ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXLearnChess;8b=5a=259+23635S\+256*23636T\:a :637997:5,0;"Loading Master Routines." 23297[,0 !"object"638008,1735 55,0;"This load takes about 2 minutes."  "routines" #![6![[S\  a]n]]object 8>2G>2tͺ>2G> 2t͛!:( y:G ͛! >Wq !8v>@ *)))))c>2>2> 2:2:2~#"2:=2( ͖:> 2:=2 >2:=2:2:<2*~#c:2!F(5!F -:xO:O! > >!F(<2I:xG:Oo&))))) :xO! ~>(<2:G@gxgxo:Go!:O F!F(//![>(![6#67!h !h :<=(:= :2!:w!5:<=(:= :2!:w!5!5 *[:`h2:0G>2X:2X:2X:2X![z!6d#6#6d#6:\G:\G:o:g>Xg:\wK*S\[S"V#^"E\B#^#V> #[K\R *0(+6*< *"͵+! < K+B88( ` ""**KB"DM!K\>^#VR0 Br+s##= R#DM(+6< á(+6*"ë*S\"͵+" "5f*v@`@@  `  0  @p@@@` 0 0     0+p``@@@` 0? @  @@` 0 +?    d1d2l1ser:605] aa$=q650 b0500:l1,l1,h$:l1=a$:i=ol1:h$:g$:i g>500+d*l1:start,ed,e$:i=oed:s(i):i:sct:600X :500:l1,l2,h$ 64681,184:64682,11 :64684,(l1/256):64683,l1-256*(l1/256):64967 Pk7:k7:q::799:g$:0,6;g$::l1:i=ol1:h$:i;"=";h$:i fzh,q;"Which Part do you want?":"(Enter 0 to stop)":sna:l3=a$:l3l12815 :705 l3=q65535: 502:g1:i=ol3:g,h:i:i=16:23298[+i,(u$(g+(t-g)*(g-g1=o)*(h=o),i)):i:i=19 :23304[+i,w$(p-h,i):i:23297[,l3:23314[,g:23298[,h:23315[,g1: g1=23315[:g=23314[:h=23298[:" LOADING INSTRUCTIONS"::"1. The Part you require is the ":" ";:i=16:¾(23298[+i);:i:" program on ";:i=19 :¾(23304[+i);:i:" side of the cassette tape." Ci=1::h=0i=2:"2. Turn the cassette over.": Cgg1h=0i=i+1:i;". Rewind the Tape."::g1=0 Պi=i+1:i;". Press Play on your tape recorder, and wait about ";(g-g1)*2:" minutes while the program loads." (g-g1)>1:"NOTE:If you're confident enough,you can locate the program more quickly by (after Step ";i-1;") pressing Fast Forward (for no more than ";(g-g1-1)*7;" seconds), stopping the tape, then pressing Play.":899 :i+1;". After the program has loaded, there will be a 30 second delay before it runs. During this time, the material you have selected is being merged with the Master routines." E"Introductory Course.",5,"The Board, Starting Play, Pawns ,and Knights","Bishops, Rooks, Queen, King and Castling Introduction","Castling Exercises, Check, Checkmate and Stalemate Introduction","Stalemate Exercises, Perpetual Check, Capture, and Pins","Forks, Double Attacks, and Skewers" !"Part"+(23297[):9 -b(l)=(65509+(a$(l))-96`) +c(l)=zf*(a$(l)-97a)+120x "d(l)=136-zf*(a$(l)) 6e(l)=a7+a$(l)-97a+(64@-a$(l+o)*k8) j=q:l=q:sbs:zh,q; &t$-j<33!l1=t$-j:1020 0i=ozo:l1=zo+o-i:t$(j+l1)" "i:1030 #l=l+o:l>tskc:sbs:zh,q;:l=o t$(j+ol1+j):j=j+l1 j96`)1210  a$="1"+a$:sfs:sfx:  spb:skc: k7:k7::shc:  spb:sfz:  spb:spm:skc:  M(a$(op)"00"ưa$(op)<91[)a$(rt),q+o*(a$(op)90Z)a$(rt),o;a$(op)-90Z;" ..... "; Ha$(rt),r+e*((a$(op)="00"Űa$(op)>90Z));a$(de);"-";a$(k7k8) $a$=a$(dk8):sm:c$""2224 c$=""t,q;y$  l1=q:1320( l1=p:1320( #l1=r (z=l1zg:z,q;y$:z: Fd::d::l3=o:1360P Kd::d:l3=p RO64496:n=qr:m=qr:t:a1,98b+p*n:a2,502+p*m:64500 i0a1,97a+p*n:a2,491+p*m:64500 j4k7:a1,98b+p*n:a2,491+p*m:64500 l0a1,97a+p*n:a2,502+p*m:64500 nm:n:d:l3=p }1q:i=ok8:q,p*i+zc;(96`+i):i:l3=p 4i=ok8:zh-p*i,31;i:i:119w,168 6129,q:q,-129:-129,q:q,129  d:q:sh: -zd,q;"enter ";:z$="r""rank":1460 "file" zf,q; sin a$= a$="x"1498 z$="f"1490 -a$<491ůa$>568p1,q:1465  1495 .a$<97aůa$>104hp1,q:1465 a$:zd,q;y$ Qa$=x$t,q;e;"Correct";d;" ":y$:y$:zf,q;y$:t$=r$:spz:1499 Lt,q;e;"Wrong.";d;" Try":"again ,or type":"x for solution":1450 Gt,q;"The correct":"answer is ";x$;" ":y$:zf,q;y$:t$=r$:spz  Ozd,q;"Type y for yes":"or n for no ":a$="":b$="":zf,q;y$:e,q;:i1=q sin !n$=:n$="n"n$="y"1525 ser:1500 n$="y"a$="yes":1549   a$="no"  zf,q;a$: over=o:sw1=q:1558 spb over=o:sw1=o:1558 over=q:sw1=q (xs=c(o):ys=d(p):xe=c(r):ye=d(t) ,7xd=xe-xs:yd=ye-ys:max=((xd)ƽxdȽyd)+(ydƽyd>xd) @#a5,over:a6,e(o):sw=qe(o),q Jxd=xd/max:yd=yd/max:y4,max Oxd=qy2,q:y5,q:1620T Qy2,o/(xd):y5,o/(xd) Tyd=qy3,q:y6,q:1625Y Vy3,o/(yd):y6,o/(yd) Y6y7,xd+256*(xd=-o):y1,yd+256*(yd=-o) [a3,c(o):65484,d(p) \'max=zfy4,zo:y2,p:y5,p:y3,p:y6,p ^64420 ce(r),a6:y8 h$a6=eža6=zba6,a6-p:1642j i 1646n j"a$="e1c1"a$="a1d1":1558 k"a$="e1g1"a$="h1f1":1558 l"a$="e8g8"a$="h8f8":1558 m"a$="e8c8"a$="a8d8":1558 n sw1=oskc q r'a$="":zd,q;"Enter a number":y$:y$ wsin ~a$= fg=pa$="x"1670 3a$<480ůa$>5792815 :1655w zd,q;y$:y$:a$  Na$="":i1=q:ze,q;"(type b or w)":zd,q;"black or white":zf,q;y$:zf,q; sin !n$=:n$="b"n$="w"1768 ser:1750  n$="w"a$="white":1770  a$="black" a$  zd,q;y$: spb:sy:1809  spb:sna:1809  spb:snb:1809  spb:sbw !t,q;y$:t,q;:a$x$e;"In"; @e;"correct":t$=r$:spb:f$""a$=f$:f$="":sfz:18499 0skc 9zf,q;y$:t,q;y$: :Ez$="m":fg=o:err=q:spb:t,q;"Choose a move ":"(or 0 to exit)": I7v=o̱x$/t:v;" ";x$(v*t-rv*t-p);"-";x$(v*t-ov*t):v N7sna:num=a$:numx$/t2815 :1870N Xd,q;y$:num=q b<t,q;"Choice : ";x$(num*t-rnum*t-p);"-";x$(num*t-onum*t) g-a$=x$(num*t-rnum*t):sm:c$""2224 kl1=d:1320(:zf,q;y$: lBi1=q:err=q:a$="":zd,q;"enter ";:z$="r""route":1904p mz$="m""move":1904p n z$="d""diagonal":1904p o "square" p7zf,q;y$:y$:zf,q;:fg=oze,q;"Type x to exit":; qfg=pze,q;"(x for answer)": rfg=qze,q;"(z to correct)" tsin {!n$=:n$="z"p1,zb:1900l ~i1=i1+o:fg=q1925 %n$="x"zf,q;y$:err=o:1999 z$"s"1935 i1*30+1910v i1*zp+1930 (n$<96`ůn$>104h1985 n$;:a$=a$+n$:1908t 'n$<491ůn$>5681985 n$;"-";:a$=a$+n$:1908t  1940 'n$<491ůn$>5681985 z$="r"i1e1955 n$:a$=a$+n$:1999  1940 p1,q:i1=i1-o:1908t  1970 zd,q;y$:y$: 8fg=q:err=q:v=o̰x$(o):c(v)=q:v:v=q:spb:zf,q;y$ +t,q;"Enter your ":"responses ":  Hindex=t-p*(x$(p)="s"):index=index+p*(x$(p)="r"):z$=x$(p):fg=q:l1=d v=v+o:v>x$(o)2145a /err=ou=o̰x$(o):c(u)=qc(u)=o:2080  err=ou:2145a !sem:err=ot,q;y$:2065  u=o̰x$(o) ,a$=x$((u-o)*index+ru*index+p)2075 6z$="d"a$=x$(u*t+ou*t+p)+x$(u*t-ou*t)2075 u:21004 4c(u)qt,q;"Tried already":fg=p:y$:2068 2c(u)=o:t,q;e;"Correct";d;" ":fg=q:y$  a$=x$((u-o)*index+ru*index+p) !.v+d,q;v;" ";a$(op);:z$"s""-";a$(rt);: #z$="r""-";a$(de); % 2110> 46t,q;e;"Not correct";d;" ":fg=p:y$:2068 >z$="s"2130R Cz$="r"2135W HDn$="":pn=e(r):pn>epn=pn-e:n$="z"+o$(pn)+a$(rt):2124L I"pn=qn$="x"+a$(rt):2124L Jn$=o$(pn)+a$(rt) L@pn=e(o):pn>epn=pn-e:n$=n$+"z"+o$(pn)+a$(op):2126N Mn$=n$+"w"+o$(pn)+a$(op) O#smz:a$=n$:n$="":sp:2140\ Rsfz:2140\ W,l1=o:ssc:d$=b$:l1=r:ssc:a$=d$+b$:sfz \t,q;y$:y$:2064 a<t,q;"Question over ":"( ";x$(o);" solutions)":skc:scc: csbs: d64378z e 9 fz$="m":2160p kz$="s":2160p oz$="d" pq$=t$:s1=q:cc=o:fg=q:spb qsem:a$=x$2180 rerr=oerr=q:2184 sz$"d"2165u t-a$(op)=x$(rt)a$(rt)=x$(op)2180 uJfg=p:t,q;e;"Wrong.";d;" Try ":"again, or type":"x for solution" z7s1ea$="z"+a$ c$(cc+r)="p"sp:cc=cc+k7: 0c$(cc+r)="c"t,q;"Check ":cc=cc+t: 0c$(cc+r)="m"t,q;"Checkmate ":cc=cc+t: 0c$(cc+r)="d"t,q;"Dble. ch. ":cc=cc+t: 0c$(cc+r)="s"t,q;"Stalemate ":cc=cc+t: %a$="x"+c$(cc+tcc+d):cc=cc+e:sp: k8,q;y$:t$=q$:spb Sl1=(a$(r)-a$(o)):l2=(a$(t)-a$(p)):l1pl2pl1+l2r2310  err=q:  d,q;"Illegal move ":err=o: .@cc=o:b4=q:b3=r:b2=o:l3=d:i1=q:a$="":err=q:z$="m":fg=q 3,scc:spb:d,o;x$(op);" ";:b2=x$(op) 8x$(t)"b"b1=q:2370B =b1=o:d,r;".....":b3=k9 Bv=o(x$-d)/t G!x$(r)="d"x$(r)="x"2390V LO(x$(d)="b"b1=q)(x$(d)="w"b1=o)r,q;"My move ":zf,q;y$:2390V Nr,q;"Your move " Q%sem:err=or,q;y$:y$:2390V SXa$x$(v*t+pv*t+d)r,q;e;"Not correct";d;" ":"Try again ":fg=p:2385Q T*r,q;e;"Correct";d;" ":y$:fg=q V!fg=q:err=q:a$=x$(v*t+pv*t+d) X#b1=ql3>zc638008:l3=l3-o [(vob1=ql3,p-b2;b2;" ";:b4=b4+o ] l3,b3;a$(op);"-";a$(rt):y$ `'b1=b1+o:x$(r)="x"x$(r)="s"b1=b1+o e b1=ob3=k9 j$b1=pb3=r:b2=b2+o:l3=l3+o:b1=q o sm:t,q;y$ p2c$>ccc$(cccc+o)=b2ưc$(cc+p)=b12225 t((x$(r)="d"x$(r)="x")v(x$-d)/tskc ~+x$(r)="x"sw=or,q;"x to exit":="x" 8v:r,q;"Sequence ended":r$:zf,q;y$:x$(d)"x"sbs skc:err=q:fg=q: Oxd=a$(l1+p)-a$(l1):yd=a$(l1+r)-a$(l1+o):max=(xdƽxdȽyd)+(ydƽxd5792815 :2650Z Ha$=a$+n$:a$>pp1,0:ze,q;"Too long ":o:zm:2650Z n$;:2670n zd,q;y$:y$:y$: ed=q2726 start=qes=q:2738 sch Nzp,q;"Are you restarting in this section from an earlier session?":sy a$="yes"edq2729 es=q:r$="":s=q:f$="":c$="":start:2640P :edqzh,q;"Do you want an exercise from this section?":sy:a$="no" ed=q2791 et=o:2750 es=o:start=q2736 ed=q2735 iv$="":es=o:zp,q;"Do you want to see the introduction again?";y$;y$:sy:a$="no"2736 !s=q:r$="":f$="":c$="":start ed=q2790 es=q2750 ed=oet=o:2750 2640P zp,q;"What exercise number do you want to start with? ( 1 to ";ed;")":y$;:y$:y$;:y$:20,q;"(Enter 0 to leave this section.)":y$;:y$;" ":ed>k9snb:2745 sna et=a$ etedser:2740 et=q zk,q;y$;y$;" ":y$ sbf x=eted:sw=q +s=q:f$="":r$="":c$="":ex=x:sex:s(x) x=ed2790 fscc:sbs:zh,q;"Do you want the next exercise inthis section?":sy:a$="no"2640P :2792 sbs:scc:scd x 2640P k7,q;"End of section." Lzp,q;"Do you want to stay in this section?":sy:a$="yes"2729  >q,zf-.5*h$;h$:o,zf-.5*h$;:i=o̱h$:"*";:i  1p1,q:ze,q;"Illegal answer":o:zm:ze,q;y$: o:o:k7::k8,zp;"LEARN CHESS":zp,zp;"BY COMPUTER":zc,e;"Introductory Course":zi,r;" Braveline ltd. MCMLXXXIII"::;" All Rights Reserved":200 :k8,q;"THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS TAPE IS THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF BRAVELINE LTD.":::;"UNAUTHORISED USAGE, COPYING, PUBLICATION OR REPLICATION OF THE MATERIAL IS AN INFRINGEMENT OF THE COPYRIGHT.":250 700 pPart1 ?OPN`/yAO3920P,6,"Part 1","THE BOARD","z","STARTING PLAY","z","THE PAWN-BASIC","z","EN PASSANT","z","PAWN PROMOTION","z","THE KNIGHT","z" Y2,2,1,3,1,1,0,2,0,3,0 C3000 ,4,"",3035 ,3045 ,3060 ,3070 3080 ,0,"" d3185q ,7,"",3215 ,3225 ,3235 ,3260 ,3275 ,3285 ,3310 "3355 ,1,"",3395C  83430f ,3,"",3465 ,3490 ,3515 3525 ,11 ,"",3560 ,3570 ,3580 ,3600,3675[,3685e,3700t,3720,3625),3855,3810 d:d::sbb:t$="Here is the Chess Board. It has 8 ranks (rows) and 8 files (columns). The squares are alternately black and white. Notice that the top left-hand corner is always white." spz €srb:t$="Here are the files. They are lettered from a to h. You can see the c file being flashed.":a$="c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8":spf xsrf:t$="These are the ranks. They are numbered 1 to 8. You can see rank 4 being flashed.":a$="a4b4c4d4e4f4g4h4":spf ka$="id5":sp:t$="This shows a Bishop on the 5th rank, on the d file. This position is d5.":a$="d5":spf pt$="The diagonals are also important. You can see the diagonal a2-g8 being flashed.":a$="a2b3c4d5e6f7g8":spf  ۈr$="The pawn moved up the g file.":z$="f":a$="pg2":sp:t$="What file is the white pawn moving up?":spb:a$="g2g6":sm:x$="g":swr  ?a$="zrb4":sp:t$="What rank is the rook moving across?":spb Ra$="b4g4":smn:r$="The rook moved across the fourth rank.":x$="4":z$="r":swr  9t$="What square is the white queen on?":a$="qf5":sp 1r$="The queen is on square f5.":x$="f5":sws: Ct$="Which diagonal is the black bishop moving up?":a$="zif1":sp Wspb:a$="f1a6":x$="f1a6":r$="The bishop moved along the f1-a6 diagonal.":sm:swd: sbf st$="I am going to show you the starting positions of the various pieces. Which piece would you like to see?":spb $t,q;:i=ok7:i;" = ";p$(i,o):i 1sna:n9=a$:n9k72815 :3095 v=n9:n9=k7v=oe a$=m$(v,o):sp:n9=k7v !]n9=dn9=k7t$="Notice that the queen always starts play standing on it's own colour.":spz #n9=k73135? &-t$="Would you like another piece?":spb:sy + zf,q;y$ 5 a$="yes"scd:sbs:3095 :gt$="Exercises on the starting positions are given under the sections for the individual pieces.":spz ?Yt$="Starting play. Play is started with a full board, as shown above.":spb:n9=k7skc D'n9k7scd:v=oe:a$=m$(v,o):sp:v Int$="White has the first move, with Black following. Each player then moves alternately. Here is an example." Nr$="":x$="01dwwd2d4d7d5b1c3e7e6":snm:t$="Note how the moves are recorded (on the left-hand side of the screen). Move 1 refers to both White's and Black's first move.":spz:t$=" The moves are recorded by referring to the starting and finishing square for the piece that moves.":spz St$="Capturing is the subject of a section later in the course, but for the moment, you need to understand the basic rule.":spz Xt$="In CHESS , the capturing piece moves to the square occupied by the enemy piece, which is then removed from the board.":spz:t$="Note that you do NOT capture in CHESS by jumping over the captured piece.":spz ]ux$="03dwwc3d5":t$="Here is an example. White's knight on c3 captures Black's pawn on d5.":r$="Pawn captured":snm bwt$="Actually, that was not a good move for White to make. You will see why later in the course.":spb:d,k8;"?":skc gLt$="The question mark you can see records that this was a poor move.":spz l qsch:d,q;"The Pawn is known as the foot- soldier of the Chess board. It has some unique characteristics which distinguish it from the pieces." v@11 ,q;" 1. It always moves forward, never back." {_zd,q;" 2. On it's first move, it can move either one or two squares forward." Hzh,q;" 3. It cannot jump over any other pawn or piece.":skb sch:e,q;" 4. A pawn may capture a pawn or a piece of the opposite colour, but to do this it must move DIAGONALLY forward one square. Pieces directly in front of it are not threatened by it." skb: t$="How many White pawns are on the board at the start of a game?":x$="8":r$="Both sides start the game with 8 pawns.":shm Va$=m$(o,ozg):sp:t$="Here are the White pawns in their starting positions.":spz: ^t$="What rank do the Black pawns occupy at the start of the game?":spb:x$="7":z$="r":swr Ma$=m$(o,zh):t$="Here are the Black pawns on the seventh rank.":sp:spz: `t$="White decides to open with his king's pawn. What moves can he legally make?":a$="pe2":sp x$="2me2e4e2e3":shw:t$="Pawns can only move diagonally when they are capturing another piece. They can never move more than two spaces forward.":spz: ^t$="White has played e2-e4, and Black has responded c7-c6. Can White now move e4-e5?":q$=t$ a$="pe4zpc6":x$="yes":f$="e4e5":sp:r$="A pawn can move one square forward.":syn:t$=q$:t$(75K79O)="e4-e6":x$="no":r$="After it's first move, a pawn can only move forward one square.":syn \t$=q$:t$(75K79O)="e4-e3":r$="Pawns can never move backwards.":x$="no":syn: ˎr$="Pawns move diagonally forward one square when capturing.":a$="pc4zpb5":sp:t$="How does White capture the Black pawn?":x$="c4b5":swm Кt$="There was an alternative move for White. What was it?":a$="pc4zpb5":scd:sp:x$="c4c5":r$="White does not HAVE to capture the Black pawn.":swm: Չa$="pa3c4d4e2f5h2zpa7b6c5d6e7f6":v$=a$:sp:t$="Which White pawns cannot move forward because their way is blocked?":x$="2sc4f5":shw Lt$="With what move can White capture a Black pawn?":x$="d4c5":r$="":swm oa$="pd4zpc5":sp:t$="What are all the other possible moves for White?":x$="6ma3a4d4d5e2e3e2e4h2h3h2h4":shw t$="Notes. 1. The a3 pawn has already moved, so can only move one square forward.":a$="a3":spf:t$="2. White has the option not to capture with the d4 pawn (with d4-c5), and instead can block Black's d6 pawn (with d4-d5).":a$="d4d6":spf t$="3. The e2 and h2 pawns have not yet moved, and still have the option to move forward one or two squares.":a$="e2h2":spf: a$="pa3c4d4e2f5h2":sp:t$="The white pawns are attacking all those squares (10 in all) that are flashing.":a$="b4b5c5d5e5d3f3e6g6g3" spf:a$="zpa7b6c5d6e7f6":sp:t$="What squares are being attacked/defended by the Black pawns at c5 and d6?":x$="4sb4d4c5e5":shw vt$="See how the Black pawns defend each other. Pawn d6 defends c5. What other pawn defends c5?":x$="b6":r$="":sws t$="If it is White to play, can he safely win a pawn by playing d4-c5?":x$="no":r$="Because Black will respond with b6-c5 (or d6-c5).":syn scc:t$=i$:r$="":x$="01dwwd4c5b6c5":snm:a$="pd4zpb6":sp:scc:t$="If it is Black's move, can he gain a pawn?":f$="d4":r$="White's pawn on d4 is undefended.":x$="yes":syn nt$="Watch. There is no White pawn to take Black's pawn on d4.":x$="01dbwc5d4":r$="":snm:a$="pd4zpc5":sp scc:t$="White is attacking 9 vacant squares. How many is Black attacking?":x$="4":f$="a5b4e5g5":r$="Black is attacking four squares.":shm ft$="The conclusion is that White is better placed because he controls more squares than Black.":spz  ksch:e,q;"En passant is a form of capturing that only takes place between pawns. The rules are:" gza,q;" 1. The pawn that captures must be on Rank 5 if it is White, or Rank 4 if it is Black." %:" 2. The captured pawn must be on a file next to the capturing pawn, and must have moved forward two squares on it's first move." *bskb:sch:e,q;" 3. The pawn must be captured immediately following it's first move." /:" 4. The capturing pawn moves diagonally forward one square, as if the captured pawn had only advanced one square on it's first move.":skb 4sch:e,q;"If all this sounds a little complicated, it may help you to remember if you know that the rule was invented to prevent a pawn escaping capture from an attacking pawn by moving forwardtwo spaces on it's first move.":skb 9Lsbf:a$="pf5zpe7":sp:t$="Watch as White takes the Black pawn en passant" >/r$="":c$="021xe5":x$="01dbwe7e5f5e6":snm: Ct$="Here is an exercise on en passant. Watch these preliminary moves carefully.":a$="pa3c4d4e2f5h2zpa7b6c5d6e7f6":sp:v$=a$ Htr$="":x$="01dbxc5d4e2e4":snm:t$="With what move can Black now capture en passant?":c$="010xe4":x$="d4e3":swm Mt$="Suppose White had instead defended the pawn d4 by e2-e3; Black replies c5-d4, followed by e3-e4 from White (like this).":scd:a$=v$:sp:x$="01dwxe2e3c5d4e3e4":snm Rt$="Can Black now capture the e4 pawn en passant?":x$="no":r$="A pawn which has already moved once cannot be captured en passant.":syn Wla$=v$:scd:t$="Another starting sequence could be as shown here.":sp:x$="01dbxe7e5d4c5d6c5":r$="":snm \x$="no":t$="Can White now capture the e5 pawn en passant?":r$="The opportunity to capture en passant must be taken immediately the enemy pawn moves two squares forward.":syn a fsch:t,q;"When a pawn reaches the enemy back rank, it must be exchanged for a piece. This is known as pawn promotion.The rules are:-" k":" 1. Promotion is compulsory." pt:" 2. The promotion is played as part of the same move in which the pawn reaches the back rank." ud:" 3. There is no limit to the number of promoted pieces you can have on the board." zskb:sch:e,q;"Although the pawn is the weakestunit on the Chessboard, this ability to promote it greatly increases it's worth, especiallyin the end-game, when few piecesand pawns remain on the board." zd,q;"A pawn is usually promoted to queen, because of the queen's power. You do not HAVE to do this, however; you can promote to a knight, for example.":skb  a$="pa3c4d4e2f5h2zpa7b6c5d6e7f6":sp:t$="The pawn at h2 is known as a passed pawn.":a$="h2":spf:t$="It's path to the back rank is not blocked or threatened by enemy pawns, either on it's own file or on those next to it." ia$="h2h3h4h5h6h7h8":spf:t$="Are there any other passed pawns in this position?":r$="":x$="no":syn t$="What is the queening square for the pawn h2?":x$="h8":r$="The queening square is the one at which a passed pawn will be promoted, unless halted by an enemy piece.":sws r$="Five moves are needed. Remember a pawn can move two squares forward on it's first move.":t$="How many moves will it take for the h2 pawn to queen?":x$="5":shm ot$="Here is a demonstration of pawn h2 queening.":r$="":x$="01xwwh2h4h4h5h5h6h6h7h7h8":c$="060pqh8":snm: wa$="pa2zph7":v$=a$:t$="This exercise is a pawn race.":sp:spz:t$="You are Black- but I'm having the first move.": _x$="01pwba2a4h7h5a4a5h5h4a5a6h4h3a6a7h3h2a7a8h2h1a8h1":c$="051pqa8060pqh1":r$="I win":snm: a$=v$+"xh1":sp:x$="black":scc:t$="Now it is Black's turn to play first. Who will win the game- Black or White?":r$="Black has the crucial advantage of starting. In a race to promote pawns it is vital to be a move ahead of your opponent.":swb t$="Do you want to see the race?":spb:sy:a$="yes"x$="01dbbh7h5a2a4h5h4a4a5h4h3a5a6h3h2a6a7h2h1a7a8h1a8":c$="060pqh1061pqa8":r$="Black wins":snm  a$="pa3c4d4e2f5h2zpa7b6c5d6e7f6":t$="Which colour would you choose - Black because of the undefended pawn capture c5-d4, or White because of the passed pawn?":x$="white":sp Lf$="h2":r$="The passed pawn at h2 gives White the better chances.":swb: ]sch:e,q;"The knight is the only piece on the Chessboard which can jump over other men." ʢ"It can do this because of it's unusual move - one square along and one square diagonally, or toput it another way, two squares along and one square sideways." D:"Unlike the pawn, it can move backwards as well as forwards." }:"Watch.":skb:sbf:t$="Here is a knight moving from it's start position on b1 to c3.":spb:a$="nb1":sp:a$="b1c3":smn sskc:t$="Notice that the knight ends up on a different coloured square to the one he started on.":a$="b1c3":spf \a$="xc3nb1":sp:t$="What other squares can this knight move to?":r$="":x$="2sa3d2":shw  t$="How many knights does each player have?":x$="2":shm:t$="Each player starts with 2 knights. On which squares do Black's knights start?" qx$="2sb8g8":shw:a$="nb1g1znb8g8":t$="Here are all four knights in their starting positions.":spb:sp:skc: a$="na3d2zng7g6":sp t$="Is a3-b5 a legal move?":q$=t$:x$="yes":r$="A knight moves two squares along and one square sideways.":f$="a3b5":syn:t$=q$:t$(tk8)="d2-c5":x$="no":r$="A knight cannot move 3 spaces along.":syn t$=q$:t$(tk8)="g7-g5":x$="no":f$="":r$="A knight must move one square sideways.":syn:x$="yes":f$="g6e5":t$=q$:t$(tk8)="g6-e5":r$="A knight moves two squares along and one square sideways.":syn: a$="pa2c2e3f2g3h2na1b6ib2g2re2qg1kb1zpa6b7d6e5f5g5h5ng4f3ic6c7ra7qc8kh6":t$="Which move can the a1 knight make?":sp:a$="1a1":sfs:x$="a1b3":swm:a$="0a1":sfs:a$="xb3na1":sp ~a$="1b6":sfs:t$="With what move can the b6 knight capture a Black piece?":x$="b6c8":swm:a$="0b6":sfs:a$="nb6zqc8":sp ja$="1g4":sfs:t$="The knight g4 can jump backwards to what vacant square?":x$="f6":sws:a$="0g4":sfs  ia$="1f3":sfs:t$="The knight f3 can capture a piece. With what move?":x$="f3g1":swm:a$="0f3":sfs: |a$="na1d5kd1zkg8nh4f7":t$="Which squares can the knight a1 jump to?":x$="2sb3c2":sp:a$="1a1":sfs:shw:a$="0a1":sfs: ka$="1d5":sfs:t$="Which squares can the knight d5 jump to?":x$="8sb4c3e3f4f6e7c7b6":shw:a$="0d5":sfs a$="1h4":sfs:t$="How many squares can the knight h4 jump to?":f$="g2f3f5g6":x$="4":r$="This knight controls four squares":shm:a$="0h4":sfs a$="1f7":sfs:t$="How many squares can the knight at f7 move to?":f$="d8d6e5g5h6h8":x$="6":r$="The f7 knight controls 6 squares.":shm:a$="0f7":sfs $t$="The moral to this exercise is: the knight in the centre of the board controls more squares than the other knights.":spz: )Xs$(o,o)="b3d4d4b5a6c7c7b5e6c7c7b5e4d6d6b5b7d6d6b5":q$="b3a6e6e4b7":v=od:c(v)=q:v 3t$="There are five ways in which The White knight can capture the black pawn in three moves. You are White- your move.":spz:sbs 8 fg=q:scd:a$="pb4nc5zpb5":sp =4r$="Pawn captured":z$="m":sem:err=o3915K Bv=od:a$="c5"+q$(v*2-1v*2)c(v)=qsbs:c(v)=o:x$="01xww"+a$+s$(o,v*k8-k7v*k8):t$="Correct. "+i$:fg=q:snm:3660L G3v:zk,q;"Wrong. Try again.";y$:fg=o:3645= LQzh,q;"Moves found :";:v=od:c(v)=o" ";v;". c5-";q$(2*v-op*v);:v:: Q@v:v=od:c(v)=qzk,q;"Next try ":scc:36408+fg*d VIv:sbs:t$="You have found all the moves. Congratulations.":spb:skc: [t$="On which square must a knight be placed to control the flashing squares?":q$=t$:x$="b2":a$="1a4c4d3d1":v$=a$:sfs:sws:a$="0"+v$(p):sfs `t$=q$:a$="1h4e3d4d6e7g7h6g3":x$="f5":v$=a$:sfs:sws:a$="0"+v$(p):sfs:t$=q$:a$="1d7e6g6h7":x$="f8":v$=a$:sfs:sws:a$="0"+v$(2):sfs: eTa$="pb5e5e3f2nd4kc1zpb6e6nd5kh8":t$="Can the White knight capture?":x$="yes":sp jr$="The White knight can capture one of Blacks men. How?":syn:r$="":x$="d4e6":swm:a$="nd4zpe6":sp:t$="Can the Black knight capture without himself being captured?":x$="no": of$="e3f2":r$="Although he can capture the White pawn e3, it is being defended by pawn f2.":syn:t$=i$:x$="01dbbd5e3f2e3":r$="":snm: ta$="pc3f2g3kd2ne4zpb6c4f5g7h6nb5kg8":t$="The White knight is being attacked by a Black pawn - from which square?":sp:v$=a$ ya$="1e4":sfs:x$="f5":r$="":sws:a$="0e4":sfs:t$="Can the knight avoid capture?":x$="no":r$="The knight cannot move safely to any other square.":syn ~Wt$="The squares c3,d2,f2, and g3 are occupied by his own pieces.":a$="c3d2f2g3":spf t$="The squares c5,f6,and g5 are guarded by Black pawns.":a$="c5f6g5":spf:t$="You are White. Try moving e4-d6.":x$="01pwwe4d6b5d6":r$="Knight lost":snm: r$="h1":a$="nh1pa6b5c3d5e4f5g3h5zpa7b6c4d6e5f6g4h6":v$=a$:t$="White to play. Capture all Blacks men with your knight, without moving to the same square twice.":spb:sp:t,q;"My solution ":"takes 13 moves" skc:t$="(You need only enter the square you want the knight to move to)":spb:sw=q:l6=k7:l7=k8:a$="1h1":sfs:3730:a$="0"+r$:sfs:x$="01xwwh1f2f2g4g4h6h6g8g8f6f6e8e8d6d6c4c4e5e5c6c6a7a7c8c8b6":3785 Ul3=q:l5=q:z$="s":q$="":fg=o:l1=q:err=q:v=od:s$(t,zc*v-zbzc*v)=y$(ozc):v s$(t,579)=(o*(l6=k7))  l3=l3+o err=q:sem:err=o3780  a$=r$+a$ sck:err=o3740 ?e(r)=ot,q;"Occupied by ":"a White pawn. ":3740 ll4=k8*(a$(r)-97a)+a$(t):s$(t,l4)="1"t,q;"You've already":"visited ";a$(rt);" ":3740 e(r)=l6l5=l5+1 t,q;y$:y$:s$(t,l4)="1":a$="n"+a$(rt):sp:a$=r$+a$(pr):r$=a$(rt):t,q;"Move ";l3;" ";a$(op);"-";a$(rt);:v=or-l3:" ";:v::y$ 8a$="0"+a$(op):sfs:a$="1"+r$:sfs:l5sem:e(o)pt,q;"Wrong starting":"position":3875# (&2300:err=oerr=q:3875# -@t,q;y$:y$:sm:b2=b2+p:a$=s$(o,b2-ob2):e(o)k7b2=b2+p 2Aa$=s$(o,b2-ob2)+s$(o,b2+rb2+t):e(r)qb2=b2+p:38902 7Mt,q;"My move ":d,q;a$(op);"-";a$(rt):smn:a$(t)"1"3870 <0a6,za:64000:t,q;"I win ":skc: Auu=p̱x$/p:a$="n"+x$(u*p-ou*p):sp:t,q;y$:t,q;"Move ";u-o;" ";x$(u*p-ru*p-p);"-";x$(u*p-ou*p):skc:"x"u F K;t$="Do you want to see the solution?":spb:sy:a$="no" Pu=od:t$="Solution "+u:scd:a$="pb4nc5zpb5":sp:x$="01xww"+"c5"+s$(o,u*k8-k7u*k8-e)+s$(o,u*k8-k7u*k8):r$="":snm:scc:u: YitsZit'sxpa9T{It's path to the back rank is not blocked or threatened by enemy pawns, either on it's own file or on the files next to it.!Part2 NPNDN3900<,5,"Part 2","THE BISHOP","z","THE ROOK","z","THE QUEEN","z","THE KING","z","CASTLING - INTRODUCTION","CASTLING" Y3,2,1,3,1,1,0,2,0,3,0 N3000 ,5,"",3025 ,3030 ,3040 ,3045 ,3065 Y3085 ,6,"",3110& ,3135? ,3170b ,3185q ,3195{ ,3205 d3220 ,7,"",3250 ,3440p ,3430f ,3450z ,3290 ,3340 ,3350 o3470 ,8,"",3535 ,3545 ,3555 ,3590,3615,3650B,3655G,3680`  3730,0,"" ssch:d,q;"The Bishop is a long range piecewhich can travel from one cornerof the board to the other in onemove." azp,q;"He can switch quickly from attack to defence, or change thedirection of an attack." D:"A bishop is generally valued as being worth 3 pawns.":skb:sch d,q;"The rules are:"::" 1.A Bishop may only move diagonally."::" 2.He cannot jump over any piece"::" 3.He may capture any enemy piece as previously shown, but if he meets a man of his own colour, he must stop." skb: t$="How many bishops are on the board at the start of a game?":x$="4":r$="There are four bishops to start the game, two Black and two White.":shm:t$="What are their starting squares?":x$="4sc1f1c8f8":shw: t$="The bishop c1 can move to any other square on the diagonals c1-a3 and c1-h6.":a$="ic1f1":sp:a$="c1b2a3d2e3f4g5h6":spf Nt$="What diagonals can the bishop on f1 move along?":x$="2df1h3f1a6":shw: t$="How many directions can the bishop at d5 move in?":a$="zid5":sp:x$="4":r$="Because the bishop is in the centre of the board, he can move in four directions (along the diagonals a2-g8 and a8-h1)":f$="d5c6b7a8e4f3g2h1c4b3a2e6f7g8":shm: a$="ic2pb3f3zic6":t$="Can the White bishop move and attack the Black bishop?":r$="They are both 'white square' bishops, so they can attack each other.":x$="yes":sp:syn kf$="f3":t$="What is the attacking move?":x$="c2e4":r$="The pawn at f3 protects the White bishop.":swm a$="xe4ic2":sp:t$="It is Black to move. Can he capture the pawn at f3 without himself being captured?":r$="The White bishop is not defending f3.":x$="yes":syn:t$="What is the attacking move?":r$="":x$="c6f3":swm t$="This exercise shows how important it is whose turn it is to move. White's move threatens the Black bishop. Black's move captures a pawn.":spz: a$="ic2nf6pb3g7b2f2kd1zkb8id4c6pb7c5f5a7d6":sp:a$="1d4":sfs:t$="What pawns are being attacked by the Black bishop at d4?":x$="2sb2f2":r$="The pawn at g7 is shielded by the White knight":shw:a$="0d4":sfs t$="Given the choice, would you be White or Black in this situation?":x$="white":r$="For which of the following reasons?"::swb t$="1.Because c2-f5 gains a pawn? 2.Because of the pawn at g7?":x$="2":r$="Promoting the White pawn to queen following g7-g8 gives White a winning advantage.":shm %a$="g7g8":smn:a$="qg8":sp:skc: sch:d,q;"The Rook is, like the Bishop, a long range piece. The main difference is that it moves straight along files or ranks. It cannot move diagonally." zc,q;"It can switch quickly from attack to defence, or change thedirection of an attack."::"As a general guide, a Rook is worth 5 pawns."  skb:sch d,q;"The rules are:"::" 1.A Rook may only move straight along ranks or files."::" 2.It cannot jump over any piece (unless it is castling with the King)."::" 3.It may capture any enemy piece, but if it meets a man of it's own colour, it must stop." !skb: &t$="Identify the four squares on which the rooks start the game.":x$="4sa1h1a8h8":r$="":shw:a$="ra1h1zra8h8":sp:t$="Here are the four rooks in their start positions.":spz +|a$="rd4":scd:sp:t$="What are the furthest squares the rook can move to in each direction?":x$="4sd8d1a4h4":r$="":shw 0 5 : ?a$="pa2b2e3h5if1rh1a1qd1ke1zpd7f5a5rf8c8qd8kg8":sp:t$="The rook a1 can only move to two squares. Which ones?":v$=a$:x$="2sb1c1":shw DSt$="What is rook h1's only move along the rank?":x$="h1g1":swm:a$="xg1rh1":sp IMt$="What squares along the file can rook h1 move to?":x$="3sh2h3h4":shw: NJt$="What is the furthest square that rook c8 can move to?":x$="c1":sws SCt$="What are rook f8's possible moves?":x$="3mf8e8f8f7f8f6":shw Xt$="Which rook has the best position on the board?":x$="c8":r$="It is the rook that can move most freely, and cover the most squares.":sws ]t$="Which rook occupies the worst position on the board?":x$="a1":r$="The reasoning is the same. Rooks are best employed on open ranks and files, where they have room to move freely.":sws: br$="The knight e8 is protected by bishop g6, while the bishop is itself protected by pawn h7.":a$="pa4c2c6g4h3re6kg1zph7ne3e8ig6rc4ka8":t$="What rook move can White play, which captures a Black piece, without the White rook itself being captured?":sp:f$="e8g6h7":x$="e6e3":swm ga$="re6zne3":sp:t$="What rook moves can Black make, that capture White pawns, without the Black rook being threatened?":x$="2mc4a4c4c2":shw lea$="g4c6e6h3":t$="Pawn c6 is protected by rook e6, whilst pawn g4 is protected by pawn h3.":spf: qa$="pb3h5rb2ke2zpb7b6h6ka7":sp:a$="1h6":sfs:t$="What is the smallest number of moves with which the rook can capture pawn h6?":x$="3":r$="Three moves is the minimum.":shm vx$="01swwb2d2d2d6d6h6":t$="Now try to find them.":r$="":snm:a$="0h6":sfs:t$="The method by which the rook moves from one part of the board to another is known as a manouvre.":a$="b2c2d2d3d4d5d6e6f6g6h6":spf: {a$="pa2b3c4e2kh6zpa3b4c5e3ra8kh8":sp:t$="What is the smallest number of moves (manouvre) in which the Black rook can attack White's pawns at a2 and e2?":x$="2": ~a$="1a2e2":sfs:r$="Two moves is the minimum.":shm:t$="Now make them.":x$="01swwa8d8d8d2":r$="":snm:a$="0a2e2":sfs: a$="ra1zpa7b7c7d7e7":sp:t$="Can White capture all Blacks pawns before any of them can safely promote to a queen?":r$="The power of the rook is such that he can prevent any pawn safely promoting.":x$="yes":syn dt$="Try to find Whites winning sequence.":x$="01pwwa1a7e7e5a7b7e5e4b7c7e4e3c7d7e3e2d7e7e2e1e7e1": r$="":c$="060pqe1":snm: Tsch:d,q;"The Queen is the most powerful and manouverable piece on the Board." k9,q;"She combines the moves of the Bishop and the Rook; she moves in straight lines, but this can be along ranks, files or diagonals." wze,q;"She is generally valued at eightpawns. Make sure you don't allowher to be captured by a piece oflesser value." skb:sch d,q;"The rules are:"::" 1.A Queen can move backwards or forwards"::" 2.She cannot jump over any piece."::" 3.She may capture any enemy piece, but if she meets a man of her own colour, she must stop." 6:" 4.She always moves in straight lines.":skb: 8t$="On what squares do the two queens start the game?" Fx$="2sd1d8":r$="Note that the queen stands on her own colour.":shw aa$="zqe5":scd:sp:t$="What are the furthest squares the queen can move to in each direction?" %r$="":x$="8sa5b8e8h8h5h2e1a1":shw Ʀt$="How many directions can the White queen move in?":a$="qa2":sp:x$="5":r$="She can move in 5 directions from a2 (don't forget a1 and b1 count as directions.)" ˰shm:t$="Who controls most squares in this position, Black or White?":x$="black":r$="Generally, the queen is most powerful whan positioned in the centre of the board.":swb yt$="Look at the sphere of influence of the Black queen.":a$="e5e6e7e8d5c5b5a5f5g5h5e4e3e2e1f6g7h8d6c7b8f4g3h2d4c3b2a1" [spf:t$="Compare it with Whites.":a$="a1b1b2c2d2e2f2g2h2b3c4d5e6f7g8a3a4a5a6a7a8":spf: Da$="pa3e5f2g2h2nb5id4b3rb1c1qb2kg1zpa7b6f7g7h7nc6ie7e6rc8d8qd7kg8"  St$="What squares can the White queen move to?":spb:sp:x$="6sa1a2c2c3d2e2":shw gt$="What squares can the Black queen move to that are not guarded by White pieces?":x$="2sb7e8":shw t$="Assuming you are White, what would you reply if Black had made this queen move?":q$=t$:a$="9105d7c7":spm:x$="b5c7":r$="":swm  \a$="xc7nb5zqd7":sp:t$=q$:a$="9105d7d6":spm:x$="e5d6":swm:a$="xd6pe5zqd7":sp:t$=q$ a$="9105d7d5":spm:x$="b3d5":swm:t$="In these cases, Black's queen is captured by a piece of lesser value, and White gains an advantage." spz: a$="rg5h2ia4f8nb8c1":t$="From what square will the Black queen be able to attack all White's pieces?":sp:x$="f4":r$="The queen has the power to attack many pieces at the same time." *f$="f4e4d4c4b4e3d2e5d6c7f5f6f7g3":sws: a$="pa2d2f3g3h2nc3ie2rf1qb1kh1zpa6d6f6g7h6nc8h5ia7d7ra8f7kh8":q$="By moving his queen next move, White can gain material. Which of these moves is best for White?":sp =t$=q$:x$="b1b7b1b3b1f5b1g6":swc:numq3350 +num*ze  %t$="b1-b7 attacks the undefended rook a8.":a$="a8":spf:t$="But the bishop d7 is already defended by the rook f7 ...":a$="d7f7":spf *t$="... and the bishop a7 is defended by the knight c8.":a$="c8a7":spf:t$="1.....a8-b8 counterattacks against the queen.":a$="a8b8":smp:t$="All White can safely do is capture a pawn with 2. b7-a6. All other captures lose the queen." /4a$="b7a6":smp:a$="qb1xb8zpa6ra8":sp:3355 43t$="This move attacks the rook f7.":a$="f7":spf 9\t$="1.....f7-e7 removes the rook away from the attack, which fizzles out.":a$="f7e7":smp >#a$="xb3e7qb1zrf7":sp:3355 CFt$="This move is a blunder. It loses the queen to the Black bishop." Ha$="d7":spf M1a$="d7f5":smz:a$="qb1xf5zid7":sp:3355 Rmt$="Correct. At g6 the White queen simultaneously attacks the rook f7 and the knight g5.":a$="g6f7h5":spf Wt$="One but not both of Blacks pieces may be defended. Here is one possible continuation.":x$="01dbbf7e7g6h5":r$="Wins a knight.":snm \scc:a$="xe7qg6zrf7nh5":t$="Here is an alternative continuation. In both cases Black prefers to lose the knight, the less valuable piece.":sp:x$="01dbbd7e8g6h5":snm:scc:a$="qb1xe8zid7nh5":sp:3355 a ft$="White has decided to attack and win the Black pawn. There are 3 routes for her to capture the pawn in 2 moves. What are they?" k7a$="pb6qf2zpb7":sp:x$="3rf2f3b7f2g2b7f2f7b7":shw: p|t$="The Black queen wants to get from c3 to f8 in two moves. Enter all the ways in which she can do this (e.g. c3-a3-f8)." ux$="8rc3a3f8c3b4f8c3c5f8c3c8f8c3f6f8c3g7f8c3h8f8c3f3f8":a$="zqc3":sp:a$="1f8":sfs:shw:a$="0f8":sfs:t$="Remember - the queen is the most manouverable piece on the board.":spz: za$="pa3b5c3e2f2g3h2nc4ig5ra1h1qa2ke1zpa5b6c7f7g7h7ig6ra8e8qd5kg8":t$="Which White men can the Black queen capture, without herself being captured?" sp:x$="3sb5g5h1":shw:t$="What do you consider to be the best of these three moves for Black?":x$="d5h1":r$="Remember, a rook is worth five pawns, a bishop three.":swm a$="rh1zqd5":sp:t$="What is the worst capturing move Black can make?":x$="d5c4":r$="Black captures a knight, but loses his queen.":swm:a$="a2c4":sm: t$="Never lose your queen to a piece of lesser value.":spz:t$=" Whenever you have a choice of possible captures, take the piece of greater value.":spz: sshc:d,q;"The King is the most important piece on the Board. When you lose your King, you lose the game." tzp,q;"The King is a short-range piece,as it can only move one square at a time (except when castling)." nze,q;"Since it's movements are so restricted, it takes time to move the King away from danger.":skb _sch:d,q;"The rules are:"::" 1. Each player has only one King throughout the game." zp,q;" 2. He can move in any direction to an adjoining square, as long as that square is not attacked by any enemy piece." :" 3. The one exception to Rule 2 is when the King castles. In this case, he moves more than one square, but he may still not move into Check.":skb:sch U::" 4. The King is a piece, and can move backwards as well as forwards." :" 5. The King is able to capture, but only if the piece he is capturing is not itself defended by another piece." oskb:sch:d,q;"You also need to understand whatis meant by Check, and the different forms it can take." Zk9,q;"CHECK occurs when an enemy piecethreatens to capture the King onthe next move.": "CHECKMATE. The purpose of the game is to Checkmate your opponent's King. It occurs when capture of the King cannot be avoided.":" At the point of Checkmate, the game is over, so the King isnever actually captured." skb: _a$="ke4zka8":sp:t$="What squares can the White king move to?":x$="8sd3d4d5e3e5f3f4f5":shw Et$="What squares can the Black king move to?":x$="3sa7b7b8":shw: ٛa$="ke1qd2rd1h1id3e3nc3g1pa2b2c2d4e4f4g2h2zkf8qd8ra8h8ib7h6nb8f6pa7b6c7d6e6f7g6h7":sp:t$="What squares can the White king move to?":x$="3se2f2f1":shw Gt$="What squares can the Black king move to?":x$="4se8e7g8g7":shw: pa$="kc1qe2rd1h1ia3nc3pa2b2b3f2g2h2zke6qd8ra8h8ig6nb8e5pa7b7c7g7h7":t$="Can the White king move?":sp:x$="no" r$="The Black bishop g6 stops the king moving to b1 or c2. The Black queen d8 stops him moving to d2.":syn:a$="d2d3d4d5d6d7d8g6f5e4d3c2b1":sfz lt$="Can the Black king move?":x$="yes":r$="":syn:t$="What squares can he move to?":x$="3sf5f6f7":shw Qt$="The White rook prevents him from moving to the d file.":a$="d5d6d7d1":spf kt$="The White bishop stops the king from moving to e7.":a$="e7a3":spf:t$="Now watch these moves.":spb a$="9105d8d1":spm:skc:a$="0206c3d1":spm:t$="What square can the White king now move to?":x$="d2":r$="Because the Black queen is no longer attacking down the d file.":sws t$="What additional squares can the Black king now move to?":r$="Because the White rook is no longer on the d file.":x$="2sd7d5":shw: ,a$="kc2qc4rh8nf6pa4f7zkg7qa3rd1nb3pb4c3h7"  sp:t$="Can the White king capture the pawn c3?":a$="1c3":sfs:f$="b4":x$="no":r$="It is defended by the pawn b4.":syn:a$="0c3":sfs Bt$="What piece can the White king capture?":x$="d1":r$="":sws @t$="Can the White king move to a vacant square?":x$="no":syn t$="What pieces can the Black king capture?":x$="2sh8f6":shw:t$="What squares can the Black king move to?":x$="2sg6h6":shw: a$="ka1":sp:a$="1a8h8":sfs:t$="Is the distance for the White king to move from a1 to a8 the same as from a1 to h8?":x$="yes" $r$="Each walk takes 7 moves.":syn:a$="0a8h8":sfs:a$="a2a3a4a5a6a7a8":t$="Count the squares.":spf:a$="b2c3d4e5f6g7h8":sfz )r$="":t$="Can the king get from a1 to a8 via d4 in 7 moves?":a$="1a1a8d4":sfs:x$="yes":syn:x$="01xwwa1b2b2c3c3d4d4c5c5b6b6a7a7a8" .a$="0a1a8d4":sfs:t$="Do you want to see how?":spb:sy:a$="yes"t$="Here is one possible route; there are many others.":snm 3t$="The king has the ability to reach a square by a number of different routes, all of which take the same number of moves.":spz 8t$="Often a king may only be able to reach a square by manouvering round an obstacle or danger area.":spz:t$="In an endgame, where a king becomes an attacking piece, this characteristic is important.":spz = Ba$="kd5pc5f3zke5pc7f4":sp:t$="Is this a legal position?":x$="no":r$="It is illegal for kings to stand next to each other, since each would be putting the other into check.":syn: GYa$="kb7zkh1pa7":sp:t$="If White moves first, he immediately gets a draw. Watch.":spz Lca$="b7a7":smz:a$="kb7zpa7":sp:t$="Suppose it is Black's turn to play. What is his best move?" Qx$="a7a5":r$="Any move other than a7-a5 results in a draw.":swm:x$="02pwbb7b6a5a4b6b5a4a3b5b4a3a2b4b3a2a1":t$="You play Black's moves." Vxr$="Black wins":c$="060pqa1":snm:t$="The king moves slowly. Sometimes even a pawn can outpace a chasing king.":spz [mt$="In this case, the pawn took 5 moves to reach the queening square, while the king took 6 moves.":spz:: `a$="ka1pb4zkg7":sp:t$="A simple method of calculating if the king will reach the queening square in time is known as the Rule of the Square.":spz et$="Picture a Square on the board, using the distance from the pawn to the queening square as the side.":spb:a$="1b8b7b6b5b4c4d4e4f4f5f6f7f8e8d8c8":sfs jnskc:v$=a$:t$="If the defending king is outside the Square, the pawn cannot be stopped from queening.":spz ot$="In this position, can Black stop the White pawn from queening?":x$="no":r$="The Black king is outside the Square.":syn ta$="0"+v$(p):sfs:t$="Let's prove that the method works. You are White; Your first move.":x$="01pwwb4b5g7f7b5b6f7e7b6b7e7d8b7b8":r$="Check":c$="041pqb8":snm y{scc:scd:a$="ka1pb4zkf7":sp:t$="If it is White to play, can Black force a draw, by preventing the pawn from queening?" ~Pf$=v$(p):r$="This time, the Black king is inside the Square.":x$="yes":syn )t$="now you play Black; my first move." r$="A draw":x$="01pwbb4b5f7e7b5b6e7d7b6b7d7c7b7b8c7b8":c$="041pqb8":snm:t$="The Black king could have moved along the 6th rank or the 8th rank- but the result would be the same.":spz t$="Test the Rule yourself on your own board, by placing the Black king in various positions inside and outside the Square.":spz: qsbf:t$="Castling is a special move which allows the king to be moved to safety at the side of the board.":spz t$="In this example, both players plan to develop their pieces as soon as possible. This is easy for all pieces except rooks.":spb u=oe:a$=m$(u,o):sp:u qx$="01dwwe2e4e7e5g1f3b8c6b1c3g8f6f1c4f8c5d2d3d7d6c1g5c8d7d1d2d8e7":t$="Watch these opening moves.":r$="":snm `t$="In Chess, the main battlefield is usually at the centre of the board.":a$="d4d5e4e5":spf ot$="If either king stays for too long on it's original square, it becomes exposed to attack.":a$="e1e8":spf xt$="The other purpose of castling is to bring a rook quickly into play. Here, both rooks are out of play at the side." a$="a1a8h1h8":spf Gscc:t$="Both players now castle. Watch closely.":a$="0805e1g1":spx a$="0005e8c8":spm:skc jt$="White has castled Kingside, Black castled Queenside. Both players could have castled the other way." spz &scb:scd:a$="ra1h1ke1zra8h8ke8":sp _t$="The castle move consists of: 1.Moving the king two squares to the right or left.":spz Lt$="2. Moving the rook nearest to the king to the other side of the king." spz:a$="0105e1c1" $t$="White castles Queenside.":spx 2a$="0005e8g8":t$="Black castles Kingside.":spx )sch:d,q;"The rules for Castling are:" @k7,q;" 1. Each side may castle only once in each game." gzp,q;" 2. It is not possible to 'uncastle' pieces back to their original positions." |zd,q;" 3. It is not possible to castle if the King has already moved, or if the Rook has already moved." skb:sch:d,q; c" 4. The squares between the King and the Rook must be unoccupied by other pieces."  :k9,q;" 5. The King cannot castle if he is in Check." Fzb,q;" 6. The King cannot Castle into Check, or through Check." sskb:sch:r,q;"NOTES."::" 1. Castling is the only move in which the King can move more than one square." _k9,q;" 2. It is the only move in Chess where two pieces are moved in a single move." zc,q;" 3. To record the Castle move, the symbols 'o-o' (for Kingside) and 'o-o-o' (for Queenside) are used." #izh,q;" 4. On most computers you need only enter the first move - the computer does the rest." (skb - < Zmano