ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXCHEMISTRY EEgG ""  0  400 7:0: "" !chemistry @ % @?p|@q""@qϾ>0 @! " 0"((0`qǀ! BA"qǀ`D((B " " D"p" "r/<" `0< ``D"<B (* !@ "" x" ! () @0oAq"!po@@qR(@08"!!p@1?pp?ppppqpppp?pp?pp8pppp?pp?pp8?pp?pppppqpp8?pp?pppppqppp?pp?pppppqpppppppqpppppppqpppp|88|@@@9<  `@DEPQ@@@@EB @DDA@X8y18\ @# # <@T''8yy\\\y\z zyz&z&z\3f-X![!@P!!88W K SR Pg23561 \,255:23562 \,255:23658j\,0:(60000`)1330 7:7:0:0:0::1;10 ,10 ;"STOP THE TAPE":12 ,8;"THEN PRESS A KEY"; =""3  4000 Ѕp$(18,32 ):i$(18,10 ,32 ):i(18,10 ):j(18,10 ):n$(5,502):u(5) 5:5:1: v"Atomic structure","Ionic and metallic bonds","Covalent and dative bonds","Valency (combining power)","Next program" (2020:1,13 ;"TOPICS" .n=15:u$:u(n)=u$:n$(n)=u$:n Mn=15:5+2*n,1;n;" ";n$(n)(1u(n)):n 220,5;2;"SELECT TOPIC NUMBER"  x$=:x$=""2060  9x$<491ůx$>535.5,0:2060   x=x$ ,x=1lin=17 .x=2lin=18 0x=3lin=18 2x=4lin=17 4;x=5:10 ,10 ;1;"START TAPE":"" \z=8810j"+x*200 fz k:5,16-(.5*u(x));n$(x)(1u(x)):15,11 ;1;"PLEASE WAIT":17,7;"(approx 50 seconds)" pl=1lin:p$(l):l l=1lin s=1:w=1 n=132 n32 2230 p$(l)(nn)65AƯp$(l)(nn)122zi$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s+1:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 p$(l)(nn)<65Aůp$(l)(nn)>122zi$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn-1):i(l,w)=n-s:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 |p$(l)(nn)>123{ůp$(l)(nn)<64@i$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 op$(l)(sn)+" "=p$(l)(sn+1)i$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s+1:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1 p$(l)(nn)=" "w=w-1 n=32 2280 n ow=110 :i$(l,w)(i(l,w)i(l,w))64@ůi$(l,w)(i(l,w)i(l,w))123{i(l,w)=i(l,w)-1 w l s6:6:1::5,0;"SELECT PREDICT RATE (1 to 5)":8,5;"1 is the hardest" x$=:x$=""2286 9x$<491ůx$>535.5,0:2286 pr=x$ 7:7: %l=1lin:s=1:w=1 n=132 Op$(l)(nn)>64@Ưp$(l)(nn)<123{l-1,n-1;2;"-" Vp$(l)(nn)64@ůp$(l)(nn)123{l-1,n-1;0;p$(l)(nn) $n:l &pr=12350. (k=(*5)+1 *tl=1lin:w=110 :(k+l+w)/prɺ((k+l+w)/pr)l-1,j(l,w)-1;pr;i$(l,w)(1i(l,w)) ,w:l .Y19,0;"Enter word or x":20,0;"Enter x when passage completed" 85000:t$=w$ =t$=""23608 BPt$="x"t$="X"l=1lin:l-1,0;0;p$(l):l:2400` GR19,0;" ":19,0;1;"Searching for" L 3000 `+21,10 ;2;"PRESS A KEY" jx$=:x$=""2410j t|7::5,0;1;"To repeat topic - press r":10 ,0;2;"To return to menu - press m" ~x$=:x$=""2430~ x$="r"x$="R"2285 x$="m"x$="M"::2000 .05|L,0:2430~ fl=1lin:w=110 :t$=i$(l,w)(1i(l,w))l-1,j(l,w)-1;0;t$ w:l ̄.05|L,10 :19,0;" ":19,0;1;"Enter word or x":23608  0 7::7,7;2;6;"ATOMIC STRUCTURE":10 ,13 ;2;6;"AND":13 ,11 ;2;6;"BONDING":1:200 7:7::2,0;0;"Complete each of the following four passages by typing in appropriate words to match the dashes." 9 ,0;2;"Words may be typed in any order.Pressing the 'ENTER' key will enter your word into every spacein which it belongs but you mustuse capital letters in the rightplaces." 818,3;1;"Press any key to continue" i=120:i x$=:x$=""4030   procinput 5w$="":19,16;6;" " e$=:e$=""5020 ge$=12 Ʊw$>019,w$+16;6;" ":w$=w$(1̱w$-1):5075 e$=13 5080 Ew$14w$=w$+e$:19,w$+16;6;0;e$ #s=110 :s:5020  #(1 #2""The main components of an atom" #<#"are the nucleus (which contains" #F"protons and neutrons) and" #P"electrons. Hydrogen is the" #Z"only exception and has no" #d "neutrons. The unique atomic" #n#"structure of an atom is defined" #x$"by the number of protons (atomic" #$"number). The number of neutrons" ##"may vary, giving different mass" #"numbers (sum of protons and" ##"neutrons). Atoms with the same" #$"atomic number but different mass" # "numbers are called isotopes." #$"The presence of isotopes results" #""in atomic masses which are not" #"whole numbers." #2 #""Atoms are most stable when the" $!"highest occupied energy level" $#"for electrons is full. An atom" $$"may lose outer electrons to give" $"$"a positively charged ion or gain" $,#"electrons to complete the outer" $6!"shell, giving a negative ion." $@""These processes may happen for" $J""different ions simultaneously." $T""An ionic or electrovalent bond" $^$"exists between them owing to the" $h$"electrostatic attraction between" $r!"ions of opposite charge. For" $|#"metals similar cations may pack" $#"together in a three dimensional" $"structure, the liberated" $#"electrons being associated with" $"the structure as a whole." $3 $!"Many bonds form, not by total" $!"transfer of electrons between" $#"atoms, but by sharing electrons" $!"from both atoms. In this way" $"both atoms may share enough" $ "electrons to have full outer" $#"shells. This produces discrete" %!"molecules with characteristic" %$"three dimensional shapes. Where" % "two atoms share two or three" %&!"pairs of electrons, double or" %0%"triple bonds exist. Coordinate" %:"or dative bonds lie between" %D"ionic and covalent bonds in" %N$"character. They may be regarded" %X!"as covalent bonds except that" %b!"both electrons are donated by" %l"the same atom." %4 %$"Depending upon its structure, an" %$"atom may form one, two, three or" %#"four bonds to gain a full outer" %$"electron shell. This determines" %#"its bonding capacity (valency)." %$"The valency of an element may be" %""defined as the number of atoms" %#"of hydrogen with which one atom" %#"of the element may combine. It" %#"is equal to the group number in" %#"which the element is located in" %"the periodic table or eight" &""minus the group number if this" & !"is less. Transition elements" &""may have more than one valency" & ""due to possible use of their d" &*$"electron energy levels in bonds." ' 0 'Ustkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"atom"23552\,stkend-23500[: tken z9999' atom >\ \>4 pertab 446 -7:0:7:0:0 "23785",ç:"23659",1: messages/instructions  ( 2 < F P Z63000:7 d"" n x '=SAVEing instructions RUN 9999  '""23785","255":"pertab"ʰ"1": apertab \# # <@T''8cnc\\\c\ccc cdd\3fX![!@P!!88W K SR P 10 23659k\,0 e205,124|,0,59;,59;,225,1,15,0,9 ,235,42*,61=,92\,115s,35#,114r,201,59;,59;,205,142,2,123{,254,255,32 ,248,58:,58:,92\,254,255,40(,33!,254,7,40(,29,254,8,40(,25,60<,502,129,92\,253,546,0,255,33!,14,39',34",66B,92\,175,502,68D,92\,253,203,1,254,195,125},27,513,513,195,3,19,205,124|,0,59;,59;,225,1,15,0,9 ,235,42*,61=,92\,115s,35#,114r,201,118v,205,142,2,123{,254,255,32 ,248,58:,58:,92\,254,12 ,40(,10 ,254,16,40(,6,254,20,40(,2,24,25,60<,502,129,92\,253,546,0,255,33!,14,39',34",66B,92\,33!,0,0,34",68D,92\,59;,59;,195,125},27,195,3,19,0,205,142,2,123{ &g=6300163150:a:g,a:g 63074b #23659k\,2 -/0:7:7:0:0: 2&1;"PLEASE LEAVE TAPE RUNNING" Z 7 d"" n '<2,-30:0:or any routine for errors 'nstkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"pertab"23552\,stkend-23500[:60000`,133: tkenc9999' pertab \\4 )e pertab ]4\ _4# # <@T''8ŏ\\\\',h4EE4\3fX![!@P!!88W K SR Pg23561 \,255:23562 \,255:23658j\,0:(60000`)1330 7:7:0:0:0::1;10 ,10 ;"STOP THE TAPE":12 ,8;"THEN PRESS A KEY"; =""3  :"c",10000000:"c"+1,10000000:"c"+2,10000000:"c"+3,10000000:"c"+4,10000000:"c"+5,10000000:"c"+6,10000000:"c"+7,11111111 "g",00011000:"g"+1,00111100<:"g"+2,01111110~:x=36:"g"+x,00011000:x:"g"+7,00000000 "h",00000000:x=14:"h"+x,00011000:x:"h"+5,01111110~:"h"+6,00111100<:"h"+7,00011000 "j",00000000:"j"+1,00100000 :"j"+2,01100000`:"j"+3,11111110:"j"+4,11111110:"j"+5,01100000`:"j"+6,00100000 :"j"+7,00000000 "k",00000000:"k"+1,00000100:"k"+2,00000110:"k"+3,01111111:"k"+4,01111111:"k"+5,00000110:"k"+6,00000100:"k"+7,00000000 .p=07:"e"+p,10000000:p Lp=06:"d"+p,00000000:p:"d"+7,11111111 Lp=06:"f"+p,10000000:p:"f"+7,11111111 7:7::1:5,9 ;1;"PERIODIC TABLE":8,13 ;1;"OF THE":11 ,12 ;1;"ELEMENTS" 2:150  op=0 76:6::1:3,15;"MENU" (6,3;"1 Elements":9 ,3;"2 Atomic Numbers":12 ,3;"3 Configuration":15,3;"4 Locations in Periodic Table" -%18,3;"5 Leave program" 2520,3;2;"SELECT 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5" <a$=:a$=""60< =)a$<491ůa$>53560< >a$="5":0 Ae=a$::6,8;"HOW MANY ELEMENTS ?":10 ,3;"(Choose between 10 and 20)":op=1:4000:sel=w$:op=0 B%sel<10 sel>2065A Ee2e375K F:e=2e=317,1;"press 's' for simple selection":19,1;"press 'h' for harder selection": Hc$=:c$=""72H K*e=1e=4255:90Z U$c$="s"c$="S"255:90Z V$c$="h"c$="H"195:90Z Y 70F Ze=1334N de=2430 ne=3530 xe=4635{ 5:0: #2,8;"CURSOR CONTROL" .5,1;"To move cursor UP press " 08,1;"To move cursor DOWN press " 111 ,1;"To move cursor LEFT press " 214,1;"To move cursor RIGHT press " 618,2;1;"PRESS A KEY TO CONTINUE" x$=:x$=""185 : ,:12 ,9 ;2;"PLEASE WAIT" w(sel):l$(32 ):l$=" " "w(1)=(*72H)+1 5w(1)>579w(1)=w(1)+14 r=2sel w(r)=(*72H)+1 #w(r)>579w(r)=w(r)+14 h=1r-1 0w(r)=w(h)h=r-1:r=r-1:245 h r  ,:12 ,9 ;2;"PLEASE WAIT" w(sel):l$(32 ):l$=" "  "w(1)=(*29)+1 Sw(1)>20w(1)<28w(1)=w(1)+3:285 *w(1)=28w(1)=35# *w(1)=29w(1)=535 r=2sel "w(r)=(*29)+1 ';w(r)>20w(r)<28w(r)=w(r)+3:3106 ,w(r)=28w(r)=35# 1w(r)=29w(r)=535 6h=1r-1 ;0w(r)=w(h)h=r-1:r=r-1:325E @h Er J L1 N 150 O6::1480 P 1560 Q r=1sel:4999+w(r) R i,j,m,g$,h$ Ti14,0;0;"Move the cursor to the position":15,12 ;0;"where is" Y 15,18;2;g$ c517,4;0;"then press 'ENTER' key" h 1565 jsy=isx=j370r m 1620T ri,j;2;g$ |(sy=isx=j1,25:400 1,0 'y=1418:y,0;l$:y @14,2;2;"NOTE CORRECT POSITION FOR ";g$ -19,10 ;2;"PRESS 'ENTER'" X$=:X$13 410 /y=14195:y,0;l$:y r  30 2  150 6::1480  1560  r=1sel:4999+w(r)  i,j,m,g$,h$ 14,1;0;"Move the cursor to the position":15,1;0;"where element has atomic number":16,15;2;m 518,4;0;"then press 'ENTER' key"  1565 sy=isx=j470  1620T i,j;2;g$ (sy=isx=j1,25:500 1,0 'y=1418:y,0;l$:y @14,2;2;"NOTE CORRECT POSITION FOR ";g$ -19,10 ;2;"PRESS 'ENTER'" X$=:X$13 510 /y=14195:y,0;l$:y r  30 3  150 6::1480  1560  r=1sel:4999+w(r)  i,j,m,g$,h$ 14,1;0;"Move the cursor to the position":15,1;0;"where element has configuration":16,(31-h$)/2;2;h$ +518,4;0;"then press 'ENTER' key" 0 1565 2sy=isx=j570: 5 1620T :i,j;2;g$ D(sy=isx=j1,25:600X N1,0 P'y=1418:y,0;l$:y S@14,2;2;"NOTE CORRECT POSITION FOR ";g$ X-19,10 ;2;"PRESS 'ENTER'" bX$=:X$13 610b g/y=14195:y,0;l$:y lr q 30 v4 {:1480 r=1sel 4999+w(r)  y,x,n,f$,s$ /1;y,x;1;0;1;"? " [14,0;"What element would you expect at the location indicated ?":4000 e$=w$ Ef$=1y,x;2;f$:y,x+1;0;"":680 y,x;2;f$ %e$=f$1,30:1420 1,-10 'z=1418:z,0;l$:z 314,7;2;"NOTE CORRECT ELEMENT" -18,10 ;0;"PRESS 'ENTER'"  a$=:a$13 1430 14,0;l$ 15,0;l$ 18,0;l$ r  30 Ȏ0::x=840(16:x,160:0,-40(:x:x=15224816:x,160:0,-40(:x ҂y=160120x-8:8,y:32 ,0:y:y=160120x-8:152,y:96`,0:y -x=0303:0.05|L,x:x ܒ8,160:0,8:16,0:0,-8:232,160:0,8:16,0:0,-8 Bx=40(20016:x,104h:0,-24:x Ay=104h80P-8:40(,y:160,0:y N40(,144:112p,0:40(,120x:112p,0 _3:4,7;"TRANSITION":5,8;"ELEMENTS":6,9 ;"BELOW"  5:100d:0 7u=36:u,5;l$(114):u &40(,120x:0,32 .3,5;"":6,5;"":  procmove Lsx=13 :x=13 :sy=1:y=1:1;y,x;0;"*" "x$=:x$=""1570" # zz=0 'x$=12 1570" *&x$>13 ůx$<81570" ,%x$=9 x27x=x+2 6$x$=8x3x=x-2 @%x$=11 y2y=y-1 J&x$=10 y10 y=y+1 Ox$=13 zz=1: T0:sy,sx;" " U0sx=25sy9 sy,sx;"":1646n Vsx51624X W/sy2sy6sy,sx;"":1646n X#sx3sy61636d Z$sx=29sy=11636d \#sy<2sy>61632` ^sx191636d `$sx<5sx>231638f b$sy9 sy11 1636d c 1638f d" sy,sx;0;"":1646n fsy81642j h$sx5sx231645m jsy11646n l%sx<19sx>271646n m sy,sx;"" nr>11650r pr=11675 qzz=1 r3b=1r-1:4999+w(b):u,v,n,f$,s$ |6u=syv=sxb=r-1:u,v;2;f$:1675 b 4zz=01;y,x;0;"*":sx=x:sy=y zz=01570"  procin w$="" i$=:i$=""4020 ^i$=12 Ʊw$>018,w$+14;" ":w$=w$(1̱w$-1):4075 &i$=13 Ʊw$>04080 4op=1(i$<480ůi$>579)4020 ;w$<2w$=w$+i$:18,w$+14;0;i$ #v=110 :v:4020  !1,1,1,"H","1" #1,29,2,"He","2" $2,1,3,"Li","2.1" $2,3,4,"Be","2.2" $2,19,5,"B","2.3" $2,21,6,"C","2.4" $2,23,7,"N","2.5" $2,25,8,"O","2.6" $2,27,9 ,"F","2.7" &2,29,10 ,"Ne","2.8" '3,1,11 ,"Na","2.8.1" '3,3,12 ,"Mg","2.8.2" (3,19,13 ,"Al","2.8.3" (3,21,14,"Si","2.8.4" '3,23,15,"P","2.8.5" '3,25,16,"S","2.8.6" (3,27,17,"Cl","2.8.7" (3,29,18,"Ar","2.8.8" (4,1,19,"K","2.8.8.1" )4,3,20,"Ca","2.8.8.2" )9 ,5,21,"Sc","2.8.9.2" *9 ,7,22,"Ti","2.8.10.2" )9 ,9 ,23,"V","2.8.11.2" +9 ,11 ,24,"Cr","2.8.12.2" +9 ,13 ,25,"Mn","2.8.13.2" +9 ,15,26,"Fe","2.8.14.2" +9 ,17,27,"Co","2.8.15.2" +9 ,19,28,"Ni","2.8.16.2" +9 ,21,29,"Cu","2.8.17.2" +9 ,23,30,"Zn","2.8.18.2" +4,19,31,"Ga","2.8.18.3" +4,21,32 ,"Ge","2.8.18.4" +4,23,33!,"As","2.8.18.5" +4,25,34","Se","2.8.18.6" +4,27,35#,"Br","2.8.18.7" +4,29,36$,"Kr","2.8.18.8" ,5,1,37%,"Rb","2.8.18.8.1" ,5,3,38&,"Sr","2.8.18.8.2" ,10 ,5,39',"Y","2.8.18.9.2" .10 ,7,40(,"Zr","2.8.18.10.2" .10 ,9 ,41),"Nb","2.8.18.11.2" /10 ,11 ,42*,"Mo","2.8.18.12.2" /10 ,13 ,43+,"Tc","2.8.18.13.2" /10 ,15,44,,"Ru","2.8.18.14.2" /10 ,17,45-,"Rh","2.8.18.15.2" /10 ,19,46.,"Pd","2.8.18.16.2" /10 ,21,47/,"Ag","2.8.18.17.2" /10 ,23,480,"Cd","2.8.18.18.2" .5,19,491,"In","2.8.18.18.3" .5,21,502,"Sn","2.8.18.18.4" .5,23,513,"Sb","2.8.18.18.5" .5,25,524,"Te","2.8.18.18.6" -5,27,535,"I","2.8.18.18.7" .5,29,546,"Xe","2.8.18.18.8" /6,1,557,"Cs","2.8.18.18.8.1" /6,3,568,"Ba","2.8.18.18.8.2" 011 ,5,579,"La","2.8.18.18.9.2" 111 ,7,72H,"Hf","2.8.18.32.10.2" 111 ,9 ,73I,"Ta","2.8.18.32.11.2" 111 ,11 ,74J,"W","2.8.18.32.12.2" 211 ,13 ,75K,"Re","2.8.18.32.13.2" 211 ,15,76L,"Os","2.8.18.32.14.2" 211 ,17,77M,"Ir","2.8.18.32.15.2" 211 ,19,78N,"Pt","2.8,18,32,16,2" 211 ,21,79O,"Au","2.8.18.32.17.2" 211 ,23,80P,"Hg","2.8.18.32.18.2" 16,19,81Q,"Tl","2.8.18.32.18.3" 16,21,82R,"Pb","2.8.18.32.18.4" 16,23,83S,"Bi","2.8.18.32.18.5" 16,25,84T,"Po","2.8.18.32.18.6" 16,27,85U,"At","2.8.18.32.18.7" 16,29,86V,"Rn","2.8.18.32.18.8" ' 0 'Wstkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"pertab"23552\,stkend-23500[: tken)9999' pertab ]4\ \]44