ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXCHEMISTRY EEg G ""  0  400 7:0: "" !chemistry @ ! @?p|@q""@qϾ>0 @! " 0"((0`qǀ! BA"qǀ`D((B " " D"p" "r/<" `0< ``D"<B (* !@ "" x" ! () @0oAq"!po@@qR(@08"!!p@1?pp?ppppqpppp?pp?pp8pppp?pp?pp8?pp?pppppqpp8?pp?pppppqppp?pp?pppppqpppppppqpppppppqpppp|88|@@@9<  `@DEPQ@@@@EB @DDA@X8y183"NOT A COMMON ACID - USE A TYPICAL VALUE":2:150:540 &?:"How many H ions per molecule of base ?":7000X:g=w$ +Eg=gg<1"UNREALISTIC VALUE":2:150:550& ,ag>3"NOT A COMMON BASE - USE A TYPICAL VALUE":2:150:550& 0+:"Molarity of acid ?":7000X:a=w$ 5?a0"UNREALISTIC VALUE":2:150:5600 :+:"Molarity of base ?":7000X:b=w$ ??b0"UNREALISTIC VALUE":2:150:570: Db$="b"z=(v*a*f)/(b*g) Ib$="a"z=(v*b*g)/(a*f) Nmz<5z>45-"DATA OUT OF RANGE - USE REALISTIC VALUES":2:150:530 S8:"Enter your answer (1 dec place)":7000X:l=w$ Xa:1,1;1;"Your answer = ";((l*10 +.5))/10 ;"ml":6000p b.21,5;0;"PRESS ENTER KEY" lk$=:k$13 620l vop=0:510 l 0 1 :4000 5:5:1: :2035:v=15:v$:n$(v)=v$:n(v)=v$:v D"Acids","Bases","Acid - base reactions","pH","Return to main menu" i0,12 ;"TOPICS":v=15:5+2*v,2;v;" ";n$(v)(1n(v)):v 220,5;2;"SELECT TOPIC NUMBER"  x$=:x$=""2060  9x$<491ůx$>535.5,0:2060   x=x$ *x=5:12 ,x=1lin=16 .x=2lin=17 0x=3lin=16 2x=4lin=17 \z=8810j"+x*200 a:5,16-(.5*n(x));n$(x)(1n(x)):15,11 ;1;"PLEASE WAIT":17,7;"(approx 65 seconds)" fz pl=1lin:q$(l):l l=1lin s=1:w=1 n=132 n32 2230 q$(l)(nn)65AƯq$(l)(nn)122zi$(l,w)=q$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s+1:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 q$(l)(nn)<65Aůq$(l)(nn)>122zi$(l,w)=q$(l)(sn-1):i(l,w)=n-s:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 |q$(l)(nn)>123{ůq$(l)(nn)<64@i$(l,w)=q$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 oq$(l)(sn)+" "=q$(l)(sn+1)i$(l,w)=q$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s+1:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1 q$(l)(nn)=" "w=w-1 n=32 2280 n ow=110 :i$(l,w)(i(l,w)i(l,w))64@ůi$(l,w)(i(l,w)i(l,w))123{i(l,w)=i(l,w)-1 w l s6:6:1::5,0;"SELECT PREDICT RATE (1 to 5)":8,5;"1 is the hardest" x$=:x$=""2286 9x$<491ůx$>535.5,0:2286 pr=x$ 7:7: %l=1lin:s=1:w=1 n=132 Oq$(l)(nn)>64@Ưq$(l)(nn)<123{l-1,n-1;2;"-" Vq$(l)(nn)64@ůq$(l)(nn)123{l-1,n-1;0;q$(l)(nn) $n:l &pr=12350. (k=(*5)+1 *tl=1lin:w=110 :(k+l+w)/prɺ((k+l+w)/pr)l-1,j(l,w)-1;pr;i$(l,w)(1i(l,w)) ,w:l .q17,0;c$:17,0;"Enter word or x":19,0;"Enter x when passage completed" 87000X:t$=w$ =t$=""23608 BPt$="x"t$="X"l=1lin:l-1,0;0;q$(l):l:2400` GT17,0;c$(115):17,0;1;"Searching for" L 3000 `+21,10 ;2;"PRESS A KEY" jx$=:x$=""2410j t|7::5,0;1;"To repeat topic - press r":10 ,0;2;"To return to menu - press m" x$=:x$=""2440 x$="r"x$="R"2285 4x$="m"x$="M":100d:op=0:2010 .05|L,0:2440 fl=1lin:w=110 :t$=i$(l,w)(1i(l,w))l-1,j(l,w)-1;0;t$ w:l .05|L,10 :2350.  0 7:7::2,0;0;"Complete each of the following four passages by typing in appropriate words to match the dashes." 9 ,0;2;"Words may be typed in any order.Pressing the 'ENTER' key will enter your word into every spacein which it belongs but you mustuse capital letters in the rightplaces." 818,3;1;"Press any key to continue" x$=:x$=""4030  ~2 $:x(1)=(*18)+1 f=210 x(f)=(*18)+1 b=1f-1 %x(b)=x(f)b=f-1:f=f-1 "b:f:try=0:score=0 f=110 sel=(*2)+1 :6110 if>1m=100d*score/try:m=(m+.5):20,9 ;2;7;"Score = ";m;"%" Y13 ,1;"Does equation go as indicated ?":15,7;"(press y or n)"  x$= /x$=78Nůx$=89Yx$=(x$+32 ) Bx$="y"x$="n"y=13 15:y,0;c$:y:5095  5090 try=try+1 Ix$="y"sel=1.5,15:score =score+1:5145 Ix$="n"sel=2.5,15:score =score+1:5130  .5,0  >:0,5;7;2;"Correct equation is :" sel=1:6110 ^m=100d*score/try:m=(m+.5):20,9 ;2;7;"Score = ";m;"%" !r(1)=(*5)+1 (!r(2)=(*5)+1 2#r(2)=r(1)5160( <x=12:6170:m=100d*score/try:m=(m+.5):20,9 ;2;7;"Score = ";m;"%":y=13 19:y,0;c$:y:x Am=100d*score/try:m=(m+.5):20,9 ;2;7;"Score = ";m;"%":21,5;3;"PRESS 'n' FOR NEXT ONE" B!X$=:X$"n"X$"N"5186B Cf FY21,0;5;c$:21,7;1;7;"PRESS 'm' FOR MENU" H!x$=:x$"m"x$"M"5192H K :110n p proctitr u25,137:0,-112p:200,0:20,8;"VOLUME OF ";h$:11 ,0;"pH":19,2;"0":19,27;"50":4,1;"14" zx=252254:x,25:0,2:x:x=2522520:x,25:0,3:x:x=2522540(:x,25:0,5:x >y=251378:25,y:4,0:y y=-.434^5?|*(a*f) b$="a"y=14-y 1sx=25:sy=(112p*y/14)+25 sx,sy n=1502 1b$="b"h=f*((v*a)-(g*n*b/f))/(v+n):6055 h=((v*b*g)-(n*f*a))/(v+n) h=0n 4h<0y=14+.434^5?|*(-h):6070 y=-.434^5?|*h b$="a"y=14-y kx=n:xx=(200*n/502)+25:yy=(112p*y/14)+25:xx-sx,yy-sy:sx=xx:sy=yy:n c(200*z/502)+25,81Q:0,-568:25,81Q:200,0 42,1;0;"correct titre= ";z;"ml"   procequ 9898&+2*x(f)  r$,d$,e jsel=12,16-.5*r$;r$:6,16-.5*d$;d$:4,16;"" jsel=22,16-.5*d$;d$:6,16-.5*r$;r$:4,16;""   procask $2(9934&+2*r(x)):d$,q:try=try+1 .S13 ,0;5;1;d$:18,9 ;0;"PRESS y or n" 8x$= :#x$="Y"x$="N"x$=(x$+32 ) =x$="y"x$="n"6210B @ 62008 BGx$="y"e/q=(e/q).5,15:score=score+1:6240` LHx$="n"e/q=(e/q).5,15:score=score+1:6240` V.5,0 ` X procinput b9w$="":17,16;6;c$(114) le$=:e$=""7020l vge$=12 Ʊw$>017,w$+16;6;" ":w$=w$(1̱w$-1):7075 e$=13 7080 4op=1(e$<46.ůe$>579)7020l e$="/"7020l Ew$14w$=w$+e$:17,w$+16;6;0;e$ #d=110 :d:7020l -op=1w$="."e$=12 :7030v w$=""7020l d=110 :d: #( data lines #2!"An acid is a substance with a" #<"sour taste. It may release" #F$"hydrogen in solution as a proton" #P""(hydrogen ion). The number of" #Z#"protons for each molecule of an" #d$"acid is known as its 'basicity'." #n$"A strong acid is readily ionised" #x"whereas a weak acid is only" #"partially ionised. Mineral" ##"acids are strong acids; organic" #"acids are weak. An acid is" ##"characterised by its reactions." #"It turns blue litmus red;" #""it evolves carbon dioxide from" #$"carbonates; hydrogen is released" #!"on reaction with some metals." # "Inorganic bases are normally" $#"oxides or hydroxides of metals." $ "An alkali is a base which is" $#"soluble in water. It generates" $"$"hydroxyl ions as the only anion." $,$"A base reacts with acids to give" $6""salts. It accepts the protons" $@#"which are liberated from acids." $J#"Aqueous solutions of bases turn" $T$"red litmus blue. Hydroxides and" $^!"oxides of group 1 and group 2" $h"elements are strong bases." $r$"Other elements form weaker ones." $|"Ammonia forms the basis of" $!"organic bases in which one or" $$"more hydrogen atoms are replaced" $"by organic radicles." $!"Acids and bases react to form" $!"salts and sometimes water. A" $ "salt is an ionic compound in" $#"which the positive ion (cation)" $""is derived from a base and the" $#"negative ion (anion) is derived" $$"from an acid. Salts dissolve in" %!"water to give solutions which" %$"conduct electricity. Some salts" %$"contain replaceable hydrogen and" %&$"therefore are called acid salts." %0$"In the solid state, salts have a" %:""regular crystalline structure." %D#"Some crystals are stabilised by" %N!"the incorporation of water as" %X"'water of crystallisation'." % "The acidity of a solution is" %""indicated by the concentration" %#"of free hydrogen ions, although" %#"this is not a direct measure of" % "titratable acid. The proton" %$"concentration can be measured as" %#"the pH of the solution. pH may" %"be defined as the negative" % "logarithm (base ten) of the" %$"hydrogen ion concentration. The" %$"pH scale ranges from 1 (acid) to" %#"14 (alkaline). pH7 is neutral." & "pH may be determined by dyes" & #"which have different colours at" &$"different pH values. These have" & "largely been replaced by" &*"inexpensive pH probes." &/"Pb(NO) + NaSO","PbSO + 2NaNO",10 &#"Fe + HSO","FeSO + H",3 &-"Ca(OH) + 2HNO","Ca(NO) + 2HO",7 &."CuCO + 2HCl","CuCl + CO + HO",21  &,"ZnSO + NaCO","NaSO + ZnCO",10 &."FeCl + 3NHOH","Fe(OH) + 3NHCl",10 &#"Zn + CuSO","Cu + ZnSO",2 &!"KOH + HCl","KCl + HO",7 &&"CO + 2NaOH","NaCO + HO",7 & "CO + NaOH","NaHCO",77M &&"KOH + HSO","KHSO + HO",77M &%"KOH + KHSO","KSO + H",7 &("CO + Ca(OH)","CaCO + HO",14 &#"Mg + HSO","MgSO + H",3 &$"CuO + 2HCl","CuCl + HO",7 &-"2NHOH + HSO","(NH)SO + 2HO",7 &-"Pb(NO) + KCO","2KNO + PbCO",10 &/"Cu + 4HNO","Cu(NO) + 2NO + 2HO",3 &a" Is reaction enhanced by precipitation of one of products ?",2 &F" Is reaction enhanced by evolution of a gas ?",3 &G" Is this an example of double decomposition ?",5 &A" Is this a neutralisation reaction ?",7 &*" Is an acid-salt produced ?",11 ' 0 'Tstkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"abs"23552\,stkend-23500[: tkenפ9999' abs I\ \ I4lorgchem 55Xv7 -7:0:7:0:0 "23785",ç:"23659",1: messages/instructions  ( 2 < F P Z63000:7 d"" n x '=SAVEing instructions RUN 9999  '#"23785","255":"orgchem"ʰ"1": orgchem \  # # <@T''8cnc\\\c\ccc cdd\3fX![!@P!!88W K SR P 10 23659k\,0 e205,124|,0,59;,59;,225,1,15,0,9 ,235,42*,61=,92\,115s,35#,114r,201,59;,59;,205,142,2,123{,254,255,32 ,248,58:,58:,92\,254,255,40(,33!,254,7,40(,29,254,8,40(,25,60<,502,129,92\,253,546,0,255,33!,14,39',34",66B,92\,175,502,68D,92\,253,203,1,254,195,125},27,513,513,195,3,19,205,124|,0,59;,59;,225,1,15,0,9 ,235,42*,61=,92\,115s,35#,114r,201,118v,205,142,2,123{,254,255,32 ,248,58:,58:,92\,254,12 ,40(,10 ,254,16,40(,6,254,20,40(,2,24,25,60<,502,129,92\,253,546,0,255,33!,14,39',34",66B,92\,33!,0,0,34",68D,92\,59;,59;,195,125},27,195,3,19,0,205,142,2,123{ &g=6300163150:a:g,a:g 63074b #23659k\,2 -/0:7:7:0:0: 2&1;"PLEASE LEAVE TAPE RUNNING" Z 7 d"" n '<2,-30:0:or any routine for errors 'ostkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"orgchem"23552\,stkend-23500[:60000`,133: tkenc9999' orgchem \\4 *2 orgchem C\2"C# # <@T''8ޞ\\\ޞ\۞C\3f\X![!@P!!88W K SR Pg23561 \,255:23562 \,255:23658j\,0:(60000`)1330 7:7:0:0:0::1;10 ,10 ;"STOP THE TAPE":12 ,8;"THEN PRESS A KEY"; =""3  ; :9 ,7;1;6;"ORGANIC CHEMISTRY" ! 200 # 4000 (6x=13:"a"+x-1,00000000:x )"a"+3,00010000:"a"+4,001100000:"a"+5,00010000:"a"+6,00010000:"a"+7,001110008 26x=13:"s"+x-1,00000000:x 3"s"+3,00011000:"s"+4,00100100$:"s"+5,00001000:"s"+6,00010000:"s"+7,00111100< <6x=13:"d"+x-1,00000000:x ="d"+3,00011000:"d"+4,00000100:"d"+5,00001000:"d"+6,00000100:"d"+7,00011000 F6x=13:"f"+x-1,00000000:x G"f"+3,00100000 :"f"+4,01100000`:"f"+5,10100000:"f"+6,11100000:"f"+7,00100000 P6x=13:"g"+x-1,00000000:x Q"g"+3,00001000:"g"+4,00010000:"g"+5,001110008:"g"+6,00100100$:"g"+7,00011000 Zs$(14):s$=" " d 2000 j 2010 n1 x procdraw x,y,z z=1x,y z=2x,y z=0180 130  procatom x,y x=0y=0240 y,x;"C" 200  procinv x,y,z z=03106 z=184T+x,y "z=2-x,y , 260 6 @ procynv Jx,y,z Tz=0380| ^z=184T-x,y hz=2x,-y r 330J |  procyinv x,y,z z=0450 z=184T+x,y z=2-x,-y  400   procbdraw x,y,z z=0520 "z=184T-x,y-26 z=2x,y  470   procbinv x,y,z &z=0590N 0"z=184T+x,y-26 :z=2-x,y D 540 N X procbynv bx,y,z lz=0660 v"z=184T-x,y-26 z=2x,-y  610b   procbyinv x,y,z z=0730 "z=184T+x,y-26 z=2-x,-y  680  procringdraw x,y,z z=0800  z=184T-x,y  z=2x,y  750   !:0:7,5;"C" 9800H&:120x p1:3,16;"Carbon atom is":5,16;"at centre of":7,16;"tetrahedron"  250  2:9810R&:120x 10 ,16;"Bond directions":12 ,16;"are towards":14,16;"corners of":16,16;"tetrahedron" $ 250 .&y=211 :y,0;s$:y 867,5;2;"C":9810R&:120x B 250 L :1 Qx=8233 V4x/2=(x/2)1,x;"C":1120` [3,x;"C" `x jBx=72H168480:x,160:16,-8:x tAx=96`144480:x,152:16,8:x ~[5,2;"Saturated compounds may have":7,6;"open chain structures"  200 F2:9 ,14;"or":11 ,9 ;"ring structures" 9820\&:190 9830f&:120x  150 421,10 ;0;1;"Press a key" x$=:x$=""1210  2 ":2:9840p&:190 9850z&:120x e1,17;"Single bond":3,17;"(C-C distance":4,17;"is longest)"  150  1:9860&:190 9870&:120x (i8,17;"Double bond":10 ,17;"(C-C distance":11 ,17;"intermediate)" 2 150 < 0:9880&:190 F9890&:120x Pi16,17;"Triple bond":18,17;"(C-C distance":19,17;"is shortest)" Z 150 d421,10 ;2;1;"PRESS A KEY" nx$=:x$=""1390n x 3 =:1:k=46067070F:9920&:k:k B2:8,22;"Electron":9 ,22;"cloud"  1:9900&:190 9910&:120x E2:5,22;"Planar C":6,22;"skeleton"  1:9920&:740 "2k=25039070F:9920&:k:k ,B2:2,22;"Electron":3,22;"cloud" 1e0:13 ,6;"TYPICAL AROMATIC RING":15,3;"(Note: ring is not buckled)" 6421,10 ;2;1;"PRESS A KEY" @x$=:x$=""1600@ J 4 !:o$="CH":e$=o$+"":m$=o$+"" R2:1,0;m$+e$+e$+e$+e$+m$:1,20;1;"Hexane"  150 0:3,0;m$:5,0;m$:4,3;e$+e$+e$+m$:4,20;1;"2 methyl":5,20;1;"pentane"  150 2:x=09 9 :y=79 2:y,x;m$:y:x:8,3;e$+e$:8,20;1;"2,3 dimethyl":9 ,20;1;"butane"  150 &0:11 ,0;m$+e$:13 ,2;m$:12 ,5;e$+e$+m$:12 ,20;1;"3 methyl":13 ,20;1;"pentane" 016,7;0;"ISOMERS OF CH":18,1;"(named after longest chain in":19,11 ;"molecule)" : 150 D421,10 ;2;1;"PRESS A KEY" Nx$=:x$=""1870N X  5:5:1: ܅p$(18,32 ):i(18,10 ):i$(18,10 ,32 ):j(18,10 ):n$(5,502):u(6) v"Saturated compounds","Unsaturated aliphatic compounds","Aromatic compounds","Nomenclature","Next program" 0,12 ;"TOPICS" :2015:n=15:u$:u(n)=u$:n$(n)=u$:n Mn=15:3+3*n,2;n;" ";n$(n)(1u(n)):n 220,5;2;"SELECT TOPIC NUMBER"  x$=:x$=""2060  9x$<491ůx$>546.5,0:2060   x=x$:ch=x ";x=5:10 ,10 ;1;"START TAPE":"" %%x=3lin=17:2140\ 4lin=18 \z=8810j"+x*200 fz k:5,16-(.5*u(x));n$(x)(1u(x)):15,11 ;1;"PLEASE WAIT":17,7;"(approx 70 seconds)" pl=1lin:p$(l):l l=1lin s=1:w=1 n=132 w=10 2280 n32 2230 p$(l)(nn)65AƯp$(l)(nn)122zi$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s+1:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 p$(l)(nn)<65Aůp$(l)(nn)>122zi$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn-1):i(l,w)=n-s:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 |p$(l)(nn)>123{ůp$(l)(nn)<64@i$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1:2250 op$(l)(sn)+" "=p$(l)(sn+1)i$(l,w)=p$(l)(sn):i(l,w)=n-s+1:j(l,w)=s:w=w+1:s=n+1 p$(l)(nn)=" "w=w-1 n=32 2280 n ow=110 :i$(l,w)(i(l,w)i(l,w))64@ůi$(l,w)(i(l,w)i(l,w))123{i(l,w)=i(l,w)-1 w l s6:6:1::5,0;"SELECT PREDICT RATE (1 to 5)":8,5;"1 is the hardest" x$=:x$=""2286 9x$<491ůx$>535.5,0:2286 pr=x$ 7:7: %l=1lin:s=1:w=1 n=132 Op$(l)(nn)>64@Ưp$(l)(nn)<123{l-1,n-1;2;"-" Vp$(l)(nn)64@ůp$(l)(nn)123{l-1,n-1;0;p$(l)(nn) $n:l &pr=12350. (k=(*5)+1 *tl=1lin:w=110 :(k+l+w)/prɺ((k+l+w)/pr)l-1,j(l,w)-1;pr;i$(l,w)(1i(l,w)) ,w:l .Y18,0;"Enter word or x":20,0;"Enter x when passage completed" 85000:t$=w$ =t$=""23608 BPt$="x"t$="X"l=1lin:l-1,0;0;p$(l):l:2400` GR18,0;" ":18,0;1;"Searching for" L 3000 `+21,10 ;2;"PRESS A KEY" jx$=:x$=""2410j lch=11000 nch=21250 pch=31500 rch=41750 t|7::5,0;1;"To repeat topic - press r":10 ,0;2;"To return to menu - press m" x$=:x$=""2440 x$="r"x$="R"2285 x$="m"x$="M"::40( .05|L,0:2440 fl=1lin:w=110 :t$=i$(l,w)(1i(l,w))l-1,j(l,w)-1;0;t$ w:l ̄.05|L,10 :18,0;" ":18,0;1;"Enter word or x":23608  0 7:7::2,0;0;"Complete each of the following four passages by typing in appropriate words to match the dashes." 9 ,0;2;"Words may be typed in any order.Pressing the 'ENTER' key will enter your word into every spacein which it belongs but you mustuse capital letters in the rightplaces." 818,3;1;"Press any key to continue" x$=:x$=""4030   procinput 'w$="":18,16;6;s$ e$=:e$=""5020 ge$=12 Ʊw$>018,w$+16;6;" ":w$=w$(1̱w$-1):5075 e$=13 5080 Ew$14w$=w$+e$:18,w$+16;6;0;e$ #v=110 :v:5020  #(1 #2#"Organic compounds all have high" #<""carbon contents. The simplest" #F#"ones contain a carbon skeleton," #P$"the carbon atoms being joined by" #Z "covalent bonds. Each carbon" #d#"atom can be joined to a maximum" #n#"of four other atoms. The three" #x""dimensional arrangement of the" ##"atoms within the molecule has a" #$"marked influence on its physical" #$"and chemical properties. If all" ##"atoms are bonded to the maximum" #"possible number of adjacent" #$"atoms it is called a 'saturated'" #$"compound. If the carbon atom is" ##"regarded as being at the centre" #""of a tetrahedron, the adjacent" #"atoms are at the corners." #2 #"A compound containing atoms" $""which are bonded to fewer than" $""the maximum number of adjacent" $""atoms will normally contain at" $"#"least one multiple bond. Where" $,""a carbon atom is involved in a" $6 "multiple bond, a tetrahedral" $@"shape cannot exist. For a" $J!"double bond, the single bonds" $T""lie in a common plane which is" $^!"perpendicular to the plane of" $h""the double bond. For a triple" $r""bond, the single bonds are in" $|"the same line as the carbon" $ "atoms. The bond length for" $ "single bonds is longest; for" $!"double bonds is intermediate;" $!"for triple bonds is shortest." $3 $""The bond lengths in 'aromatic'" $""compounds lie betwen those for" $!"single and double bonds. The" $ "valency requirement for each" $$"atom appears not to be satisfied" $""but the molecule is stabilised" $"by a delocalised cloud of" %""electrons, the electrons being" %""contributed by the constituent" %""atoms. The difference between" %&$"aliphatic and aromatic compounds" %0""does not depend on whether the" %: "molecule has an open or ring" %D!"structure. Although aromatic" %N$"molecules are unsaturated, their" %X#"reactivity differs from that of" %b$"unsaturated aliphatic compounds." %4 %$"The simplest aliphatic compounds" %"contain carbon and hydrogen" %$"only. These are 'hydrocarbons'." %$"They may have ring structures or" %#"be open chains, either branched" %""or unbranched. Ring or cyclic" %!"compounds are named after the" %$"parent ring. Open compounds are" %$"named after the longest straight" %"chain within the molecule." %"Saturated hydrocarbons have" %$"names ending in ANE. Those with" &#"one or more double bonds end in" & ""ENE. Hydrocarbons with triple" &""bonds end in YNE. Families of" & $"compounds, differing only in the" &*""length of the carbon skeleton" &4"are 'homologous series'." &H44,,152,1,-32 ,-480,2,64@,0,2,-32 ,480,2,-20,-72H,2,524,24,2,-524,-24,2,-12 ,24,2,0,0,0 &R44,,122z,1,0,30,2,40(,112p,1,-28,-8,2,42*,110n,1,-18,-30,2,480,112p,1,28,-8,2,0,0,0 &\}11 ,13 ,14,15,18,15,20,19,17,17,13 ,17,0,0 &fV96`,64@,1,14,-8,2,120x,524,1,24,0,2,152,480,1,8,-22,2,158,22,1,-14,12 ,2,136,36$,1,-24,0,2,102f,38&,1,-8,22,2,0,0,0 &p26,3,11 ,3,0,0 &z+24,168,1,0,-40(,2,8,20,2,-8,20,2,24,-16,2,24,128,1,24,16,2,32 ,148,1,14,0,2,58:,148,1,28,0,2,120x,168,1,0,-40(,2,-8,20,2,8,20,2,-24,-16,2,120x,128,1,-24,16,2,112p,148,1,-14,0,2,0,0,0 &46,10 ,10 ,10 ,0,0 &b32 ,92\,1,0,20,2,72H,0,2,0,-40(,2,-72H,0,2,0,20,2,16,14,2,72H,0,2,-32 ,-28,2,-72H,0,2,16,14,2,16,78N,1,30,12 ,2,480,106j,1,4,-6,2,120x,106j,1,-30,-12 ,2,88X,78N,1,-2,6,2,568,96`,1,4,4,2,4,2,2,4,1,2,4,-1,2,4,-2,2,4,-4,2,568,88X,1,4,-4,2,4,-2,2,4,-1,2,4,1,2,4,2,2,4,4,2,0,0,0 &36,17,9 ,17,0,0 &32 ,36$,1,14,0,2,96`,36$,1,-14,0,2,58:,36$,1,12 ,0,2,58:,39',1,12 ,0,2,58:,33!,1,12 ,0,2,0,0,0 &t2,6,7,5,13 ,5,18,6,13 ,7,7,7,0,0 &U26,126~,1,28,6,2,66B,132,1,36$,0,2,114r,132,1,28,-6,2,26,122z,1,28,-6,2,66B,116t,1,36$,0,2,114r,116t,1,28,6,2,0,0,0 &67C,138,1,1,2,2,2,3,2,4,3,2,8,3,2,16,4,2,16,2,2,20,1,2 &62>,138,1,1,2,2,2,3,2,4,2,2,8,2,2,16,2,2,16,1,2,15,1,2,0,0,0 ' 0 'Xstkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"orgchem"23552\,stkend-23500[: tken9999' orgchem C\2\ C4Q org 11[3 -7:0:7:0:0 "23785",ç:"23659",1: messages/instructions  ( 2 < F P Z63000:7 d"" n x '=SAVEing instructions RUN 9999  '"23785","255":"org"ʰ"1": 6 org \{# # <@T''8cnc\\\c\ccccdd\3f+X![!@P!!88W K SR P 10 23659k\,0 e205,124|,0,59;,59;,225,1,15,0,9 ,235,42*,61=,92\,115s,35#,114r,201,59;,59;,205,142,2,123{,254,255,32 ,248,58:,58:,92\,254,255,40(,33!,254,7,40(,29,254,8,40(,25,60<,502,129,92\,253,546,0,255,33!,14,39',34",66B,92\,175,502,68D,92\,253,203,1,254,195,125},27,513,513,195,3,19,205,124|,0,59;,59;,225,1,15,0,9 ,235,42*,61=,92\,115s,35#,114r,201,118v,205,142,2,123{,254,255,32 ,248,58:,58:,92\,254,12 ,40(,10 ,254,16,40(,6,254,20,40(,2,24,25,60<,502,129,92\,253,546,0,255,33!,14,39',34",66B,92\,33!,0,0,34",68D,92\,59;,59;,195,125},27,195,3,19,0,205,142,2,123{ &g=6300163150:a:g,a:g 63074b #23659k\,2 -/0:7:7:0:0: 2&1;"PLEASE LEAVE TAPE RUNNING" Z 7 d"" n '<2,-30:0:or any routine for errors 'kstkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"org"23552\,stkend-23500[:60000`,133: tkenc9999' org \\4 &e  lorg $\ b$"# # <@T''89\\\\$\3fX![!@P!!88W K SR Pg23561 \,255:23562 \,255:23658j\,0:(60000`)1330 7:7:0:0:0::1;10 ,10 ;"STOP THE TAPE":12 ,8;"THEN PRESS A KEY"; =""3 d #x=07:n:"a"+x,n:x #x=07:n:"s"+x,n:x ܇0,0,0,24,36$,8,16,60<,0,0,0,24,4,8,4,24 m$(12 ,28):m(12 ):l(12 ):p(12 ):b$(12 ,28):b(12 ):a$(12 ,12 ,28):a(12 ,12 ) u(12 ):e$(6,7):e(8):n$(8,28):n(8):g$(12 ,28):g(12 ):s$(32 ):s$=" " .x=16:x$:e$(x)=x$:e(x)=x$:x :"propane","butane","pentane","hexane","heptane","octane" " 1000 , procform 1 cyc=0 66a$(t,1)="CH":a(t,1)=3:f=1 @i=(*5+2) J s=2i T)x=(*4+1):cyc=cyc+1 ^(2990 +10 *x) h%x$,c:a$(t,s)=x$:a(t,s)=x$:f=f+c r<fifin=s+1:a$(t,fin)="CH":a(t,fin)=3:s=i |s   procsort a$(t,fin-1)(1a(t,fin-1))="CH(CHCH)"a$(t,fin+1)="CH":a(t,fin+1)=3:a$(t,fin)="CH":a(t,fin)=3:a$(t,fin-1)="CH(CH)":a(t,fin-1)=7:fin=fin+1 a$(t,2)(1a(t,2))="CH(CHCH)"fin=fin+1:k=fin4-1:a$(t,k)=a$(t,k-1):a(t,k)=a(t,k-1):k:a$(t,3)="CH(CH)":a(t,3)=7:a$(t,2)="CH":a(t,2)=3:a$(t,1)="CH":a(t,1)=3   procmol (m$(t)=a$(t,1):m(t)=a(t,1) s=2fin Hm$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t))+a$(t,s)(1a(t,s)):m(t)=m(t)+a(t,s):s  X procmirror bk=1fin l7b$(k)=a$(t,fin+1-k):b(k)=a(t,fin+1-k):k vGr$=b$(1):r=b(1):s=2fin:r$=r$+b$(s):r=r+b(s):s   prochomol  z=0 t=112 mp(t)=l(t)m$(t)(m(t)-2m(t))="CH"z=z+1:u(z)=t:n$(z)=e$(p(t)-2):n(z)=e(p(t)-2) t   procisom *&iso=(*12 +1):g=0 4t=112 >l(t)=l(iso)g=g+1 Ht Rg<2810* \  procfunc %fg=(*12 +1):g=0 t=112 Cm$(t)(m(t)-3m(t))=m$(fg)(m(fg)-3m(fg))g=g+1 t g<2910  5:5: 82,8;1;7;"ORGANIC MOLECULES" 5,15;7;2;"Menu":0:8,0;"1 Hydrocarbons":11 ,0;"2 Miscellaneous compounds":14,0;"3 Leave program":18,8;1;"Select 1, 2 or 3" c$=:c$=""1030 9c$<491ůc$>513.1}L,0:1030 c$="3"0 [:1:8,8;"MAKING SELECTION":12 ,10 ;1;"PLEASE WAIT" $Ft=1:300,:400:500:l(t)=f+1:p(t)=fin .t=212 :20,9 ;7;2;"SELECTING ";t:z=0:300,:400:500:600X:l(t)=f+1:p(t)=fin 8g=1t-1 BAm$(g)(1m(g))=m$(t)(1m(t))z=1:g=t-1 L0m$(g)(1m(g))=r$z=1:g=t-1 Vg `&z=1m(t)>25t=t-1 jt tc$="1"1250 ~t=112 q=(*5+1) q=11220 wq=2m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t)-3):m(t)=m(t)-3:m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t))+"CHCl":m(t)=m(t)+5 wq=3m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t)-3):m(t)=m(t)-3:m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t))+"CHBr":m(t)=m(t)+5 xq=4m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t)-3):m(t)=m(t)-3:m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t))+"CHNH":m(t)=m(t)+6 wq=5m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t)-3):m(t)=m(t)-3:m$(t)=m$(t)(1m(t))+"CHOH":m(t)=m(t)+5 t  1670 hydrocarbons 2:502:6: t=112 :.2~L,3*(t-1):t,0;7;1;t:t,3;7;1;m$(t)(1m(t)):t 700:y=1521:y,0;5;s$:y:15,0;7;2;"How many are homologues of methane ? "  x$=:x$=""1290  9x$<491ůx$>579.1}L,0:1290  x=x$ ($x=z.1}L,30:1340< 2.1}L,0 <_0:x=1z:u(x),0;u(x):u(x),3;1;m$(u(x))(1m(u(x))):x F=x=1z:y=1521:y,0;6;s$:y PD15,0;0;"What is the name of number ";u(x);" ?" Z 2500 _t$=w$ d7t$=n$(x)(1n(x)).1}L,30:1400x n`.1}L,0:20,0;"Correct name is ";n$(x)(1n(x)):2:150 xau(x),0;6;1;u(x):u(x),3;6;1;m$(u(x))(1m(u(x))) x Ty=1521:y,0;s$:y:20,4;"PRESS A KEY TO CONTINUE"  0 :t=112 :.2~L,3*(t-1):t,0;7;1;t:t,3;7;1;m$(t)(1m(t)):t r800 :t=1:iso,0;7;2;iso:iso,3;7;2;m$(iso)(1m(iso)) x=112  z=0 7:y=1521:y,0;s$:y:15,0;2;"Identify isomers of ";iso:16,0;2;"(one number at a time or ?)":18,0;1;"When complete, other compounds will disappear"  2600( g$(x)=w$:z=0 4g$(x)(11)="?"x=12 :1600@ g(x)=g$(x): Gg(x)<1g(x)>12 .1}L,0:x=x-1:1580, #g(x)=isox=x-1:1580, x=11570" Eh=1x-1:g(h)=g(x)h=x-1:x=x-1:z=1 h "2:7:z=0l(g(x))=l(iso).1}L,40(:g(x),0;g(x):g(x),3;m$(g(x))(1m(g(x))):t=t+1:1580, '.1}L,0 ,0y=1521:y,0;6;s$:y 6t=gx=12 ;x @Mt=112 :.1}L,t*4:l(t)l(iso)t,0;6;s$ Jt T0y=1521:y,0;6;s$:y ^<20,6;7;2;"PRESS A KEY FOR MENU" h2:0 r 1000 |miscellaneous 502:7:7: b2:t=112 :.1}L,t*4:t,0;t:t,3;m$(t)(1m(t)):t R900:4:t=1:fg,0;fg:fg,3;m$(fg)(1m(fg)) x=112  z=0 _15,0;1;"Identify other compounds with similar properties to number ";fg :17,0;1;"(one number at a time or ?)" M19,0;0;"When complete,other compounds will disappear"  2600( w$=""1750 g$(x)=w$:z=0 4g$(x)(11)="?"x=12 :1870N  g(x)=g$(x) Gg(x)<1g(x)>12 .1}L,0:x=x-1:1850: 4g(x)=fgx=x-1:.1}L,0:1850: x=118400 h=1x-1 0g(h)=g(x)h=x-1:x=x-1:z=1 &h 0z=0m$(g(x))(m(g(x))-2m(g(x)))=m$(fg)(m(fg)-2m(fg)).1}L,40(:g(x),0;1;g(x):g(x),3;1;m$(g(x))(1m(g(x))):t=t+1:1850: 5.1}L,0 :'y=1521:y,0;s$:y Dt=gx=12 Nx Xmt=112 :.1}L,t*4:m$(t)(m(t)-3m(t))m$(fg)(m(fg)-3m(fg))t,0;s$ ]t b0y=1521:y,0;2;s$:y l<20,6;7;1;"PRESS A KEY FOR MENU" v2:0:1000 0 procinput w$="" i$=:i$=""2520 /i$65AƯi$90Zi$=(i$+32 ) 5(i$=13 ůi$=12 )Ʊw$<10 w$=w$+i$ ^i$=12 Ʊw$>017,w$+10 ;" ":w$=w$(1̱w$-1):2520 i$=13 2580 2w$10 17,w$+10 ;0;i$ #v=110 :v:2520  (procnumber input 2w$="" <i$=:i$=""2620< Ai$="?"w$=i$:i$=13 F^i$=12 Ʊw$>021,w$+14;" ":w$=w$(1̱w$-1):2675s P&i$=13 Ʊw$02680x Z'i$<480ůi$>5792620< n;w$<2w$=w$+i$:21,w$+14;0;i$ s#v=110 :v:2620< x data "CH",1 "CH",1 "CH(CH)",2 "CH(CHCH)",3 ' 0 'Tstkend=23653e\+256*23654f\:"org"23552\,stkend-23500[: tken9999' org $\ \$4