GENE !q!$n=158::i=(*7) -i;"*HIGH SOFT* ";:5:n:100d: 236099\,25 3O=12:2:6:(*7) T60<,27:1;123{,122z,579^3*:O:100d: LY=141):1;1;"**S C I E N C E**";:Y:150: >2;7,6;"G E N E T I C S":250: )1;3,4;"GENETICS IS A SUBJECT WHICH IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND IT IS THE STUDY OF GENES.GENES ARE MADE OF A CHEMICAL CALLED D.N.A.(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID!). THIS CHEMICAL CONTROLS THE WAY A LIVING THING DEVELOPS.SUPPOSE YOU HAVE A GENE WHICH CONTROLS HAIR COLOUR.WHAT WILL BE THE HAIR COLOUR?IT DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF GENE. A GENE CAN BE DOMINANT OR IT CAN BE RECESSIVE.":1000 500::1;3,4;"A DOMINANT GENE IS ALWAYS GIVEN A CAPITAL LETTER. A RECESSIVE GENE IS ALWAYS GIVEN A SMALL LETTER. GENES ALWAYS APPEAR IN PAIRS.A PAIR OF GENES IS CALLED AN ALLELE.EACH ALLELE ALWAYS HAS THE SAME LETTER,BUT IN DIFFERING COMBINATIONS,e.g. TT;Tt;tt. IF A DOMINANT GENE(e.g.,T)IS PRESENT,THE ORGANISM WILL TAKE THE APPEARANCE OF THAT GENE.FOR EXAMPLE,IF THE T GENE MAKES A TALL ORGANISM,& THE ALLELE IS TT OR Tt,TALLNESS WILL RESULT.ONLY IF THERE ARE TWO RECESSIVE GENES (tt) WILL THE ORGANISM BE SHORT. ":1000: 2;3,4;"THE APPEARANCE,OR PHENOTYPE OF AN ORGANISM IS RELATED TO ITS GENOTYPE.THE PHENOTYPE OF TT OR Tt WOULD BE TALL;OF tt,SHORT. WE CAN SEE HOW GENES AFFECT ORGANISMS BY BREEDING OVER SEVERAL GENERATIONS. THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS YOU TO BREED MICE FOR UP TO 50 GENERA- TIONS.ONE TYPE OF MOUSE CAN BE MADE TO BECOME EXTINCT!NOTE THAT ONE COLOUR IS ONLY EXTINCT WHEN ALL ITS GENES HAVE GONE.":1000: a$(250):b(513) a$(250):b(513)  9000(# 7:7: 1;"This program simulates a local "'"population of mice.Two types"'"are found,black mice--"'" and yellow mice--";6;""'''2;"The difference is due to a gene"'"with two alleles.Y(black) is"'"dominant over y(yellow)."'"This means that"'"YY =black"'"Yy =black"'"yy =yellow"'''1;"Remember a mouse could be YY,"'"or Yy,a carrier of yellow."'"Yellow alleles can hide in black"'"mice!"'''0;1;"Press any key to continue." =""26 :2;"You may follow the changes in"'"this population during up to 50"'"generations."''1;"Each generation the population"'"will at first double.But not"'"all can survive.You will be"'"asked to fix the maximum numbers"'"capable of surviving." 2;'"Three situations are possible,"'"selection against yellow---"'"i.e.-black more fit to survive"'"selection against black---"'"i.e.yellow more fit to survive"''"or no selection---"'"i.e.both types equally fit" 2;"You can try any of these,"'"and if you have selection you"'"may determine its strength."':1000::0;1;'"Press any key to start." =""30 (7:7: 2o7,0;2;"Input the maximum population"'"that the enviroment can hold."'"(can be up to 125)" 4Qp0:p0<1p0>125}0;'''"Must be between 0 and 125.":524 7:7,0;1;"selection could be "''"Against yellow INPUT 0"'"Against black INPUT 1"'"Or No selection INPUT 2" 9Ld:d0d1d20;'''"Must be 0,1 or 2":579 :d=275K <:7,0;2;"What is the strength of"'"selection measured as a % ?"''"(100% would mean that the unfit"'"type is lethal)"''"Input a number up to 100" >Jsp:sp<0sp>100d0''"Must be between 0100":62> Fs=100d-sp K:7,0;1;"What is the starting % of"'"yellow alleles?---(%y)"''"(Remember that many will"'"be hidden in black mice!)"''"Input a number up to 100" MKy:y<0y>100d0''"Must be between 0 and 100":77M dn=1:p=p0 ny=y/100d:b(1)=y 3sb=1:sy=1:d=0sy=s/100d d=1sb=s/100d 7:7: n=n+1:1000  2000  "n=513120x:3106 23692\,255 <1;1;0;"PRESS M FOR MORE ,G FOR GRAPH"  5000 "I$="m"i$="M"215 ,i$="g"i$="G"3106 1 285 6 6000p 7 5000 ;i$="m"i$="M"215 @i$="n"i$="N"40( Ei$="s"i$="S"7: ^ 3117 F0,7;2;1;"NEXT GENERATION (";n-1;")" -ym=0:cd=0:f=12*p  x=:v= z=(xy)+(vy)  cd=cd+z  a$(f)=(z) 0i=0:a$(f)="0"i=6:ym=ym+1  i;" "; f $y=(4*p-cd)/(4*p) )~19,0;2;1;ym;" yellow mice out of ";(2*p)'(4*p-cd);"yellow alleles out of";(4*p) . P150:0,7;2;1;1;" NOT ALL CAN SURVIVE " /ps=2*p:bm=2*p-ym:bm1=bm:ym1=ym r=p0/(sb*bm+sy*ym) r>1r=1 F=12*p  x= Z((a$(f)>"0")(x>r*sb))cd=cd-(a$(f)):bm1=bm1-1:a$(f)="d":ps=ps-1:" "; J((a$(f)="0")(x>r*sy))ym1=ym1-1:a$(f)="d":ps=ps-1:" "; $a$(f)"d"1;8;" ";  f "20,31;" " #10,0;" " $Bbm=019,0;" " %bm>019,0;1;2;bm1;" BLACK SURVIVED FROM ";bm;1;(28);(100d*bm1/bm+.5);"%" (ym>020,0;1;2;ym1;"YELLOW SURVIVED FROM";ym;1;(28);(100d*ym1/ym+.5);"%" *y=(2*ps-cd)/(2*ps):1;1;"%y=";((y*1000+.5))/10 ;" (Last generation =";((b(n-1)*1000+.5))/10 ;")" /b(n)=y 2p=p0:psp0p=ps 4 =""5000 I$=: 7d=20,10 ;1;"No selection " Id=00,1;1;(sp);"% selection against yellow" pX1:1::7:47/,156:0,-120x:200,0 z@f=36$15624:45-,f:-3,0:f @f=47/24740(:f,36$:0,-4:f 9 ,0;"%y";2,2;"100";5,3;"80";8,3;"60";11 ,3;"40";14,3;"20";17,4;"0" P18,6;"0 10 20 30 40 50";19,15;"Generation" 11,8;1;"Population max. ";p0 Hd=10,2;1;(sp);"% selection against black" B46.,120x*b(1)+36$:1;3,0 Ef=2n:1;42*+4*f,120x*b(f)+36$:f n=51362008 K20,0;1;"Press m for more"'"n for new start,s to stop"  0: 8n=1:b(1)=y B19,0;1;1;"GRAPH FULL "'0;"Pressing m continues run, but"'"restarts graph (n=newrun,s=stop)" G 0: #(y0,00001001 ,00000110,00111110>,01111100|,01111100|,10000000,11111110 #2f=07 #7gr #< "m"+f,gr #Af: :ib[)d101d0021011dd02d02ddd11d12102222d2d1d1d1dd2d12dddd20d1d20dd12dd22d2dddd00dd1ddd2d2dd211201dd1d22d0d10ddd0d10ddd221001d10ddddddd21d1dd1dd1dd21012d12dddd1d2ddddd1dd1d2d21dd110dd1201 3d,b[ZdpZ'jx~`v"z_mImrI