ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXA.C.L. a  0:7:0: -3,4;"Active Computer Learning" 15,2;" 1984 EXPRESS MARKETING LTD" =7,12 ;"Volume A";9 ,11 ;"Program 3" (.11 ,6;"Loading- Please Wait" - 0 2"" (A.C.L. pp"p236099\,19 6:0  6:0:1  ^7,13 ;"HOW A";8,9 ;"COMPUTER WORKS";9 ,11 ;"continued.." 2:5,5;"":6,5;"":6,26;"":x=710 :x,5;"":x,26;"":x:11 ,5;"" 4:4,4;"":z=5 12 :z,4;"":z,27;"":z:12 ,4;"" 1:3,3;"":v=412 :v,3;"":v,28;"":v:13 ,3;"":0  9500% 7:6 :7:6:1:1:4,10 ;" ":5,10 ;" SCREENS ":6,10 ;" ":0 #9 ,0;" The most common method by which the computer communicates with you is via a screen." ( 2::" i.e. ";:1:"A ";:2;"TELEVISION";:1:" or ";:2;"MONITOR";:1;" screen." -a:" Most computers now have 2 ";:2;"DISPLAY MODES.":1;" These are:" 2 9500% 7}:2:1:4,9 ;" ":5,9 ;" TEXT MODE ":6,9 ;" ":0 r6::3,0;" DOT MATRIX printers are much cheaper than the DAISYWHEEL variety." Cu :" What can prove a problem is the fact that they produce characters with a broken appearance." H:" This is fine for the hobbyist and for rough drafts,but not suitable for many business purposes":2;" e.g.";:0;"work going out to customers,mailshots etc." M 9500% R:3,0;" Other varieties of DOT MATRIX printer are ";:2;"THERMAL";:0;" and ";:2;" ELECTROSTATIC";:0;" printers." W'" They have heat-producing and spark-producing electrodes, respectively.These replace the needles and ribbons.They require specially treated (and expensive) paper to work on." \'" They are usually faster and quieter than the standard DOT MATRIX printers and can be produced at very low cost." a 9500% f:1:2:4,9 ;" ":5,9 ;" DAISYWHEEL ":6,9 ;" ":0 k0:11 ,0;" In order to produce typewriter-quality output you need a DAISYWHEEL printer." m 9500% p+:7,0;" This uses a spoked wheel with characters moulded into the tip of each spoke. It spins very quickly until the desired character is uppermost.Then a small hammer taps the character against an inked ribbon to produce the print." u 9500% /:1,10 ;"DAISYWHEEL." -x=110 :115s,80P,x:x  f=0 1115s,80P:557*(f),557*(f) f=f+0.15~ f>2*920  910 >3,14;"A":4,14;"a" A12 ,21;"gG":12 ,6;"Mm" 820,14;"L":19,14;"l"  9500% :7,0;" DAISYWHEELS are more expensive,noisier and heavier than DOT MATRIX printers.Even the fastest DAISYWHEELS are slower than a medium speed DOT MATRIX." Q:" But they remain the only way of obtaining a top-quality printout."  9500% op=600X:9900& [:2,2;" EXERCISE 8 ":2:24,150:81Q,0:0 7030v:f=0 x=14  f=f+2 f$,n$ 61:1:16,4;x;". ";:0 9 ,2;x;". ";f$ d$ d$="help"600X d$=n$1010 919,7;"WRONG.TRY AGAIN":.5,-20  60< (19,7;" "  990 819,7;"YOU ARE CORRECT":.5,30  60< *19,7;" " x :10 ,0;"  EXERCISE 8 COMPLETED (CODE FD6) ":9500% :3:1:3,10 ;" ":4,10 ;" HARDWARE ":5,10 ;" and " :6,10 ;" SOFTWARE ":7,10 ;" ":0   :0::" We have discussed both HARDWARE,and briefly SOFTWARE,during this section.Let's now make sure that the distinction between the two is clear."  9500% }:3:1:4,10 ;" ":5,10 ;" HARDWARE ":6,10 ;" ":0 p0:9 ,0;" This term refers to the physical components of the computer system." :" i.e.The computer,cassette recorders,disk drives, televisions,monitors, printers and other peripherals." $ 9500% .}:3:1:4,10 ;" ":5,10 ;" SOFTWARE ":6,10 ;" ":0 3u0:9 ,0;" This term refers to the programs which make the computer work for us." 8S:" You cannot see software or touch it.Yet it is vital to the system." =:" The SOFTWARE tells the computer what to do and without it the HARDWARE cannot function." ? 9500% Bop=1030:9900& G[:2,2;" EXERCISE 9 ":2:24,150:89Y,0:1 L7035{:f=0 Qx=12 V f=f+2 [f$,n$ `61:1:16,4;x;". ";:0 e9 ,2;x;". ";f$ jd$ md$="help"1030 od$=n$1150~ t919,7;"WRONG.TRY AGAIN":.5,-20 u 60< v&19,7;" " y 1130j ~819,7;"YOU ARE CORRECT":.5,30  60< %19,7;" " x :10 ,0;"  EXERCISE 9 COMPLETED (CODE MF3) ":9500%  2250 /0:0:7:0::1 -3,3;"ACTIVE COMPUTER LEARNING" 5,0;:a$=" YOU HAVE NOW COMPLETED PROGRAM 3 " jA$=A$+"1. TURN OVER THE TAPE AND MAKE SURE THAT IT IS FULLY REWOUND " a$=a$+"2. FOLLOW THE LOADING PROCEDURE IN THE MANUAL TO LOAD PROGRAM 4 " 9000(#:2200  1:6:0: 11 ,12 ;"BINARY" y7,8;" ";8,8;"   ";9 ,8;"     " |15,8;" ";14,8;"   ";13 ,8;"     " 211 ,8;"    BINARY    " 210 ,8;"       " 212 ,8;"       " 2980 :0 :'"We have already established thata computer has no 'brain'."'''"It posseses only one skill the ability to manipulate millions of numbers." $'''"Being an electronic device, it needs a method of representing these numbers electrically in its internal circuits.":2980 .I:''"The easiest way to do this is touse the Binary system.":100d 8i'''"This system uses only two numbers- ";:502:" O";:20:" and 1.":502 Bx'''"Then 'O' can indicate the absence of current and '1' can represent its presence.":2980 : L"Every letter of the alphabet, every number and every special symbol on the computer keyboard is assigned its own code; i.e. by means of a combination of O's and 1's." V250:'"For example:"' ``a$="OOOOOO11":3020 :9 ;"-is the computer's";10 ;"code for the number 3" j502:"while":a$="OO1OOOO1":3020 :20:9 ;"-is the computer's";10 ;"code for the number 33":502 t"and":a$="O1OOOOO1":3020 :20:9 ;"-is the code which";10 ;"tells the computer";10 ;"to print the letter A" ~2980 ::'''"Bits and Bytes are the terms that describe the way that computers use and store numbers in this way.":100d '''"A Bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest piece of information a computer can handle, i.e. a O or a 1.":2980 : z''"If you examine the codes you will see that these Bits are always put together in groups of 8." c'':a$="e.g. OOOOOO11":3020 :20:" - the computer's code for 3" B'''"A group of 8 Bits is called a Byte.":2980 : ''"Therefore 8 Bits = 1 Byte"''"Another term for a byte is a CHARACTER CODE"''"Lets look at them in relation toeach other" '" BYTE"''" OOOOOO11 =3"''" 1 BIT";10 ;"Therefore this BYTE is";10 ;"the CHARACTER CODE for";10 ;"the number 3." 2 Γ6,75K:0,5:30,0:3,5:3,-5:30,0:0,-4:13 ,5;"^" 0:2980 : 6'"The next stage up from bytes is to KILOBYTES." ''"The size of a computers memory is measured in KILOBYTES (or K)."'''"1 KILOBYTE i.e. 1K = approximately 1,OOO BYTES." c''"So in 1K of memory we can store up to 1,OOO characters i.e. letters, numbers etc." F''"Or in 32K of memory we can storeup to 32,OOO characters." 2980  2790 (Z:2,2;"EXERCISE 10":2:16,150:87W,0:1 22600( :f=0 <+tp=0:x=111 :p=6 F f=f+2 Pf$,a$,b$,c$,n$ Z61:1:18,4;x;". ";:0 d6,2;x;". ";f$ n:a$ x:b$ :c$ d$ d$=n$2740 ].5,-20:19,7;"WRONG.TRY AGAIN":p=p-2:p=-2p=0 2700 A.5,30:19,7;"YOU ARE CORRECT":tp=tp+p 502 Z:2,2;"EXERCISE 10":2:16,150:87W,0:1 x _:10 ,0;" EXERCISE 10 COMPLETED (CODE "; a$="MF5JG9KR7GH5CH9ZX2" 1;a$((tp/12 )*3+1̺(tp/12 )*3+3);") ":15,7;"POINTS SCORED=";tp 9500%:2200 :4,2;"If you wish to repeat this section before answering the questions which follow,press the key indicated for REPEAT, otherwise press SPACE to continue." 13 ,4;"PRESS  x  TO REPEAT";15,14;"OR";17,4;"PRESS SPACE TO CONTINUE" =" " ="x"2250  2810 "Which system does a computer use to represent numbers in its internal circuits?"," a: The Decimal System"," b: The Binehaven System"," c: The Binary System","c" "_"How many numbers does the Binary Sytem use?"," a: Ten"," b: Two"," c: Three","b" ,l"The two numbers used in the Binary System are:"," a: 0 and 1"," b: 10 and 1"," c: 0 and 10","a" 6"What are the terms used to describe the way computers use and store numbers in the Binary System?"," a: Bugs and Bits"," b: Bits and Bytes"," c: Kilos and Bytes","b" @"A Bit is:"," a: The smallest piece of information a computer can handle,i.e. 1 or 0"," b: 1,000 Bytes"," c: Half a Byte","a" JJ"Bits are always in groups of:"," a: 5"," b: 10"," c: 8","c" T]"A group of 8 Bits is called a:"," a: Binary Digit"," b: Kilobyte"," c: Byte","c" ^q"A Byte can also be thought of as a:"," a: Evaluation Code"," b: User Code"," c: Character Code","c" hj"The next step up from Bytes is to:"," a: Milobytes"," b: Kilobytes"," c: Megabytes","b" r"A Kilobyte or K is used as a measure of:"," a: A Computer's Memory"," b: A Computer's Weight"," c: A Computer's Size","a" |"1K is equal to approximately:"," a: 10000 Bytes(or characters)"," b: 100 Bytes(or characters)"," c: 1000 Bytes(or characters)","c" 2010 $0,7,15,24,480,480,0,1,0,192,224,480,480,96`,192,128,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,128,128,128,128,128,0,128,128  ,#1;" PRESS SPACE TO CONTINUE" " "2990 =" "3000  /n=1̱a$:a$(n);:.01z# =,1:n: ֫a$(13),a$(46):a$(79 ),0:0,a$(10 12 ):-a$(79 ),0:0,-a$(10 12 ):  ,#1;" PRESS SPACE TO CONTINUE" " "3060 =" "3070  g"The first method of external storage discussed was via --------.","cassette","A faster and more reliable method of external storage is via ----.","disk" h"If a tape head is worn or dirty this is likely to produce ------- ------.","loading errors","If the ------ is too high or too low,loading errors will occur. ","volume" i"----- overcome the problems associated with tape-based storage systems. ","disks","The contents of the disk are recorded in the ---------. ","directory" j "The computer is able to ----------- a disk to find unused sections automatically.","interrogate","----- load and save programs much faster than tape. ","disks" kr"In all areas programs are saved and loaded much more reliably using a ---- system.","disk" l"Most computers have 2 ------- modes.","display","---- mode displays letters,numbers and other characters","text","-------- mode displays pictures or diagrams on the screen.","graphics" m"Graphics ---------- is a measure of the accuracy with which pictures can be drawn or copied.","resolution" n"This measurement is usually in the form of the number of horizontal and -------- dots making up the image.","vertical" o"These dots are called ------ and are turned on and off to form pictures. ","pixels" q"A person building up a basic system will be able to plug their computer into most household -----------.","televisions" r"Monitors are more expensive than televisions,but they do produce a ---- ------- display in both TEXT and GRAPHICS modes.","high quality" s"An important point to remember is that most monitors do not have a -------. ","speaker" v"To produce a permanent record of computer output a ------- is required.","printer","DOT MATRIX printers produce characters with a ------ appearance. ","broken" w"In order to produce a typewriter-quality output you need a ---------- printer.","daisywheel","Even the fastest DAISYWHEELS are ------ than a medium speed DOT MATRIX. ","slower" {"The term -------- refers to the physical components of the computer system.","hardware","The term -------- refers to the programs which make the computer work for us.","software" @ #( +letters+ #2z=1̱(a$) #< a$(zz); #Fz #P %++SUB+SPACE++ %&50:#1;" PRESS SPACE TO CONTINUE" %+a$= %:a$" "9515+% %<a$= %?a$""9532<% %D &++repeat+sub++ &:0:4,2;"If you wish to repeat this section before answering the questions which follow, press the key indicated for REPEAT, otherwise press SPACE to continue." &b0:13 ,4;"PRESS ";:3:1:" x ";:0:0:" TO REPEAT" &15,14;"OR" &e0:17,4;"PRESS ";:3:1::"SPACE";:0:0:" TO CONTINUE" &a$= &a$=" "9920& & a$="x"op & 9905& &   A