catch composition of a coastal gillnet fishery in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea was analyzed through a two-year experimental fishing survey. Seven fish species occurred regularly in the hauls. Surmullet, Mullus surmuletus, which is the most valuable demersal fish in Greek waters and the intended target of the gillnets in small-scale fisheries, was the most abundant and systematically caught species. Almost all surmullets were larger than their minimum conservation reference size. However, three commercially exploited species (Diplodus annularis, Pagellus acarne, and P. erythrinus) were caught systematically as undersized individuals. In addition, these three species were caught mostly as immature individuals. Moreover, the operational season of the surveyed m{\'e}tier overlapped completely with the reproductive period of five commercially exploited species (D. annularis, M. barbatus, M. surmuletus, Sphyraena sphyraena, and Trachurus trachurus). Improvements and the establishment of additional technical measurements should be considered for the small-scale gillnet fisheries in the studied area to attenuate their detrimental effects and achieve a better compromise between sustainable exploitation of the local multi-species fish resources and the need for an economically sustainable practice.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{White:2024:DNF, author = "William T. White and Andrew L. Stewart and Helen L. O'Neill and Gavin J. P. Naylor", title = "{Dichichthyidae}, a New Family of Deepwater Sharks ({Carcharhiniformes}) from the \geoname{Indo--West Pacific}, with Description of a New Species", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "121", day = "28", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040121", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/121", abstract = "The genus Dichichthys was resurrected for five species previously allocated to the genus Parmaturus in the family Pentanchidae. Supraorbital crests on the chondrocranium distinguish Dichichthys from Parmaturus and other members of the family Pentanchidae. A new family, Dichichthyidae, has been proposed to contain Dichichthys. The sequence of the NADH2 mitochondrial gene confirms the placement of Dichichthys outside of the Pentanchidae family, as well as separate from the Atelomycteridae and Scyliorhinidae families. Dichichthys albimarginatus was described using a holotype collected off the coast of New Caledonia. A second juvenile specimen collected off the coast of Papua New Guinea was tentatively assigned as D. cf. albimarginatus. Dichichthys bigus is known from the holotype collected in the Coral Sea off the coast of Queensland, Australia. A new, parasite-afflicted underwater observation was reported further north of Queensland. The type species Dichichthys melanobranchus, previously only known from juvenile specimens, was redescribed based on adult specimens. Dichichthys nigripalatum is known from the holotype collected off Sumbawa, Indonesia, and a tentatively identified photo record from West Java. Dichichthys satoi n. sp. is described from the West Norfolk Ridge and off the North Island of New Zealand. Members of the genus Dichichthys have unique curved egg cases which have pliable ridges made up of numerous fibres and long coiled tendrils on the posterior end.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2024:MCE, author = "Xiaotian Zhang and Yuxia Wu and Yang Zhang and Jin Zhang and Kunci Chen and Haiyang Liu and Qing Luo and Shuzhan Fei and Jian Zhao and Mi Ou", title = "Molecular Characteristics, Expression Patterns, and Response of Insulin-like Growth Factors Gene Induced by Sex Steroid Hormones in Blotched Snakehead (\bioname{Channa maculata})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "120", day = "28", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040120", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/120", abstract = "Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play central roles in the growth and development of vertebrates. Blotched snakehead (Channa maculata), an economically significant fish, exhibits obvious sexual dimorphism and achieves sexual maturity in one year. However, the role of IGFs in C. maculata remains unknown. Three IGF genes were identified in C. maculata, designated as CmIGF1-1, CmIGF1-2, and CmIGF2. The cDNA sequences of these genes are 1184, 655, and 695 bp, encoding putative proteins of 168, 131, and 215 amino acids, respectively, and all three proteins contain a conserved IGF domain. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed the predominant expression of CmIGFs in the liver of adult fish, with higher expression levels observed in males. Notably, CmIGF1-1, CmIGF1-2, and CmIGF2 displayed analogous expression profiles in the liver across various developmental stages, peaking at 365 days after hatching (dah). Subsequently, 600 individuals at 75 dah, at an early developmental stage, were randomly divided equally into six groups and reared in aerated 2 m $ \times $ 2 m $ \times $ 2 m cement ponds at 26.0 {\pm} 1.0 {$^\circ $}C. Following a one-week acclimatization period, fish without observed abnormalities were intraperitoneally injected with either 17{\alpha}-ethynylestradiol (EE 2) or 17{\alpha}-methyltestosterone (MT) at a dose of 10 {\mu}g/g body weight. Three groups underwent short-term hormone treatment, and the remaining three groups underwent long-term hormone treatment, which included five injections at two-week intervals over ten weeks. The analysis of CmIGFs expression levels in the liver under different hormone treatments revealed that EE 2 suppressed the expression of CmIGF1-1 and CmIGF1-2 while promoting CmIGF2 expression. In females, MT up-regulated the expression of CmIGF1-1 and CmIGF2 in a time-dependent manner, but consistently inhibited CmIGF2 expression. In males, MT promoted the expression of CmIGFs in a time-dependent manner, reaching peak levels for CmIGF1-1, CmIGF1-2, and CmIGF2 after 8, 10, and 2 weeks of injection, respectively. Additionally, CmIGF1 and CmIGF2 might exhibit a complementary relationship, with a compensatory increase in CmIGF2 expression in response to low CmIGF1 concentration. These findings highlight the potential key role of IGFs upon growth and their regulation by sex steroid hormones in C. maculata, providing a crucial foundation for future research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth dimorphism between female and male blotched snakeheads.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2024:VPE, author = "Jia Chen and Haiying Liang and Danqing Lin and Jialu Zhang and Dong Li and Kun Ye and Wenfei Lu and Kai Liu", title = "Vocalization Pattern and Echolocation Signal Characteristics of \geoname{Yangtze} Finless Porpoise (\bioname{Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis}) in Captivity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "119", day = "28", month = mar, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040119", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/4/119", abstract = "The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis, YFP) possesses the ability to detect distance through echolocation signals, and its sonar signal signature is adjusted to detect different targets. In order to understand the vocal characteristics of YFPs in different behavioral states and their differential performance, we recorded the vocal activities of YFPs in captivity during free-swimming, feeding, and nighttime resting and quantified their signal characteristic parameters for statistical analysis and comparison. The results showed that the number of vocalizations of the YFPs in the daytime free-swimming state was lower than that in the feeding and nighttime resting states, and the echolocation signals emitted in these three states showed significant differences in the {$-$10} dB duration, {$-$3} dB bandwidth, {$-$10} dB bandwidth, and root-mean-square (RMS) bandwidth. Analysis of the resolution of the echolocation signals of the YFPs using the ambiguity function indicated that their distance resolution could reach the millimeter level. These results indicate that the echolocation signal characteristics of YFPs present diurnal differences and that they can be adjusted with changes in their detection targets. The results of this study can provide certain scientific references and foundations for the studies of tooth whale behavioral acoustics, and provide relevant scientific guidance for the conservation and management of YFPs.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2024:ICP, author = "Xingbing Wu and Baolin Cheng and Mingyang Xue and Nan Jiang and Xuemei Li and Xiaona Hu and Xiaoli Li and Tingbing Zhu and Yongjiu Zhu and Yong Zhou", title = "Isolation, Characterization, and Pathogenicity of an \bioname{Aeromonas veronii} Strain Causing Disease in \bioname{Rhinogobio ventralis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "188", day = "18", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050188", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/188", abstract = "Rhinogobio ventralis is a rare fish found in the Yangtze River in China and has significant ecological and economic value. In this study, a bacterial strain (RV-JZ01) was isolated from the livers of diseased R. ventralis. This isolate was identified as Aeromonas veronii based on its morphology, biochemical features and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. The artificial infection of healthy R. ventralis (16 {\pm} 2 cm) with RV-JZ01 resulted in the manifestation of clinical symptoms, in accordance with those of naturally infected fish. The 50\% lethal dose (LD 50) of RV-JZ01 for R. ventralis was 6.3 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU/mL. Histopathological examination revealed various pathological changes in the diseased fish, including intestinal villus swelling and rupture, hepatocyte vacuolization, renal tubular cell nuclear enlargement and pyknosis, and myocardial fiber fracture and atrophy. RV-JZ01 infection significantly reduced the gut flora diversity of R. ventralis, with the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria increasing, and those of the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreasing. The abundance of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus dramatically increased, and the abundance of Clostridium and Escherichia reduced in the intestinal microbiota of R. ventralis infected with RV-JZ01. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that RV-JZ01 was highly susceptible to 12 antimicrobials, including erythromycin, cefalexin, norfloxacin, furazolidone, sulfonamides, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, piperacillin, florfenicol, gentamicin, and lincomycin. These results contribute to the understanding of pathological alterations in R. ventralis following A. veronii infection, offering valuable data to support the implementation of disease treatment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mullowney:2024:MMI, author = "Darrell Mullowney and Krista Baker and Julia Pantin and William Coffey and Kyle Lefort and Katie Morrissey", title = "Merits of Multi-Indicator Precautionary Approach Management in a Male-Only Crab Fishery", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "187", day = "18", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050187", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/187", abstract = "Snow crab replaced groundfish fisheries as the primary focus of the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) fishing industry in the mid-1990s. Over the past three decades, management philosophies in this male-only fishery have shifted from promoting industry expansion to promoting industry rationalization to implementing Precautionary Approach (PA) management. Until the mid-2010s, there were regionalized management strategies characterized by higher exploitation rates in northern than southern sub-stock units along the NL marine shelves. However, in the late 2010s, exploitation rates were permitted to elevate to high levels across the entire stock range in association with a large resource decline, and evidence of biological harm through fishing emerged in chronically depleted areas. In 2019, when stock and fishery productivity were near historical lows, a multi-indicator PA system was informally introduced into the management of the resource. This event coincided with anticipated improvements in stock and fishery performance. This paper examines the extent to which the multi-indicator PA management system, focused on the promotion of both biological protection and maximization of fishing efficiency, may have contributed to recent improvements in stock and fishery status. A suite of indicators from areas implementing PA guidance into management in 2019 prior to the formal adoption of the PA system in 2023 suggest the system has been highly beneficial in promoting rapid recovery and improving stock and fishery performance metrics to levels matching or exceeding historical levels under similar conditions. We discuss the capacity of the system to better safeguard biological aspects of resource and fisheries productivity moving forward under a scenario of an expectant resource decline.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gomes:2024:OFF, author = "Maria Fernanda S. Gomes and Paulo Henrique R. Aride and Maiko Willas S. Ribeiro and Cristiane C. Guimar{\~a}es and Tiago C. N{\'o}brega and Rayana M. Paix{\~a}o and Adriene N{\'u}zia A. Santos and Adriano Teixeira de Oliveira", title = "Occurrence of Four Freshwater Stingrays ({Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygoninae}) in the \geoname{Uatum{\~a} River Basin, Amazon Region}: a Field Study", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "186", day = "17", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050186", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/186", abstract = "The Amazon region has the largest diversity of freshwater stingrays; however, there are still places where information about this group is scarce. The present work aims to record the occurrence of freshwater stingrays in the Uatum{\~a} river basin, Amazonas, Brazil. For this, collections were carried out in three municipalities bathed by the Uatum{\~a} River, Presidente Figueiredo, Itapiranga, and S{\~a}o Sebasti{\~a}o do Uatum{\~a}. The rays were collected through fishing using a hand net and, after capture, were identified through the pattern of the dorsal and ventral color of the disc, the absence or presence of the labial groove, and the organization of the row of spines on the tail, and were also measured, weighed, and sexed. In total, 69 specimens of Potamotrygonines were captured, 59 of which were from the genus Potamotrygon and ten individuals from the genus Paratrygon. The present study provides preliminary information on the characteristics of freshwater stingray species that may occur in the Uatum{\~a} River. Furthermore, new research is necessary to improve the identification of specimens to determine the diversity and elucidate aspects related to the biology of elasmobranchs in the Uatum{\~a} River Basin, Brazil.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Frank:2024:LIP, author = "Colin Frank and Shannon Bayse and Rioghnach Steiner and Pierre-Paul Bitton", title = "Light Intensity of Phosphorescent-Netting Pots and Determining Their Visibility to Snow Crab (\bioname{Chionoecetes opilio}) Using Visual Modeling Techniques", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "185", day = "17", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050185", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/185", abstract = "This study explores the visibility of phosphorescent-netting pots to snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) using visual modeling techniques. Light emitted from such pots increases catch per unit effort, yet little is understood about the factors driving these higher catch rates. In this study, we measure pot light emission and snow crab visual acuity. Combining these data with estimates obtained in the literature for other biotic and abiotic factors, we model snow crab vision in relation to the pots. Utilizing these factors and environmental conditions, we derive a contrast ratio between the pot light and the ambient light. Findings reveal that the visibility of pot lights at 200-m depth depends primarily on solar angle (time of day) and time elapsed post-deployment. Additional factors influencing the vision of the pots include water column quality and benthic boundary layer turbidity. This study is the first to model the visual ecology of snow crab and the first to estimate snow crab visual acuity. These insights into snow crab visual ecology can potentially enhance fishing techniques, promote catch efficiency and sustainability, and help provide a path forward for visual ecology research in the fisheries science field.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:CAE, author = "Dongge Liu and Hao Yang and Shuisheng Li and Hai Huang and Guangli Li and Huapu Chen", title = "Comparative Analysis of Enzymatic Activities and Transcriptional Profiles of Various Hepatic Enzymes between Male and Female Yellowfin Tuna (\geoname{Thunnus albacares})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "184", day = "17", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050184", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/184", abstract = "Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a valuable pelagic migratory fish with potential for aquaculture. Despite this, there is limited understanding of the biological and physiological characteristics of this species, particularly regarding sex differences in growth performance. The liver, a crucial organ for digestion and metabolism, plays a significant role in regulating fish growth. This study aimed to compare liver enzyme activities and transcriptome profiles between female and male yellowfin tuna to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying difference between the sexes. The results revealed that female yellowfin tuna exhibited higher amylase and lipid metabolism enzyme activities, while male yellowfin tuna showed higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, through Illumina sequencing technology, the study generated 37.74 Gb of clean data and identified 36,482 unique genes (UniGenes) in the liver transcriptome. A total of 2542 differentially expressed genes were found, with enriched Gene Ontology terms and pathways related to metabolic processes, particularly lipid metabolism and transport. These findings suggest that female yellowfin tuna have superior digestive enzyme activities and lipid metabolism, while male yellowfin tuna excel in sugar metabolism, ATP production, and antioxidant defense. This study provides valuable insights into sex differences in yellowfin tuna and could aid in advancing full-cycle aquaculture practices for this species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Suhnel:2024:SDD, author = "Simone S{\"u}hnel and Francisco Jos{\'e} Lagreze-Squella and Gabriel Nandi Corr{\^e}a and Jaqueline Ara{\'u}jo and Glauber de Souza and Jo{\~a}o Paulo Ramos Ferreira and Francisco Carlos da Silva and Carlos Henrique Ara{\'u}jo de Miranda Gomes and Claudio Manoel Rodrigues de Melo", title = "Stocking Density and Diet of Two Oyster (\bioname{Crassostrea gasar} and \bioname{Crassostrea gigas}) Seeds in Fluidized Bed Bottle Nursery System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "183", day = "17", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050183", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/183", abstract = "Crassostrea is the most farmed oyster genus worldwide and has significant economic and social impacts with environmental benefits. Hatchery oyster seed production is a highly costly phase, and a fluidized nursery system can help reduce this cost and reduce seed production time. The present study evaluated the survival and growth of two oyster species (Crassostrea gasar and Crassostrea gigas) in a fluidized bed bottle nursery system. With C. gasar, two experiments were performed; one tested three stocking densities and the other three bialgae diets. With C. gigas, one experiment with a bialgae and monoalgae in an initial bottle occupation of 8.8\% produced more seeds per bottle, but an initial bottle occupation of 2.2\% produced bigger seeds. Also, the experiment with C. gasar and with C. gigas tested diets did not affect seed survival, but the diets with bialgae I. galbana and N. oculate promoted more seed growth. The fluidized bed bottle nursery system developed for this study was adequate for the seeds of the oysters C. gasar and C. gigas in the nursery phase.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Gao:2024:CGB, author = "Jinwei Gao and Hao Wu and Xing Tian and Jiayu Wu and Min Xie and Zhenzhen Xiong and Dongsheng Ou and Zhonggui Xie and Rui Song", title = "Calmodulin Gene of Blunt Snout Bream (\bioname{Megalobrama amblycephala}): Molecular Characterization and Differential Expression after \bioname{Aeromonas hydrophila} and Cadmium Challenges", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "182", day = "16", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050182", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/182", abstract = "Calmodulin (Calm), a crucial Ca 2+ sensor, plays an important role in calcium-dependent signal transduction cascades. However, the expression and the relevance of Calm in stress and immune response have not been characterized in Megalobrama amblycephala. In this study, we identified the full-length cDNA of Calm (termed MaCalm) in blunt snout bream M. amblycephala, and analyzed MaCalm expression patterns in response to cadmium and Aeromonas hydrophila challenges. MaCalm was 1603 bp long, including a 5{\prime}-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 97 bp, a 3{\prime}-terminal UTR of 1056 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 450 bp encoding a polypeptide of 149 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight (MW) of 16.84 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.09. Usually, MaCalm contains four conservative EF hand motifs. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequence of MaCalm specifically clustered with Ctenopharyngodon idella with high identity (98.33\%). Tissue distribution analysis demonstrated that the ubiquitous expression of MaCalm mRNA was found in all tested tissues, with the highest expression in the brain and the lowest expression in muscle. MaCalm showed significant upregulation at 14 d and 28 d post exposure to varying concentrations of cadmium in the liver; HSP70 transcripts in the liver significantly upregulated at 14 d post exposure to different concentrations of cadmium. Moreover, in response to the A. hydrophila challenge in vivo, MaCalm transcripts in the liver first increased and then decreased, but MaCalm transcripts in the kidney declined gradually with prolonged infection. After the A. hydrophila challenge, the expression level of HSP70 was significantly downregulated at 24 h in the liver and its expression level was notably downregulated at 12 h and at 24 h in the kidney. Collectively, our results suggest that MaCalm possesses vital roles in stress and immune response in M. amblycephala.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Riepe:2024:TTL, author = "Tawni B. Riepe and Zachary E. Hooley-Underwood and Megan Johnson", title = "Thermal Tolerance of Larval Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis Acclimated to Three Temperatures", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "181", day = "16", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050181", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/181", abstract = "As water temperatures rise in streams due to global temperature variations, dams, and increased water usage, native fish species face uncertain futures. Our study defines the thermal limits of flannelmouth sucker larvae. By raising sucker eggs at three acclimation temperatures (11 {$^\circ $}C, 16 {$^\circ $}C, and 22 {$^\circ $}C), we defined ideal conditions for larval survival and the temperature tolerance range using critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and minimum (CTMin) trials. Larvae survived best at 16 {$^\circ $}C. Within our three acclimation temperatures, our data suggest that larvae can survive static temperatures between 6.9 {$^\circ $}C and 26.4 {$^\circ $}C. Beyond an upper temperature of 34.8 {$^\circ $}C and a lower temperature of 6.3 {$^\circ $}C, these fish may fail to adapt. While flannelmouth suckers withstand high temperatures, even small temperature decreases prove detrimental. By defining the temperature limits of the flannelmouth sucker, we can make informed management decisions to preserve the populations of this desert fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chai:2024:AED, author = "Yuqiao Chai and Shuhao Sun and Yingdong Li", title = "Assessing the Effects of Dietary Tea Polyphenols on the Gut Microbiota of Loaches (\bioname{Paramisgurnus dabryanus}) under Chronic Ammonia Nitrogen Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "180", day = "15", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050180", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/180", abstract = "This study examined the impact of tea polyphenols (TPs) on the intestinal flora of loaches (\bioname{Paramisgurnus dabryanus}) under chronic ammonia nitrogen stress using high-throughput sequencing. Two groups of 600 loaches were studied over one month, and they were separated into a control group and tea polyphenol group. Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed diverse bacterial communities, with significant differences in the abundance and uniformity observed initially but not between sampling time points. Cluster analyses revealed distinct differences in microbial communities between groups. A predictive function analysis indicated enrichment in pathways related to amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis. These findings offer initial insights into how tea polyphenols may affect intestinal microbial communities in loaches under ammonia nitrogen stress.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ju:2024:IAM, author = "Pei-Mo Ju and Shi-Wei Ma and Yi-Yang Li and Shi-Fan Zhang and Jun Li and Guang-Zhou Zhou", title = "Investigation of the Antiviral Mechanism of Curcumin Analog {EF-24} against \bioname{Siniperca cachuatsi} Rhabdovirus", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "179", day = "15", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050179", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/179", abstract = "Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) is a major strain of viral fish virus resulting in multiple transmissions and devastating damage in aquaculture. Currently, there are no available approved therapeutics. In this study, we screened and identified a novel curcumin analog (EF-24) for evaluating its in vitro anti-SCRV properties and potential molecular mechanisms. Present results demonstrated that EF-24 could strongly delay the occurrence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid cells (EPCs) and inhibit SCRV replication and viral nucleoprotein expression in the early stages of infection by the time-of-addition assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis after Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and immunofluorescence microscopy observation after JC-1 incubation showed that EF-24 downregulated cell mitochondrial apoptosis induced by SCRV. The enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were also reduced after EF-24 treatment, indicating that EF-24 may protect cells from SCRV infection by decreasing mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis in infected cells. Collectively, we demonstrated for the first time that the curcumin analog EF-24 possesses antiviral ability against SCRV, suggesting its potential for effective control of fish rhabdovirus spreading.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2024:EGI, author = "Chang'an Wang and Fangyuan Li and Di Wang and Shaoxia Lu and Shicheng Han and Wei Gu and Haibo Jiang and Zhuang Li and Hongbai Liu", title = "Enhancing Growth and Intestinal Health in Triploid Rainbow Trout Fed a Low-Fish-Meal Diet through Supplementation with \bioname{Clostridium butyricum}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "178", day = "14", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050178", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/178", abstract = "This study evaluates the effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum on growth performance and intestinal health in triploid rainbow trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}). Administered in a 12-week trial, five isonitrogenous and isolipidic feeds contained different C. butyricum levels [G1 (0), G2 (1.6 $ \times $ 10 6 CFU/g), G3 (1.2 $ \times $ 10 7 CFU/g), G4 (1.1 $ \times $ 10 8 CFU/g), and G5 (1.3 $ \times $ 10 9 CFU/g)]. Significant enhancements in growth performance, including improved feed conversion ratios and specific growth rates in the G4 group, were indicative of enhanced nutrient utilization, corroborated by optimal digestive enzyme activity levels. Antioxidant capabilities were also enhanced in the G4 group, indicated by increased serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, along with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels. Gut microbiota analysis indicated a probiotic concentration-dependent modulation of microbial communities, with a marked enrichment in beneficial bacterial phyla like Firmicutes in the G4 group. This microbial shift correlated with significant downregulations in immune-related gene expressions, including interleukins (IL-1{\beta}, IL-8), NF-{\kappa}B, MyD88, and TNF-{\alpha}, highlighting an activated immune response. Correspondingly, serum lysozyme and immunoglobulin M contents were significantly elevated in the G4 group. Challenge tests with Aeromonas salmonicida exhibited the higher disease resistance of fish fed the G4 diet. In conclusion, the study shows the potential of dietary C. butyricum, especially at 1.1 $ \times $ 10 8 CFU/g, in enhancing the growth, health, and disease resistance of triploid rainbow trout through modulating gut microflora and stimulating immune responses.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wu:2024:TOS, author = "Song Wu and Peng Wang and Ying Zhang and Li Huang and Qirui Hao and Lei Gao and Dongli Qin and Xiaoli Huang", title = "Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Tissue Distribution of Butachlor in the Juvenile \geoname{Chinese} Mitten Crab (\bioname{Eriocheir sinensis})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "177", day = "13", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050177", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/177", abstract = "The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is one of the most commercially important crustacean species in China. The aim of this study was to characterize the toxic effects of butachlor (an herbicide of the acetanilide class) on juvenile E. sinensis crabs. The lethal effects and the acute toxicity of butachlor on juvenile E. sinensis specimens were assessed through a semi-static in vitro experiment. We determined the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the gills and the hepatopancreas of the juvenile crabs, at different time points over a 14-day short-term exposure to butachlor. Moreover, we measured the residual levels of butachlor in three different tissues (gills, hepatopancreas, and muscles) of the juvenile crabs over a longer period. Our findings revealed that butachlor is highly toxic for juvenile E. sinensis crabs. In fact, the median lethal concentration (LC 50) values of butachlor at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were found to be 4.22, 1.84, 0.34, and 0.14 mg/L, respectively, while the safe concentration was 0.014 mg/L. The antioxidant defense ability of the juvenile E. sinensis crabs against butachlor was induced after exposure to the herbicide at a concentration of 0.01 mg/L. After 14 days of exposure to butachlor at 0.04 and 0.16 mg/L, both SOD and CAT were found to be significantly inhibited (p {$<$} 0.05), the GSH levels were found to be significantly decreased (p {$<$} 0.05) and the MDA levels were identified as significantly increased (p {$<$} 0.05). Moreover, after 14 days of exposure to butachlor at 0.16 mg/L, the activities of SOD and CAT as well as the content of GSH in the hepatopancreas were found to be significantly decreased (p {$<$} 0.05). Our results revealed that a high concentration of butachlor was capable of inducing oxidative stress and damage in juvenile E. sinensis crabs. The maximal residual value of butachlor was obtained in the gills, with a content of 4.56 {\mu}g/kg. Butachlor was not detected after 24 days in the aforementioned three tissues of the juvenile crabs, thereby indicating that it was effectively metabolized.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Qi:2024:EDS, author = "Changle Qi and Qiyou Xu and Jianhua Ming and Fei Song and Chuanpeng Zhou", title = "Effect of Dietary Supplementation on the Growth and Immunity of Fish and Shellfish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "176", day = "13", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050176", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/176", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ruan:2024:EIA, author = "Zhuohao Ruan and Ruilin Xie and Yifu Li and Yuanyuan Luo and Zufeng Weng and Wensheng Liu", title = "Effect of an \bioname{Ipomoea aquatica} Floating Raft on the Water Quality, Antioxidant System, Non-Specific Immune Responses, and Microbial Diversity of \bioname{Penaeus vannamei} in an Aquaculture System", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "175", day = "12", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050175", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/175", abstract = "Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is one of the main shrimp species cultivated around the world. Despite its high yields and easy handling, water pollution from intensive shrimp cultivation remains a serious problem in China. In this study, a compound aquaculture model of P. vannamei and water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica) was used to investigate the effect of a water spinach floating raft on water quality, antioxidants, non-specific immune response, growth performance, and microbial diversity. The experimental design of this study consisted of two groups with three replicates for each, i.e., control group: aquatic monoculture (AM) system with only P. vannamei; treatment group: P. vannamei - I. aquatica raft aquaponics (AP) system with a 50\% cover ratio with a water spinach floating raft. The experiment lasted for seven weeks. The results show that the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 {$-$} -N), ammonia nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), nitrite nitrogen (NO 2 {$-$} -N), and active phosphorus (AP) in the AM group were higher than those in the AP group at different sampling times. The water quality index of the AP group was better than that of the AM group, indicating that water spinach can remove the nutrients from aquaculture water bodies. The average daily gain and survival rate of shrimp in the AP group were higher than those in the AM group. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the AP group were better than those in the AM group. The Shannon--Wiener and Simpson indices of the gut, water, and sediment of the AP system were significantly higher than those in the AM system, which implied a higher abundance of microorganisms in the AP system. These results demonstrate that the application of a water spinach floating raft in aquaponics can not only improve the water quality, but also improve the growth performance, antioxidant system, and non-specific immune responses of Pacific white shrimp, while increasing the abundance of microorganisms in the aquaculture system and improving the ecological benefits in terms of the expenditure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2024:ETS, author = "Lei Wang and Xiaowen Long and Yaopeng Li and Yong Zhang and Weihong Sun and Xugan Wu", title = "Effects of Three Sources of Astaxanthin on the Growth, Coloration, and Antioxidant Capacity of Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss}) during Long-Term Feeding", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "174", day = "10", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050174", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/174", abstract = "Astaxanthin is an important pigment for the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different sources of dietary astaxanthin on the growth, coloration, and antioxidant capacity of the commercial-sized O. mykiss during long-term feeding. Haematococcus pluvialis (HP), yeast Phaffia rhodozyma (PR), and synthetic astaxanthin (SA) were added to the basic feed (no astaxanthin, NA) to prepare the isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets; the actual astaxanthin content values in the diets were 31.25, 32.96, and 31.50 mg/kg, respectively. Eighteen hundred O. mykiss, averaging 670 {\pm} 20 g, were randomly divided into four groups and then fed with the experimental diet for four months. Dietary supplementation of P. rhodozyma and synthetic astaxanthin had no significant effects on the growth and tissue indexes of O. mykiss. In contrast, dietary supplementation with astaxanthin from H. pluvialis significantly increased the weight gain rate after four months of feeding. The fillet lightness of O. mykiss in the PR and SA was statistically lower than that in the NA and HP; the redness and astaxanthin content of fillet in the HP, PR, and SA groups were statistically higher than those in the NA. The total antioxidant capacity of the liver and serum in the HP was statistically higher than that in other diet groups, and a higher liver total superoxide dismutase activity was detected in the HP compared with the PR. Dietary supplementation of astaxanthin significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver and serum, and the highest serum glutathione peroxidase activity was detected in the HP, while dietary astaxanthin significantly decreased the malondialdehyde content in the liver and serum. Dietary supplementation of PR significantly increased the fillet ash content, while the highest fillet total lipid content was detected in the HP. Dietary astaxanthin significantly improved fillet redness and antioxidant capacity, among which H. pluvialis astaxanthin has greater effects on improving weight gain, antioxidant capacity, and fillet total lipid content.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Rodriguez-Garcia:2024:CSZ, author = "Carlos Rodr{\'\i}guez-Garc{\'\i}a and Ana Toro-Podadera and Jesica Sarmiento-Carbajal and Remedios Cabrera-Castro", title = "Coexisting in the Surf Zone: Age and Feeding Habits of the Spotted Seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus punctatus}) and \geoname{European} Seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax}) on the \geoname{Gulf of C{\'a}diz} Beaches (\geoname{Southwest Iberian Peninsula})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "173", day = "9", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050173", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/173", abstract = "Various commercial fish species utilize different coastal habitats as nurseries in their juvenile stages, with surf zones being particularly crucial due to the protection and abundant food resources they offer. Among the species that rely on these areas are the spotted seabass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus punctatus}) and the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). This study aimed to investigate the age and feeding habits of surf zone specimens of these species and explore their environmental adaptations. The average size for D. punctatus was 16.94 {\pm} 4.05 cm, and for D. labrax, it was 23.23 {\pm} 6.30 cm. The length--weight relationship for D. punctatus was TW = 0.013*TL 2.885 (parameter a: 95\% CI: 0.012--0.014; parameter b: 95\% CI: 2.854--2.917), and for D. labrax, it was TW = 0.008*TL 3.095 (parameter a: 95\% CI: 0.006--0.009; parameter b: 95\% CI: 3.040--3.151). In both D. punctatus (79.20\%) and D. labrax (75.92\%), the predominant age classes were 1+ and 2+. Significant variations in age class abundance were observed in D. punctatus based on the time of day, lunar phase, and season, while D. labrax showed variations only by season. A diet analysis revealed that both species primarily consume mysids and fish, with D. punctatus showing dietary variations related to the time of day, lunar phase, and season, and D. labrax showing variations with the time of day and season.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lin:2024:CCF, author = "Jinji Lin and Ziqi Yu and Yang Leng and Jiexiong Zhu and Feifei Yu and Yishan Lu and Jiayu Chen and Wenhao He and Yixin Zhang and Yaoshen Wen", title = "Cloning, Characterization and Functional Analysis of Caspase 8-like Gene in Apoptosis of Crassostrea hongkongensis Response to Hyper-Salinity Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "172", day = "9", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050172", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/172", abstract = "Caspase-8, a member of the caspase family, is an initiating caspase and plays a crucial role in apoptosis. In this study, the full-length cDNA of caspase8-like (CASP8-like) was isolated from Crassostrea hongkongensis (C. hongkongensis) by RACE-PCR. ChCASP8-like contained a 1599-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 533 amino acids with two conserved death effector domains (DEDs) and a cysteine aspartase cysteine structural domain (CASc). Amino acid sequence comparison showed that ChCASP8-like shared the highest identity (85.4\%) with CASP8-like of C. angulata. The tissue expression profile showed that ChCASP8-like was constitutively expressed in gills, hepatopancreas, mantle, adductor muscle, hemocytes and gonads, and was significantly upregulated in hemocytes, hepatopancreas and gills under hyper-salinity stress. The apoptosis-related genes, including ATR, CHK1, BCL-XL, CASP8-like, CASP9 and CASP3, were significantly activated by hyper-salinity stress, but were remarkably inhibited by ChCASP8-like silencing. The caspase 8 activity was increased by 1.7-fold after hyper-salinity stress, and was inhibited by 9.4\% by ChCASP8-like silencing. Moreover, ChCASP8-like silencing clearly alleviated the apoptosis resulting from hyper-salinity stress. These results collectively demonstrated that ChCASP8-like played a crucial role in inducing apoptosis against hyper-salinity stress.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Madia:2024:RAF, author = "Manfredi Madia and Massimiliano Bottaro and Tiziana Cillari and Andrea {Li Vorsi} and Luca Castriota and Maria Rita Amico and Sergio Bizzarri and Teresa Maggio and Manuela Falautano and Michele Gristina and Ilaria {Di Lauro} and Floriana Trova and Patrizia Perzia and Roberto D'Ambra and Enrico Casola and Mauro Sinopoli", title = "Reducing Artisanal Fishery Impact on Marine Community: New Data from Comparison of Innovative and Traditional Gear", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "171", day = "8", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050171", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/171", abstract = "Fishery resources overexploitation, together with bycatch and discards, have an impact on marine ecosystems. The adoption of technologically innovative gears is a possible solution to reduce the discard and to enhance the sustainability of fishery, mainly in artisanal fisheries that represent about 80\% of the EU Mediterranean fleet. In the perspective of fishery sustainability, it is necessary to study and test alternative gears to the traditional ones, also with collaboration of fishers. In the present study, results of experimental fishing activities carried out in two Mediterranean areas with traditional and innovative gears of small-scale fishing are reported. Thirty-four hauls were carried out to compare the catch of two types of trammel nets: a traditional one and experimental guarding net. Additionally, 12 hauls were carried out to compare collapsible pots and traditional pots. No significant differences were recorded between trammel nets in terms of commercial catch and discard. However, interesting differences in discard composition were recorded, with higher Elasmobranchs presence in trammel nets, including species assessed as critically endangered and vulnerable. The use of trapula pots in place of traditional ones showed a lower discard of specific resources and an advantage for fishers in terms of space occupied on board.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhong:2024:ERI, author = "Hua Zhong and Xinyi Yao and Haihui Tu and Zhenglong Xia and Miaoying Cai and Qiang Sheng and Shaokui Yi and Guoliang Yang and Qiongying Tang", title = "Effects of {RNA} Interference with Acetyl-{CoA} Carboxylase Gene on Expression of Fatty Acid Metabolism-Related Genes in \bioname{Macrobrachium rosenbergii} under Cold Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "170", day = "8", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050170", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/170", abstract = "Macrobrachium rosenbergii is a warm water species, and low temperature is a limiting factor for its growth and survival. In order to explore the role of the acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (ACC) gene in response to the cold stress of M. rosenbergii, we investigated the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) with the ACC gene on the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes and the mortality of M. rosenbergii under cold stress. The results showed that different siRNA sequences and different injection concentrations had different inhibiting effects on ACC gene expression, and siRNA-III with an injection concentration of 2.0 {\mu}g/g (siRNA/prawn body weight) had the best interference effect. With the optimal siRNA and the optimal concentration under cold stress, the expressions of three fatty acid metabolism-related genes, FabD, echA, and ACOT, were generally significantly down-regulated. Compared to negative (scrambled-siRNA) and blank (PBS) control groups, the expression of FabD in the interference group was extremely significantly down-regulated at 12 h in the hepatopancreas and at 18 h in the muscles and gills; EchA was highly significantly down-regulated at 6 and 12 h in the muscles and gills; and ACOT was extremely significantly down-regulated and kept declining in the gills. Within 6--18 h after injection under cold stress, the mortality rate of the siRNA interference group (75\%) was much lower than that of the negative (95\%) or blank control group (97.5\%), and all prawns died after 24 h. In conclusion, RNA interference with the ACC gene inhibited the expression of some fatty acid metabolism-related genes, and could partly improve the tolerance of M. rosenbergii to cold stress, indicating that the ACC gene might play an important role in the response of M. rosenbergii to cold stress.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Adyrbekova:2024:DCF, author = "Kamila Adyrbekova and Silvia Perea and Ignacio Doadrio", title = "Development and Characterization of Fifteen Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci for Rare and Endangered Species within \bioname{Luciobarbus} {Heckel}, 1843 Genus in the \geoname{Aral Basin} and Their Conservation Application", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "169", day = "7", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050169", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/169", abstract = "Biodiversity conservation entails not only the preservation of specific taxa but also genetic diversity. Despite the crucial role of molecular data in freshwater fish conservation management, there is a scarcity of information regarding the genetic diversity of Luciobarbus Heckel, 1843 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) populations in the Aral system. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to provide genetic information on two native species of the Luciobarbus genus found in the Aral system: L. conocephalus (Kessler, 1872) and L. brachycephalus (Kessler, 1872). These species, like many others in the Aral system, confront the imminent threat of extinction due to system alterations. However, genetic studies on these species at the nuclear level are challenging because Luciobarbus is an allotetraploid genus. Consequently, genetic investigations thus far have focused mainly on sequencing mitochondrial genes due to their haploid nature. This study has successfully developed fifteen new polymorphic microsatellite loci, which can prove to be valuable for population genetics, conservation, and other pertinent research on these species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hu:2024:ETC, author = "Tingting Hu and Cunrun Ye and Zhaoyang Ning and Tianmei Liu and Weijie Mu", title = "Effect of Toxicity of Chromium {(VI)} Stressors Alone and Combined to High Temperature on the Histopathological, Antioxidation, Immunity, and Energy Metabolism in Fish \bioname{Phoxinus lagowskii}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "168", day = "5", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050168", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/168", abstract = "Fish in aquatic ecosystems are often impacted by environmental stressors like temperature fluctuations and exposure to heavy metals. Chromium (Cr 6+) is a known environmental pollutant that poses a threat to aquatic life. Various environmental factors, such as water temperature, have been found to affect the toxicity of dissolved chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. We investigated the toxicity of combinations of different concentrations of hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ) with high temperatures in fish. Hematological indices demonstrated changes in white blood cells (WBCs), hematocrit (HCT), red blood cells (RBCs), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels during the exposure. The qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of different tissues confirmed that higher concentrations of Cr 6+ caused more significant damage than lower concentrations, with evident alterations observed in circulatory and regressive aspects. Furthermore, brain acetylcholinesterase levels decreased in both single heavy metal exposure and combined exposure at a high temperature. The activity of antioxidant oxidase and immunological parameters increased in all treatment groups compared with the control group following long-term exposure. A significant and increased effect of Cr 6+ in the high-temperature groups was observed on the evaluated biomarkers, suggesting a possible synergistic effect between Cr 6+ and increased temperature. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) reported the highest level of stress at 10 mg/L Cr 6+ combined with high temperature. The IBR analysis revealed that the highest activity of response enzymes, such as acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferases (GST), was observed in the liver, whereas the gills displayed alkaline phosphatase (ALP), GST, and SOD activity, and the kidneys demonstrated SOD, ACP, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to be most active. Through histopathology, antioxidant enzymes, and metabolism- and immunity-related enzymes, we determined that high temperatures enhance the potential toxicity of Cr 6+ in fish. We recommend conducting a thorough assessment of the impact of climate change, particularly temperature fluctuations, when studying the toxic effects of metal pollution, like chromium, in aquatic ecosystems.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Onomu:2024:RFF, author = "Abigail John Onomu and Grace Emily Okuthe", title = "The Role of Functional Feed Additives in Enhancing Aquaculture Sustainability", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "167", day = "5", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050167", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/167", abstract = "Aquaculture serves as a source of protein and livelihood and is an alternative to capture fisheries, thereby reducing pressure on the wild. However, aquaculture tends to be limited by sustainability issues, which include overdependency on fishmeal, the high cost associated with fishmeal, the environmental impact of aquaculture activities, which may be detrimental to aquatic lives and the environment, and the use of antibiotics to treat diseases, which may have an adverse effect in their host or the environment. Efforts are being made toward attaining practical ways to enhance aquaculture sustainability. One such effort is using functional feed additives in feed formulation. Functional feed additives are dietary ingredients incorporated in feed formulations, not only for the usual provision of basic nutritional requirements as offered by traditional feed but also for growth and health enhancement; environmental and economic gain. This review emphasizes the importance of incorporating functional feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, and phytogenics. This study evaluates and presents holistic information on functional additives, their roles in enhancing aquaculture sustainability, and the challenges encountered in their application.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sanchez-Caballero:2024:ACV, author = "Carlos Adri{\'a}n S{\'a}nchez-Caballero and Jos{\'e} Manuel Borges-Souza and Ricardo Javier Saldierna-Mart{\'\i}nez and Avigdor Abelson", title = "Assessing the Conservation Value of Artificial and Natural Reefs via Ichthyoplankton Spatio-Temporal Dynamics", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "166", day = "4", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050166", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/166", abstract = "The distribution of fish eggs and larvae (ichthyoplankton) reflects spawning and nursery areas as well as dispersal routes. This study's goal is to demonstrate how the identification of ichthyoplankton species and stages and their spatial distribution among natural reefs (NRs) and artificial reefs (ARs) may serve as decision-making tools in conservation and fishery management. Natural reefs exhibited an eight-times higher abundance of eggs, as well as the highest abundance of larvae in the yolk-sac and preflexion phases. In contrast, ARs had the highest abundance of larvae in the flexion and postflexion phases. Natural reefs may serve as breeding grounds for Scaridae, Labridae, and Mugilidae; whereas, ARs may serve as breeding sites for Lutjanidae, Synodontidae, Carangidae, Fistularidae, and Haemulidae. Our study revealed differences between ARs and NRs, which demonstrate the potential of artificial reefs to expand the supply and settlement options of reef fishes and consequently can lead to increased fish production with potential benefits to adjacent fishing areas through connectivity. Thus, ARs as no-take sites can be effective tools for both fishery management and biodiversity conservation. The findings highlight the potential use of ichthyoplankton tools and the importance of considering both types of reefs in marine conservation and management efforts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Checa:2024:CAA, author = "Daniel Checa and Brett M. Macey and John J. Bolton and Marissa Brink-Hull and Pauline O'Donohoe and Alessandro Cardozo and Luis Henrique Poersch and Inmaculada S{\'a}nchez", title = "Circularity Assessment in Aquaculture: The Case of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture {(IMTA)} Systems", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "165", day = "4", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050165", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/165", abstract = "Aquaculture is a strategic sector that aims to meet the increased demands for healthy food for current and future populations. However, this progression needs to be sustainable, which can potentially be achieved by the implementation of circular practices. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems promote the incorporation of circular principles. Nevertheless, the lack of harmonized definitions and standards impedes the quantification of these circular attributes. This study aims to explore the potential principles embedded in IMTA and the existing alternatives to quantify circularity. Two basic pillars (nutrient management and resource use efficiency) were identified as the most relevant circularity attributes for IMTA systems and were quantified through aquaculture-specific indicators. Bioremediation indicators, together with the efficiency indicators in terms of feed, water, energy, and infrastructure materials used, were selected to evaluate the circularity performance of four IMTA trials in three aquaculture facilities in Ireland, Brazil, and South Africa. Salmon, white shrimp, tilapia, abalone, and sea urchins were studied and cultivated together in various combinations with several low-trophic species in these IMTA trials to evaluate the improvement in circularity compared with corresponding monoculture conditions. The results showed an increase in circularity of up to 90\% in terms of water recirculation, as well as bioremediation, which was improved by 80\%--90\%, providing evidence for the potential role of IMTA in the circularity transition.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Martinez-Bautista:2024:GBM, author = "Gil Martinez-Bautista and Pamela Padilla and Warren W. Burggren", title = "Genetic Basis for Morphological Variation in the Zebrafish \geoname{Danio rerio}: Insights from a Low-Heterozygosity Line", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "164", day = "2", month = may, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050164", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/164", abstract = "Data variability complicates reproducibility and the interpretation of experimental results. Different animal models have been employed to decrease variability to enhance experimental power. However, variation frequently persists among and within strains/lines. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), inbred lines (e.g., NHGRI-1) derived from wild-type lines have been produced to greatly decrease genetic variation, with the goal of providing better understanding of genetic backgrounds that may influence the experimental outcome of studies employing such lines. We hypothesized that variations in morphological phenotypes shaped by environmental stressors early in development are correlated with the intrinsic degree of genetic variability of zebrafish lines. We compared morphological variability (yolk--chorion ratio, body mass, embryo mass, total length, condition factor, and specific growth rate) in wild-type AB and NHGRI-1 zebrafish lines as a function of their responses to altered temperature and oxygen availability during the first 7 days post-fertilization. Overall, both lines showed similar developmental trajectories for yolk--chorion ratio, embryo mass, and total length. Additionally, condition factor and specific growth rate showed similar responses within each line, regardless of temperature and hypoxia. Importantly, the coefficient of variation for each variable was significantly lower in NHGRI-1 than AB larvae for 151 of 187 assessed morphological endpoints. Thus, the low-heterozygosity NHGRI-1 zebrafish line can be useful for decreasing inter-individual variation in morphological responses to environmental stressors, thereby aiding in the interpretation of results and enhancing experimental reproducibility.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Vaibarova:2024:SVF, author = "V{\v{e}}ra Vaibarov{\'a} and Alois {\v{C}}{\'\i}{\v{z}}ek", title = "Supposed Virulence Factors of Flavobacterium psychrophilum: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "163", day = "30", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050163", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/163", abstract = "Flavobacterium psychrophilum is currently one of the most important pathogens in aquaculture worldwide, causing high losses to farmed salmonids particularly during early growth stages with significant economic impact. Despite previous attempts, no effective vaccine has been developed, and protection against introduction into farms is difficult due to the ubiquitous occurrence of the pathogen. A better understanding of the mechanism of disease development is essential for targeted therapeutic and preventive measures in farms. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of diseases caused by F. psychrophilum has not been elucidated yet. Previously, several putative virulence factors have been identified. Some appear to be essential for disease development, while others are probably dispensable. The importance of some factors has not yet been explored. This review focuses on the supposed virulence factors of F. psychrophilum and the current knowledge about their importance in the pathogenesis of the disease.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hernandez:2024:QTB, author = "Jes{\'u}s M. Rivera Hern{\'a}ndez and Virginia R. Shervette", title = "Queen Triggerfish \bioname{Balistes vetula} Age-Based Population Demographics and Reproductive Biology for Waters of the \geoname{North Caribbean}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "162", day = "29", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050162", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/162", abstract = "Queen triggerfish Balistes vetula is an important reef-associated species for commercial fisheries in the U.S. Caribbean. It exhibits a relatively unique reproductive strategy as a nesting benthic spawner, investing substantial energy in territorial defense, building and maintaining nests, and caring for fertilized eggs during the reproductive season. Prior to this study, no comprehensive life history information existed in the literature for queen triggerfish. This study provides the first comprehensive documentation of age, growth, size/age at sexual maturity, reproductive seasonality, and reproductive output for a Balistes species in the Caribbean. From 2013 to 2023, we collected 2190 fish samples from fisheries-dependent and -independent sources from the waters of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Fish ranged from 67 to 477 mm fork length (FL). We documented that queen triggerfish is sexually dimorphic with males attaining larger mean sizes-at-age compared to females and the species is characterized by a moderately young age at median sexual maturity (A 50 = 3.3 y). The maximum age for our U.S. Caribbean samples was 23 y based on increment counts from otoliths. Spawning season encompassed the months of December to August in the region, and female spawning frequency ranged from an estimated 2 to 84 times per year; female spawning frequency increased with increasing size and age of fish. We documented that commercial fishers in the U.S. Caribbean mainly target ``plate-size'' individuals, defined in our study as 235--405 mm FL, which appears to act as a self-imposed slot size range limit and results in the fishery not removing individuals in the smallest and largest size groups at high rates. The percentage of immature fish from fisheries-dependent sources was close to 0 (0.8\%). Commercial fishing for queen triggerfish in the region currently appears to be sustainable, but monitoring of the population should continue.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jiang:2024:DAE, author = "Senping Jiang and Xinyi Chen and Pengfei Li and Haoxue Wang and Jiji Li and Kaida Xu and Yingying Ye", title = "Does the Artificial Enhancement and Release Activity Affect the Genetic Diversity of Marbled Rockfish \bioname{Sebastiscus marmoratus} in \geoname{Zhoushan} Waters?", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "161", day = "28", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050161", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/161", abstract = "Artificial enhancement and release activity is an important method in the restoration of fishery resources. In order to understand the possible genetic effect of hatchery-released populations on wild populations during the artificial enhancement and release activities of Sebastiscus marmoratus in Zhoushan waters, we utilized mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to examine the genetic diversity in four S. marmoratus populations, including one farmed population, one released population and two wild populations. A total of 68 haplotypes from 123 individuals were detected, including 3 shared haplotypes. Haplotype diversity ranged from 0.944 to 0.980, with a mean of 0.966. The nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.020 to 0.025, with a mean of 0.022. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that the primary genetic variation occurs within populations and the index of genetic differentiation between populations (F ST) among the four populations showed no differentiation. The results indicate that the current artificial enhancement and release has not impacted the S. marmoratus population in Zhoushan waters. Continued long-term monitoring is essential to protect the high-quality germplasm resources of S. marmoratus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hala:2024:ASF, author = "Edmond Hala and Rigers Bakiu", title = "\geoname{Adriatic Sea} Fishery Product Safety and Prospectives in Relation to Climate Change", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "160", day = "28", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050160", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/160", abstract = "This bibliographic study addresses key aspects related to fishing, product safety, and climate change in the Adriatic Sea region. The examination of product safety focuses on the assessment of contaminants originating from human activities such as industry, mining, agriculture, and household waste disposal. The contamination of the aquatic environment has emerged as a pressing global concern, extending to the Adriatic basin. Aquatic organisms, including fish, are prone to accumulating pollutants directly from polluted water sources and indirectly through the food web. The bio-accumulation of potentially hazardous substances, particularly heavy metals, pesticides, PCBs, PAHs, and antibiotic resistance in aquatic organisms, poses a significant threat to human health. Climate change effects will deplete our seafood supply in terms of quantity and safety owing to negative consequences such as higher levels of pollution, parasites, viruses, infections, acidification, and toxicities such as shellfish poisoning. Global food safety strategies should be developed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote environmentally friendly technology, which indirectly affects seafood quality and microbiological safety, especially for the Adriatic Sea, which is part of the Mediterranean Sea, characterized by the most polluted waters in the world.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2024:MIN, author = "Die Li and Xiaojuan Cui and Shuailin Chen and Jia Xu and Yujing Li and Qiongyu Zhang and Yuandong Sun", title = "Mechanistic Insights into Nonylphenol Stress on \gene{BMP2} and \gene{BMP4} Gene Expression in Red Crucian Carp (\bioname{Carassius auratus} Red var.)", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "5", pages = "159", day = "28", month = apr, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050159", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:25 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/5/159", abstract = "Nonylphenol (NP) is a known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that has been shown to affect bone development in mammals. However, the detrimental impacts of NP on the skeletal growth and development of aquatic species, especially bony fish, remain poorly understood. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), essential for bone formation and osteoblast differentiation, act through the BMP-Smad signaling pathway. In this study, two BMP genes, BMP2 and BMP4, were cloned and characterized in the red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.). The full-length cDNAs of BMP2 and BMP4 were 2029 bp and 2095 bp, respectively, encoding polypeptides of 411 and 433 amino acids, and share a typical TGF-{\beta} domain with other BMPs. The tissue expression patterns of both genes were identified, showing ubiquitous expression across all studied tissues. Additionally, the exposure of embryos or adult fish to NP stress resulted in a downregulation of BMP2, BMP4, and other genes associated with the BMP-Smad signaling pathway. Moreover, the combined treatment of adult fish with NP and the specific BMP receptor inhibitor significantly reduced these genes' expression. These findings elucidate the mechanism of NP stress on BMP2 and BMP4, suggesting a role for the BMP-Smad signaling pathway in the response to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kovacic:2024:FMC, author = "Marcelo Kova{\v{c}}i{\'c} and Vasilis Gerovasileiou and Robert A. Patzner", title = "Fishes in Marine Caves", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "243", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060243", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/243", abstract = "Fishes in marine caves have attracted limited attention by the scientific community in comparison to subterranean fishes which have lost eyes and pigmentation. They constitute a largely unexplored component of marine fish diversity, except for the relatively well-studied marine caves of the Mediterranean Sea. These habitats are characterized by steep environmental gradients of decreasing light and decreasing water exchange. The fishes recorded so far in marine caves are not exclusive residents of this habitat and they are also present at least in the other mesolithial habitats. In the Mediterranean marine caves, 132 fishes have been recorded to date, representing about 17\% of the total Mediterranean fish species richness. Most of these species are reported from the anterior cave zones where some light still exists, while a smaller number of species are known from the totally dark zones. Among them, 27.3\% are accidental visitors, 53.8\% are the regular mesolithial visitors and switchers between mesolithion and open water, 5.3\% are permanent residents of the mesolithion, but also occur in other habitats, and 13.6\% are exclusive permanent residents of mesolithion. Some mesolithial exclusive permanent residents recorded in marine caves share similar morphology, probably as adaptations to these habitats.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2024:DND, author = "Yinjia Li and Zeyuan Hu and Yixi Zhang and Jihang Liu and Wan Tu and Hong Yu", title = "{DDEYOLOv9}: Network for Detecting and Counting Abnormal Fish Behaviors in Complex Water Environments", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "242", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060242", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/242", abstract = "Accurately detecting and counting abnormal fish behaviors in aquaculture is essential. Timely detection allows farmers to take swift action to protect fish health and prevent economic losses. This paper proposes an enhanced high-precision detection algorithm based on YOLOv9, named DDEYOLOv9, to facilitate the detection and counting of abnormal fish behavior in industrial aquaculture environments. To address the lack of publicly available datasets on abnormal behavior in fish, we created the ``Abnormal Behavior Dataset of Takifugu rubripes '', which includes five categories of fish behaviors. The detection algorithm was further enhanced in several key aspects. Firstly, the DRNELAN4 feature extraction module was introduced to replace the original RepNCSPELAN4 module. This change improves the model's detection accuracy for high-density and occluded fish in complex water environments while reducing the computational cost. Secondly, the proposed DCNv4-Dyhead detection head enhances the model's multi-scale feature learning capability, effectively recognizes various abnormal fish behaviors, and improves the computational speed. Lastly, to address the issue of sample imbalance in the abnormal fish behavior dataset, we propose EMA-SlideLoss, which enhances the model's focus on hard samples, thereby improving the model's robustness. The experimental results demonstrate that the DDEYOLOv9 model achieves high Precision , Recall , and mean~Average~Precision ( mAP) on the ``Abnormal Behavior Dataset of Takifugu rubripes '', with values of 91.7\%, 90.4\%, and 94.1\%, respectively. Compared to the YOLOv9 model, these metrics are improved by 5.4\%, 5.5\%, and 5.4\%, respectively. The model also achieves a running speed of 119 frames per second (FPS), which is 45 FPS faster than YOLOv9. Experimental results show that the DDEYOLOv9 algorithm can accurately and efficiently identify and quantify abnormal fish behaviors in specific complex environments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Alesci:2024:EID, author = "Alessio Alesci and Davide {Di Paola} and Sebastian Marino and Federica {De Gaetano} and Marco Albano and Silvana Morgante and Gabriele Rigano and Letterio Giuffr{\`e} and Magdalena Kotanska and Nunziacarla Span{\`o} and Eugenia Rita Lauriano", title = "Exploring the Internal Defense System of \bioname{Cerastoderma glaucum} ({Brugui{\`e}re}, 1789) Exposed to Pristine Microplastics: The Sentinel Role of Haemocytes as Biomarkers", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "241", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060241", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/241", abstract = "The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is a major concern for the conservation of biodiversity. Numerous studies show the detrimental effects of MPs on marine species, especially because of their small size and their capacity to absorb organic contaminants from their surroundings. The bivalve mollusk Cerastoderma glaucum (Brugui{\`e}re, 1789), because of its wide geographic distribution and immobile feeding habits, can be used as a sentinel and bioindicator species. By examining the presence, localization, and co-localization of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), this study aims to evaluate the response of the internal defense system of C. glaucum to pristine MPs through the employment of confocal microscopy and bioinformatics techniques. The results show haemocytes immunoreactive to the antibodies tested; in particular, a higher number of TLR2-positive haemocytes can be observed in the group exposed to pristine MPs. These findings suggest that haemocytes can play a key biomarker role as sentinels to environmental pollutants. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses on the antibodies tested confirmed an evolutionary conservation of these molecules. These data highlight the critical role of phagocytosis in identifying ecosystem damage and are helpful in developing biosensors with less negative effects on the environments in which they are applied.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Mori:2024:GMH, author = "Natacha C. Mori and Bruna T. Michelotti and Caio C. F. Magnotti and Caroline A. Bressan and Let{\'\i}cia B. Bianchin and Fernando J. Sutili and Ana Paula G. Almeida and Luiz C. Kreutz and Maria A. Pavanato and Vinicius R. Cerqueira and Silvio T. da Costa and Bernardo Baldisserotto and Berta M. Heinzmann", title = "Growth, Metabolic, Hepatic and Redox Parameters, Digestive Enzymes and Innate Immunity in \bioname{Mugil liza} Fed a Citral-Supplemented Diet", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "240", day = "20", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060240", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/240", abstract = "Mugil liza juveniles (6.69 {\pm} 0.06 g) were subjected to dietary citral (0-control, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mL per kg feed) for 45 days, and its possible effects on zootechnical and metabolic parameters, digestive enzymes, innate immunity, oxidative status and liver damage were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, fish fed 2.0 mL citral per kg feed showed a greater weight gain and protein retention efficiency, as well as enhanced activities of pepsin (stomach) and amylase (intestine) compared with control fish. Citral supplementation decreased liver lipoperoxidation and increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase in the gills, liver and brain. The highest level of citral inclusion augmented non-protein thiol content in the brain and gills. Myeloperoxidase activity was lower in fish offered 1.0 and 2.0 mL citral per kg feed. Dietary citral did not influence the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase or the hepatic histology. As it improved growth, the activity of digestive enzymes and general health, dietary citral may be recommended for M. liza at 2.0 mL per kg feed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:TAJ, author = "Changlin Liu and Zheng Zhang and Shouyong Wei and Wenjie Xiao and Chao Zhao and Yue Wang and Liguo Yang", title = "Transcriptome Analysis of Juvenile Black Rockfish \bioname{Sebastes schlegelii} under Air Exposure Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "239", day = "19", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060239", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/239", abstract = "The study aimed to uncover the molecular response of juvenile Sebastes schlegelii to air exposure stress by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may underlie their anti-stress mechanisms. Juvenile Sebastes schlegelii were subjected to varying durations of air exposure stress. The total RNA was extracted from whole tissues and sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The transcriptome data were analyzed to identify DEGs through pairwise comparisons across a control group and two experimental groups exposed to air for 40 s and 2 min 30 s, respectively. The comparative DEG analysis revealed a significant number of transcripts responding to air exposure stress. Specifically, 5173 DEGs were identified in the 40 s exposure group (BS) compared to the control (BC), 6742 DEGs in the 2 min 30 s exposure group (BD) compared to the control (BC), and 2653 DEGs when comparing the BD to the BS group. Notably, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed an enrichment of DEGs associated with peptidase activity and extracellular regions, suggesting a role in the organism's stress response. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis pointed to the involvement of metabolic pathways, which are crucial for energy management under stress. The upregulation of protein digestion and absorption pathways may indicate a physiological adaptation to nutrient scarcity during stress. Additionally, the identification of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways implies a potential role in combating stress-induced infections or damage. The identified DEGs and enriched pathways provide insights into the complex anti-stress response mechanisms in juvenile Sebastes schlegelii. The enrichment of peptidase activity and extracellular region-related genes may reflect the initiation of tissue repair and immune response following air exposure. The connection between protein digestion and absorption pathways and anti-stress capabilities could be interpreted as a metabolic readjustment to prioritize energy-efficient processes and nutrient assimilation during stress. The role of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways suggests a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress or microbial invasion that might occur with air exposure.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Poisson:2024:PIH, author = "Fran{\c{c}}ois Poisson and Jim R. Ellis and Sophy R. McCully Phillips", title = "Preliminary Insights on the Habitat Use and Vertical Movements of the Pelagic Stingray (\bioname{Pteroplatytrygon violacea}) in the \geoname{Western Mediterranean Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "238", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060238", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/238", abstract = "Pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) is the only species of stingray (Dasyatidae) that utilizes both pelagic and demersal habitats. It is the main bycatch species in pelagic longline fisheries targeting bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Gulf of Lions. In the Mediterranean Sea, their stock structure, behavioural ecology and movements are unknown. For the first time in the Mediterranean, 17 individuals (39--60 cm disc width) were tagged with pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags using a novel method of tag attachment to investigate horizontal and vertical movements. The tags were attached for between two and 60 days. Between the months of July and October, pelagic stingray occupied a temperature range of 12.5--26.6 {$^\circ $}C, and a depth range extending from the surface to 480 m. Monthly trends in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of pelagic stingray peaked in August and decreased by late autumn. Pelagic stingray may aggregate on the continental shelf during summer and move southwards in early autumn, and this movement pattern is considered in relation to the reproductive cycle and overwintering. At-vessel mortality was low, but there was varying evidence of post-release mortality, indicating the need for further work. Future work and options for bycatch mitigation are also discussed.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Tsaousi:2024:FRR, author = "Nefeli Tsaousi and Stefanos Kalogirou", title = "First Record of the Red Cornetfish \bioname{Fistularia petimba} {Lacep{\`e}de,} 1803 from \geoname{Amorgos Island (Central Aegean Sea; Greece)} and a Review of Its Current Distribution in the \geoname{Mediterranean Sea}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "237", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060237", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/237", abstract = "The rapid spread of non-native species (NNS) poses a significant threat to biodiversity globally, with the Mediterranean region being particularly susceptible due to increased human activities and its status as a marine biodiversity hotspot. In this study, we focus on the introduction and distribution of Fistularia petimba, a member of the Fistulariidae family, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and a record from the coasts of Amorgos Island, Greece. Through a baseline fishery study conducted over 12 months, utilizing experimental sampling with gillnets, trammel nets, and longlines, one individual of F. petimba was captured off the coast of Katapola Bay. Morphological examination confirmed its identity, with measurements on meristic characteristics obtained and the stomach content analysed. This finding represents a significant addition to the documented distribution of F. petimba in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Aegean Sea, underscoring the importance of ongoing research in uncovering new occurrences and expanding our understanding of marine biodiversity and ecosystem changes. Further investigation into the ecological preferences and population dynamics of F. petimba in the Aegean Sea is crucial for informed conservation and management efforts if this species is considered to be established.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:TAR, author = "Jun Liu and Songyue You and Yuting Wang and Jie Bao and Hongbo Jiang", title = "Transcriptional Analysis Reveals the Iron Regulation Network of the Pathogenic Yeast \bioname{Metschnikowia bicuspidata} in Response to Iron Stress", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "236", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060236", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/236", abstract = "Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a globally distributed opportunistic pathogenic fungus, poses a significant threat to crustaceans in diverse aquatic ecosystems, causing severe diseases. Iron, recognized as a virulence factor, plays a crucial role in successful infection with M. bicuspidata. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the transcriptome response of M. bicuspidata to low- and high-iron conditions. Overall, 1082 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR {$<$} 0.05, |log 2 FC {\geq} 1.5|) were identified, comprising 977 and 105 DEGs, in response to low- and high-iron conditions, respectively. These genes predominantly participate in altering metabolism, cell membranes, or cellular structure, allowing the organism to adapt to varying iron levels. Iron limitation-induced genes play crucial roles in energy metabolism, transport, and catabolism pathways. Moreover, 27 ortholog genes were associated with iron transport and homeostasis, with 7 of them participating in iron uptake and regulation under low-iron conditions. This study contributes to the comprehension of iron homeostasis in aquatic fungi. It may offer potential therapeutic strategies for managing M. bicuspidata diseases.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Honji:2024:AVN, author = "Renato M. Honji and Bruno C. Ara{\'u}jo and Paulo H. de Mello and Mart{\'\i}n R. Ramallo and Leonel Morandini and Danilo Caneppele and Renata G. Moreira", title = "Arginine-Vasotocin Neuronal System in \bioname{Steindachneridion parahybae} ({Siluriformes: Pimelodidae}) and Its Influence on Artificially Induced Spawning in Captivity", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "235", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060235", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/235", abstract = "This study summarizes new data on induced spawning of Steindachneridion parahybae, focusing on the aggressive behavior of females. This study characterizes the vasotocinergic system using immunohistochemistry, highlighting the potential influence of arginine-vasotocin (AVT) on reproductive physiology. Two experimental groups were proposed: (A) control, with one female in the aquarium, and (B) experimental, with two females in the same aquarium. Dominant (D) females presented a more aggressive behavior and did not show any injury. They apparently had a length and body mass higher than injured nondominant (ND) females. The analysis identified positive AVT immunoreactive (ir) neurons exclusively within the preoptic area, including parvocellular, magnocellular, and gigantocellular subpopulations, containing fibers-ir extending into the pituitary gland. Cellular and nuclear areas were greater in D compared to ND in the magnocellular subpopulation. There were no differences between parvocellular and gigantocellular subpopulations. There was a difference on the steroid plasma profile of cortisol (more in ND than in D) and 17{\alpha},20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (more in D than in ND). Furthermore, control and D females presented higher optical densities for AVT-ir, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-ir, and luteinizing hormone-ir than ND. In general, there were no differences in the results of female (control group) with D females. The AVT system is highly complex, possibly counting multiple sites of action during artificial reproduction and acting directly and/or indirectly associated with behavioral and physiological changes in S. parahybae females when induced to spawning.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Emadi:2024:SPA, author = "Cameron M. Emadi and Preston T. Bean and Edward M. Mager", title = "Swimming Performance Assessments of Fish Species of Greatest Conservation Need to Inform Future Stream Crossing Designs in \geoname{Texas}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "234", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060234", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/234", abstract = "Conventional structures associated with stream crossings such as bridges and culverts can lead to zones of high-velocity water flow that impede fish passage. Such obstacles are likely to harm native fish populations by impacting migrations critical to their life history strategies, causing habitat fragmentation and extirpation, thereby limiting population growth and distribution. Due to the high rates of human population growth and development occurring in Texas, this is an issue of particular concern for fish designated as species of greatest conservation need (SGCN). This project focused on four SGCN fishes native to the Edwards Plateau Ecoregion, namely the Guadalupe Bass, Guadalupe Roundnose Minnow, Guadalupe Darter, and Plateau Shiner, at both adult (all species) and juvenile (Guadalupe Bass only) life stages. Our primary aim was to aid in the design of future culverts associated with stream crossings (or the modification of existing culverts) so that the water velocities through these structures do not exceed the swimming capacities of our target SGCN fishes. To this end, we assessed their maximum sustained swimming speeds (U crit) under a typical range of Edwards Plateau stream temperatures (15, 22.5, and 30 {$^\circ $}C) to be used in site-specific calculations of the maximum allowable culvert water velocities (Vf). A secondary objective was to collect physiological endpoints of relevance to the overall swimming performance including the maximum burst swimming speeds (U max), metabolic rate measurements (i.e., standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS)), cost of transport (COT), and optimal swimming speed (U opt). Temperature-related effects were observed that can be used to inform site-specific culvert designs. In general, the highest U crit values for the tested species were near, or possibly between, 22.5 and 30 {$^\circ $}C, while U max stayed relatively consistent among treatments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jackson:2024:MLC, author = "George D. Jackson and Christine H. Jackson and Maura Brandao and Adam K. Jackson and Eduardo Espinoza and Monica Soria-Carvajal", title = "Mercury Levels in the Crab \bioname{Grapsus grapsus} across the \geoname{Gal{\'a}pagos Archipelago}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "233", day = "18", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060233", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/233", abstract = "The levels of mercury (Hg) were examined in the leg muscle of the crab Grapsus grapsus from five sites on four islands within the Gal{\'a}pagos archipelago. Mercury values obtained using a Milestone DMA 80 evo direct mercury analyzer varied both within and among sites. Total mercury concentrations (mg kg {$-$1} dry weight) ranged from the lowest at a protected location at Isabela Island (0.06 {\pm} 0.02) to the highest at the San Crist{\'o}bal urban location (2.04 {\pm} 0.069). Crabs from South Plaza Island also had surprisingly high levels of mercury with a mean of 1.2 {\pm} 0.6. Values from urban sites at Isabela Island and Academy Bay, Santa Cruz, had intermediate values. When converted to wet weight, crabs from both San Crist{\'o}bal and South Plaza were within or above the levels (0.3--0.5 mg kg {$-$1} wet weight set by various government agencies) considered potentially harmful to human health if ingested. A lesser number of both oysters and barnacles were also analyzed for mercury at South Plaza and Academy Bay, and while the values were lower compared to the crabs, they followed the same pattern of elevated levels at South Plaza compared to Academy Bay. It is unclear as to whether the mercury comes from natural sources, such as volcanism, or anthropogenic causes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huynh:2024:PWT, author = "Thi Kim Duyen Huynh and Marie-Louise Scippo and Mathias Devreese and Siska Croubels and Quoc Thinh Nguyen and Caroline Douny and Thi Hoang Oanh Dang and Quoc Viet Le and Minh Phu Tran", title = "Pharmacokinetics and Withdrawal Times of Cefotaxime in White Leg Shrimp (\bioname{Litopenaeus vannamei}) after Oral Administration", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "232", day = "17", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060232", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/232", abstract = "A high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was validated in order to study the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in shrimp hepatopancreases and plasma, as well as its withdrawal time related to a maximum residue limit (MRL) in shrimp muscle. Pharmacokinetics parameters were investigated through oral medication at a single dose of 25 mg/kg shrimp body weight and subsequent hepatopancreas and plasma cefotaxime concentration measurements at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after shrimp were fed with medication. The maximum concentration of cefotaxime was observed after one hour in the hepatopancreas (C max, 19.45 {\pm} 2.10 mg/kg) and 4 h in plasma (0.184 {\pm} 0.061 mg/L). Based on a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime of 4.13 mg/L against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (known to cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in white leg shrimp), it was observed that the time during which the hepatopancreas cefotaxime concentration was above the MIC was 23 h. An every 24 h cefotaxime treatment could thus be effective in fighting against this bacterium in shrimp. The withdrawal time of cefotaxime was determined after shrimp were fed with medicated feed once a day and twice a day for three consecutive days. Shrimp muscle was collected on day 1 and day 3 during medication and 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after medication was stopped. Considering an MRL of 50 {\mu}g/kg, the withdrawal times were 8.5 degree-days (corresponding to 6.9 h at 29.5 {$^\circ $}C) after shrimp were fed with medicated feed once a day for 3 days and 95.5 degree-days (77.7 h at 29.5 {$^\circ $}C) after shrimp were fed with medicated feed twice a day for 3 days. Moreover, histological analysis revealed that feeding shrimp with cefotaxime at the given dose in once- or twice-a-day treatments did not negatively impact the shrimp hepatopancreas.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Hicks:2024:EED, author = "Grace L. Hicks and Phillip S. Lobel", title = "An Examination of the Effects of Dorsal Fin-Mounted {SPOT} on \bioname{Carcharodon carcharias}, the Great White Shark", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "231", day = "17", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060231", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/231", abstract = "This opinion piece presents empirical evidence to examine possible negative consequences of the use of penetrative tagging as used on the great white shark (GWS). Tagging programs currently using this method attach SPOT (Spatial Positioning Only Tags) using corrodible bolts inserted through the dorsal fin while the shark is taken out of water. Such methods can cause harm to the tagged individual. Possible adverse effects include impacts on growth, tag biofouling, wounds, heightened stress, and hemorrhaging. This method may adversely impact dorsal fin structure and the shark's hydrodynamics. As a result, data collected may not be reflective of natural behavior. Bolted SPOT are semi-permanently affixed to the shark but can have a battery life of approximately 3.5 years. Most of these tags (69\%) ceased transmitting in less than 2 years. Alternative tagging technologies exist as more humane options.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Sun:2024:TRS, author = "Qingsong Sun and Yuran Pang and Yuhan Qin and Ziting Dong and Yanling Ma and Yuan Zhao and Zhanning Zhang and Jinmei Liu and Binghui Mao and Baishuang Yin", title = "Transcriptomic Revealed That Selenium-Rich \bioname{Lactobacillus plantarum} Alleviated Cadmium-Induced Immune Responses in {Bulatmai} barbel \bioname{Luciobarbus capito} Kidneys", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "230", day = "16", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060230", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/230", abstract = "Cadmium (Cd) is a common environmental pollutant that accumulates mainly in the kidneys and thus endangers the physiological health of aquatic animals. Selenium (Se) is a natural antidote to heavy metals that antagonises heavy metal toxicity and enhances the antioxidant capacity of organisms. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) can reduce the toxicity of heavy metals through adsorption, reduction and metabolism. Studies have confirmed that the biological synthesis of Se nanoparticles (Bio-SeNPs) using bacterial microorganisms is simple, safe and less toxic than the synthesis of inorganic and organic Se, but the effect on Cd-induced immunosuppression is un-known. One hundred and eighty Bulatmai barbel (Luciobarbus capito: L. capito) plants were randomly divided into control (C), Cd and Cd + Se-enriched L. plantarum groups (S1L1-Cd) and fed for 28 days. The analysis methods included histopathology, test kits, transcriptomics and real-time quantitative PCR. The addition of selenium-enriched L. plantarum significantly attenuated cadmium-induced pathological changes such as glomerular atrophy, detachment of renal tubular epithelial cells, mild swelling, and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration. Cd stress can lead to significant decreases in RBC, HCT, WBC, LZM, C3, and IgM levels, and the addition of Se-enriched L. plantarum can significantly reverse the changes in these indicators. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 488 DEGs in the Cd groups, 301 of which were upregulated and 187 of which were downregulated. There were 1474 DEGs in the S1L1-Cd group, of which 720 were upregulated and 754 were downregulated. In addition, GO enrichment analysis revealed that the biological regulation of the most differentially expressed genes involved metal ion binding, ATP binding and nucleotide inclusion. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed six of the most enriched pathways: oxidative phosphorylation, Huntington disease, retrograde endocannabinoid signalling, natural killer cell-mediated cyto-toxicity, the IL-17 signalling pathway, and leukocyte transient migration. Moreover, we selected 12 DEGs for qRT-PCR, which showed that the qRT-PCR results were consistent with our RNA-Seq results. Our results suggest that Se-enriched L. plantarum can enhance immunity and alleviate Cd exposure-mediated immunosuppression in L. capito.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Wang:2024:EDS, author = "Jing Wang and Dan Fan and Ran Zhao and Tongyan Lu and Shaowu Li and Di Wang", title = "Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Endogenous Probiotics \bioname{Bacillus subtilis} on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Intestinal Histomorphology of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (\bioname{Oncorhynchus mykiss})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "229", day = "15", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060229", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/229", abstract = "The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important commercial fish. Studies have shown that probiotics can promote the healthy growth of fish. In this study, we assessed the impact of an endogenous Bacillus subtilis strain (RT-BS07) on the growth, survival and immunological response of juvenile rainbow trout. Additionally, the morphology of rainbow trout's intestinal tissue was measured. Control (CT) and experimental groups (B) were fed with conventional and probiotic-supplemented diets (1.0 $ \times $ 10 8 CFU per gram) for 42 days, respectively. Following feeding, a challenge experiment was carried out with Aeromonas hydrophila at 1.0 $ \times $ 10 7 CFU/mL to determine the experimental fish's tolerance to the bacteria. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) in group B was 118.2\%, which was significantly higher than that in group CT (54.86\%) after 42 days. The height of intestinal villi and the number of goblet cells increased in group B, thus increasing the resistance of rainbow trout to pathogenic bacteria. The alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity (U/mg prot) in the liver, spleen and intestinal tissues of group B was significantly higher than that in the CT group. The expression of interleukin-1{\beta} (IL-1{\beta}) in the intestinal tissue of group B was 6-fold higher than that in group CT. Furthermore, the expression of growth hormone-2 (GH-2) in the spleen was 3-fold higher than that in group CT. After 12 days of A. hydrophila injection, the survival rate was 40\% and 70\% in group CT and group B, respectively. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that the addition of endogenous B. subtilis strain (1.0 $ \times $ 10 8 CFU per gram) to the feed can effectively promote the growth of rainbow trout and enhance immunity, which is beneficial to rainbow trout culture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Garcia-Meilan:2024:OSP, author = "Irene Garc{\'\i}a-Meil{\'a}n and Ramon Fontanillas and Joaquim Guti{\'e}rrez and Encarnaci{\'o}n Capilla and Isabel Navarro and {\'A}ngeles Gallardo", title = "Oxidative Status of the Pyloric Caeca and Proximal Intestine in Gilthead Sea Bream Fed Diets Including Different Vegetable Oil Blends from Palm, Rapeseed and Linseed", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "228", day = "14", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060228", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/228", abstract = "Nowadays, including vegetable ingredients in fish diets without growth effects is common; however, their intestinal oxidative status under these conditions is less known. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with 75\% vegetable oil (VO) inclusion were formulated for juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). As VO, one diet contained palm oil (diet P), another rapeseed oil (diet R), and the other three included linseed oil (L) combined with the above-mentioned VOs (named PL, RL and RPL diets). After 18 weeks, pyloric caeca (PC) and proximal intestine (PI) were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and gene expression. Dietary linseed oil diminished the superoxide dismutase activity in both intestinal regions, catalase in PC and glutathione reductase in PI; rapeseed oil reduced the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase activities in PC, and palm oil upregulated GPx activity in PI. The PL diet triggered LPO levels in the PI, and RPL-fed fish showed the highest levels of LPO in the PC due to lower antioxidant activities, while RL-fed fish presented the best oxidative status. The results suggest that the dietary amount of n-6 and the unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio are factors to be considered in aquafeed formulation, including VOs, to improve the intestinal oxidative status in fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Choi:2024:PEL, author = "Hee-Jae Choi and Da-Yeon Choi and Jung-Jin Park and Hye Jin Jung and Bo-Seong Kim and Sung-Chul Hong and Jun-Hwan Kim and Yue Jai Kang", title = "Protective Effects of Long Double-Stranded {RNA} with Different {CpG} Motifs against \bioname{Miamiensis avidus} and {Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV)} Infections in Olive Flounder (\bioname{Paralichthys olivaceus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "227", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060227", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/227", abstract = "The South Korean aquaculture industry has incurred considerable production losses due to various infectious diseases. Artificially synthesized polyinosinic--polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), structurally similar to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytidine--phosphate--guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides, can enhance immune responses and protect against diseases. Here, we investigated dsRNA molecules with different cytidine--phosphate--guanosine (CpG) motifs (dsRNA-CpGMix) as fused agents to treat Miamiensis avidus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in olive flounders. We further investigated the efficacy of specific sequence motifs in dsRNA in modulating immunostimulatory effects. Fish treated with poly I:C or dsRNA-CpGMix exhibited higher survival rates than the control group. Olive flounder leukocytes stimulated with poly I:C or dsRNA-CpGMix showed increased scuticocidal activity in the presence of inactivated immune sera. dsRNA with CpG motif sequences induced higher resistance against M. avidus and VHSV infections than dsRNA without CpG motif sequences, and the dsRNA-CpGMix group showed upregulated ISG15 or Mx compared to the dsRNA-GFP group. Thus, dsRNA containing CpG motifs can be used as effective immunostimulants to enhance resistance against viral and parasitic diseases in olive flounder. The specific sequences of the CpG motifs in dsRNA may be important for enhancing immune responses and resistance against M. avidus and VHSV infections in olive flounders.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Song:2024:EVP, author = "Jin Ah Song and Heung-Sik Park and Yun-Hwan Jung and Dong Mun Choi and Cheol Young Choi and Dae-Won Lee", title = "Effects of Various Photoperiods and Specific Wavelengths on Retinal Changes and Oxidative Stress in the Conch \geoname{Tegula rustica}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "226", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060226", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/226", abstract = "To improve aquaculture practices and husbandry of a variety of gastropods, including small conch species, it is necessary to study the physiological and endocrinological responses of nocturnal conches to light exposure. In this study, we investigated the effect of the light environment on Tegula rustica by exposing it to contrasting light conditions and observing histological changes in the retina and oxidative stress according to photoperiod and light wavelength. We confirmed that the pigment layer was significantly thicker in the group irradiated with light for 24 h (LL), but that its thickness did not differ significantly with light wavelength. Additionally, light wavelength changes did not cause a significant change in H 2 O 2 concentration until 5 days after the change in the light environment. However, a significantly higher H 2 O 2 concentration was observed in the LL test group on the eighth day compared with the other experimental groups. And a significantly higher total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in the LL group on the third day compared with the other experimental groups. Our results indicate that the light environment affects the reaction of conches and that continuous light has a stronger effect on the thickness of the pigment layer than the light wavelength. In addition, continuous light irradiation induces excessive ROS and causes oxidative stress. These results can also be provided as basic data for husbandry when aquaculturing gastropods.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2024:EMV, author = "Tao Li and Ronggang Ding and Jing Zhang and Yongcan Zhou and Chunsheng Liu and Zhenjie Cao and Yun Sun", title = "The Establishment of the Multi-Visual Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Rapid Detection of \bioname{Vibrio harveyi}, \bioname{Vibrio parahaemolyticus}, and \geoname{Singapore} grouper iridovirus", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "225", day = "13", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060225", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/225", abstract = "Groupers are valuable economic fish in the southern sea area of China, but the threat of disease is becoming more and more serious. Vibrio harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) are three important pathogens that cause disease in groupers, and infection with either a single one or a mix of these pathogens poses a serious threat to the healthy development of grouper culture. To enhance the rapid diagnosis and screening in the early stages, it is necessary to develop rapid detection methods of these pathogens. To simultaneously and rapidly detect the three pathogens, in this study, we utilized the TolC of V. harveyi, DNAJ of V. parahaemolyticus, and RAD2 of SGIV as the target genes and established a triple visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. This LAMP method showed a detection time as fast as 30 min and a high sensitivity of 100 fg/{\mu}L. Moreover, this method exhibited strong specificity and no cross-reaction with seven types of Vibrio and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as five common viruses in aquatic animals. Then, the LAMP products were enzymically cut, and three characteristic strips were used to identify the pathogen species. The results of the clinical trials demonstrated that the method could accurately and specifically detect V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV in grouper tissues. In summary, this study successfully established a triple visual LAMP rapid detection method for V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV. The method offers several advantages including simple equipment, easy operation, rapid reaction, high specificity, high sensitivity, and visual results. It is suitable for the early and rapid diagnosis of groupers infected with V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and SGIV, thereby providing useful technical support for further application in the large-scale disease surveillance of aquaculture animals.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kadota:2024:QAA, author = "Minoru Kadota and Shinsuke Torisawa and Tsutomu Takagi", title = "Quantitative Assessment and Analysis of Fish Behavior in Closed Systems Using Information Entropy", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "224", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060224", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/224", abstract = "This study introduces a method for quantitatively assessing the complexity and predictability of fish behavior in closed systems through the application of information entropy, offering a novel lens through which to understand how fish adapt to environmental changes. Utilizing simulations rooted in a random walk model for fish movement, we delve into entropy fluctuations under varying environmental conditions, including responses to feeding and external stimuli. Our findings underscore the utility of information entropy in capturing the intricacies of fish behavior, particularly highlighting the synchrony in collective actions and adaptations to environmental shifts. This research not only broadens our comprehension of fish behavior but also paves the way for its application in fields like aquaculture and resource management. Through our analysis, we discovered that smaller grid sizes in simulations capture detailed local fluctuations, while larger grids elucidate general trends, pinpointing a 2.5 grid as optimal for our study. Moreover, changes in swimming speeds and behavioral adaptations during feeding were quantitatively analyzed, with results illustrating significant behavior modifications. Additionally, employing a Gaussian mixture model helped to clarify the nuanced changes in fish behavior in response to altered light conditions, demonstrating the layered complexity of fish responses to environmental stimuli. This investigation confirms the efficacy of information entropy as a robust metric for evaluating fish shoal behavior, offering a fresh methodology for ecological and environmental studies, with promising implications for sustainable management practices.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pereira:2024:FPE, author = "Luciana Alves Pereira and Leandro Castello and Eric Hallerman and Edson Rubens Ferreira Rodrigues and Carolina Rodrigues da Costa Doria and Fabrice Duponchelle", title = "Flood Pulse Effects on the Growth of \bioname{Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum} in the \geoname{Amazon Basin}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "223", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060223", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/223", abstract = "Fish growth is a fundamental biological process driven by a multitude of intrinsic (within-individual) and extrinsic (environmental) factors that underpin individual fitness and population dynamics. Interannual variability in river hydrology regarding the intensity and duration of floods and droughts can induce interannual variations in the biotic and abiotic variables that regulate fish growth. However, the understanding of how interannual variability in river hydrology affects fish growth remains limited for most species and ecosystems. We evaluated how inter-annual hydrological variations within the Amazon River basin influence the growth of the catfish Pseudoplaystoma fasciatum. Our research questions were as follows: Do floods lead to the faster growth of P. fasciatum and droughts lead to the slower growth? And do floods and droughts affect all age classes in the same manner? We sampled 364 specimens of P. fasciatum from five sites in the Amazon basin, estimated their growth rates, and related the growth rates to indices of the intensity of floods and droughts. We fitted linear mixed-effects models to test the relationship between growth increments and hydrological indices (with F and D quantifying the intensities of floods and droughts, respectively), age as fixed effects, and basins and Fish ID as random effects. We found an inverse relationship between the increment width in the fish hard parts and hydrological indices. That is, intense floods and droughts negatively affected the growth rates. We also found that the growth of P. fasciatum was no different in years with intense and mild floods across age classes 1--5, although was different for age class 6. However, the growth of P. fasciatum was faster in years of mild droughts for all age classes. Our results showing that the growth of P. fasciatum was slower in years of intense droughts are supported by those of previous studies in the Amazon basin and elsewhere. However, our results showing for the first time that the growth of P. fasciatum is slower in years of intense flooding is the opposite of patterns found in other studies. These results thus suggest that the growth of P. fasciatum is maximized within an optimum range of hydrological conditions, where neither floods nor droughts are intense.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Li:2024:FAB, author = "Shaowen Li and Yufang Huang and Fan Li and Yanfen Liu and Hongliang Ma and Xiaomin Zhang and Xiuxia Wang and Wei Chen and Guangxin Cui and Tiantian Wang", title = "Functional Alpha and Beta Diversity of Fish Communities and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors in the \geoname{Huanghe River (Yellow River) Estuary and Adjacent Seas, China}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "222", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060222", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/222", abstract = "Fisheries and bottom seawater data were collected in July in 2022 and 2023 from 15 sampling stations in the Huanghe River estuary and adjacent seas in China. The patterns of functional alpha and beta diversity of fish communities in this area and their relationships with environmental factors were studied using trait-based analysis. Five functional classifications, which included 16 functional traits, four functional alpha diversity indices (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, and community-weighted mean), three functional beta diversity indices (functional beta diversity and its turnover and nestedness components), and 14 bottom environmental factors were considered. The dominant traits of fish communities were the following: benthivorous feeding habits, small and front-facing mouths, high trophic level, demersal, anguilliform, low growth coefficient, medium resilience, low vulnerability, and adapted to warm temperate conditions. The dominant migration traits and types of fish eggs varied by year, and fish abundance was the main factor affecting the dominant traits of the communities. The results of multiple regression on distance matrices and variance partitioning analysis indicated that ammonia nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, and pH were the main environmental factors that affected fish functional diversity. The N/P ratio had a bottom-up control effect on fish functional diversity. Our findings also revealed that high pH gradients and distant geographical distances can inhibit trait turnover in fish communities.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Robinson:2024:CTS, author = "Wayne Robinson and John Koehn and Mark Lintermans", title = "Contemporary Trends in the Spatial Extent of Common Riverine Fish Species in \geoname{Australia}'s \geoname{Murray--Darling Basin}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "221", day = "12", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060221", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/221", abstract = "As one of the world's most regulated river basins, the semi-arid Murray--Darling Basin (MDB) in south-eastern Australia is considered at high ecological risk, with substantial declines in native fish populations already identified and climate change threats looming. This places great importance on the collection and use of data to document population trends over large spatial extents, inform management decisions, and provide baselines from which change can be measured. We used two medium-term data sets (10 MDB basin-wide fish surveys from 2004--2022) covering the 23 catchments and 68 sub-catchments of the MDB to investigate trends in the distribution of common riverine species at the entire basin scale. Fifteen native species were analysed for changes in their contemporary range, and whilst short-term changes were identified, all species showed no significant continuous trend over the study period. We further analysed the native species extent relative to their historic records, with bony herring and golden perch occurring in 78\% and 68\% of their historic river kilometres, respectively, whereas southern pygmy perch, northern river blackfish, silver perch, mountain galaxias, and freshwater catfish were all estimated to occur in less than 10\% of their historic extent. Six established non-native species were also analysed and were very consistent in extent over the years, suggesting that they are near the available limits of expansion of their invasion. We provide effect sizes for the spatial extent index which can be used as baselines for future studies, especially those aiming to monitor changes in the spatial extent and population status of native species, or changes in the spatial extent of new or existing non-native species.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Liu:2024:HHA, author = "Jialong Liu and Miaomiao Yin and Zhi Ye and Jingjie Hu and Zhenmin Bao", title = "Harnessing Hue: Advances and Applications of Fish Skin Pigmentation Genetics in Aquaculture", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "220", day = "10", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060220", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/220", abstract = "Fish exhibit a broad spectrum of colors and patterns facilitated by specialized cells known as chromatophores. The vibrant coloration of fish, controlled by complex genetic and environmental interactions, serves critical roles in ecological functions such as mating, predation, and camouflage. This diversity not only makes fish an invaluable model for exploring the molecular mechanisms of pigmentation but also significantly impacts their economic value within the aquaculture industry, where color traits can drive marketability and breeding choices. This review delves into the sophisticated biological processes governing fish pigmentation and discusses their applications in enhancing aquaculture practices. By exploring the intersection of genetic regulation, environmental influences, and advanced breeding techniques, this review highlights both the scientific understanding and practical applications of fish coloration, providing a bridge between basic biological research and its application in commercial aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Barbacariu:2024:EUG, author = "Cristian-Alin Barbacariu and Lenu{\c{t}}a D{\^\i}rvariu and Dana Andreea {\c{S}}erban and Cristina Mihaela R{\^\i}mbu and Cristina Elena Horhogea and Gabriela Dumitru and Elena Todira{\c{s}}cu-Ciornea and Constantin Lungoci and Marian Burducea", title = "Evaluating the Use of Grape Pomace in \bioname{Cyprinus carpio} Nutrition: Effects on Growth, Biochemistry, Meat Quality, Microbiota, and Oxidative Status", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "219", day = "7", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060219", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/219", abstract = "This study investigated the effects of incorporating grape pomace (GP) into fish diets on the growth performance, physiological parameters, and biochemical composition of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A total of 180 carp, with an average initial weight of 65 g, were reared in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). They were divided into a control group (C), fed with a diet containing 0\% GP, and two experimental groups (V1 and V2), fed with diets containing 5\% and 10\% GP, respectively. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. Results revealed that most growth parameters were not significantly affected by GP inclusion, except for a notable difference in the hepatosomatic index (HSI), indicating an impact on liver size relative to body weight. The biochemical analysis of carp meat showed significant differences in moisture, protein, fat, collagen, and salt content between the control and experimental groups. Furthermore, the oxidative status assessment indicated that GP supplementation modulates oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation pathways in carp, enhancing their antioxidant defenses and overall health. Microbiological examination of the carp intestinal content showed that GP inclusion in fish diets influenced microbial parameters, particularly affecting the abundance of aerobic germs and Enterobacteriaceae.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Chen:2024:BCP, author = "Zhaowen Chen and Yueping Zheng and Kaile Ji and Yueyong Shang and Youji Wang and Menghong Hu", title = "Blood-Chemistry Parameters Comparison among Different Age Stages of \geoname{Chinese} Sturgeon \bioname{Acipenser sinensis}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "218", day = "7", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060218", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/218", abstract = "The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), a critically endangered migratory fish native to the Yangtze River estuary, is experiencing alarming population declines. Understanding the physiological and biochemical profiles of this species is paramount for its conservation. However, due to limited sample availability, blood biochemical parameters have remained understudied. In this study, we examined blood chemistry in artificially cultured Chinese sturgeon ranging from 2 to 15 years of age. Our results revealed age-related trends: total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), total cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), estrogen (E 2), testosterone (T), testosterone undecanoate (11-KT), and red blood cell count (RBC) increased with age, while glucose (GLU), uric acid (UA), and serum creatinine (CREA) decreased. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) declined from 3 to 7 years but rose from 8 to 15 years. Blood parameters showed stabilization with age, indicating enhanced resilience and immunity. Significant alterations in parameters at ages 2--3 and 14--15 suggest critical developmental stages. These findings are crucial for understanding sturgeon growth, development, migration, and reproduction, underscoring the necessity for targeted conservation efforts during pivotal life stages.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Cui:2024:FSR, author = "Xiaojie Cui and Pengxiang Xu and Tao Tian and Mingyuan Song and Xuyang Qin and Dehua Gong and Yan Wang and Xuguang Zhang and Binbin Xing and Mingzhi Li and Leiming Yin", title = "Frequency-Specific Responses: The Impact of an Acoustic Stimulus on Behavioral and Physiological Indices in Large Yellow Croaker", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "217", day = "7", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060217", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/217", abstract = "This study assessed the impact of an acoustic stimulus on the behavioral responses and physiological states of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The test fish, with an average body weight of approximately 352.81 {\pm} 70.99 g, were exposed to one hour of acoustic stimulation at seven different frequencies: 100 Hz, 125 Hz, 160 Hz, 200 Hz, 500 Hz, 630 Hz, and 800 Hz. The aim was to delineate the specific effects of acoustic stimulation on the behavior and physiological indices. The results show that acoustic stimulation significantly altered the behavioral patterns of the large yellow croaker, predominantly manifested as avoidance behavior towards the sound source. At a stimulus frequency of 630 Hz, the test fish exhibited continuous irregular motion and erratic swimming. Physiologically, one hour of exposure to acoustic stimulation notably affected the endocrine system. The levels of Epinephrine and thyroxine were significantly elevated at 200 Hz, while the cortisol levels did not show significant differences. Additionally, the lactic acid content significantly increased at 800 Hz, and the blood glucose content peaked at 630 Hz. This study discovered that sound frequencies of 200 Hz, 630 Hz, and 800 Hz led to a significant increase in the levels of Epinephrine, glucose, thyroid hormones, and lactate in large yellow croaker, consequently affecting their behavior. The changes in these physiological indicators reflect the stress response of the large yellow croaker in specific sonic environments, providing crucial insights into the physiological and behavioral responses of fish to acoustic stimuli.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Meerbeek:2024:PBS, author = "Jonathan R. Meerbeek", title = "Poststocking Behavior and Survival of Large Yearling Muskellunge (\bioname{Esox masquinongy}) in Two \geoname{Northern Iowa} Natural Lakes", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "216", day = "6", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060216", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/216", abstract = "Muskellunge are commonly stocked to maintain populations throughout much of North America. Poststocking survival is variable, and many jurisdictions are experimenting with stocking Muskellunge at advanced life stages (e.g., yearlings) or sizes to promote more consistent recruitment within populations. Yet, little is known about short-term poststocking behavior or survival of Muskellunge in natural lakes or if stocking larger fish results in improved poststocking survival. Radiotelemetry was used to evaluate the behavior and survival of large (mean of 418 mm; standard error of 3.4) spring-stocked yearling Muskellunge in two northern Iowa natural lakes of varying biotic and abiotic complexity. Hatchery-reared Muskellunge were fitted with radio transmitters (n = 10--15 fish/lake), stocked in each lake with conspecifics, and tracked either daily or weekly up to 112 days poststocking. Telemetry data were used to evaluate dispersal and movement, depth and vegetation use, proximity to shore, and survival. In both lakes, fish dispersed rapidly from each stocking site. Movement among lakes was similar and peaked during the first week poststocking and declined thereafter. Muskellunge were frequently located in offshore habitats in both lakes, but both depth and vegetation use varied among lakes and weeks poststocking, with Muskellunge found in deeper, more vegetated habitats in the larger, more complex natural lake. Muskellunge in both systems had high poststocking survival (86.7--90.0\%). The results of this study provide managers with more information regarding yearling Muskellunge poststocking behavior and survival and indicate that larger fish may be a suitable alternative for fisheries where high poststocking mortality may be acting as a bottleneck for maintaining quality Muskellunge fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Senathipathi:2024:DBR, author = "Deep Nithun Senathipathi and Soottawat Benjakul and Phutthipong Sukkapat and Matsapume Detcharoen and Gururaj Moorthy and Jirakrit Saetang", title = "{DNA} Barcoding Revealed Mislabeling of Imported Seafood Products in \geoname{Thailand}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "215", day = "5", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060215", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/215", abstract = "Seafood mislabeling threatens customer rights and causes economic loss worldwide. The information on seafood misrepresentation in Thailand is still lacking, and the investigation and monitoring program must be well established. This study investigated the mislabeling status of imported seafood in Thailand using the DNA barcoding technique. A total of 45 imported seafood products from five distributors were included. Scientific, common, local, and market names of seafood samples were obtained from FAO and Fishbase databases. DNA was extracted, and PCR was performed using a universal primer targeting the COI gene. Species of each sample were identified with over 98\% similarity based on COI sequence analysis. DNA sequence revealed 11 mislabeled samples. Among substituted species, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and Thunnus maccoyii were found to be endangered species according to IUCN status. Products obtained from Brand-C showed the highest mislabeling rate (42.85\%). The phylogenetic analysis adopted with the TIM2+F+I+G4 model showed the sequenced DNA similar to the NCBI database reference sequence. Overall, mislabeled products of imported seafood were found at the rate of 24.44\%, suggesting that strict surveillance for seafood substitution should be implemented in Thailand.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Yin:2024:DDI, author = "Zifeng Yin and Lingzhan Xue and Peng Song and Muhammad Jawad and Cong Xu and Weishao Bu and Mingyou Li", title = "\gene{Dazl} and \gene{dnd} Identify Both Embryonic and Gonadal Germ Cells in \geoname{Chinese} Hook Snout Carp (\bioname{Opsariichthys bidens})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "214", day = "5", month = jun, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060214", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:26 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/6/214", abstract = "In recent years, the Chinese hook snout carp ( Opsariichthys bidens) is becoming increasingly popular due to its high nutritional value and delicious taste. However, anthropogenic influences have caused a rapid reduction in its population. Considering long-term development sustainability, it is essential to conduct research on its reproductive development. In this study, the germ-cell related genes dazl (Obdazl) and dnd (Obdnd) were cloned, and their expression patterns were revealed. RT-PCR analysis indicated that Obdazl and Obdnd were specifically expressed in gonads. In the testis, Obdazl and Obdnd RNAs have a similar expression pattern: their transcripts were abundant in spermatogonia, gradually decreased, and eventually disappeared during spermatogenesis. Early oocytes in the ovary exhibited strong expression of Obdazl and Obdnd RNAs and reduced remarkably after peak expression at III oocytes. Surprisingly, Obdazl RNA was dynamically found in perinuclear spots that finally aggregated into the Balbiani body (Bb) in the early oocytes. Moreover, Obdazl 3{\prime} UTR enabled the reporter gene to be expressed stably in medaka PGCs, suggesting that dazl was identified as the germ cell marker in O. bidens, which may provide perspectives for further studies on the development of PGCs in the future.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Xiong:2024:PTU, author = "Minsi Xiong and Zuli Wu", title = "Practice of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries in Coastal Fishery Management in \geoname{China}: a Case Study of the {Island Reefs Fishery Lease Policy} from \geoname{Shengsi County in Zhejiang Province}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "292", day = "22", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070292", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/292", abstract = "Coastal fisheries are vital for food supply, employment, and social stability. However, overfishing is a common problem, often attributed to open access. Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) have gained popularity as a tool to improve the sustainability of coastal fisheries, but research on TURFs in China is limited. This paper examines the island reef fishery lease policy implemented in Shengsi County, Zhejiang Province, within the Ma'an Islands National Marine Special Reserve. The policy leases the use of island reefs to a collective, aiming to address overfishing and resource degradation by establishing fishing area boundaries and limiting the number of users and usage time. Technically, it is an application of TURFs, and it represents a shift from traditional fishing licenses to collective compliance. This experience has disrupted the existing top--down fishery governance structure and signifies a transition to a rights-based fishery management system in China. Through a comprehensive investigation and analysis of the policy's implementation, this research identifies the factors contributing to its flaws. These include the inadequate provision of national and local government policies, insufficient support for policy implementation from fishery management authorities, and the limited involvement of fishermen's organizations. To enhance coastal fishery management, we propose that the Chinese government should build upon existing foundations by clarifying fishing rights through central and local laws and policies. Additionally, there is a need to strengthen data monitoring of coastal fisheries, conduct multidisciplinary research to improve the allocation mechanism of fishing rights, adopt diverse fishery management approaches to enhance supervision capabilities, establish a collaborative governance mechanism, and foster coordination and cooperation between grassroots fishermen's organizations and government departments.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhu:2024:COL, author = "Jian Zhu and Nanjun Hu and Yao Xiao and Xiaohong Lai and Lingjiao Wang and Yufeng Song", title = "Characterization of Ovarian Lipid Composition in the Largemouth Bronze Gudgeon (\bioname{Coreius guichenoti}) at Different Development Stages", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "291", day = "22", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070291", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/291", abstract = "The largemouth bronze gudgeon has experienced a sharp drop in its natural population and has been listed as a protected species in China. The frequent occurrence of ovarian development obstruction from stage III to IV has restricted artificial propagation. Due to lipids being a crucial factor for ovarian development, this study aimed to characterize the ovarian lipid profile at different development stages in largemouth bronze gudgeons. Using UPLC-MS/MS, 1353 lipids belonging to 46 subclasses were identified in ovaries from largemouth bronze gudgeons. The results showed that glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids were the dominant lipids during ovarian development. Lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidylserine (PS), as the crucial phospholipids for ovarian development, were significantly reduced from stage III to IV. This may be the main cause of ovarian development obstruction for largemouth bronze gudgeons. Meanwhile, the enrichment analysis revealed that lipid metabolites are present at different ovarian development stages. Glycerophospholipid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid metabolism were significantly enriched at stage IV. This study shows the complete picture of the ovarian lipid composition profile, and also discovers that phospholipids may be the limiting factor for ovarian development; these findings offer a theoretical basis for the artificial propagation and release of the largemouth bronze gudgeon.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Blanes-Garcia:2024:XEE, author = "Marta Blanes-Garc{\'\i}a and Zoran Marinovi{\'c} and Marina Morini and Alain Vergnet and {\'A}kos Horv{\'a}th and Juan F. Asturiano", title = "Xenotransplantation of \geoname{European} Eel (\bioname{Anguilla anguilla}) Spermatogonia in Zebrafish (\bioname{Danio rerio}) and \geoname{European} Sea Bass (\bioname{Dicentrarchus labrax})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "290", day = "21", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070290", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/290", abstract = "The European eel encounters challenges in achieving sexual maturation in captivity, which has been a concern for researchers. This study explores surrogate broodstock technology as an alternative approach for eel production. The present study aimed to evaluate zebrafish and European sea bass as potential recipients for European eel spermatogonia transplantation, given the abundance of eel type A spermatogonia (SPGA). Immature European eel testes were dissected and maintained at 4 {$^\circ $}C or cryopreserved. SPGA were obtained by dissociation of fresh or post-thawed tissue, employing an enzymatic solution, and then labelled with fluorescent membrane marker PKH26. SPGA from fresh tissue were transplanted into wild-type zebrafish larvae and triploid European sea bass larvae, while SPGA from cryopreserved testis were transplanted into vasa::egfp transgenic zebrafish larvae. One-and-a-half months post-transplantation (mpt), fluorescent donor cells were not detected in the gonads of zebrafish or European sea bass. Molecular qPCR analyses at 1.5 or 6 mpt did not reveal European eel-specific gene expression in the gonads of any transplanted fish. The findings suggest that the gonadal microenvironments of zebrafish and European sea bass are unsuitable for the development of European eel spermatogonia, highlighting distinctive spermatogonial stem cell migration mechanisms within teleost species", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Oliveira:2024:TBH, author = "Joana Oliveira and Aires Oliva-Teles and Ana Couto", title = "Tracking Biomarkers for the Health and Welfare of Aquaculture Fish", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "289", day = "19", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070289", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/289", abstract = "Aquaculture production has been growing consistently over the last few decades to meet the increasing animal protein demand of the human population. However, increased production and rearing intensities raise the challenges of guaranteeing fish health and welfare, which is essential to avoid losses and ensure product quality. Biomarkers can provide insights into the fish's nutritional, physiological, and health status, and aid in the evaluation of early nutritional and physiological imbalances, distress conditions, and pathological diagnosis. The discovery and validation of biomarkers rely mostly on the use of information provided by different parameters, including biochemical, metabolic, or immunologic, as well as several omics, from genomics and transcriptomics to proteomics and metabolomics. In this review, a summary of the main biomarkers used in aquaculture is provided along with an overview of the main omics technologies available for further biomarker research. This review also highlights the need to develop non-lethal biomarkers that can easily and quickly be measured to provide a prompt response to producers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Boissonnot:2024:UCL, author = "Lauris Boissonnot and Camilla Karlsen and Thor Magne Jonassen and Silje Stensby-Skj{\ae}rvik and Torolf Storsul and Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson Imsland", title = "Understanding the Causes of Lumpfish (\bioname{Cyclopterus lumpus}) Mortality in \geoname{Norwegian} Hatcheries: Challenges and Opportunities", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "288", day = "19", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070288", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/288", abstract = "Lumpfish are broadly used as biological sea lice removers in Norwegian salmon farming and are mostly produced in hatcheries. To date, there is little systematic documentation on the mortality causes of lumpfish in hatcheries. In the current study, data from 12 selected fish groups from four hatcheries in Norway were collected to understand the challenges and opportunities related to the categorization of mortality causes of lumpfish in hatcheries. This study indicated that a high proportion of lumpfish mortality was categorized by the hatcheries as unspecified. When specified, mortality was primarily assessed as due to fin damage. Our analyses showed that mortality categorized as fin damage correlated with the detection of infectious agents in dead fish, suggesting that mortality was due to infections rather than fin damage. It was not possible to conclude whether infection with pathogens present in the environment caused fin damage or if injuries from aggression were a gateway for pathogens. Furthermore, due to the lack of information regarding production conditions, it was not possible to assess risk factors causing eventual aggression or the presence of pathogens. This study revealed that mortality causality --- the chain of events leading to death --- is mainly unclear in lumpfish hatcheries because (1) mortality categorization does not focus on underlying causes and (2) there is little documentation of production conditions, making it very difficult to relate mortality rates to external factors. The present findings highlight that there are gaps in the registrations made by hatcheries and that there is an urgent need to implement standardized monitoring protocols for lumpfish hatcheries. This will help identify the causes of mortality and, therefore, allow for the implementation of proper measures that will ensure better survival.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Degani:2024:SDB, author = "Gad Degani and Ari Meerson", title = "Sex Differences in the Brain Transcriptomes of Adult Blue Gourami Fish (\bioname{Trichogaster trichopterus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "287", day = "18", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070287", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/287", abstract = "Blue gourami (gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus) is a model for labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei) adapted to partial air breathing. Its reproductive endocrinology has been extensively studied, and transcriptomic sex differences in the gonads were described. Nevertheless, sex differences in gene expression in non-gonadal tissues ostensibly affected by the sex-specific hormonal balance, e.g., the brain, are unknown. To assess such differences, we used bulk RNA-seq to assemble and compare polyA+ transcriptomes between whole brains of four adult male and five adult female gourami, in addition to other tissues (three dorsal fin and five ovary samples) from the same female group. While all nine brain transcriptomes clustered together relative to the other tissues, they showed separation according to sex. A total of 3568 genes were differentially expressed between male and female brains; of these, 1962 and 1606 showed lower and higher expression in males, respectively. Male brains showed stronger down-regulation of specific genes, which included hormone receptors, e.g., pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (pacap-r1). Among the genes with lower expression in male brains, multiple pathways essential to brain function were over-represented, including GABA, acetylcholine and glutamate receptor signaling, calcium and potassium transmembrane transport, and neurogenesis. In contrast, genes with higher expression in male brains showed no significant over-representation of brain-specific functions. To measure the mRNA levels of specific hormone receptors known from prior studies to regulate reproductive function and behavior in gourami and to validate RNA-seq results for these specific genes, we performed RT-qPCR for five receptors, pacap-r1, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 receptor (gnrh2r), kisspeptin receptor 1 (gp{\alpha}r1/kiss1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (igf1r), and membrane progesterone receptor 1 (mpr1), in the brain RNA sample groups. Of these, pacap-r1 showed a significant, three-fold down-regulation, while gp{\alpha}r1/kiss1 showed a significant two-fold down-regulation in male vs. female gourami brains. Our results are novel in describing the suppression of brain function-related gene expression in male, as compared to female, gourami brains. Further research is needed to assess the behavioral significance of this effect and its prevalence in other vertebrate groups.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Luz:2024:USA, author = "Ronald Kennedy Luz and Gisele Cristina Favero", title = "Use of Salt, Anesthetics, and Stocking Density in Transport of Live Fish: a Review", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "286", day = "18", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070286", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/286", abstract = "For freshwater or marine fish farming to be successful, live fish must be transported. This can be performed with eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adults. Nonetheless, because of the handling, confinement, and duration of transport, it is considered a difficult procedure. To prevent significant physiological changes that could result in fish mortality, it is crucial to look for ways to reduce stress and enhance the quality of transport water. Consequently, a comprehensive range of research on the use of additives in water, including salt and artificial or natural anesthetics, is presented in this review, which also discusses potential changes in water quality factors during transport, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), pH, ammonia, and temperature. The usage of stocking densities during transport is also covered in this review, with consideration given to the various recommendations for each species, fish size, and length of transport.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Karlsen:2024:TDM, author = "B{\aa}rd Ove Karlsen and Dhurba Adhikari and Tor Erik J{\o}rgensen and Ida Klykken Hanssen and Truls Borg Moum and Jarle Tryti Nordeide and Steinar Daae Johansen", title = "Two Distinct Maternal Lineages of Threespine Stickleback (\bioname{Gasterosteus aculeatus}) in a Small \geoname{Norwegian} Subarctic Lake", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "285", day = "18", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070285", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/285", abstract = "A subarctic Norwegian watercourse is known for its population of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758) with unusual pelvic spine polymorphism; the upper lake contains a mixture of specimens that are normal-spined, asymmetric-spined, and spineless. In contrast, the downstream lakes and the nearby marine site contain only the normal spined morph. We investigated the maternal-line genetic structure in the watercourse using mitogenomics. A total of 242 sticklebacks representing two lakes and a marine site were assessed based on individual and pooled DNA sequencing. While two distinct mitogenome clades were detected in the upper lake (Lake Storvatnet), only one of these clades was present in the downstream lake. The marine site pooled DNA sample, however, contained several mitogenome haplotypes. We present mitogenome sequence features that include gene-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms, molecular phylogeny, and genetic differentiation assessments based on pairwise comparisons of pooled population samples from each site. The Lake Storvatnet mitogenomes belong to two distinct Euro-North American (ENA) clades; one of the ancestral lineages likely corresponds to the original maternal lineage in the watercourse, and the other was introduced more recently. We hypothesize that the second invader carried nuclear genomic features responsible for the observed present-day pelvic spine polymorphism in Lake Storvatnet.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kolanczyk:2024:CSP, author = "Richard C. Kolanczyk and Laura E. Solem and Patricia K. Schmieder and James M. McKim III", title = "A Comparative Study of {Phase I} and {II} Hepatic Microsomal Biotransformation of Phenol in Three Species of {Salmonidae}: Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Phenylglucuronide Formation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "284", day = "17", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070284", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/284", abstract = "The in vitro biotransformation of phenol at 11 {$^\circ $}C was studied using pre-spawn adult rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (RBT), brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) (BKT), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) (LKT) hepatic microsomal preparations. The incubations were optimized for time, cofactor concentration, pH, and microsomal protein concentration. Formation of Phase I ring-hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation metabolites was quantified using HPLC with dual-channel electrochemical and UV detection. The biotransformation of phenol over a range of substrate concentrations (1 to 180 mM) was quantified, and the Michaelis--Menten kinetics constants, Km and Vmax, for the formation of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CAT), and phenylglucuronide (PG) were calculated. Species differences were noted in the Km values for Phase I enzyme production of HQ and CAT, with the following rank order of apparent enzyme affinity for substrate: RBT {$>$} BKT = LKT. However, no apparent differences in the Km for Phase II metabolism of phenol to PG were detected. Conversely, while there were no apparent differences in Vmax between species for HQ or CAT formation, the apparent maximum capacity for PG formation was significantly less in LKT than that observed for RBT and BKT. These experiments provide a means to quantify metabolic activation and deactivation of xenobiotics in fish, to compare activation and deactivation reactions across species, and to act as a guide for future predictions of new chemical biotransformation pathways and rates in fish. These experiments provided the necessary rate and capacity (Km and Vmax) inputs that are required to parameterize a fish physiologically based toxicokinetic (PB-TK) model for a reactive chemical that is readily biotransformed, such as phenol. In the future, an extensive database of these rate and capacity parameters on important fish species for selected chemical structures will be needed to allow the effective use of predictive models for reactive, biotransformation chemicals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zaccone:2024:PPI, author = "Giacomo Zaccone and Doaa M. Mokhtar and Alessio Alesci and Gioele Capillo and Marco Albano and Manal T. Hussein and Marialuisa Aragona and Antonino German{\`a} and Eugenia R. Lauriano and Ramy K. A. Sayed", title = "From Proliferation to Protection: Immunohistochemical Profiling of Cardiomyocytes and Immune Cells in Molly Fish Hearts", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "283", day = "16", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070283", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/283", abstract = "Unlike adult mammalian cardiomyocytes, cardiomyocytes in teleosts display high proliferative capacity throughout adulthood. This study aimed to identify the immunohistochemical profiles of cardiomyocytes and immune cells in the hearts of Molly fish by assessing the immunolabelling expression of key proteins involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue protection. The cardiac anatomy of Molly fish includes the atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus. The expression of SOX9, NF-{\kappa}B, myostatin, and S100 proteins in myocardial cells indicates the proliferative features of the heart in Molly fish. The bulbus arteriosus is characterized by collagenous chambers and smooth muscle cells that express Ach and iba1. The atrium of Molly fish serves as a storage unit for rodlet cells and immune cells. Rodlet cells displayed immunoreactivity to NF-{\kappa}B, iba1, Olig2, Ach, and S100 proteins, suggesting their roles in the immune response within the heart. Furthermore, telocytes (TCs) have emerged as a significant component of the atrium of Molly fish, expressing Ach, CD68, S100 protein, and iba1. These expressions indicate the involvement of TCs in multiple signaling pathways that contribute to heart architecture. This study delineates the intricate relationship between cardiomyocytes and innate immune cells in Molly fish.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Okeke-Ogbuafor:2024:UOA, author = "Nwamaka Okeke-Ogbuafor and Tim Gray", title = "Unregulated Open-Access versus Regulated Open-Access Fishing: Stakeholders Perceptions in \geoname{Sierra Leone}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "282", day = "15", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070282", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/282", abstract = "Fish stocks are declining in marine capture coastal fisheries in West Africa. Many observers have blamed climate change and the system of open access for the decline. Open-access fishing encourages too many people to take up fishing, and the result is overfishing of the stocks. According to such critics, this is a classic example of Hardin's tragedy of the commons, whereby a continuous increase in the number of users of a natural resource eventually leads to the collapse of the resource. The present study, which analysed stakeholders' perceptions about their open-access fishing in Siera Leone's marine fisheries, conducted 32 key informant interviews. Our research found that while they perceived that open-access fishing impacted fish stocks, most Sierra Leone's marine capture fishers did not see open access as a cause of fish decline; instead, they blamed the lack of enforced regulations on the methods and extent of fishing. Accordingly, these fishers favoured the continuation of open access --- not least because it helps to alleviate hunger and is a readily available source of protein in Sierra Leone's coastal communities --- but accompanied by strict regulations on both the type of fishing gear used and the quantity, size, and species of fish caught. In other words, they preferred regulated open access to unregulated open access. The central government's resolve to regulate its fishery will determine whether it will transition from unregulated open access to regulated open access or other forms of OA. This study recommends detailed research into how to influence political will to enforce regulations.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2024:CSC, author = "Yanping Zhang and Haixin Zhang and Zijun Wu and Mingguang Zhao and Guangpeng Feng", title = "Community Structure Characteristics and Changes in Fish Species at \geoname{Poyang Lake} after the \geoname{Yangtze River} Fishing Ban", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "281", day = "15", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070281", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/281", abstract = "To understand the fish community structure characteristics and changes in Poyang Lake after the Yangtze River fishing ban in 2021, seven sampling stations were established, namely in Hukou, Lushan, Duchang, Yongxiu, Nanjishan, Ruihong, and Poyang, for fishery resource surveys between 2020 and 2021. The results showed that 93 fish species were identified, belonging to 11 orders, 20 families, and 61 genera, which was an increase of 4.5\% from before the fishing ban. Of these, 52 Cyprinidae species were identified, comprising the highest proportion (55.91\%). Four invasive alien species (hybrid sturgeon, Cirrhina mrigala, Piaractus brachypomus, and Mugil cephalus) were identified, and the number of alien species in Poyang Lake was higher than before the fishing ban. Carnivorous and mid-lower-level fish showed a significant increase, accounting for 47.31\% and 38.71\% of the total species, respectively. Compared with the Yangtze River before the fishing ban, the body length and body weight of the main economic fish in Poyang Lake increased by 6.10--61.26\% and by 15.14--291.57\%, respectively. In terms of age structure, the proportion of major economically important fish aged 1 or 2 years decreased significantly, while the proportion of older fish increased substantially. There was little difference in the diversity of fish communities at different stations in Poyang Lake. In terms of biodiversity, the Shannon--Wiener index ranged from 2.158 to 2.909, with Poyang having the highest value and Nanjishan the lowest. Margalef's index ranged from 4.265 to 6.459, with Lushan having the highest value and Nanjishan the lowest. Pielou's index ranged from 0.617 to 0.822, with Duchang having the highest value and Nanjishan the lowest. Hence, the Yangtze river fishing ban has played an important and positive role in the restoration of fishery resources in Poyang Lake. However, long-term tracking and monitoring are needed to provide information to comprehensively evaluate the ecological impact of the Poyang Lake fishing ban.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Bergstrom:2024:SDM, author = "Kristofer Bergstr{\"o}m and Hanna Berggren and Oscar Nordahl and Per Koch-Schmidt and Petter Tibblin and Per Larsson", title = "Seasonal and Daily Movement Patterns by {Wels} Catfish (\bioname{Silurus glanis}) at the Northern Fringe of Its Distribution Range", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "280", day = "14", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070280", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/280", abstract = "Fish behavior often varies across a species' distribution range. Documenting how behaviors vary at fringes in comparison to core habitats is key to understanding the impact of environmental variation and the evolution of local adaptations. Here, we studied the behavior of Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) in Lake M{\"o}ckeln, Sweden, which represent a European northern fringe population. Adult individuals (101--195 cm, N = 55) were caught and externally marked with data storage tags (DSTs). Fifteen DSTs were recovered a year after tagging, of which 11 tags contained long-term high-resolution behavioral data on the use of vertical (depth) and thermal habitats. This showed that the catfish already became active in late winter ({$<$5} {$^\circ $}C) and displayed nocturnal activity primarily during summer and late autumn. The latter included a transition from the bottom to the surface layer at dusk, continuous and high activity close to the surface during the night, and then descent back to deeper water at dawn. During the daytime, the catfish were mainly inactive in the bottom layer. These behaviors contrast with what is documented in conspecifics from the core distribution area, perhaps reflecting adaptive strategies to cope with lower temperatures and shorter summers.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{AmorosoFerrari:2024:CHE, author = "Nat{\'a}lia {Amoroso Ferrari} and Leonardo {Mantovani Favero} and Cesar {Toshio Facimoto} and Alais Maria {Dall Agnol} and Marcos {Letaif Gaeta} and Thalita {Evani Silva de Oliveira} and Daniela Dib Gon{\c{c}}alves and Nelson Maur{\'\i}cio Lopera-Barrero and Ulisses de P{\'a}dua Pereira and Giovana {Wingeter Di Santis}", title = "Clinical and Histopathological Evolution of Acute Intraperitoneal Infection by \bioname{Streptococcus agalactiae} Serotypes {Ib} and {III} in \geoname{Nile} Tilapia", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "279", day = "13", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070279", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/279", abstract = "Streptococcus agalactiae is a highly invasive bacterium that causes significant economic losses in tilapia aquaculture around the world. Furthermore, it is a pathogen for mammals, including humans, emphasizing its importance in One Health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the evolution of clinical and histopathological lesions caused by acute infection with two serotypes of S. agalactiae. For this, two strains isolated from natural outbreaks in Brazilian aquaculture farms (S13, serotype Ib; S73, serotype III) were used to challenge juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) intraperitoneally. Target organ samples were collected ten times, between 1 and 96 h post-infection, for microbiological and histopathological analyses. Anorexia was the first clinical sign and the first death occurred at 24 and 30 h in the fish infected with strains S13 and S73, respectively. Serotype Ib initially caused more pronounced lesions in the nervous system; however, serotype III lesions progressed more aggressively, reaching the same severity as those of serotype Ib. This trend was repeated in the mortality curve after 32 h. These results elucidated the important stages in the pathogenesis of S. agalactiae serotypes Ib and III in tilapia and suggest ``tips and tricks'' to improve the positive culture rate in the clinical diagnosis of infections in some tissues.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Petriki:2024:UGI, author = "Olga Petriki and Dimitra C. Bobori", title = "Unraveling \geoname{Greek} Inland Competitive Fishing: Historical Insights, Angler Profiles, and Motivations through Limited Data Integration in Recreational Fishing Research", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "278", day = "13", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070278", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/278", abstract = "This study delves into the realm of competitive sport fishing in Greece's inland waters, where recent years have witnessed a notable surge in such activities. Despite the absence of official records, insights into the sport's trend and the motivations and socio-demographic characteristics of anglers participating in fishing competitions were gleaned from digital data sourced from online platforms and interviews with anglers. Our findings illuminate the growing popularity of sport fishing in Greece, evident in the increasing number of fishing competitions and the burgeoning angling community. Predominantly male, anglers exhibit a strong dedication to catch-and-release practices, citing relaxation and socialization as primary motivations, with competitive aspirations also shaping their involvement. Moreover, the study highlights legislative gaps in inland water fisheries regulations, underscoring the need for updates to ensure sustainable management and to mitigate illegal activities. Additionally, there exists an opportunity to bolster anglers' ecological awareness through targeted education initiatives. Ultimately, addressing these conclusions holds the potential to foster responsible fishing practices and contribute to the long-term sustainability of inland water fisheries.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Badouvas:2024:FHP, author = "Nicholas Badouvas and Konstantinos Tsagarakis and Stylianos Somarakis and Paraskevi K. Karachle", title = "Feeding Habits and Prey Composition of Six Mesopelagic Fish Species from an Isolated Central \geoname{Mediterranean} Basin", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "277", day = "12", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070277", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/277", abstract = "Mesopelagic fishes hold an important position in marine food webs, serving as a link between lower trophic levels and top predators and transferring energy from their deep mesopelagic habitat to shallower oceanic layers. Despite their ecological importance, research on mesopelagic fishes' diet and feeding habits in the Mediterranean Sea is far from thorough. The present work attempts to assess the preying patterns and diet composition of four myctophid (Benthosema glaciale, Ceratoscopelus maderensis, Myctophum punctatum,~Notoscopelus~elongatus) and two sternoptychid (Argyropelecus hemigymnus,~Maurolicus muelleri) species from the Corinthian Gulf (Ionian Sea, Greece), sampled during pelagic trawl surveys in 2018 and 2019. Stomach vacuity was high for myctophids caught during daytime, a pattern which sternoptychids did not follow. Estimated trophic indices revealed high dietary diversity (Shannon's H ' index) for most investigated species, but a narrow trophic niche breadth (Levins' normalized B n index). Copepods and various marine crustaceans were dominant in all diets, classifying them under the zooplanktivorous trophic guild, while A. hemigymnus exhibited high concentrations of particulate organic matter in their stomachs and N. elongatus exhibited consumption of fish. Diet overlap was significant among most studied mesopelagic species, as indicated by Shoener's S index and confirmed by both the multidimensional scaling ordination and a hierarchical cluster analysis. Information on mesopelagic fishes' diet composition in this poorly studied part of the Mediterranean is useful in further assessing and parameterizing marine food webs and midwater trophic interactions, as well as in quantifying the ensued energy transfer to top predators of commercial interest or conservation concerns.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhang:2024:MCC, author = "Yang Zhang and Jiayuan Shi and Yuntao Lu and Qing Luo and Pengfei Chu and Rong Huang and Kunci Chen and Jian Zhao and Yaping Wang and Mi Ou", title = "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Scavenger Receptor Class {B} Type 1 in Grass Carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idellus}) and Its Expression Profile following Grass Carp Reovirus Challenge", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "276", day = "12", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070276", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/276", abstract = "As a member of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) class, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1) plays a key role in innate immunity. Grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus) ranks among the most extensively cultivated freshwater aquaculture species in China. However, little is known about the function of SRB1 in C. idellus. In this research study, a SRB1 gene was identified in C.~idellus, named CiSRB1. The full-length cDNA of CiSRB1 is 2486 bp long, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2486 bp encoding a 497 amino acid (aa) protein containing a conserved CD36 domain. The identified genomic DNA length of CiSRB1 is 20,042 bp, including 12 exons and 11 introns. The predictive analysis of protein interactions revealed that Ci SRB1 could interact with the outer capsid proteins of typical GCRV strains. The tissue distribution of CiSRB1 exhibited age-dependent characteristics. CiSRB1 displayed the highest expression in the intestines and moderate levels in muscle, spleen, liver, and brain of one-year-old grass carp while maintaining relatively low levels in three-year-old grass carp. Following grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, notable upregulation of CiSRB1 transcripts was observed in major immune tissues (gills, intestines, spleen, and liver). Furthermore, significant differences were found between one-year-old and three-year-old grass carp, with lower CiSRB1 expression levels being detected in the older group. Additionally, a distinct response to GCRV infection was observed in one-year-old and three-year-old grass carp. It was found that one-year-old individuals had a mortality rate of up to 84\% 6 days post-infection (dpi), whereas all three-year-old counterparts survived after GCRV infection. The analysis of GCRV copy numbers across tissues revealed substantially higher levels in one-year-old grass carp compared with their older counterparts, confirming the existence of age-dependent susceptibility to GCRV infection in grass carp. Combined with these results, it was speculated that the decline in cell-surface CiSRB1 expression with age may impede reovirus binding to host cells, potentially explaining why older grass carp demonstrated enhanced resistance to GCRV infection. This observation accentuates the importance of CiSRB1 in the context of GCRV infection and provides insights into age-dependent susceptibility to reovirus.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Han:2024:ERA, author = "Qianyun Han and Jiajie Hu and Weicong Pan and Jin Yu and Xiaoguo Ying and Jinpeng Weng and Weiye Li and Xudong Weng", title = "Effects of Rewilding Aquaculture Time on Nutritional Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Grass Carp (\bioname{Ctenopharyngodon idellus})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "275", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070275", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/275", abstract = "Wild fish are preferred by consumers primarily for their superior sensorial qualities, including taste and texture. However, their limited availability often results in higher prices. Considering this, we explored the possibility of enhancing the quality of earthen pond aquaculture fish by transferring them to a near wild environment. This study investigated how rewilding time affects the physical properties, nutritional composition, and volatile profile of grass carp muscle. The results showed that compared to the 0M group, the crude protein content in grass carp muscle did not change significantly (p {$>$} 0.05) as the rewilding time increased to 6 months. Meanwhile, the significant increase in hardness and springiness (p {$<$} 0.05) indicated that the textural characteristics of muscle, which were key sensory and physical indices of muscle quality, were improved. Although the 6M group showed a 58.93\% reduction in crude fat content compared to the 0M group, it retained the highest docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that as the rewilding time increased, the fishy and grassy odors of the rewilding grass carp diminished. Furthermore, cluster heatmaps and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that cultured grass carp and rewilding grass carp at three time points exhibited differences in various indicators. The variable importance in projection (VIP) showed that volatile flavor compounds (acetone, propionaldehyde-D, 1-penten-3-ol) and hardness were key factors in distinguishing between them. Therefore, extending the rewilding time can potentially enhance the acceptability of cultured grass carp by improving the physical properties, nutritional quality, and volatile profile of the muscle. This approach may provide a new pathway for fish aquaculture.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Damir:2024:WFM, author = "Nicoleta Damir and Valentina Coatu and Diana Danilov and Luminita Laz{\u{a}}r and Andra Oros", title = "From Waters to Fish: a Multi-Faceted Analysis of Contaminants' Pollution Sources, Distribution Patterns, and Ecological and Human Health Consequences", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "274", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070274", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/274", abstract = "This study presents an extensive evaluation of the contamination levels in fish, mollusks, water, and sediments in the Black Sea over eight years, from 2016 to 2023. The primary aim was to determine the concentrations and distribution patterns of heavy metals (HMs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish, water, and sediments of the Black Sea, and their implications for marine ecosystem health and human safety. Data were collected through scientific cruises and the methodology involved systematic sampling across different regions of the Romanian Black Sea, followed by rigorous laboratory analyses to identify and quantify the presence of contaminants. The study also examined the temporal trends of these pollutants, providing insights into their sources, pathways, and persistence in the marine environment. Additionally, the research assessed the bioaccumulation of contaminants in various biota, offering a critical perspective on food safety and potential risks to human consumers. The findings revealed significant spatial insights, highlighting areas of concern that require immediate attention and action. Notably, industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and historical pollution hotspots were identified as major sources of contamination. This research underscores the need for enhanced monitoring and regulatory frameworks to mitigate pollution sources and safeguard the Black Sea ecosystem, advocating for sustainable practices and effective management strategies to preserve marine resources in the Black Sea.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Marteinson:2024:DRV, author = "Sarah Marteinson and Melanie Kingsbury and Dounia Hamoutene", title = "Data Review on the Variation in Sensitivity to Aquaculture Chemotherapeutants in Some Crustacean Life Stages", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "273", day = "11", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070273", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/273", abstract = "Aquaculture chemotherapeutants used to control sea lice in finfish aquaculture can disperse into the marine habitat and have the potential to affect non-target species like crustaceans. Some of the compounds used (especially in Canada) include in-feed drugs such as emamectin benzoate (EMB), and ivermectin (IVER), as well as bath pesticides such as azamethiphos (AZA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP). Despite the paucity of data, crustacean life cycle stages appear to have varying sensitivities to these compounds. This data review sets out to examine the intraspecies variation in sensitivity within life stages for lobster (Homarus ) and prawn (Pandalus) species. Despite limited information, it appears that prawn eggs, adults, and juveniles are less sensitive to AZA and EMB compared with larvae, whereas for lobster the opposite is true: adults and juveniles are more sensitive than larvae to AZA (there was insufficient data to assess EMB). For HP, the sensitivity of prawn eggs appears comparable to larvae, but hatching success data suggest that this important stage of development is less impacted than eggs themselves as indicated by one study. These differences are important considerations for toxicity threshold determination processes and risk assessments, which ideally are environmentally relevant, and highlight the need for more data.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhai:2024:EWF, author = "Cunhua Zhai and Yutao Li and Guanyu Zhu and Wenjie Peng and Qiuxu E and Ying Zhang and Bo Ma", title = "The Effects of Water Flow Speed on Swimming Capacity and Energy Metabolism in Adult \geoname{Amur} Grayling (\bioname{Thymallus grubii})", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "272", day = "10", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070272", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/272", abstract = "The present study aimed to explore whether water flow velocity could affect the swimming ability and overall energy metabolism of wild Amur grayling (Thymallus grubii). Swimming performance was assessed by measuring critical swimming speed (U crit), burst speed (U burst), and oxygen consumption rate (MO 2) based on the stepped velocity test method. Our results showed that the absolute values of U crit and U burst tended to increase with body length. In contrast, the relative values of U crit and U burst tended to decrease and increase, respectively. MO 2 in Amur grayling was elevated with increasing velocity, suggesting relatively high swimming efficiency. We also measured the biochemical indices related to energy metabolism. Lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase activities significantly increased (p {$<$} 0.05). Hepatic glycogen, glucose, and muscle glycogen contents decreased with the increasing trend of velocity (p {$<$} 0.05), the lactic acid contents of the blood and muscles increased significantly with the increase in velocities (p {$<$} 0.05), and changes in creatine phosphate content showed no significant difference (p {$>$} 0.05). The results not only denote the relationship between body size and swimming speed but also show the effects of water flow velocity on energy metabolism in Amur grayling. The results provide basic data for the construction of fish passage.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Kempf:2024:HTR, author = "Sarah Kempf and Heidrun Sigrid Windisch and Kristina Lore Kunz and Hans-Otto P{\"o}rtner and Felix Christopher Mark and Magnus Lucassen", title = "Hepatic Transcriptomic Responsiveness of Polar Cod, \bioname{Boreogadus saida}, to Ocean Acidification and Warming", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "271", day = "10", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070271", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/271", abstract = "Background: This study was part of a larger comprehensive project (BIOACID) addressing the physiological resilience of Polar cod, Boreogadus saida, to ocean acidification and global warming and aimed to unravel underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed physiological responses. Methods: Fish were acclimated long-term to three CO 2 concentrations comprising control conditions (390 ppm) and two projected climate scenarios (780 ppm and 1170 ppm). Each CO 2 treatment was combined with four temperatures: 0, 3, 6, and 8 {$^\circ $}C. Here, we focused on the hepatic transcriptomic profiles from these previously physiologically characterized fish. Results: Generally, we did not detect signs of a classical stress response. Consistent with functional observations, warming induced much stronger molecular responses compared to elevated P CO 2, but an interaction between both factors existed to some extent. Gene ontology analysis revealed a strong response in lipid, amino acid, and protein metabolism. With increasing temperature, we observed a shift away from lipid metabolism, while carbohydrate metabolic pathways remained stable. Conclusions: Although we found Polar cod to be quite resilient to ocean acidification, temperature will remain a critical parameter for this valuable Arctic keystone species, and the question remains as to whether the observed acclimation strategies can be implemented in its natural habitat, especially when food supply is limited.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Ulman:2024:IPC, author = "Aylin Ulman and Cat A. Gordon and Ali R. Hood and Melanie Warren and Daniel Pauly", title = "Identifying Potential Critical Angel Shark Areas in \geoname{T{\"u}rkiye, Eastern Mediterranean} Based on New Records of \bioname{Squatina} spp. Identified through Fisher Engagement", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "270", day = "8", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070270", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/270", abstract = "This study presents new records of three Critically Endangered angel shark species (Family: Squatinidae) occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean --- Smoothback Angelshark S. oculata Bonaye, 1840, Sawback Angelshark S. aculeata Cuvier, 1829, and Angelshark S. squatina (Linnaeus, 1758). The supporting data serves to highlight three potential Critical Angel Shark Areas (CASAs) in T{\"u}rkiye: Fethiye Bay, {\c{C}}anakkale Strait (i.e., Dardanelles), and Antalya Bay. These data also demonstrate that female S. oculata may mature at a smaller size than prior published estimates of length at first maturity. This new dataset provides details of 23 S. squatina specimens, 52 S. oculata specimens, and 5 S. aculeata specimens, totalling 80 recent angel shark specimens found in Turkish waters mostly sent to us from small-scale fishers who had incidentally caught angel sharks. Also presented are four capture-induced parturition events in Turkish waters onboard fishing vessels, thus providing details on internal yolk sacs, reproductive habitats, and indications of spawning season. Our dataset presented here spans from 2018 to 2023 and suggests that mature adults of S. squatina and S. oculata still occur in Turkish waters, in Fethiye Bay and {\c{C}}anakkale, respectively. Due to elevated chances of fishers encountering Critically Endangered angel sharks in T{\"u}rkiye, we suggest that fishers are trained in handling and safe-release methods, to ensure reduced incidents of capture-induced parturition, and improved post-release survival. This study demonstrates that bottom set nets set by small-scale fishers pose less risk to mortality for angel sharks as they are almost always encountered alive after a usual 12 h soak time, suggesting that bottom trawling in critical habitats should be better regulated (or phased out) to help improve national angel shark conservation initiatives.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Pan:2024:EEH, author = "Yucai Pan and Gefeng Xu and Tianqing Huang and Wei Gu and Enhui Liu and Gaochao Wang", title = "Effects of Exogenous Hormones on Spawning Performances, Serum Gonadotropin and Sex Steroid Hormone in \geoname{Manchurian} Trout (\bioname{Brachymystax lenok}) during Sexual Maturation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "269", day = "8", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070269", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/269", abstract = "The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (S-GnRH-A) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the serum levels of gonadotropins (GtHs) and sex steroid hormones in Manchurian trout during sexual maturity. Females in the treatment group were injected with 20 {\SGMLmicro}g/kg S-GnRH-A and 400 IU/kg HCG, whilst males were injected with half the amount. Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, and 20 days post injection (dpi). The results showed an increase in female follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the treatment group at 5 dpi, and from 5 dpi onwards, a difference was observed between the groups, with higher FSH levels in the treatment group compared to the control group. In males, FSH levels showed group differences at only 5 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05) and were higher in the treatment group. In females, luteinizing hormone (LH) peaked at 10 dpi in the treatment group, and there were differences between the two groups at 10 dpi and 20 dpi. In males, LH was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group at 5 dpi and 10 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05). In females, estradiol (E2) was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group at 5 dpi and 10 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05), whereas in males, the difference between the two groups was only observed at 5 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05). The female testosterone (T) level in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 5 dpi and 10 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05), while T levels were significantly higher in the male treatment group than in the control group at 5 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05). The level of 17{\alpha}--hydroxyprogesterone (17{\alpha}-OHP) in the females of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 5 dpi and 10 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05), and 17{\alpha}-OHP levels were significantly higher in the male treatment group than in the control group at 10 and 20 dpi (p {$<$} 0.05). The fish were successfully spawned after S-GnRH-A and HCG injections, and brood amount, fertilization rate, and hatching rate were significantly increased (p {$<$} 0.05). This study provides a framework for a better understanding of the mechanisms of exogenous hormone-mediated control of reproduction in Manchurian trout.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Calderon-Garcia:2024:EZE, author = "Andres Angel Calderon-Garcia and Mercedes S{\'a}nchez-Barba and Veronica Gonzalez-Nunez", title = "Exposure of Zebrafish Embryos to Morphine and Cocaine Induces Changes in the Levels of Dopamine and of Proteins Related to the Reward Pathway", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "268", day = "5", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070268", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/268", abstract = "Morphine, a drug of abuse used to treat moderate-to-severe pain, elicits its actions by binding to the opioid receptors. Cocaine is an example of a recreational drug that inhibits dopamine reuptake. The molecular effects of morphine and cocaine have been described in different specific brain regions. However, the systemic outcome of these drugs on the whole organism has not been fully addressed. The aim of this study is to analyse the global effects of morphine (10 {\mu}M) and cocaine (15 {\mu}M) in the expression of proteins related to the reward pathway. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to these drugs from 5 hpf (hours post-fertilisation) to 6 dpf (days post-fertilisation). Dopamine levels were determined by ELISA, and the expression of Fos proteins, Creb, its activated form p-Creb and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) were examined by Western blot. Both drugs decreased Th levels at 72 hpf and 6 dpf and modified the expression of Fos family members, pCreb and Creb in a time-dependent manner. Morphine and cocaine exposure differentially modified dopamine levels in 72 hpf and 6 dpf zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate that drugs of abuse modify the expression of several proteins and molecules related to the activation of the reward pathway.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Huang:2024:MAT, author = "Xianpeng Huang and Zhenlin Hao and Junxia Mao and Luo Wang and Xubo Wang and Ying Tian", title = "Morphometric Analysis of Two Shell Color Strains of the Bay Scallop \bioname{Argopecten irradians}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "267", day = "5", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070267", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/267", abstract = "In this study, we employed geometric morphometrics (GMs) to analyze the shell shape differences among two mass-selected strains of bay scallops (red shell strain (RS) and black shell strain (BS)) and a control group (CG). The results revealed distinct shell shape differences corresponding to shell coloration, with the black shell strain displaying a more elliptical shell compared to the red shell strain. Additionally, the umbonal angle of the red shell strain was smaller than that of the black shell strain, indicating that the black shell strain had a more favorable jet direction that could enhance swimming capabilities. To evaluate the model's performance in practical applications, leave-one-out cross-validation was carried out on the two shell strains and one control group. The results demonstrated discrimination accuracy rates of 67.44\%, 47.62\%, and 68.18\% for the BS strain, RS strain, and CG, respectively. Similarly, for the right valves, the discrimination accuracy rates were 62.79\%, 50.00\%, and 75.00\% for the BS strain, RS strain, and CG, respectively.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Jiang:2024:IDD, author = "Yiying Jiang and Lei Huang and Yang Liu and Shuang Wang", title = "Impact of Digital Development and Technology Innovation on the Marine Fishery Economy Quality", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "266", day = "5", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070266", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/266", abstract = "The digital economy plays an important role in promoting the high quality and sustainable development of the marine fishery economy. Based on the panel data of the digital economy and marine fishery development from 2011 to 2022, we firstly adopted the entropy method to comprehensively evaluate the economy quality level of the digital economy and marine fishing. Secondly, we constructed a two-way fixed effect model to empirically analyze the impact of digital economy development on the marine fishery economy quality and the mediating role of marine green science and technology innovation, and further explored the regional heterogeneity of the digital economy on the marine fishery economy quality. Several findings emerge. The digital economy and the marine fishery economy quality level was relatively low and showed a fluctuating increase. The development of the digital economy can significantly improve the economy quality of marine fishing, and the conclusion was still valid after considering a series of robustness tests. The digital economy can drive the development quality of the marine fishery economy through marine green technology innovation. This paper proposes fostering the advancement of digital technology in the marine fishery sector, to effectively harness the innovation-driven potential of the digital economy, so as to facilitate the harmonious development of both the marine and digital economies.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Lai:2024:DFR, author = "Xiaojian Lai and Shuai Peng and Zhaoren Bai and Le Cao and Huixuan Huang and Yonghua Jiang and Yilei Wang", title = "Direct Feedback Regulation of {E2}, T, and {hCG} in the Brain--Pituitary--Gonad Axis of \geoname{Japanese} Eel (\bioname{Anguilla japonica}) during Artificial Maturation", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "265", day = "5", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070265", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/265", abstract = "The feedback regulatory effects of estrogen (E2) and androgen (T) on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin (GtH) within the brain--pituitary--gonad (BPG) axis in eels with undeveloped ovaries were investigated through in vivo studies. However, the regulatory role of the BPG axis only became apparent during ovary development in the migratory stage. To further elucidate the direct feedback regulation of the BPG axis, female Anguilla japonica underwent artificial induction of vitellogenesis, and the regulation of BPG axis tissues by GtH (human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG), E2, and T was explored through in vitro exposure. The mRNA expression levels of GnRH (mGnRH), GtH (fshb and lhb ), and steroid biosynthesis enzymes (cyp11a1, hsd3b, cyp17a1, and cyp17a2) in the diencephalon, pituitary, and ovary, respectively, were determined. The results showed that the expression level of mGnRH in the diencephalon was significantly downregulated by 0.1 IU/mL hCG but upregulated by both 1 nM E2 and higher concentrations of T, suggesting a direct positive feedback regulation of E2 on mGnRH. In the pituitary, the expression levels of fshb and lhb were upregulated by E2, while fshb was suppressed by T. In the ovaries, the expression of cyp11a1 and hsd3b was upregulated by 1 nM E2, whereas T exposure resulted in an opposite effect. Cyp17a1 mRNA levels did not differ significantly with E2 treatment but were upregulated by 1 nM T. These findings suggest that low concentrations of E2 exhibited positive feedback regulation on all three levels (diencephalon, pituitary, and ovary) of the BPG axis, while T showed weaker and differential feedback regulation in BPG axis tissues. Overall, this study's results revealed the direct feedback regulation of hCG, E2, and T on the BPG axis in eels, a phylogenetic base of teleosts.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Amin:2024:SDM, author = "Muhamad Amin and Hussein Taha and Laila Musdalifah and Muhamad Ali and Alimuddin Alimuddin and Sahrul Alim and Takaomi Arai", title = "Structure and Diversity of Microbiomes Associated with the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Wild Spiny Lobsters and Profiling Their Potential Probiotic Properties Using {eDNA} Metabarcoding", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "264", day = "4", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070264", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/264", abstract = "Microbial communities have been documented as playing many pivotal roles, and contributing to the growth or health performance of animal hosts. Thus, many studies are currently looking for potential beneficial bacteria ``probiotics'' from diverse environments, including wild species. The present study aimed to investigate the diversity and potential metabolic functions of bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of wild spiny lobsters. The gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of two wild lobster species (Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus homarus) were dissected aseptically and analyzed through high-throughput sequencing, followed by PICRUSt analysis. The results exposed that the most dominant phyla inhabiting both lobster species at the post-puerulus and juvenile stages were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteriodota, Patescibacteria, and Verrucomicrobiota, while at the genus level, the GI tracts were mostly dominated by Photobacterium, Candidatus Bacillopora, Vibrio, and Catenococcus at the post-peurulus stage, and Vibrio, Catenococcus, Acanthopleuribacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Grimontia, and Photobacterium at the juvenile stage. Further metagenomic prediction analysis discovers many potential probiont properties indicated by the detection of marker genes corresponding to many important metabolic activities, such as antimicrobial compounds (streptomycin, vancomycin, carbapenem, tetracycline, novobiocin, penicillin, cephalosporin, ansamycines, butirosin, and neomycin), antioxidants (e.g., flavonoids and carotenoids), and several important digestive enzymes (e.g., lipase, protease, and amylase). These results suggest that GI tracts of wild spiny lobsters are potential sources to discover novel probionts for aquaculture purposes. Further studies, such as the isolation of the natural product-producing bacteria, or cloning of the beneficial compound-identified genes, are highly recommended to develop novel probiotic strains for aquaculture purposes.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", } @Article{Zhong:2024:FSB, author = "Botao Zhong and Huaihua Yu and Shengming Han and Weiwei Song and Zhiming Ren and Chunlin Wang and Changkao Mu", title = "Functional Study on the {BMP} Signaling Pathway in the Molting of \bioname{Scylla paramamosain}", journal = j-FISHES, volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "263", day = "4", month = jul, year = "2024", CODEN = "????", DOI = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9070263", ISSN = "2410-3888", bibdate = "Tue Aug 20 10:28:27 MDT 2024", bibsource = "https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/fishes.bib", URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/9/7/263", abstract = "In this study, we added LDN-193189 2HCL to inhibit the BMP signaling pathway in Scylla paramamosain and then explored the function of this pathway in molting through the changes in the growth performance and molt-related gene expression. The study findings indicated that the expression of ACVR1, BMPRIB, and Smad1 in Scylla paramamosain was suppressed when the LDN-193189 2HCL concentration in the culture water was 2 {\SGMLmicro}m/L. Subsequently, following a 30-day experiment, there was a significant reduction in the molting frequency, growth rate, and body size of the S. paramamosain larvae. An analysis of the BMP pathway gene expression during the molting phase revealed that the BMP2, BMPR2, and Smad1 genes displayed cyclic expression patterns, while ACVR1, BMP7, and BMPRIB maintained consistent expression levels throughout the molting cycle. Additionally, the expression levels of BMP2, BMPR2, and Smad1 in the inhibition group were significantly lower compared to those in the control group. Furthermore, the inhibition of the BMP pathway led to an increase in the expression of MIH during the intermolt period and a decrease in the expression of EcR during the premolt period. These findings demonstrate that the BMP signaling pathway affects the molting of Scylla paramamosain juvenile crabs by influencing the expression of the critical genes MIH and ECR during molting, offering valuable data for functional research on the BMP signaling pathway in crustaceans.", acknowledgement = ack-nhfb, journal-URL = "https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes", }