ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXadirectionsx uz8x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::1200 g64999:x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::5,3;"Please leave tape running" "UDGC"65000,536 G:f$=" STOP THE TAPE ":v=12 :m=8:f=980:910 !2,0;"":1000  500 ( 5 B21,0;" ";x;" Press any key to continue ";y;" " ""510 =""520   i$ *k$="":f=i$ 4f=0800  > n=1f Hi$(n)=32 860\ R k$=k$+i$(n) \n f  f=990  v,m;""; 23729\,v n=1̱f$ f 23728\,m:65000 m=m+1:n  1;f$(n);: %1;5;1;f$(n);: 2;f$(n);: 3;6;f$(n);: +2;" BIOLOGY EXAMINATION PRACTICE"  11 ;2;"AND TESTS"  (v=4:m=11 :f$=" BIOLOGY "  f=985  910 R8,6;2;"EXAMINATION PRACTICE";6;"" ?11 ,11 ;2;"AND TESTS";11 ;"" @18,8;"SPHERE SOFTWARE";8;"" 82,3;3;"" n=313 2n,3;3;"";n,28;3;""  <n:14,3;3;""  500  (#f$="  CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE " 2v=3:m=2 < 900 F?:::"Text by E.J. Perkins,B.Sc.(Hons)M.Ed.(Wales),F.B.I.M." P7:"Programme by M.G. Fincher, B.Sc (Hons) Elec. Eng." Zp15,2;"A Software product from the"::9 ;"Publishers of"::6;"CELTIC REVISION AIDS" d 500: xBf$="INSTRUCTIONS":v=0:m=10 :f=995:910 ::"The biology revision and test tape is arranged as ten separately loadable programmes. The first of these programmes (which you are running now) gives all the details relevantto the tape." :"On side one of the tapethe programmes ""directions"",""section 1"", ""section 2"", ""section 3"" and ""section 4"" are recorded." j:"Side two contains ""section 5"",""section 6"", ""section 7"", ""section 8"" and ""tests""."  500: -;3;6;"INSTRUCTIONS CONTINUED" r:"Each programme can be loaded independently in the normal wayby loading the programme names given above." :"Additionally, at the end of eachprogramme, the next programme on the index can be loaded automatically if required." z:"An index of the programmes is given on the next display page. Operating instructions follow the programme index."  500: *2;" Programme Index and Content" :4;"""section 1""":"Characteristics of Living Things"'"The Cell"'"Mitosis"'"Animals and Plants"'"Amoeba"'"Spirogyra"'"Fungi" i:4;"""section 2""":"Enzymes"'"Digestion in Man"'"Forms of Nutrition"'"Food Chains"'"The Liver"  500: *2;" Programme Index and Content" j:4;"""section 3""":"Air"'"Respiration"'"Blood"'"Blood Circulation"'"Arteries and Veins"'"Lymph" c:4;"""section 4""":"Excretion From Lungs"'"Urinary System"'"The Skin"'"Body Temperature"  500:  *2;" Programme Index and Content" f:'4;"""section 5""":"Skeleton"'"Muscle"'"Central Nervous System"'"Reflex Action"'"Hormones" :'4;"section 6""":"The Eye"'"The Ear"'"Reproduction"'"Life Cycle of Frog"'"Bacteria and Viruses"'"Serum and Vaccine"'"Transmission of Disease"  500: *2;" Programme Index and Content" "q:4;"""section 7""":"Soil"'"Nitrogen Cycle"'"Root and Stem of a Plant"'"Transpiration"'"Photosynthesis" #d:'4;"""section 8""":"Germination"'"Tropisms"'"Structure of Flower"'"Pollination"'"Fruits" ,1:'4;"""tests""":"20 Sample Questions." 6 500: @M. G. Fincher T 1000 h rx;"OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS": |"Each question contains five possible answers. To select the correct answer press a,b,c,d or e(as appropriate) then ENTER." @"Errors can be erased by pressingDELETE (caps shift and 0).": "Following the selection of the correct answer you can move to the next question by pressing SPACE, or run the sample answer by pressing ENTER." T:"If the selected answer is wrong the sample answer is displayedautomatically."  500: )x;"OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS CONTINUED": r"After a sample answer display press SPACE for the next question or ENTER to rerun the same question." ̚:"At the end of each programme press ""n"" to load the next programme, press ""r"" to rerun the same programme or press ""b"" to goto BASIC." ֹ:"At all points in the programmes where a user response is needed you will be prompted with the appropriate options. Therefore, it is NOT necessary to memorise these instructions."  500 #:h$,l$:"directions","section 1"  9f$="End of "+h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2) & 900 0U10 ,0;x;"Press n then ENTER";y;" to auto-load programme ";2;l$ ::::x;"Press r then ENTER";y;" to rerun thisprogramme" D1::x;"Press b then ENTER";y;" to goto BASIC" N 800  X"k$="n"k$="r"k$="b"2000 b721,0;x;"Undefined key please re-select" l 1870N k$="n"21004 k$="r"5 L:5,2;"RETURNING TO BASIC DESTROYS";8;"THIS PROGRAMME" E::x;"Press y to return to BASIC"''"Press any other key to abort" 0:i$= i$="y"i$="Y"  1800 4/:f$=" START THE TAPE ":v=5:m=8 > 900 H::l$ xyzvmf H directionsL section 1I rKrF CHEMISTRY #eUDGC K\y 8x8͞ x<͞  ~%~%|Xg~ w$<<8$((!{\6X#6V+^!w#~!VUw+!~#~+w#w< $<0H xp0p0Px x@xx$$ffLRRRLx|LRDH^NP\RL0H x< << 8$>@ < <<$< 8$<$$<   $$ff(<x|88 0H x< <<DHW)Basection 1 V- R,WX-8x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::1400x g64999:x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::5,3;"Please leave tape running" "UDGC"65000,536 Q:70F:f$=" STOP THE TAPE ":v=10 :m=8:f=980:910  500 ( 5 FC2;" BIOLOGY EXAMINATION PRACTICE";11 ;"AND TESTS": d n%2;"Q";q;0,12 ;h$  ques n=65195 n=1230  a;"a) ";a$ b;"b) ";b$ c;"c) ";c$ d;"d) ";d$ e;"e) ";e$  a=y:b=y:c=y:d=y:e=y  ,""300, 6=""3106 @=32 J?21,0;x;"Undefined key?";y;" please try again " T 300, ^""350^ h=""360h r=32 Ŧ=13 | 350^  q=q+1 ques,a$,b$,c$,d$,e$,w$,s  n=f17 /n,0;" " n  B21,0;" ";x;" Press any key to continue ";y;" " ""510 =""520  &!a=0:b=0:c=0 0d=0:e=0 : X618,0;" " b619,0;" " l n=0100d:n   600X 18,0;2;f$  )n=65196:n=165136p  )n=65196:n=065136p    i$ *k$="":f=i$ 4f=0800  > n=1f Hi$(n)=32 860\ R k$=k$+i$(n) \n f  f=990  v,m;""; 23729\,v n=1̱f$ f 23728\,m:65000 m=m+1:n  1;f$(n);: %1;5;1;f$(n);: 2;f$(n);: 5;f$(n);:  250  100d ?21,0;x;"Please select your answer";y;" "  800  ~0k$="a"k$="b"k$="c"k$="d"k$="e"1180 ?21,0;x;"Undefined Key ?";y;" Please try again"  1050 k$w$1280 w$="a"a=5 w$="b"b=5 w$="c"c=5 w$="d"d=5 w$="e"e=5  100d =f$="CORRECT":f=995:v=0:m=25:910 B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" for answer explanation" B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question "  350^ =13 1300 =32 C20,0;x;"Wrong-Correct answer is ";w$;" ";:" "  I21,0;x;"Answer explanation follows";:" ":350^  s (B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" to rerun this question" 2B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question " Z=32 d=13 1000 n 1320( x:q=0::250  h$,l$,qty  70F :f$=h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2):900 -:::7;2;"Programme Content"  2010 !f$=" CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE" v=18:m=3  900  500: k=1qty  750:65195,0  400  1000 k  9f$="End of "+h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2) " 900 ,U10 ,0;x;"Press n then ENTER";y;" to auto-load programme ";2;l$ 6:::x;"Press r then ENTER";y;" to rerun thisprogramme" @1::x;"Press b then ENTER";y;" to goto BASIC" J 800  T"k$="n"k$="r"k$="b"1700 ^721,0;x;"Undefined key please re-select" h 1610J k$="n"1800 k$="r"5 L:5,2;"RETURNING TO BASIC DESTROYS";8;"THIS PROGRAMME" E::x;"Press y to return to BASIC"''"Press any other key to abort" 0:i$= i$="y"i$="Y"  1550 /:f$=" START THE TAPE ":v=5:m=8  900 :: l$ ""Section 1","section 2",10 8,0;"Characteristics of Living Things"'10 ,7;"The Cell Mitosis"'12 ,7;"Animals and Plants"'14,7;"Amoeba Spirogyra"'16,13 ;"Fungi": /"The characteristics of living things are:" }'"1 respiration"'"2 nutrition and assimilation"'"3 excretion"'"4 reproduction"'"5 sensitivity or irritability"'"6 movement"  q2500 ,"1 and 4 only","2 and 3 only","1, 2, 3 and 4 only","1, 4, 5 and 6 only","all of them","e",2540 /"The characteristics of living things are:" |'"Respiration."''"Nutrition and assimilation."''"Excretion."''"Reproduction."''"Sensitivity or irritability."''"Movement."  R"A unit of protoplasm containing a nucleus and surrounded by a membrane is a:"  N3000 ,"cell","photon","molecule","chloroplast","vacuole","a",3030 N"Protoplasm is the colourless, transparent, living material of organisms." '"It consists of water in which many substances are dissolved: including proteins,fats, carbohydrates and mineral salts." '"The proteins are present as a colloidal suspension in water which can change from a semi-solid (gel) to a liquid (sol) and back." O'"The protoplasm forms organelles which carry out specific functions."  C"Which of the following are characteristic of a plant cell?" '"1 Has a cellulose cell wall"'"2 No rigid wall"'"3 No centriole"'"4 Vacuole present"'"5 Stores starch"'"6 Stores glycogen and fat"'"7 Chloroplast present"  ~3500 ,"2 and 6 only","1, 3 and 4 only","2, 6 and 7 only","2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only","1, 3, 4, 5 and 7 only","e",3540 "An animal cell:"''"Has no rigid wall."'"No cellulose."'"Centriole present."'"Vacuoles, if present, are small and temporary."'"Stores glycogen and fat."'"No chloroplasts."'"Cell membrane forms the boundaryof the cell and encloses the protoplasm." '"Protoplasm consists of cytoplasmand nucleus. Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid jelly and contains the endoplasmic reticulum and also a number of organelles, e.g. mitochondria and ribosomes."  R"What is the sequence for the following changes in mitosis or cell division?" 8'"1 Telophase"'"2 Metaphase"'"3 Prophase"'"4 Anaphase"  u4000,"2, 1, 3, then 4","3, 2, 4, then 1","4, 3, 1, then 2","2, 1, 4, then 3","1, 2, 3, then 4","b",4040 L"During cell division the nucleusenlarges and chromosomes become visible." ~''"PROPHASE: Chromosomes shorten and thicken. Nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromosomes composed of a pair of chromatids." ܠ''"METAPHASE: Centrioles in animal cells move apart and spindle fibres form. Chromatids attachedto equatorial region of the spindle by the centromere."  500: Y'"ANAPHASE: Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles, the centromeres leading." ''"TELOPHASE: Chromatids collect at opposite ends of the spindle and replicate themselves. One ormore nucleoli re-appear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter cells." U''"Cytoplasm between the nuclei constricts and the two daughter cells separate."  ,"Which of the following refer to animals?" '"1 Feed on complex, organic compounds"'"2 Have no chlorophyll"'"3 Do not photosynthesise"'"4 Whole body moves"'"5 Compact body"'"6 Sensitive and respond quickly"'"7 No cellulose cell walls"  }4500,"1, 2 and 3 only","2, 3 and 4 only","1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only","2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 only","all of them","e",4540 "Plants:"''"Feed on simple inorganic substances."''"Have chlorophyll."''"Photosynthesise."''"Fixed but move parts of body."''"Branched body."''"Less sensitive and respond slowly."''"Have cellulose cell wall."  "Amoeba moves by:"  5000,"forming pseudopodia","moving its cilia","varying its pressure sac","moving its fins","contraction of the contractile vacuole","a",5030 "Amoeba is a unicellular unit of protoplasm."'"This is differentiated into outer clear plasmagel (ectoplasm) and inner granular plasmasol (endoplasm) containingthe nucleus." O'"To move: plasmasol flows forwardforming pseudopodia, others withdrawn." '"In contact with food, Amoeba surrounds it with pseudopodia forming a food vacuole. Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole tobreak down the food. Digested food passes into the protoplasm and pseudopodia withdraw."  |3"Amoeba obtains oxygen for respiration by:"  5500|,"water flowing over the surface of the Amoeba","oxygen diffusing through cell membrane into the protoplasm","the absorption of water","oxygen passing into the contractile vacuole","oxygen being taken into the food vacuole","b",5530 "Amoeba obtains oxygen for respiration by the oxygen diffusing through the cell membrane into the protoplasm."''"Waste carbon dioxide diffuses out through the cell membrane."  p"Amoeba reproduces by:" z Z6000p,"conjugation","binary fission","budding","hatching","spawning","b",6030 \"Amoeba reproduces asexually, dividing by binary fission to form two daughter cells." ''"In unfavourable conditions the nucleus splits into several portions and spores are formed."'''"In favourable conditions, each spore becomes a new Amoeba: a process called encystment."  d"Spirogyra feeds by:" n x]6500d,"osmosis","conjugation","photosynthesis","diffusion","absorption","c",6530 "Spirogyra is a green, thread-like multicellular plant,each cell living as an independent physiological unit." '"The cellulose wall is lined withcytoplasm in which lie one or more spiral chloroplasts. These chloroplasts contain chlorophyllenabling Spirogyra to feed by photosynthesis." "A nucleus is suspended in each cell by strands of cytoplasm, and spaces in the cell are vacuoles containing cell sap." s'"Reproduction may be vegetative reproduction (fragmentation) or sexual reproduction (conjugation)."  X3"Fungi are considered to be plants because:" bv'"1 they have cellulose cell walls"''"2 they have a branched body structure"''"3 they can move only by growth" l vY7000X,"1 only","2 only","1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","all of them","e",7040 "The unit is the tube-like hypha consisting of cytoplasm and containing several nuclei: it isenclosed by a cellulose wall. It is coenocytic." r'"Mucor feeds by secreting enzymeswhich digest the substrate. The digested food passes through thehyphal walls."  500: M'"Reproduction:"''"ASEXUAL: Mucor forms sporangia at the end of hyphae." '"SEXUALLY: In conjugation, branches put out by two haploid hyphae in contact fuse. Tips contain several nuclei and cut off. Nuclei fuse and a diploid zygospore is formed." '"The zygospore germinates to forma pro-mycelium which produces sporangia which produce haploid spores by meiosis. When these spores germinate the life cycle has been completed. Mucor is a haploid generation."  xyzqabcdet vmf ueXsA1 onlyB2 onlyC 1 and 2 onlyD 2 and 3 onlyE all of themWeIrKrH Section 1L section 2F CELTIC REVISION SOFTWAREUDGC uK\y 8x8͞ x<͞  ~%~%|Xg~ w$<<8$((!{\6X#6V+^!w#~!VUw+!~#~+w#w< $<0H xp0p0Px x@xx$$ffLRRRLx|LRDH^NP\RL0H x< << 8$>@ < <<$< 8$<$$<   $$ff(<x|88 0H x< <<DHW)BPsection 2 i2 f1]k28x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::1400x g64999:x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::5,3;"Please leave tape running" "UDGC"65000,536 Q:70F:f$=" STOP THE TAPE ":v=10 :m=8:f=980:910  500 ( 5 FC2;" BIOLOGY EXAMINATION PRACTICE";11 ;"AND TESTS": d n%2;"Q";q;0,12 ;h$  ques n=65195 n=1230  a;"a) ";a$ b;"b) ";b$ c;"c) ";c$ d;"d) ";d$ e;"e) ";e$  a=y:b=y:c=y:d=y:e=y  ,""300, 6=""3106 @=32 J?21,0;x;"Undefined key?";y;" please try again " T 300, ^""350^ h=""360h r=32 Ŧ=13 | 350^  q=q+1 ques,a$,b$,c$,d$,e$,w$,s  n=f17 /n,0;" " n  B21,0;" ";x;" Press any key to continue ";y;" " ""510 =""520  &!a=0:b=0:c=0 0d=0:e=0 : X618,0;" " b619,0;" " l n=0100d:n   600X 18,0;2;f$  )n=65196:n=165136p  )n=65196:n=065136p    i$ *k$="":f=i$ 4f=0800  > n=1f Hi$(n)=32 860\ R k$=k$+i$(n) \n f  f=990  v,m;""; 23729\,v n=1̱f$ f 23728\,m:65000 m=m+1:n  1;f$(n);: %1;5;1;f$(n);: 2;f$(n);: 5;f$(n);:  250  100d ?21,0;x;"Please select your answer";y;" "  800  ~0k$="a"k$="b"k$="c"k$="d"k$="e"1180 ?21,0;x;"Undefined Key ?";y;" Please try again"  1050 k$w$1280 w$="a"a=5 w$="b"b=5 w$="c"c=5 w$="d"d=5 w$="e"e=5  100d =f$="CORRECT":f=995:v=0:m=25:910 B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" for answer explanation" B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question "  350^ =13 1300 =32 C20,0;x;"Wrong-Correct answer is ";w$;" ";:" "  I21,0;x;"Answer explanation follows";:" ":350^  s (B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" to rerun this question" 2B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question " Z=32 d=13 1000 n 1320( x:q=0::250  h$,l$,qty  70F :f$=h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2):900 -:::7;2;"Programme Content"  2010 !f$=" CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE" v=18:m=3  900  500: k=1qty  750:65195,0  400  1000 k  9f$="End of "+h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2) " 900 ,U10 ,0;x;"Press n then ENTER";y;" to auto-load programme ";2;l$ 6:::x;"Press r then ENTER";y;" to rerun thisprogramme" @1::x;"Press b then ENTER";y;" to goto BASIC" J 800  T"k$="n"k$="r"k$="b"1700 ^721,0;x;"Undefined key please re-select" h 1610J k$="n"1800 k$="r"5 L:5,2;"RETURNING TO BASIC DESTROYS";8;"THIS PROGRAMME" E::x;"Press y to return to BASIC"''"Press any other key to abort" 0:i$= i$="y"i$="Y"  1550 /:f$=" START THE TAPE ":v=5:m=8  900 :: l$ !"Section 2","section 3",9 ګ8,12 ;"Enzymes";10 ,7;"Digestion in Man";12 ,6;"Forms of Nutrition";14,10 ;"Food Chains";16,11 ;"The Liver": q"A chemical made in the protoplasm of cells which speedsup the rate of certain chemical reactions is:"  P2500 ,"a hormone","an enzyme","a salt","a sugar","keratin","b",2530 "Many digestive processes are controlled by enzymes"'"e.g. ptyalin in saliva catalysesthe conversion of cooked starch to maltose." ''"A hormone is a chemical producedby an endocrine gland and released into the circulatory system. They control the rate ofbodily activities e.g. thyroxinesecreted by the thyroid gland controls growth and development in young animals."  @"The enzyme pepsin converts proteins to peptides in the:"  d3000 ,"mouth","stomach","duodenum","ileum (small intestine)","large intestine","b",3030 ֶ"Gastric juice is secreted by glands in the stomach lining."''"This contains pepsin and also rennin which clots soluble protein in milk ( important for young children )." ''"The stomach contains 0.5% hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and provides an acid medium for pepsin and stops the action of ptyalin." 500: ''"The stomach muscles churn the contents and mix in digestive juices. It is a bag-like structure which enables food to be retained for the digestion ofprotein." '"The wall is well supplied with blood vessels ensuring a rich supply of oxygen for the stomachto perform its functions. Mucus is also secreted to prevent the wall being digested by the acid." O'"The exit of the stomach is controlled by the pyloric sphincter."  ,"Fats are emulsified by bile in the:"  d3500 ,"mouth","stomach","duodenum","ileum (small intestine)","large intestine","c",3530 9"Bile from the gall bladder enters the duodenum." '"An alkaline juice from the pancreas enters the duodenum. The juice contains trypsin (which changes proteins to peptides), amylase (which changes starch to maltose) and lipase (which changes fats to fatty acids and glycerol)." L'"The stomach churns the contents and mixes in the digestive juices."  K"Peptides are changed by the enzyme peptidase to amino acids in the:"  d4000,"mouth","stomach","duodenum","ileum (small intestine)","large intestine","d",4030 n"Glands in the ileum lining between the villi secrete the digestive juice, succus entericus." '"This contains the enzymes:"'"Peptidase (which changes peptides to amino acids)."'"Lipase(which changes fats to fatty acids and glycerol)."'"Maltase (which changes maltose to glucose)." z"Sucrase (which changes sucrose to glucose and fructose)."'"Lactase (which changes lactose to glucose and galactose)." >'"Most absorption of the digested food occurs in the ileum."  "A plant or animal may obtain itsfood at the expense of another organism or host which may not be killed but always suffers."''"This nutrition is:"  Y4500,"holozoic","holophytic","parasitic","saprophytic","symbiotic","c",4530 "A parasite is an organism livingon or in another organism from which it obtains food. The host may not be killed but suffers harm." ''"PARASITIC NUTRITION:"''"Examples are dodder parasitic onthe nettle (external parasite), and tapeworm in man (internal parasite)." Hf$="Define Holozoic and Holophytic nutrition":700:500: X"HOLOZOIC NUTRITION:"''"Complex food material broken down by digestion in animals." П''"HOLOPHYTIC NUTRITION:"''"Simple compounds like carbon dioxide, water and salts are absorbed and built up into complex substances as in plants." Kf$="Give a definition of a saprophyte":700:500: ء"A saprophyte is an organism which obtains its nutrients, in the form of organic matter, in solution from dead or decaying tissues of animals or plants." ڗ''"SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION:"''"Fairly complex compounds are absorbed into the plant directlyor partly digested outside firstas with fungi on humus." >f$="Give a definition of a symbiont":700:500: '"A symbiont is an organism livingin association with another organism to the advantage of both organisms. (The organisms may be plants or animals)." '"SYMBIOTIC NUTRITION:"''"Two organisms living together invery close partnership, both benefit as with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots of legumes." "The bacteria manufacture nitrogen compounds from nitrogenin the air, which are made available to the plants."'"In return, the bacteria obtain carbohydrates and other food materials from the plants."  /"How is the tapeworm adapted for parasitism?" '"1 Physiological systems simplified"'"2 No special organs for movement"'"3 Body able to absorb pre- digested food all over surface"'"4 Thick cuticle to prevent digestion by host"'"5 Hermaphrodite"'"6 Numerous offspring produced"  k5000,"1 and 2 only","3 and 4 only","1, 3 and 5 only","2, 4 and 6 only","all of them","e",5040 I"The tapeworm lives in a constantenvironment surrounded by its food." '"Large numbers of offspring are needed because when the embryos are excreted by the host, they need to be eaten by a secondary host which gives direct access to the primary host." č'"Transmission can be prevented bythe control of sewage, cooking meat well, thorough food inspection and hygienic pig farming."  |d"A series of plants and organismsin which each is dependent on the previous member for food is:"  g5500|,"ecology","a food chain","the nitrogen cycle","monoculture","crop rotation","b",5530 >"An example of a food chain is:"'''" grass cow man" ''"The beginning of a food chain consists of green plants - the producers."''"A first order consumer eats vegetation."''"A second order consumer eats animals that feed on the vegetation."  p#"Functions of the liver include:" z770:'"1 regulation of blood sugar"'"2 formation of bile"'"3 storage of iron"'"4 deamination"'"5 formation of plasma proteins"'"6 production of body heat"'"7 storage of vitamins A, D and B"  z6000p,"1, 3, 5 and 7 only","2, 4 and 6 only","1, 2, 3 and 4 only","4, 5, 6 and 7 only","all of them","e",6040 "The liver is a large, reddish-brown organ lying below the diaphragm and just touching the stomach. It receives all theblood supply from the alimentarycanal via the hepatic portal vein." '"About 100g of glycogen is storedin the liver. If the sugar levelin the blood falls, glycogen is changed to glucose and passed into the blood. If the sugar level rises, it is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver." w'"Bile is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and discharged through the bile ductinto the duodenum."  500: ["Iron from the breakup of millions of red cells every day,is stored in the liver." ʟ'"Excess amino acids are not stored in the body. The nitrogenin the amino group -NH is converted to urea which is eliminated by the kidneys." t'"The liver makes many of the proteins found in blood plasma, e.g. fibrinogen important in blood clotting." e'"Chemical reactions in the liver produce much heat which the circulatory system distributes." Ef$="Which vitamins are stored in theliver?":700:500: "Fat-soluble vitamins A and D arestored in the liver and also a product of B needed for the production of red cells in the bone marrow." '"The liver is also important in the utilization of body fat and detoxification of substances such as hormones and drugs."  dv"The liver helps to maintain the concentration and composition of body fluids, especially blood."''"This is:" n xX6500d,"homeostasis","osmosis","dialysis","peristalsis","sclerosis","a",6530 \"Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body." ''"It ensures that the body temperature and the equilibrium between the intercellular fluid and the blood stream do not fluctuate outside certain limits."  xyzqabcdet vm f  uedsA homeostasisBosmosisCdialysisD peristalsisE sclerosisWaIrKrH Section 2L section 3F CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE{UDGC K\y 8x8͞ x<͞  ~%~%|Xg~ w$<<8$((!{\6X#6V+^!w#~!VUw+!~#~+w#w< $<0H xp0p0Px x@xx$$ffLRRRLx|LRDH^NP\RL0H x< << 8$>@ < <<$< 8$<$$<   $$ff(<x|88 0H x< <<DHW)BOsection 3 8 7R88x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::1400x g64999:x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::5,3;"Please leave tape running" "UDGC"65000,536 Q:70F:f$=" STOP THE TAPE ":v=10 :m=8:f=980:910  500 ( 5 FE2;" BIOLOGY EXAMINATION PRACTICE";11 ;"AND TESTS": d n%2;"Q";q;0,12 ;h$  ques n=65195 n=1230  a;"a) ";a$ b;"b) ";b$ c;"c) ";c$ d;"d) ";d$ e;"e) ";e$  a=y:b=y:c=y:d=y:e=y  ,""300, 6=""3106 @=32 J?21,0;x;"Undefined key?";y;" please try again " T 300, ^""350^ h=""360h r=32 Ŧ=13 | 350^  q=q+1 ques,a$,b$,c$,d$,e$,w$,s  n=f17 /n,0;" " n  B21,0;" ";x;" Press any key to continue ";y;" " ""510 =""520  &!a=0:b=0:c=0 0d=0:e=0 : X618,0;" " b619,0;" " l n=0100d:n   600X 18,0;2;f$  )n=65196:n=165136p  )n=65196:n=065136p    i$ *k$="":f=i$ 4f=0800  > n=1f Hi$(n)=32 860\ R k$=k$+i$(n) \n f  f=990  v,m;""; 23729\,v n=1̱f$ f 23728\,m:65000 m=m+1:n  1;f$(n);: %1;5;1;f$(n);: 2;f$(n);: 5;f$(n);:  250  100d ?21,0;x;"Please select your answer";y;" "  800  ~0k$="a"k$="b"k$="c"k$="d"k$="e"1180 ?21,0;x;"Undefined Key ?";y;" Please try again"  1050 k$w$1280 w$="a"a=5 w$="b"b=5 w$="c"c=5 w$="d"d=5 w$="e"e=5  100d =f$="CORRECT":f=995:v=0:m=25:910 B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" for answer explanation" B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question "  350^ =13 1300 =32 C20,0;x;"Wrong-Correct answer is ";w$;" ";:" "  I21,0;x;"Answer explanation follows";:" ":350^  s (B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" to rerun this question" 2B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question " Z=32 d=13 1000 n 1320( x:q=0::250  h$,l$,qty  70F :f$=h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2):900 -:::7;2;"Programme Content"  2010 !f$=" CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE" v=18:m=3  900  500: k=1qty  750:65195,0  400  1000 k  9f$="End of "+h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2) " 900 ,U10 ,0;x;"Press n then ENTER";y;" to auto-load programme ";2;l$ 6:::x;"Press r then ENTER";y;" to rerun thisprogramme" @1::x;"Press b then ENTER";y;" to goto BASIC" J 800  T"k$="n"k$="r"k$="b"1700 ^721,0;x;"Undefined key please re-select" h 1610J k$="n"1800 k$="r"5 L:5,2;"RETURNING TO BASIC DESTROYS";8;"THIS PROGRAMME" E::x;"Press y to return to BASIC"''"Press any other key to abort" 0:i$= i$="y"i$="Y"  1550 /:f$=" START THE TAPE ":v=5:m=8  900 :: l$ ""Section 3","section 4",10 ګ8,8;"Air Respiration";10 ,13 ;"Blood";12 ,8;"Blood Circulation";14,7;"Arteries and Veins";16,13 ;"Lymph": V"Clear lime water exposed to the air becomes cloudy."''"This shows the presence of:"  ]2500 ,"oxygen","carbon dioxide","nitrogen","water vapour","inert gases","b",2530 D"Ca(OH)(aq) + CO(g) CaCO(s) + HO(l)" '"Air consists of 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen with small amounts of carbon dioxide, inert gases and industrial pollutants such as sulphur dioxide." ?'"Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by photosynthesis." '"Carbon dioxide is added to the air by respiration (shown by blowing into lime water through a straw), by the putrefaction of organic matter, the combustion of organic compounds and by acidic rain on limestonesand corals."  N"Gaseous exchange between inspired air and the blood occurs in:"  b3000 ,"the lungs","the nasal passage","the thorax","the liver","the kidneys","a",3030 ֜"The lung of a mammal is a spongysac, composed of many tiny sacs with very thin walls rich in blood capillaries. These tiny sacs are called alveoli." a''"Bronchioles from the alveoli unite to become the bronchus which leads to the trachea." Y''"Each lung is enclosed by two pleurae (thin, transparent, elastic membranes)." 500: K"Blood brought to the lungs by the pulmonary artery is low in oxygen." ''"Oxygen diffuses through the thinwalls of the alveoli into the deoxygenated blood. Waste carbondioxide diffuses out of the blood."  c"Which of the following refer to the way in which an earthworm obtains oxygen for respiration?" '"1 Its moist skin contains numerous blood vessels"'"2 Oxygen in air spaces in the soil dissolves in the moisture on the skin"'"3 Oxygen dissolved in the moisture diffuses into the blood in the capillaries"  Y3500 ,"2 only","1 and 2 only","3 only","2 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3 ","e",3540 "Oxygen in the air spaces of the soil dissolves into the moist mucus covering the skin of the earthworm, and then through the skin into the rich supply of blood vessels which it contains."  J"A fish obtains oxygen for respiration from water when the water:"  4000,"diffuses through the moist scales of the fish","flows over the gills","flows down the tracheae","passes through the lenticels","enters the spiracles","b",4030 "There are usually four gills on each side of a fish. Each consists of a bony gill-bar bearing many fine filaments which are well supplied with blood." {'"The movement of the mouth and the operculum draw a stream of water over the gills and out through the operculum." T'"Oxygen dissolved in the water passes into the blood in the gill filaments." Gf$="Why is a fish unable to survive in air?":700:500: U"In air a fish suffocates although there is plenty of oxygen available." '"The muscular action of the mouthand operculum does not function in air. Also the filaments sticktogether because of the surface tension of the film of water covering them and this reduces the surface exposed to the air."  ;"Which of the following are functions of the blood?" a'"1 Transport medium"'"2 Formation of clots"'"3 Prevention of disease","4 Distribution of heat"  e4500,"1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","1 and 3 only","3 and 4 only","all of them","e",4540 "Blood carries:"''"Dissolved oxygen from the lungs to the tissues for respiration."''"Carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs." '"Excretory materials from the tissues to the kidneys."''"Digested food from the ileum through the liver to the tissuesfor assimilation."''"Hormones from the endocrine glands to organs they affect."  500: ]"Blood platelets and chemicals produced by damaged tissue form clots which close wounds." '"White cells e.g. polymorphs, migrate to engulf and seal off infection, a process called phagocytosis. Lymphocytes produce antibodies to combat infection from bacteria or viruses." w'"Heat is produced at places of activity in the body. It is distributed evenly throughout the body by blood." R "Blood arriving at the heart fromall parts of the body (except the lungs) passes through the heart twice before being returned to the general circulation of the body."''"This is called:"  n5000,"dialysis","double circulation","endocrinal","pulmonary circulation","plasmolysis","b",5030 "DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from the bodycollects in the right auricle."'"Right auricle contracts, blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle." Z"Right ventricle contracts, bloodis pumped into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs." '"OXYGENATED BLOOD from the lungs collects in the left auricle. Left auricle contracts, blood passes through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle." ]"Left ventricle contracts, blood is pumped into the aorta leadingto all parts of the body." >'"The right and left sides of the heart do not communicate." 500:7: 0,9 ;"brain";1,5;"head and neck";3,7;"forelimbs";5,9 ;"lungs" 11 ,2;"liver";12 ,18;"stomach";14,16;"intestines";16,8;"kidneys";18,6;"hind limbs" X7,9 ;"RA LA";8,9 ;" ";9 ,9 ;"RV LV" 1,22;"oxygenated";2,22;"blood";4,22;"de-";5,22;"oxygenated";6,22;"blood"  2 M113q,132:16,0:0,-16:-16,0  145,164:16,0:0,-16:1;-32 ,0:32 ,0:0,-480:1;-480,0:112p,0:0,-72H:-96`,0 P225,84T:-168,0:225,44,:-104h,0 `225,60<:-16,0:126~,60<:-92\,0:0,18 (_225,76L:-24,0:142,76L:-90Z,0:0,2 +'220,156:24,0 - 5 2w70F,100d:-16,0:0,11 :1;0,8:0,11 :16,0 ,44,:-568,0:14,84T:-8,0 Pr69E,118v:-480,0:0,46.:16,0:546,148:-32 ,0 Z'220,124|:24,0 dz n5,15;">";9 ,17;">";9 ,24;">";11 ,14;"<";12 ,10 ;"<";14,10 ;"<";12 ,26;"<";14,26;"<";16,21;"<";18,21;"<";3,19;"<";1,19;"<" x9 ,7;"<";1,3;"<";3,3;"<";11 ,1;"<";16,3;"<";18,3;"<";7,1;">" 919,0;y;" " y r |+"The phases of the"'"heart-beat are:" 0'"1 diastole"'"2 pulse"'"3 systole"'"4 rhythm"  h5500|,"1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","1 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3 only","all of them","c",5540 x"Diastole is the phase of the heart-beat when the heart muscles relax and the heart is refilled with blood." a'"Systole is the phase when the heart muscle contracts and bloodis forced into the arteries." l'"Contraction of the atria (auricles) precedes that of the ventricles by a fraction of a second."  p1"Which of the following refer to arteries?" z'"1 Carry oxygenated blood from the heart"'"2 Have thick muscular, elastic walls"'"3 Blood flows in spurts under pressure"'"4 No valves except at heart ends"'"5 Deep-seated"  n6000p,"1 and 2 only","1 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3 only","1, 2, 3 and 4 only","all of them","e",6040 A"NOTE: Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenated blood to lungs." >"Pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to heart." '"Veins:"''"Carry de-oxygenated blood to theheart."''"Have thin, practically non-elastic walls."''"Blood flows smoothly, not under pressure."''"Have semi-lunar valves."''"Often near the surface of body."  d3"Which of the following refer to blood in veins?" na'"1 Low in oxygen"'"2 Low in dissolved food"'"3 More nitrogenous waste"'"4 More carbon dioxide" x i6500d,"1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","1 and 3 only","1, 2, and 3 only","all of them","e",6540 A"NOTE: Pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenated blood to lungs." ?'"Pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to heart." r'"Hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in glucose and amino acids from the alimentary canal to the liver." c'"Renal veins carry blood from thekidneys where some water, salts and urea have been eliminated."  X-"Which of the following refer to lymph?" b'"1 No red corpuscles"'"2 Contains white cells, lymphocytes"'"3 Defends against infection"'"4 Flows in one direction only" l vb7000X,"1 only","1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3 only","all of them","e",7040 w"Lymph acts as an intermediary between tissue cells and blood for the exchange of oxygen, foodand waste products." '"Lymphatic vessels are a network of blindly-ending capillaries which permeate most tissues. Lymph drains from tissue spaces into these vessels and passes back to the blood." x'"The lymphatic system consists of"''"Lymphatic vessels."'"Lymphatic glands."'"Thoracic duct."'"Right lymphatic duct."  xyzqabcdet vmf ueXsA1 onlyB 1 and 2 onlyC 2 and 3 onlyD1, 2 and 3 onlyE all of themWeIrKrH Section 3L section 4F CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE>oUDGC K\y 8x8͞ x<͞  ~%~%|Xg~ w$<<8$((!{\6X#6V+^!w#~!VUw+!~#~+w#w< $<0H xp0p0Px x@xx$$ffLRRRLx|LRDH^NP\RL0H x< << 8$>@ < <<$< 8$<$$<   $$ff(<x|88 0H x< <<DHW)Bsection 4 t% a$Cv%8x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::1400x g64999:x=7:y=6:z=0:y:y:z::5,3;"Please leave tape running" "UDGC"65000,536 Q:70F:f$=" STOP THE TAPE ":v=10 :m=8:f=980:910  500 ( 5 FC2;" BIOLOGY EXAMINATION PRACTICE";11 ;"AND TESTS": d n%2;"Q";q;0,12 ;h$  ques n=65195 n=1230  a;"a) ";a$ b;"b) ";b$ c;"c) ";c$ d;"d) ";d$ e;"e) ";e$  a=y:b=y:c=y:d=y:e=y  ,""300, 6=""3106 @=32 J?21,0;x;"Undefined key?";y;" please try again " T 300, ^""350^ h=""360h r=32 Ŧ=13 | 350^  q=q+1 ques,a$,b$,c$,d$,e$,w$,s  n=f17 /n,0;" " n  B21,0;" ";x;" Press any key to continue ";y;" " ""510 =""520  &!a=0:b=0:c=0 0d=0:e=0 : X618,0;" " b619,0;" " l n=0100d:n   600X 18,0;2;f$  )n=65196:n=165136p  )n=65196:n=065136p    i$ *k$="":f=i$ 4f=0800  > n=1f Hi$(n)=32 860\ R k$=k$+i$(n) \n f  f=990  v,m;""; 23729\,v n=1̱f$ f 23728\,m:65000 m=m+1:n  1;f$(n);: %1;5;1;f$(n);: 2;f$(n);: 5;f$(n);:  250  100d ?21,0;x;"Please select your answer";y;" "  800  ~0k$="a"k$="b"k$="c"k$="d"k$="e"1180 ?21,0;x;"Undefined Key ?";y;" Please try again"  1050 k$w$1280 w$="a"a=5 w$="b"b=5 w$="c"c=5 w$="d"d=5 w$="e"e=5  100d =f$="CORRECT":f=995:v=0:m=25:910 B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" for answer explanation" B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question "  350^ =13 1300 =32 C20,0;x;"Wrong-Correct answer is ";w$;" ";:" "  I21,0;x;"Answer explanation follows";:" ":350^  s (B20,0;"Use ";x;"ENTER";y;" to rerun this question" 2B21,0;"Use ";x;"SPACE";y;" for the next question " Z=32 d=13 1000 n 1320( x:q=0::250  h$,l$,qty  70F :f$=h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2):900 -:::7;2;"Programme Content"  2010 !f$=" CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE" v=18:m=3  900  500: k=1qty  750:65195,0  400  1000 k  9f$="End of "+h$:v=3:m=((32 -f$)/2) " 900 ,U10 ,0;x;"Press n then ENTER";y;" to auto-load programme ";2;l$ 6:::x;"Press r then ENTER";y;" to rerun thisprogramme" @1::x;"Press b then ENTER";y;" to goto BASIC" J 800  T"k$="n"k$="r"k$="b"1700 ^721,0;x;"Undefined key please re-select" h 1610J k$="n"1800 k$="r"5 L:5,2;"RETURNING TO BASIC DESTROYS";8;"THIS PROGRAMME" E::x;"Press y to return to BASIC"''"Press any other key to abort" 0:i$= i$="y"i$="Y"  1550 /:f$=" START THE TAPE ":v=5:m=8  900 5:::2;" At the beginning of SIDE TWO":: l$ !"Section 4","section 5",7 ڑ8,6;"Excretion From Lungs";10 ,9 ;"Urinary System";12 ,12 ;"The Skin";14,8;"Body Temperature": "The lungs excrete:"  U2500 ,"carbon dioxide","oxygen","sweat","mineral salts","water","a",2530 "As de-oxygenated blood passes through the thin walled alveoli,oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out." 3'"The kidneys excrete urea and mineral salts." %'"The skin excretes salt in sweat."  P"Which of the following form the main parts of the urinary systemof a mammal?" 5'"1 Two kidneys"'"2 Ureter"'"3 Bladder"'"4 Urethra"  b3000 ,"1 only","1 and 2 only","2 and 3 only","1, 2 and 3 only","all of them","e",3040 "The renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys."''"The renal vein takes de-oxygenated blood to the vena cava." M'"The ureter is a narrow tube fromeach kidney leading to the bladder." 7'"The bladder is a muscular sac which holds urine." N'"The urethra is the tube leading from the bladder to the exterior."  "The renal artery divides into many arterioles and capillaries.Each arteriole repeatedly divides, forming a knot of coiled vessels."''"This is the:"  W3500 ,"Bowman's capsule","glomerulus","pelvis","cortex","medulla","b",3530 L"The glomerulus is almost entirely surrounded by Bowman's capsule." :'"The cortex is the darker, outer region of the kidney." ,'"The medulla is the lighter innerregion." w'"Tubules join together and open into the pelvis of the kidney. This is a space where the ureterleaves the kidney." D'"Cones or pyramids of kidney tissue project into the pelvis."  ="Which of the following are functions of the kidneys?" '"1 Regulation of volume and composition of body fluids"'"2 Excretion of waste products"'"3 Maintenance of the body at a very slight alkalinity"'"4 Removal of toxins"'"5 Regulation of body temperature"  w4000,"1, 2 and 3 only","2, 4 and 5 only","1, 2, 3 and 4 only","1, 2, 4 and 5 only","all of them","d",4040 Y"Fluid filters out through the capillary walls and collects in the Bowman's capsule." Ҙ'"The filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, salts and nitrogenous wastes dissolved in water. (Similar to blood plasma without proteins)." ^'"Large molecules, e.g. fibrinogenand proteins, remain in the blood in the capillaries."  500: "As the filtrate passes through the renal tubule, all amino acids and glucose, much of the water, and some of the salts arere-absorbed into the capillariessurrounding the tubules." '"If blood is too dilute, less water is re-absorbed. If blood is too concentrated, as after sweating, more water is re-absorbed. This is regulated in the hypothalamus at the base of the pituitary gland which secretes ADH(anti-diuretic hormone)." `'"This liquid, urine, contains waste products, e.g. urea, excess salts and uric acid."  0"The skin consists of two main layers, the:"  4500,"dermis and epidermis","cortex and medulla","cell wall and cytoplasm","white matter and grey matter","dendrite and axon","a",4530 l"The epidermis consists of:"''"The inner Malpighian layer whichdivides actively to form new epidermis." ~'"The granular layer of living cells which gives way to the cornified layer, the tough, outer, protective layer." ƴ'"The dermis consists of a thickerlayer of connective tissue with elastic fibres, blood capillaries, nerve endings, lymphatics, sweat glands and hair follicles."  :"Which of the following are functions of the skin?" '"1 Regulation of body temperature"'"2 Secretion of sebum"'"3 Excretion of urea","4 Excretion of sweat"'"5 Protection of underlying tissue"'"6 Production of vitamin D"  5000,"1, 2 and 4 only","1, 2 and 3 only","1, 2, 4 and 6 only","1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 only","1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 only","d",5040 p"Heat loss is increased:"''"By the sweat glands producing more sweat which absorbs heat as it evaporates." 2"By the dilation of the skin blood vessels." o''"Sebum keeps the skin supple and contains acids that prevent the multiplication of harmful bacteria."  |m"The maintenance of body temperature above that of the surroundings and at a constant level is:"  h5500|,"poikilothermic","homoiothermic","hypothermia","haemophiliac","polymorphism","b",5530 "A constant body temperature means that the rate of metabolism is independent of thetemperature of the surroundings." 3'"Mammals and birds are homoiothermic." k'"Cold blooded animals become sluggish in cold temperatures and active when the temperature rises." '"These animals are poikilothermicand have a body temperature approximately the same as that of their surroundings (e.g. fishand reptiles)."  xyzqabcdetvmfue|sApoikilothermicB homoiothermicC hypothermiaD haemophiliacE polymorphismWbIrKrH Section 4L section 5F CELTIC REVISION SOFTWARE;nUDGC K\y 8x8͞ x<͞  ~%~%|Xg~ w$<<8$((!{\6X#6V+^!w#~!VUw+!~#~+w#w< $<0H xp0p0Px x@xx$$ffLRRRLx|LRDH^NP\RL0H x< << 8$>@ < <<$< 8$<$$<   $$ff(<x|88 0H x< <<DHW)B