light1 ,,L.b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":5:5:5:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"l1" $sc @?<@@@P||<<|B<?B<<|<<~@?<<~B<|~  BBBBBBf@BBDbB(BBBB@@  ?@B@BBB@D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@B<(BB<|"?BH|B@L?B@B~|@B?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&B~DBB@ ?p??BB@ZBD@B@??@B<B<@8?B><<B<<~P?<<@$BB~!@<`0 H ??????????????????????????"?@"D"D@"@""D@"@" "D@"@"D"D@"?@"D"D@"@"#@"@?" "D@#!D"D@8"@"D"D@"@" @"@?" "D@   D"D@?" "D "@"|"D@"@" @"@?""D@ ? "D@?" "D "@""D@"@" @"@?"D"D@ ? D"D@?"  "D "@""D@"@"#@"@?"D"D@88"!"D"@""D@"?@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@"@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@****)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))).)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))+).*))((((((((((())))))))))))))+ 4*)))))))))))))))))))))))))+ 4*))(((((((()))))))))))))+ 44*)))))))))))))))))))))+ $!44*))))))))))))))))))++ $!44**)))))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))++ $!4444**)))))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))++ $$!!44444**)))++ $$!!44444**)+ $$!!444444* $ !440440  $ $! !440440  $ $ !4400004  $ $ !4404404  $ !44044044((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((gr X  @@@@@ @ "B~BD8"~BD8` @$BBB$ @~"THHT"?TT"0$b??f>BDHR%Aa!AAl1 ѝ. ROSE SOFTWARE May 1984 b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 K5;9 ;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 'o$=" " ڰ"0":"0":ٰ"7"::p="2" )y="7":x="0":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j *y="7":x="20":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j x="10":y="11":"8000" 0,0;1;1;"      " +ٰ"9":ڰ"7";"20","8";" Choose 1 to 5 " Bڰ"2";"8","1";"1.";"9","1";"Nature";"10","1";"of light" ڰ"4";"8","21";"2.";"9","21";"Reflection";"10","23";"in plane";"11","23";"mirrors";ڰ"6";"12","12";"3.";"13","12";"Spherical";"14","12";"mirrors" "ڰ"3";"15","1";"4.";"16","1";"Refraction";"17","1";"at plane";"18","1";"surfaces";ڰ"5";"15","22";"5.";"16","22";"Action of";"17","22";"lenses" $ٰ"7":"79","47":"8","0" ' q$=:39'+(q$>"0"q$<"6") (n7000X:m=10 :7010b:7;4,3;"After each question, try";5,3;"turning your TV off and";6,3;"then sketch the diagram.";p;18,5;"(At any time, you can";19,3;"press r to return to menu)";14,0;"This is especially important in questions involving ray diagrams":9000(# *q$*1000+1000 7000X:m=10 :7010b:7;2,8;"NATURE OF LIGHT";4,4;"Light is a form of wave";5,4;"motion which has a very";6,4;"small wavelength. Light";7,4;"can be considered to ..?" L0,100d:0,40(:255,108l:0,40( ֛p$(3,24):p$(1)="travel in straight lines":p$(2)="bend round corners":p$(3)="avoid small objects":7100:9000(# u7000X:7010b:3:106j,128,2:"112","98","664","0","600","48","536","0","600","-48" }"588","12","600","48","664","0","600","-48","536","0","100","158","612","-12","164","158","612","-12","176","98","588","12" h"300","169","142","600","-28","170","142","600","-28","172","116","598","-2","599","0","598","2","303" "167","114","504","22","167","142","504","-22","86","125","602","-2","598","-2","86","135","602","-2","598","-2","309","68","136","600","-17","67","136","600","-17","65","134","602","2","601","0","602","-2","9999":2009:9100# 0,7;"THE PINHOLE CAMERA";13 ,1;"Since light travels in straight lines, a given point on the screen is illuminated solely by light coming in a straight line through the pinhole from a certain point on the object outside" 7;5,1;"Object";5,23;"Inverted";6,23;"image";3;2,22;"_Screen":9000(# 7020l:7;5,1;" ";5,23;" ";6,23;" ";2,22;" " 3:67C,104h:38&,0:9 :7;8,10 ;"u";p;12 ,1;"The distance u is called the .." p$(3,15):p$(1)="object distance":p$(2)="magnification":p$(3)="image distance":7100:9000(# 7020l:7;9 ,17;"v";p;12 ,8;"Magnification = ?" :p$(3,7):p$(1)="v/u":p$(2)="u/v":p$(3)="1/(vxu)":7100 K2;20,0;" =(image height)/(object height)":9000(# 7020l:7;9 ,17;" ":3:1:67C,104h:38&,0:0:136,98b:8,0:7;8,10 ;" " 9 :11 ,1;"The size of the pinhole is now increased. The image becomes ..":p$(3,20):p$(1)="brighter but blurred":p$(2)="the right way up":p$(3)="much sharper":7100 ?2;20,0;" The ray diagram above shows why" 7010b:63?,136:-2,2:-1,0:-2,-2:61=,138:0,-20:60<,138:0,-20 3:64@,138:112p,-40(:64@,138:112p,-24:64@,118v:112p,40(:64@,118v:112p,24  99c,132:0,27:78N,0:99c,126~:0,-29:78N,0:4:176,158:0,-60<:177,158:0,-60<:9  7;3;8,6;"Large";9 ,4;"pinhole";7,11 ;"/";4;5,23;"_Blurred";6,24;"image":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,12 ;"SHADOWS";7;4,3;"The sharp edge of a shadow";5,6;"indicates that light";6,3;"travels in straight lines.":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,12 ;"SHADOWS";7;5,21;"";6,21;"";3;2,19;"Screen";2;9 ,2;"Lamp";0;8,15;"^";9 ,11 ;"Obstacle":1:175,128,16 U"303","156","105","640","0","600","47","560","0","600","-47","152","105","600","46" u"152","136","504","0","152","120","504","0","301","55","120","600","-16","560","0","600","48","640","0","600","-16" "306","37","112","596","0","599","1","600","9","599","1","1202","22","-5*/8","605","0","1202","-22","-5*/8","599","-1","600","-9","599","-1" 4"303","55","120","696","24","55","136","696","-24" !\"300","124","135","600","-14","125","135","600","-14","309","9999":2066:9100# $13 ,0;"When an obstacle is placed in the path of light coming from an EXTENDED SOURCE,",,,"the shadow on the screen is seento be edged with a border of partial shadow":9000(# '7020l:12 ,0;"The solid dark circle of shadow is called the ..":p$(3,8):p$(1)="umbra":p$(2)="penumbra":p$(3)="image":7100 *17;6,25;"-Umbra":9000(# -7020l:7;6,25;" ";11 ,0;p;"The border of partial shadow is called the ..":p$(1)="penumbra":p$(2)="eclipse":7100:9000(# 47000X:7010b:0,8;"A SOLAR ECLIPSE";7;1;5,23;"Earth";6;5,5;"Sun";4;9 ,19;"Moon";8,20;"^" 7a2:480,128,32 :203,128,22:164,128,7 :~"56","160","724","-28","56","96","724","28","56","160","740","-53","56","96","740","53","309","9999":2106::9100# =13 ,2;"An eclipse of the sun by the moon occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the earth and all three are in a straight line.";19,2;"(The diagram is not to scale)":9000(# @F7020l:7;5,23;" ";4,30;"y" C2900T :p$(3,15):p$(1)="partial eclipse":p$(2)="total eclipse":p$(3)="no eclipse":7100:9000(# Fz7020l:1:2900T :0:7;4,30;" ";5,30;"z";p;12 ,14;"z" Ip2:238,128:-513,0:2,2:-2,-2:2,-2:9 L^p$(1)="total eclipse":p$(2)="partial eclipse":7100:9000(#:18 T}2:238,137:-513,0,-/3:187,135:-1,3:3,0:9 WL12 ,2;"At position y on the Earth's surface, there is ..": m=9 :7000X:7010b:3900<:0,6;"REFLECTION OF LIGHT";7;2,9 ;"A";2,22;"B";8,7;"M";8,25;"M'";7,15;"ir" "127","103","600","48","79","151","648","-48","648","48","103","125","602","0","600","2","149","127","602","0","600","-2","114","116","1226","0","-/2","9999":3003 :9100# 127,99c,2 13 ,3;"MM' represents the surface of a plane mirror";16,3;"AO is the direction in which light falls on to the reflecting surface":9000(# ľ7020l:12 ,1;"AO is called the ..":p$(3,19):p$(1)="incident ray":p$(2)="reflected ray":p$(3)="point of incidence":7100:9000(# ǘ7020l:12 ,1;"Angle r is called the ..":p$(1)="angle of reflection":p$(3)="angle of refraction":7100:9000(# 7020l:12 ,5;"What are the two laws";13 ,8;"of reflection?";7;2,15;"N";8,7;" ";8,25;" ";1;15,9 ;" THINK FIRST! ";p;0;18,11 ;"THEN ...":9000(# =7020l:11 ,2;"THE LAWS OF REFLECTION ARE:-";7;13 ,0;"1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane ";18,0;"2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection":9000(# m=10 :7000X:7010b:3906B:0,1;"IMAGE FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR";7;1;8,12 ;"";9 ,8;"Eye";4;3,2;"Object";3,25;"Image" ӥ"301","95","110","598","2","1202","-12","-/6","1212","2","-/6","597","2","309","72","138","600","16","656","-28","656","28","600","-16","128","126","571","-14.5" ;"72","154","656","-36","128","118","600-56/2.5","-36/2.5" ٤"118","113","600","-2","602","0","111","119","600","-2","602","0","117","133","600","-2","598","0","114","129","600","-2","598","0","9999":3027 :9100# 1:i=1281806:i,i/2+62>:i+1,i/2+62.5z:i,36$*i/568+36$:568/20,36$/20:i:184,149:184,143:0 612 ,0;"The image in a plane mirror is.." i=(*2)+1:p$(3,27):p$(i)=("not "i=2)+"same size as the object":p$(i+1-2*(i=2))=("not "i=1)+"laterally inverted":p$(3)="real":7100:2;20,0;" For eg. of LATERAL INVERSION ..":9000(# 7020l:0,0;o$;15,0;"Looking at the image of your face in a mirror, the left ear of the image is formed from yourright ear as object.This effect is called lateral inversion.";7;13 ,6;" LATERAL INVERSION ":9000(# 7020l:72H,156:112p,0:128,154:0,4:7;2,12 ;"u";2,19;"v" 12 ,8;"Magnification = ?":p$(3,1):p$(1)="1":p$(2)="0":p$(3)="":7100:2;20,0;" u=v so magnification = v/u = 1 ":9000(# 7000X:7030v:7;9 ,18;"O";2,18;"I";2,28;"I";5,17;"M";12 ,25;"M";12 ,21;1;"" 192,126~,43+:i=459;4:133+i,126~:2,2:192,126~-i:2,2:i "133","126","659","0","600","-59","168","80","660","70","176","72","652","78","157","150","634","-42","157","150","634","-54" e"157","104","616","22","157","104","622","22","167","122","602","0","601","-2","602","0","601","-2" "167","80","600","-9","608","0","179","111","602","0","601","2","184","115","602","0","600","2","179","95","600","-2","602","0","187","91","600","-2","602","0","9999":3060 :9100# 1:i=2012246:i,(i-99c)*70F/60<:i,(i-128)*78N/524:i:170,130:172,132:168,137:166,136:0 V0,0;"An object O is";1,0;"placed between";2,0;"two plane";3,0;"mirrors M and";4,0;"M at right";5,0;"angles.";7,0;"How many";8,0;"images does";9 ,0;"the eye see?";11 ,0;"(diagram";12 ,1;"incomplete)" p$(3,27):p$(1)="3":p$(2)="2":p$(3)="4":7100:2;20,0;" I is formed by looking in M ";7;9 ,29;"I";1;8,28;".":9000(# i=012 :i,0;o$(15):i:19,0;o$;o$;o$;3,0;"Which image ";4,0;"acts as object";5,0;"for the ";6,0;"formation of";7,0;"image I ?";2,0;o$(15);9 ,0;o$(15);10 ,0;o$(15);11 ,0;o$(15)::p$(1)="I":p$(2)="I":p$(3)="O":7100:9000(# 19,0;o$;o$;o$;3,0;"If the eye looks";4,0;"in mirror M ";5,0;"three images";6,0;"I,I and I";7,0;"are seen. ";9 ,0;"What is the";10 ,0;"position";11 ,0;"of I ? At .." zp$(1)="I":p$(3)="I":7100:2;20,0;" I and I are superimposed ":9000(# 19,0;o$;o$;o$;4,0;"Geometrically";5,0;"the images all";6,0;"lie on a .. ";3,0;o$(16);7,0;o$(15);9 ,0;o$(15);10 ,0;o$(15);11 ,0;o$(15) fp$(1)="circle":p$(2)="elipse":p$(3)="parabola":7100:9000(#:18 ":134,99c:44,,0:7;9 ,19;"f":120x,96`:64@,0 11 ,0;"If radius of curvature (CP)=r and focal length (FP)=f then ..":p$(3,11 ):p$(1)="r=2f":p$(2)="f=2r":p$(3)="rf=constant":7100:9000(# m=10 :7000X:7010b:n=16:4900$:0,0;"IMAGES FORMED BY CONCAVE MIRRORS";7;4,19;"O";8,19;"B";1;1;9 ,8;"EYE" ĭ"48","120","800","0","63","104","600","-9","608","0","156","130","600","-10","601","0","600","10","154","128","602","2","601","0","602","-2","9999":4036:9100# 11 ,1;"The image formed by a concave";12 ,6;"mirror can be either";14,7;"virtual and erect";15,15;"OR";16,7;"real and inverted";18,3;"depending on the position";19,8;"of the object OB":9000(# Ȫ7020l:12 ,7;"What is meant by a";14,9 ;"virtual image?";19,9 ;"Then..";16,9 ;1;" THINK FIRST! ":9000(# ɡ7020l:14,0;"A virtual image is formed by theapparent intersection of rays when their directions have been produced backwards.":9000(# ʤ7020l:7;9 ,9 ;" ";4,19;" ";8,19;" ";7,18;"F";7,23;"P";1;6,18;"." s11 ,0;"If the object is between F and the pole P, then the image is ..":p$(3,23):p$(1)="virtual and erect":p$(2)="real and inverted":p$(3)="smaller than the object":7100:2;20,0;" Look at the ray diagram above ";1;7;6,13 ;"C";6,18;".";7,23;"P" h"64","106","780","38+2*38/7","157","130","619","0","72","93","768","37+8*37/13","244","120","600","34" a"75","111","600","-2","603","-1","83","99","600","-2","603","-1","9999":4048:9100# 1:i=-50210 6:i+204,144+i*38&/140:i+220,146+i*37%/104h:i:i=632 6:244,118v+i:i:0 ٬p$(3,28):n=8:9000(#:7000X:m=9 :7010b:4900$:10 ,0;"When drawing ray diagrams, whichof the following is false?" 0,5;"RULES FOR RAY TRACING";7;5,12 ;".";5,17;".";6,12 ;"C";6,17;"F";6,23;"P":64@,129:120x,0 12 ,0;"1.For ray incident at P,angle of incidence = angle of reflection2.Rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected through F 3.Rays through C are reflected through P" bk=3:7109:2;20,0;" Reflected back along same path ":9000(# m=10 :7000X:7010b:4903':0,0;"IMAGES FORMED BY A CONVEX MIRROR";7;6,9 ;"B";2,9 ;"O";5,19;".";6,19;"F";5,24;".";6,24;"C";6,13 ;"P" ߋ"48","128","760","0","76","151","600","-23","599","0","600","23","73","149","602","2","601","0","602","-2","9999":4063:9100# 11 ,0;"An object OB is placed in front of a convex mirror. The image formed is ..":p$(3,15):p$(1)="always virtual":p$(2)="always real":p$(3)="real or virtual":7100:2;20,0;" Look at the ray diagram above " q7;6,13 ;" ":"76","151","718","-22","76","151","644","0","581.5","11","158","128","563","22" f"105","153","602","-2","598","-2","109","160","598","0","600","-3","100","148","600","-2","598","-1" P"138","138","600","-10","139","138","600","-10","9999":4069:9100# 1:138,136:139,136:138,132:139,132:i=480P5:194-i,129+i*22/118v:i:i=436$4:158-i,128+i*22/37%:i:0 W9000(#:7020l:1;7;2,5;"O";6,5;"B" 1:47/,151:0,-23:46.,151:0,-23:44,,149:2,2:1,0:2,-2:9 o11 ,1;"What happens to the size of the image when the object is moved to OB? The image is .." p$(3,9 ):p$(1)="smaller":p$(2)="larger":p$(3)="same size":7100:2;20,0;" Join CO to give top of image ":9000(# n=0:7000X:7010b:4900$:0,2;"MEASUREMENT OF FOCAL LENGTH";7;2;8,8;"LAMP";1;2,10 ;"Screen" 1:i=13115120:103g,i:0,-16:-2,0:0,16:2,0:i  "306","80","112","596","0","599","1","600","9","599","1","1202","22","-5*/8","605","0","1202","-22","-5*/8","599","-1","600","-9","599","-1"  &"309","9999":4103:9100# 9 :104h,133:64@,24:104h,133:64@,-20:104h,128:64@,29:104h,128:64@,-15 12 ,4;"The object used in this";13 ,1;"experiment consists of a hole";14,4;"cut in a white screen." 16,1;"A concave mirror, mounted in a holder, is moved until a sharp image of the object is formed on the screen adjacent to the object." 9000(#:7020l:11 ,4;"When this sharp image is","obtained, the screen is at the..":p$(3,19):p$(1)="centre of curvature":p$(2)="principal focus":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# 7020l:r=((*6)+10 )*2:11 ,0;"The distance mirror to screen ismeasured as ";r;"cms. What is the focal length of the mirror?" p$(3,4):p$(1)=(r/2)+"cm":p$(2)=r+"cm":p$(3)=(2*r)+"cm":7100:2;20,1;" Radius of curvature r = 2f ":9000(# "n7020l:11 ,1;"A thin cross-wire is initially placed across the hole. This serves to .." %p$(3,28):p$(1)="assist sharpness of focusing":p$(2)="produce interference":p$(3)="reduce brightness":7100:9000(# # 18 $168,160-n:0,-480,-/2:167,160-n:0,-480,-/2:i=-/3+.1}Ļ/3-.1}L.1}L:158+19*i,137+31*i-n:3,0:i: '128,160:0,-64@,/2:127,160:0,-64@,/2:i=-/2+.8Ļ/2-.8L.1}L:160-43+*i,128-43+*i:2,0:i: m="10":"7000":"7010":"0","11";"REFRACTION";ڰ"7";ް"1";"2","8";"A";"9","19";"B";"5","16";"O";"1","15";"N";"10","15";"N'";"5","5";"Air";ٰ"1";"6","4";"Glass" ]"127","158","600","-62","32","128","792","0","127","128","620","-30","127","128","550","30" b"100","146","600","-2","598","0","140","111","600","-2","598","0","9999":5003:9100# "13","0";"When light passes from air to a denser medium eg.glass,its speedis reduced and so a ray of lightchanges direction at the surfaceof the medium. This is called";3;19,11 ;"REFRACTION":9000(# "7020":"127","144":"-13","-7","/2":"12","0";"Angle AON is called the angle of":p$(3,10 ):p$(1)="incidence":p$(2)="reflection":p$(3)="refraction":7100:7;1;4,15;"i":9000(# "7020":"127","112":"10","2","/2":"12","0";"Angle BON' is called Angle of ..":p$(1)=p$(3):p$(3)="deviation":7100:7;1;7,16;"r":9000(# "7020":"12","8";"What are the two";"13","7";"laws of refraction?";"15","7";"(One is also known";"16","9";"as Snell's Law)";"19","9";"Then..";۰"1";"18","8";" THINK FIRST! ":"9000" 7020l:14,0;"1. The incident ray(AO) and the refracted ray(OB) are on opposite sides of the normal (NN') and all 3 are in the same plane";7;12 ,6;" LAWS OF REFRACTION " 8"20","9";"For 2nd law..":"9000":m="12":"7020" "14","0";"2. SNELL'S LAW:- When light passes from one substance to another the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.":9000(# w"7020":"11","0";"For a ray passing from air to eg.glass, (sin i)/(sin r) is called the .?. (of glass here)" p$(3,16):p$(1)="refractive index":p$(2)="apparent depth":p$(3)="critical angle":7100:2;20,0;"Refractive index is denoted by n":9000(# x"7000":m="6":"7010":ڰ"7";"3","3";"Refractive index n = sin i";"4","24";"sin r":"192","143":"39","0" "9","2";"The speed of a ray of light is reduced when it enters a denser medium, and refractive index is also defined as" ڰ"7";"14","0";o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;"15","0";" Refractive index n =";"17","10";"velocity in air = v";"18","9";"velocity in medium v" }"0","63","855","0","600","-47","345","0","600","47","73","31","740","0","230","31","608","0","9999":5045:9100# "9000":"7000":m="9":"7010":"0","7";"BENT STICK EFFECT";ڰ"7";ް"1";"1","4";"S";"9","14";"B";ٰ"1";"2","25";"EYE";"2","23";"";"5","1";"Water";ٰ"3";"3","1";"Air" }"182","160","610","0","600","-10","183","158","560","-20","189","151","562","-13","4","138","739","0","151","138","680","0" 1"143","138","580","-34","150","138","573","-34" Ai=02:122z,104h-i:-80P,568:i <"143","138","580","-10","152","138","600-38/1.1","-14/1.1" <"117","125","557","13","117","125","598","-2","558","13.3" ͤ"173","147","602","0","600","-2","161","148","602","0","600","-2","134","125","602","0","600","-2","140","128","602","0","600","-2","9999":5054:9100#  1:i=435#6:117u-i,125}+i*13 /43+:115s-i,123{+i*13.3T/42*:i:135,134:4,2:152-38&/5,138-13 /5:38&/18,13 /18:0 ӄ"13","2";"As a result of refraction, a stick SB partly immersed in water appears to be bent.":9000(#:7020l "11","0";"As a result of refraction, C is the image of ..";ڰ"7";"5","8";"A";"5","14";"C":p$(3,1):p$(1)="B":p$(2)="A":p$(3)="S":7100:9000(# d"7020":ڰ"7";ް"1";"1","4";"S";"5","8";"A";"5","14";"C";"7","14";"C";"3","14";"O" ܁"116","138":"0","-12":"10","0";"If B is at the bottom of the water, then the distance OC is the .?. of the water." ߄p$(3,14):p$(1)="apparent depth":p$(2)="real depth":p$(3)="critical depth":7100:9000(# 7020l:12 ,1;"Refractive index of the water =":p$(3,25):p$(1)="real depth/apparent depth":p$(2)="apparent depth/real depth":p$(3)="1/apparent depth":7100:9000(# `"7000":"7010":"5990":"0","4";"TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION";ް"1";ڰ"7";"7","15";"ii" $"109","101","618","27","618","-27" :"108","101","618","27","636","27","127","128","636","27" ="127","144","1212","-4","-/2","116","114","1220","0","/2" "137","109","604","-1","600","3","109","107","604","1","601","0","600","-3","148","147","603","0","601","0","599","-4","9999":5093:9100# `"10","6";"For a SMALL angle of";"11","6";"incidence i, the above diagram is .." lp$(3,10 ):p$(1)="correct":p$(2)="incorrect":p$(3)="incomplete":7100 2ڰ"2";"20","6";" For explanation - ":"9000" 7020l:12 ,3;"When light passes from one medium to a less optically dense medium, for a SMALL angle of incidence i, we get a weak internally reflected ray and a strong refracted ray.":9000(# "5115":"5127" -"7013":"7020":"5990":"5996":"5981" 8"127","129","653","0","127","134","605","0","600","-5" O"179","131","602","-2","600","-1","598","-2","9999":5118:9100#: ڰ"7";ް"1";"4","16";"r";"7","15";"i";p;"10","1";"The small angle i is increased";"11","7";"until angle r = 90";"12","4";"Angle i is called the .."  p$(3,19):p$(1)="critical angle":p$(2)="angle of refraction":p$(3)="angle of deviation":7100:7;1;7,15;"i";7,15;"c":9000(#  $"7010":"7020":"5990":"5996" ~"10","1";"If angle i is greater than the critical angle, the incident light undergoes ..";ڰ"7";ް"1";"7","15";"i" p$(3,25):p$(1)="total internal reflection":p$(2)="refraction only":p$(3)="refraction and reflection":7100 "0","3";"TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION";ڰ"2";"20","6";" See diagram above ":"5981":ڰ"7";ް"1";"7","16";"i":"139","117":"-11","-7","-/2":"9000" "7000":"7010":ڰ"7";"4","3";"When light passes FROM air";"5","3";"TO eg.glass, refractive";"6","3";"index of the glass is .." p$(3,7):p$(1)="1/sin c":p$(2)="1/sin i":p$(3)="1/sin r":7100:2;20,0;" c = critical angle of the glass":9000(# F"7000":"5115":"0","12";"QUESTION";ް"1";ڰ"7";"7","15";"c" "En=((*5)+148)/100d:ڰ"7";ٰ"4";"8","6";"n=";n %d"10","1";"If the refractive index n of a block of glass is ";n;" what is the critical angle?" (fp$(3,6):p$(1)=(((((((1/n))*180/))*100d+.5))/100d) +i=(*17):i=(i+(i=8)-8)/100d:i=i+(i>0)-(i0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i)+"":i=(*7):i=(i+(i=3)-3)/10 :p$(3)=(p$(1)+i)+"":p$(1)=(p$(1))+"":7100 .@ڰ"2";"20","0";"Refractive index ";n;" = 1/sin c ":"9000" 1"7000":"7010":"0","1";"DEVIATION OF LIGHT BY A PRISM";ڰ"7";ް"1";"4","15";"O";"8","6";"A";"6","10";"B";"5","19";"C";"2","19";"E";"8","26";"D" 4Y"80","100","688","0","556","64","556","-64","93","121","660","30","147","129","576","6" 7m"180","124","602","-5","595","-2","70","112","603","0","601","-1","600","-3","9999":51724:9100# :i=1144:1:95_+2*i,122z+i:96`+2*i,123{+i:125}+2*i,137+i:126~+2*i,138+i:155-2*i,127+i/2:154-2*i,127+i/2:i:0 =Gi="0"̰"1":"53","100"+i:"40","20":"54","8":"64","-16":i @"11","4";"The angle of deviation";"12","5";"is angle ..":p$(3,3):p$(1)="EOD":p$(2)="AOD":p$(3)="BCD":7100 Cgٰ"1":ڰ"7";"3","22";"Angle of";"4","22";"deviation":"174","137":"-44","0":ٰ"9":"9000" F"7020":ް"1":ڰ"7";"5","19";"C";"6","18";"C";"3","22";"Angle of";"4","22";"deviation";"2","19";"E";ٰ"1";"3","6";"N";"3","22";"N":"174","137":"-44","0":ް"0" IY"301","147","128","624","16","93","123","570","22","309","9999":5193I:9100# L"12","3";"Deviation is least when ..":p$(3,29):p$(1)="ABN=DCN":p$(2)="ABN=critical of the glass":p$(3)="OBC=45":7100 OFڰ"2";"20","0";" of incidence = of emergence":"9000":"18" ]1"127","128","627","-27","128","128","627","-27" `L"145","107","602","0","601","1","600","2","9999":5981]:9100#: f7ڰ"7";ٰ"3";"5","6";"Air";"6","6";ٰ"4";"Glass" iO"48","128","732","0","127","160","600","-60","9999":5993i:9100#: lL"100","101","627","27","99","101","627","27","115","117","1211","-7","/2" nN"106","110","602","0","601","-1","600","-2","9999":5996l:9100#: p\m="9":"7000":"7010":i="0":"6400":"9100":"0","3";"CONVERGING OR CONVEX LENS" s"12","0";"A lens may be regarded as being made up of a number of prisms.",,,"As a result,when a beam of lightstrikes the lens, the rays are bent inwards, the outer ones being deviated more than the inner ones." v"9000":"7020" y1"12","9";"X is the ..";ڰ"7";"6","23";"X" |p$(3,19):p$(1)="principal focus":p$(2)="centre of curvature":p$(3)="optical centre":7100:9000(# f"7020":"11","5";"How many principal foci";"12","8";"does a lens have?";ڰ"7";"6","23";"F" p$(3,5):p$(1)="two":p$(2)="three":p$(3)="one":7100:2;20,0;" (Rays may pass the other way) ":9000(# n"7000":"7010":"6427":"6450":"0","4";"DIVERGING OR CONCAVE LENS";ڰ"7";ް"1";ٰ"1";"6","13";"F" gް"1":i="4"̰"44"Ͱ"4":152-i,119w+i/4:151-i,119w+i/4:i:0 "11","4";"For a diverging lens,the principal focus is ..":p$(3,14):p$(1)="always virtual":p$(2)="always real":p$(3)="sometimes real":7100:9000(# "7020":"13","0";"We only consider rays close to the principal axis, and only thin lenses in order to obtain a true point focus.":9000(# &"7020":ڰ"7";ٰ"1";"6","22";"C" x"148","160","600","-56","174","124","1173","9","-/2","166","124","598","-2","602","-2","9999":6033:9100# h"10","0";"The distance FC is called the FOCAL LENGTH of the lens, where C is the .?. of the lens" p$(3,19):p$(1)="optical centre":p$(2)="centre of curvature":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# "7000":"7010":"6442":"6450":"0","7";"FORMATION OF IMAGE";ڰ"7";ް"1";ٰ"1";"6","13";"F";"5","28";"EYE";ٰ"2";"6","15";"I";"4","3";"Object->" B"92","144","652","0","92","132","600","12","601","0","600","-12" "148","160","600","-56","92","144","726","-28","599","3","601","-3","598","-2","122","132","600","5","601","0","600","-5","9999":6048:9100# "11","2";"The image formed (at I) by a concave lens is always ..":p$(3,20):p$(1)="virtual and erect":p$(2)="virtual and inverted":p$(3)="real and erect":7100:9000(# "7020":"7013":i="32":"6415":"9100":"132","156":"0","-48":ڰ"7";ް"1";"5","11";"|";"5","21";"|";ٰ"2";"4","0";"Object";"6","27";"Image";ٰ"1";"4","21";"F";"6","11";"F'" "48","152","800","-48","45","148","603","3","601","0","603","-3","48","132","600","20","601","0","600","-20","48","152","684","0","696","-48" Y"208","132","600","-18","601","0","600","18","205","118","603","-3","601","0","603","3" "163","127","603","-3","597","-3","157","142","600","-3","597","0","89","145","603","-3","597","-3","90","154","602","-2","598","-2","9999":6060:9100# "11","1";"The image formed by a convex lens ..":p$(3,22):p$(1)="can be real or virtual":p$(2)="is always real":p$(3)="is always virtual":7100:9000(# ʽ"7020":"7013":i="56":"6415":"9100":"156","156":"0","-48":ڰ"7";"5","19";"C";ް"1";"5","12";"|";"5","5";"|";ٰ"1";"6","12";"F";"6","5";"2F";"7","29";"EYE" \"10","1";"The image formed by a convex lens is VIRTUAL when the object is .." Ѕp$(3,20):p$(1)="between F and C":p$(2)="between F and 2F":p$(3)="further away than 2F":7100 t7;1;6,5;"2F";5,5;"|";5,26;"|";1;6,26;"F'" P"120","132","600","12","601","0","600","-12","120","144","636","0","680","-16" ["72","160","683","-16","72","160","750","-50","72","160","600","-28","601","0","600","28" ڨ"134","146","602","-2","598","-2","140","140","600","-3","597","-2","184","140","602","-2","598","-2","200","120","600","-3","597","-2","9999":6100:9100# 1:i=45686:72H+i,160-i/3:73I+i,159-i/3:72H,160-i/2:73I,160-i/2:i:i=480P6:72H+i,160-i*16/83S:i:0 ~7;2;3,1;"Image->";9 ;2;20,6;" See diagram above ":9000(#:18 W"40","146","654","0","612","-1","680","-12","40","118","654","0","612","1","680","12" ."188","133","634","6","182","132","640","-6"  d"67","148","602","-2","598","-2","67","134","602","-2","598","-2","67","120","602","-2","598","-2"  g"140","142","602","-3","598","-2","140","134","602","-2","598","-2","140","127","602","-2","598","-3" P"100+i","160","1200","-56","/3","1200","56","/3","40","132","780","0","9999" B"40","144","704","0","40","120","704","0","608","-1","664","-16" 0"152","145","548","-13","152","119","548","13" !d"64","146","602","-2","598","-2","64","134","602","-2","598","-2","64","122","602","-2","598","-2" $E"214","134","602","-2","598","-2","213","106","602","-3","597","-2" *H"140","160","1200","-56","-/4","616","0","1200","56","-/4","584","0" -`"213","163","603","-2","598","-3","40","132","776","0","144","144","608","1","664","16","9999" 29100#:1:i=444,4:152-i,145-i/4:151-i,145-i/4:i:0: X^p=(*6)+1:p=1+(4p>1)+(1p>3):p:p:9 :: bp;0,0;o$ ei=1m:7;i,0;o$:i:0,(21-m)*8:255,0:0,m*8-1:-255,0:0,-m*8+1: l*i=m+121:i,0;o$:i: vi=013 :7;i,16;o$(16):i:255,175:-127,0:0,-111o:127,0:0,111o: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 i=1k=j Jj+13 ,14-(p$(1))/2;j;". ";p$(i):i=i+1:j &18,8;"Choose 1, 2 or 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7111 u18,8;" Your answer:";q$;" ";1;k+13 ,14-(p$(1))/2;k:q$=k7121 n7;19,0;" Sorry correct answer is no.";k;" ":.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ѓ1;4;19,8;" * Well done * ":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 :  ;7;1;21,0;" NEED HELP? y or n " #!q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7203# &0h=h+1:21,0;o$(19): 31;21,0;"LIKE AN EXPLANATION?" !q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7303 .h=0:21,0;o$(20): Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;o$(12 ):i Orx*8-1,(22-y)*8:95_,0:0,-41):-95_,0:0,41) Rp=p+1:y=y+7 U #(#21,9 ;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/%.1}L,.1}L:="r":6 #1#21,9 ;o$(14): # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # pyx  eq'kO m R-/6Vcircle elipse parabola Q1light2 ,,O.b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":5:5:5:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"l2" 'sc @?<@@@P||<<|B<?B<<|<<~@?<<~B<|~  BBBBBBf@BBDbB(BBBB@@  ?@B@BBB@D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@B<(BB<|"?BH|B@L?B@B~|@B?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&B~DBB@ ?p??BB@ZBD@B@??@B<B<@8?B><<B<<~P?<<@$BB~!@<`0 H ??????????????????????????"?@"D"D@"@""D@"@" "D@"@"D"D@"?@"D"D@"@"#@"@?" "D@#!D"D@8"@"D"D@"@" @"@?" "D@   D"D@?" "D "@"|"D@"@" @"@?""D@ ? "D@?" "D "@""D@"@" @"@?"D"D@ ? D"D@?"  "D "@""D@"@"#@"@?"D"D@88"!"D"@""D@"?@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@"@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@****)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))).)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))+).*))((((((((((())))))))))))))+ 4*)))))))))))))))))))))))))+ 4*))(((((((()))))))))))))+ 44*)))))))))))))))))))))+ $!44*))))))))))))))))))++ $!44**)))))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))++ $!4444**)))))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))++ $$!!44444**)))++ $$!!44444**)+ $$!!444444* $ !440440  $ $! !440440  $ $ !4400004  $ $ !4404404  $ !44044044((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((gr X  @@@@@ @ "B~BD8ff` @$$B~ @~"THHT"?TT"0$b?~f<}~f>BDHR%Aa!Al2 0 ROSE SOFTWARE May 1984 b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 L1;9 ;;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 'o$=" " 'z=0:ڰ"0":"0":ٰ"7"::p="2" )y="7":x="0":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j *y="7":x="20":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j x="10":y="11":"8000" 0,0;1;1;"      " +ٰ"9":ڰ"7";"20","8";" Choose 1 to 5 " Fڰ"2";"8","1";"1.";"9","1";"Optical";"10","1";"instruments" ڰ"4";"8","21";"2.";"9","23";"The";"10","23";"spectrum";:ڰ"6";"12","12";"3.";"13","12";"Spherical";"14","12";"mirrors" "ڰ"6";"12","10";"3.";"13","10";"Diffraction";"14","14";"and";"15","10";"Interference";ڰ"3";"15","1";"4.";"16","1";"Typical";"17","1";"""O"" level";1;18,0;"calculations" #v5;15,22;"5.";16,23;"Some";17,23;"useful";18,23;"formulae" $ٰ"7":"79","47":"8","0" & q$=:38&+(q$>"0"q$<"6") 'q$="5"43+ (?7000X:m=10 :7010b:41)+7*(q$="4") )7;4,3;"After each question, try";5,3;"turning your TV off and";6,3;"then sketch the diagram.";p;14,0;"This is especially important in questions involving ray diagrams" * 9000(# +q$*1000+1000 016,3;"To return to the main menu,";17,11 ;"press r";18,3;"at the end of any question";7;4,1;"Remember you can ask for help";6,1;"several times in each question":42* Ѕm=9 :7000X:7010b:7;2;4,5;"The car driving mirror";5,5;"makes use of a .." ӳp$(3,14):p$(1)="convex mirror":p$(2)="concave mirror":p$(3)="plane mirror":7100:2;20,8;" For diagram ..":9000(# ֕m=10 :7010b:7020l:0,8;"DRIVING MIRROR":4903':7;1;6,3;"EYE ";6,25;"Y" E"65","125","652","10","540","27","65","125","653","-12","544","-25" Q"92","138","707","-14","493","-14","301","60","129","595","-5","606","-6","309" "91","128","598","2","602","2","91","117","598","2","602","2","85","147","602","2","598","2","85","96","602","2","598","2","9999":2006:9100# 1:i=7.64tzG100d7.64tzG:199-i,124|+i/7.64tzG:198-i,124|+i/7.64tzG:199-i,124|-i/7.64tzG:198-i,124|-i/7.64tzG:i:0 12 ,3;"Y is the .?. of the mirror":p$(3,19):p$(1)="centre of curvature":p$(2)="principal focus":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# 7020l:11 ,0;"An advantage of a convex drivingmirror over a plane mirror is that it gives a ...";7;6,25;"C" ~p$(3,19):p$(1)="wider field of view":p$(2)="larger image":p$(3)="virtual image":7100 2:1;7;1,0;"Wide";2,0;"field";6,3;"EYE":"46","162","602","0","600","-2","600","2","1200","-72","/2","598","0","602","0","600","2","309","9999":2033:9100#:9000(# P2800 :7;2;5,2;"A magnifying glass uses a .?." p$(3,12 ):p$(1)="convex lens":p$(2)="concave lens":p$(3)="glass prism":7100:2;20,8;" For diagram ..":9000(# 87013e:2803 :7;5,13 ;"C" _10 ,0;"In order to obtain a magnified erect image, the object must be placed .." p$(3,21):p$(1)="between C and F":p$(2)="further away than F":p$(3)="between the eye and C":7100:2;20,6;" See diagram above "  2851# CL9000(#:7000X:7010b:0,6;"THE SLIDE PROJECTOR" F~"16","144","1200","-28","/2","15","144","1200","-28","/2","12","140","595","-5","8","128","597","-3","12","120","597","-3" I]"39","144","600","-28","1200","28","/2","38","144","600","-28","602","0","1200","28","/2" L_"63","144","600","-28","1200","28","-/2","64","144","600","-28","598","0","1200","28","-/2" Oe"72","142","602","0","600","-24","598","0","600","24","75","142","600","-24","71","142","600","-24" R"120","142","1200","-24","/2.5","1200","24","/2.5","119","142","1200","-24","/2.5","121","142","1200","-24","-/2.5","239","160","600","-60","599","0","600","60" UY"14","142","624","-24","620","0","781","35","14","118","624","24","620","0","781","-35" X@"31","137","602","0","600","-2","31","123","602","0","600","2" [C"94","137","602","-2","598","-2","94","127","602","-2","598","-2" ^"99","118","602","2","598","2","99","138","602","2","598","2","68","120","652","0","719","33","68","140","652","0","719","-33" a"182","120","602","-2","598","-2","182","144","602","-2","598","-2","301","39","152","624","0","309","9999":2115C:9100# d 7;1;2,6;"Y";4;2,10 ;"Slide";3,9 ;"/";2;7,3;"^";8,1;"Lamp";3;3,30;"I";4,30;"m";5,30;"a";6,30;"g";7,30;"e" g11 ,3;"The two plano-convex lenses at Y act as a ..":p$(3,15):p$(1)="condenser":p$(2)="projection lens":p$(3)="magnifier":7100:9000(# j47020l:7;1;2,6;"C" m'10 ,0;"The function of the condenser C is to ..":p$(3,28):15,0;"2. collect more light from the lamp";17,0;"3. enlarge the size of the image";13 ,0;"1. focus a sharp image on the screen":k=2:7109:9000(# pp7020l:11 ,1;"The lamp is at the .?. of the concave mirror M";7;3,1;"M" sp$(3,19):p$(1)="centre of curvature":p$(2)="principal focus":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# vJ7020l:7;8,15;"P";1;3,1;"M" y13 ,1;"The projection lens P slides backwards and forwards in order to focus a sharp image on the screen":9000(#:7020l:11 ,0;"The slide must be placed upside-down in order to obtain a .." |7;1;8,15;"P":p$(3,13 ):p$(1)="erect image":p$(2)="virtual image":p$(3)="sharper image":7100:9000(# 87000X:7010b:0,10 ;"THE CAMERA" U"160","148","1189","0","","1211","0","","600","-32","1189","0","","1211","0","" "105","141","640","0","600","14","604","4","611","0","604","-4","600","-45","596","-4","589","0","596","4","600","14","560","0" "106","124","1200","17","/2","1200","-17","/2","107","124","1200","17","/2","105","141","1200","-17","/2","145","124","600","17","144","128","600","9" "105","142","639","0","600","14","604","4","613","0","604","-4","600","-47","596","-4","587","0","596","4","600","14","561","0" V"125","142","600","3","612","0","600","-3","597","3","597","-3","597","3","597","-3" V"125","123","600","-3","612","0","600","3","597","-3","597","3","597","-3","597","3" k"115","130","600","-9","602","0","600","9","598","0","115","135","600","9","602","0","600","-9","598","0" "303","113","114","616","0","600","4","302","58","132","637","0","309","192","132","570","0","177","130","598","2","602","2","135","102","607","30","136","115","602","2","602","-2","9999":2269:9100# 7;5,25;"Film";2;5,3;"Lens";4;3,13 ;"\";2,8;"Diaphragm";1;1;9 ,11 ;"Shutter";3;7,1;"Focusing ring" 10 ,2;"Two of the following regulate the amount of light energy reaching the film. Which one does NOT?" p$(3,27):p$(1)="focusing ring":p$(2)="variable aperture diaphragm":p$(3)="variable speed shutter":7100:9000(# v7020l:10 ,0;"A sharp image is focused on the film by turning the focusing ring which alters .." p$(3,26):p$(1)="distance of lens from film":p$(2)="aperture of diaphragm":p$(3)="speed of shutter":7100:9000(# [7000X:7030v:3;7;1,28;"THE";2,28;"EYE" y"244","95","1184","32","-/4","1128","16","/1.2","1200","-48","/1.5","1268","2","/1.5","602","2","1216","-16","-/8" y"243","92","1182","32","-/4","1132","16","/1.2","1203","-44","/1.5","1262","5","/1.5","604","2","1218","-17","-/8" #6"161","132","1200","-24","/2.5","1200","24","/2.5" &"158","140","596","-12","601","-1","601","1","606","14","600","5","158","98","596","13","601","1","601","-1","606","-14","600","-5" )M"161","137","600","-6","161","104","600","6","9999":2333 :9100# ,1,0;"In many";2,0;"respects the";3,0;"eye is similar";4,0;"to the camera";7,0;"The FILM in";8,0;"a camera";9 ,0;"corresponds to";10 ,0;"the .?.";11 ,0;"in the eye" /gp$(3,28):p$(1)="retina":p$(2)="optic nerve":p$(3)="iris":7100 2Q7;2;5,21;"Retina";6,26;"->":9000(# 5E7;1;5,21;"Retina";6,26;"->" 82900T :4,0;"The amount of";5,0;"light entering";6,0;"the eye is";7,0;"controlled by";8,0;"the .." ;p$(1)="iris":p$(2)="ciliary muscles":p$(3)="lens":7100:1:7;2,16;"Iris":134,150:20,-20:0:9000(# >2900T :4,0;"The aperture";5,0;"in the centre";6,0;"of the iris";7,0;"is called the .." A7p$(1)="pupil":p$(2)="cornea":7100 D1:7;2,16;"Iris";1,16;"Pupil":134,150:20,-20:134,158:18,-38&:0:9000(# G22900T :2,0;"Focusing of";3,0;"the image on";4,0;"the retina is";5,0;"brought about by";6,0;"an alteration";7,0;"in the thickness";8,0;"of the lens.";10 ,0;"This alters the";11 ,0;".?." J_1:7;1,16;"Pupil":134,158:18,-38&:0 Mp$(1)="focal length of the lens":p$(2)="distance of lens from retina":p$(3)="distance of object from lens":7100:9000(# P2900T :2,0;"This alteration";3,0;"in the focal";4,0;"length of the";5,0;"lens, called";6,0;"ACCOMMODATION";7,0;"is brought about";8,0;"by the .." SZp$(1)="ciliary muscles":p$(2)="optic nerve":p$(3)="iris":7100 V7;1;0,16;"Ciliary";1,16;"muscle":138,158:24,-16:9000(#:18 Jm=9 :7000X:7010b:0,8;"MAGNIFYING GLASS": 7020l:i=7:6415:9100#:7;1;5,7;"|";5,19;"|";6,19;"F";1;7,0;"EYE " N1:32 ,122z:-6,-12 :15,0:9 : #7;4,7;"F'";3;3,24;"<-Image":"186","132","600","28","601","0","600","-28","186","160","456","-32","186","160","460","-50" &8"108","142","629","0","600","-10","599","0","600","10" )~"123","140","598","2","602","2","90","136","598","2","603","3","81","120","598","2","602","2","9999":2851# :9100# ,1:i=472H6:186-i,160-i*32 /144:185-i,160-i*32 /144:i /i=44806:186-i,160-i*502/140:185-i,160-i*502/140:186,133+i/2:187,133+i/2:i:0: Ti=111 :i,0;o$(16):i:i=1421:i,0;o$:i:128,64@:127,0: Cm=9 :7000X:7010b:0,10 ;"DISPERSION" 72H,150:30,-502:30,502:-60<,0:219,166:0,-546:-1,0:0,546 71G,150:30,-502:31,513:-61=,0:16,160:78N,-45-:16,-4:108l,6:94^,115s:16,2:108l,46. 557,140:0,-3:-3,0:1:159,140:3,0:0,-3:2:160,116t:2,-2:-2,-2:9 1;7;3;8,27;"^";9 ;9 ,25;"Screen";1;1,28;"V";2,28;"I";5;3,28;"B";4,28;4;"G";6;5,28;"Y";2;6,28;"O";7,28;"R" ͽ13 ,0;"When a ray of white light is incident on a triangular prism, it is refracted towards the baseof the prism and is dispersed into its component colours.":9000(# Ъ7020l:11 ,0;"The .?. rays are deviated most":p$(3,6):p$(1)="violet":p$(2)="blue":p$(3)="red":7100:9000(# 7020l:11 ,2;"The wavelength of the violet rays is the ..":p$(3,25):p$(1)="shortest":p$(2)="longest":p$(3)="same as the other colours":7100:2;20,0;" Violet rays have high frequency":9000(# 7020l:13 ,0;"The spectrum formed is NOT a PURE SPECTRUM due to overlappingof the coloured images (of the hole through which the beam of white light passed)":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,2;"THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM";7;1;1,0;"Increasing";2,0;"wavelength->";9 ;8,5;"Visible^";9 ,5;"spectrum" k"8","150","600","-37","837","0","600","37","363","0","9","149","600","-35","835","0","600","35","364","0" ܦ"14","114","600","22","642","0","600","-22","70","114","600","35","94","114","600","35","103","114","600","35","150","114","600","35","9999":3033 :9100# 11 ,0;"Gamma rays consist of electro- magnetic radiation and occupy a band among ..";7;3;5,2;"Gamma";6,2;"rays";1;4,7;"?" p$(3,16):p$(1)="X-rays":p$(2)="ultra violet":p$(3)="radio waves":7100:7;4,7;" ";1;4,2;"X-rays":568,136:-16,0:9000(# |7020l:7;1;1,0;"Increasing";2,0;"wavelength->";1;5,10 ;"?" 11 ,0;"Increasing the wavelength, the next band is ..":p$(1)=p$(2):p$(2)="infrared":7100 7;5,10 ;" ";1;8,5;"Visible^";9 ,5;"spectrum";1;8,6;"Ultra";9 ,5;"violet";9 ;7,10 ;"^":9000(# i7020l:11 ,0;"The next very narrow band is ..";7;1;5,12 ;"?" p$(1)="visible spectrum":7100:7;1;5,12 ;"?";1;2,11 ;"V";2;2,13 ;"R";2;9 ;20,4;" From V violet to R red ":9000(# }7020l:11 ,3;"Increasing the wavelength, the next band is ..";7;1;5,15;"?" p$(2)=p$(1):p$(1)="infrared":7100:7;2;5,13 ;"Infra";6,13 ;"-red":9000(# 7020l:11 ,1;"The final large band is radio waves. Their wavelengths are of the order ..";7;2;5,19;"Radio waves" p$(3,11 ):p$(1)="1mm to 10km":p$(2)=".0005mm":p$(3)=".0000005mm":7100:9000(#:18 im=9 :7000X:7010b:7;4,2;"Beam of ->";5,2;"light ->" "301","128","160","600","-20","601","0","600","20","601","0","600","-20","128","132","600","-20","601","0","600","20","601","0","600","-20","309","9999":4003:9100# i=040(8:80P+i,156:0,-40(:5:i:i=040(8:140+i,144+i/2:0,-20-i,-/2:i n10 ,0;"When light passes through a verynarrow slit, it spreads out. This effect is called .." p$(3,12 ):p$(1)="diffraction":p$(2)="interference":p$(3)="refraction":7100:0,10 ;"DIFFRACTION";2;20,0;"NO diffraction if slit is ""wide""":9000(# F7000X:7010b:0,10 ;"INTERFERENCE":4700\ Vi=055:480+i,144+i/2:0,-16-i,-:i i=032 8:72H+i,152+i/2:0,-16-i,-:72H+i,136+i/2:0,-16-i,-:i z14,1;"Light passes through two very narrow slits in S giving rise to diffraction as shown.":9000(# 7020l:4730z:10 ,2;"Where the two waves are superposed in the same phase, we get lines of ..";7;1;4,22;"?" p$(3,25):p$(1)="constructive interference":p$(2)="destructive interference":p$(3)="force":7100:2;20,2;" We get increased brightness ":9000(# m7020l:4730z:7;4,22;" ":4733}:7;1;6,22;"?" i10 ,4;"Where the two waves are superposed exactly out of phase, we get .." Ǵp$(3)="attenuation":p$(1)=p$(2):p$(2)="constructive interference":7100:2;20,0;" We get darkness along the line ":9000(# J7020l:1:4733}:0:7;6,22;" " ͓10 ,1;"It is necessary to place a single slit in front of the lamp as shown so that the light from the two slits in S is .." }p$(3,30):p$(1)="coherent":p$(2)="less bright":p$(3)="out of phase":7100:9000(# i7000X:7010b:0,4;"YOUNG'S SLITS EXPERIMENT":4699[:9100#:4709e g"191","165","481","-20","719","-20","191","148","481","-20","719","-20","301","192","166","600","-66" r"209","148","608","-8","592","-8","309","126","136","666","0","600","1","534","0","9999":4054:9100# ܞi=01:94^,143-9 *i:2,-2:-2,-2:124|,156-35#*i:2,-2:-2,-2:i i=01:147,141-8*i:45-,0:0,-1:-45-,0:171,144-16*i:21,0:0,1:-21,0:i 13 ,1;"Diffracted light from the two very narrow slits in S give rise to an interference pattern";1;7;1;4,26;" EYE":9000(# 7020l:4760:10 ,0;"The light and dark bands, viewedthrough a translucent screen, are called ..";7;1;8,16;"?" p$(3,20):p$(1)="interference fringes":p$(2)="images of the slits":p$(3)="diffraction gratings":7100:9000(# 7020l:1:4760:0:11 ,3;"The lamp used (eg. a sodium discharge lamp) gives ..";7;8,16;" " p$(1)="monochromatic light":p$(2)="white light":p$(3)="infrared radiation":7100:2;20,0;" Monochromatic = one wavelength ":9000(# _7020l:7;8,8;" ";1;9 ,5;"a";8,27;"" b"48","105","615","30","72","106","720","0","218","114","576","24","9999":4084:9100#  7;8,16;"D" 10 ,0;"a = distance between slits D = distance slits to screen = distance between two fringesWavelength of the light = .." ip$(3,4):p$(1)="a/D":p$(2)="a/D":p$(3)="/aD":7100:9000(# 7020l:12 ,6;"Wavelength = a/D";14,1;"If a and D are constant then what can we say about and ?":4790 15,0;o$;19,0;o$;2;17,0;" The fringe spacing is ";18,0;"proportional to the wavelength ":9000(#:18 [n"50","136","621","21","50","136","621","-21","60","148","602","0","600","-2","60","128","600","-2","598","0" \"301","45","160","600","-22","601","0","600","22","601","0","600","-22","45","134","600","-22","601","0","600","22","601","0","600","-22" bF"306","27","142","1200","-14","3*/2","9999":4700\:9100# e20,135,4:9 :7;2;8,1;"Lamp";7,2;"^";1;8,8;"S" h1:i=02:71G,160-17*i:0,-14:-1,0:0,14:-1,0:0,-14:i:9 : z1:75K,136:71G,0:170,136:-10 ,0:161,138:-2,-2:2,-2:0: }80P,134:64@,-7:170,124|:-10 ,0:161,126~:-2,-2:2,-2: b138,114r:14,14:151,129:2,0:0,-2: _19,12 ;"then:-";17,9 ;4;1;" THINK FIRST!":9000(#: $168,160-n:0,-480,-/2:167,160-n:0,-480,-/2:i=-/3+.1}Ļ/3-.1}L.1}L:158+19*i,137+31*i-n:3,0:i: '128,160:0,-64@,/2:127,160:0,-64@,/2:i=-/2+.8Ļ/2-.8L.1}L:160-43+*i,128-43+*i:2,0:i: +z=-1:h=0:m=13 :7003[:7030v:7070:n=((*3)+151)/100d:c=(1/n):p$(3,5):p$(1)=(((((((n*(60<*/180-c)))*180/)+.05|L)*10 ))/10 ):c=(((c*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d 3"248","72","544","56*3","544","-56*3","712","0" >"249","72","544","56*3","544","-56*3","599","-1","713","0" A"222","93","604","3","230","98","604","3","237","103","604","3" -"232","87","600","12","532","22","576","-8" "157","127","604","-3","163","122","604","-4","169","116","604","-3","175","111","604","-3","181","106","605","-4","198","108","605","0","596","4","146","113","602","2","597","2","9999":5003:9100# 7;1,18;"i=?";1,25;"n=";n;1;3,23;"60";8,23;"r";6,19;"i";9 ,27;"c";10 ,28;"c";12 ,18;"60" 1;0,1;"What is the";1,1;"angle of";2,1;"incidence i of";3,1;"a ray of light";4,1;"on one face of";5,1;"a 60 prism if";6,1;"the ray is";7,1;"just totally";8,1;"internally";9 ,1;"reflected on";10 ,1;"meeting the";11 ,1;"next face.";12 ,0;"Refractive index";13 ,0;"of glass n=";n 7200 :q$="y"7060:5057+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5024+76L*(h=5) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+5)/10 :p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*j)+"":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+11 )/10 :p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*j)+"":p$(1)=p$(1)+"" ?7040:7060:p;4,4;"i=?":7100  7300:q$="n"5100 Q1:h=3h=45064:255,152:0,-8 >h=45067:128,152:0,-8 e0:7060:h=15:5057+3*h:9000(#:7060:h:5100 Ć15,4;"c is the critical angle,";16,8;"so find c from:-";18,2;"refractive index n = 1/SIN c": 15,3;n;"=1/SIN c so c=";c;"";16,2;"So its complementary angle";17,5;"=(90-";c;")=";90Z-c;"";18,6;"(shown on diagram)";19,11 ;"Now find r";20,4;"using s in top triangle" |7;3,26;90Z-c;"":255,152:0,-8:225,142:0,-37%: 15,2;"Complementary angle of r =";16,3;"(180-60-";90Z-c;")=";30+c;"";17,7;"(shown on diagram)";18,4;"So r = 90-";30+c;"=";60<-c;"" }7;3,16;30+c;"":128,152:0,-8:152,143:20,-20: 1:5064:5067:0:7;11 ,22;60<-c;"":255,152:0,-8:128,152:0,-8:204,90Z:-14,14 a16,9 ;"Find i from";18,0;1;"Refractive index n = SIN i/SIN r": К16,9 ;"n = SIN i/SIN r";17,3;"so ";n;" = SIN i/SIN ";60<-c;"";18,2;"giving i = ";p$(1)(4);"": h=0:7003[:7030v:7070:in=(*3)+502:r=((((2/3*(in*/180))*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d:p$(3,6) ,"144","142","688","0","144","96","688","0" 1"148","162","620","-20","623","-46","624","-24" o"136","140","602","2","602","-2","598","2","600","-14","138","118","600","-22","598","2","602","-2","602","2" A"158","154","600","-2","598","0","9999":5100:9100# qi=066B6:167,i+96`:0,2:167+i,142-i:2,-2:i z1;7;2,20;"i";6,21;"r";6,16;"5cm";4;5,25;"Glass" 1;0,1;"A ray of light";1,1;"passes through";2,1;"a block of";3,1;"glass 5cm thick";4,1;"The angle of";5,1;"incidence is";6,1;in;".Refractive";7,1;"index n for the";8,1;"glass is 1.5";9 ,1;"Find the angle";10 ,1;"of refraction,";11 ,1;"and the";12 ,1;"displacement";13 ,1;"of the ray"  c7;1;0,24;"i=";in;"";1,24;"n=1.5";2,24;"r=?"  7200 :q$="y"7060:5157%+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5133 +67C*(h=2) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+25)/10 :p$(2)=(r+i*j)+"":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+11 )/10 :p$(3)=(r+i*j)+"":p$(1)=r+"" ?7040:7060:p;4,4;"r=?":7100  7300:q$="n"5200P \7060:h=12:5157%+3*h:9000(#:7060:h:5200P (616,1;"Refractive index n=SIN i/SIN r": +}16,12 ;"n = SIN i/SIN r";17,7;"So 1.5 = SIN ";in;"/SIN r";18,5;"Giving r = ";r;"": Pyh=0:7040:7060:7;2,26;" ";1;2,26;r;"":p$(3,6) Spd=((((5*(in*/180)-5*(r*/180))*(in*/180)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d Vp;4,1;"What is the";6,1;"displacement";8,1;"of the ray?":213,96`:-11 ,-11 Y7200 :q$="y"7060:5257+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5209Y+91[*(h=5) \i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*2+15)/100d:p$(2)=(d+i*j)+"cm":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*2+35#)/100d:p$(3)=(d+i*j)+"cm":p$(1)=d+"cm" _J7040:7060:p;4,1;"Displacement=?":7100 b 7300:q$="n"5300 e\7060:h=15:5257+3*h:9000(#:7060:h:5300 7;13 ,16;" ";9 ,27;"M";11 ,24;"C";10 ,23;"B":216,96`:8,0:128,64@:0,8 N15,7;"Displacement = CM";17,7;"So find BM first": }NB=(((5*(r*/180)+.0005vn)*1000))/1000:7;10 ,20;"N";3,21;"A" q15,13 ;"BM = NM - NB";17,2;"From ABN, NB = 5 TAN r";18,16;"= ";NB;"cm": 7;13 ,16;"NB=";NB:128,64@:0,8:NM=(((5*(in*/180)+.0005vn)*1000))/1000 15,5;"Similarly from AMN,";16,3;"NM = 5 TAN i = ";NM;"cm";17,2;"So BM = NM-NB = ";NM;" - ";NB;18,16;"= ";NM-NB;"cm": N7;13 ,16;"BM=";NM-NB:128,64@:0,8 O15,1;"From AMN, AMN = 90 - i";17,9 ;"So BMC = i" :7;11 ,26;"i";10 ,26;"^": 15,1;"From BMC,CM = BM x COS i";16,14;"= ";NM-NB;" x COS ";in;"";18,1;"Displacement = ";d;"cm": 2800 :2803 :2851# :h=0:u=(*3)+10 :7;7,25;"u=";u;"cm";8,25;"v=?" 12 ,1;"An object is ";u;" cm from a magnifying glass. The height of the image is twice that of the object. What is the distance of the image from the lens?" c7200 :q$="y"7020l:5357+3*h:9000(#:5333+67C*(h=2) دp$(3,5):p$(1)=(2*u)+"cm":p$(2)=(4*u)+"cm":p$(3)=(u/2)+"cm":7020l:12 ,13 ;"v=?":z=0:7100  7300:q$="n"5400 \7020l:h=12:5357+3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:5400 11 ,13 ;"v=?";12 ,0;"(image height=2 x object height)";7;15,5;" Magnification = v/u ": t5360:19,0;"So v/u=v/";u;" = 2 giving v=";2*u;"cm";7;17,19;" = 2 ": ;h=0:7020l:11 ,4;"Now find the radius of";12 ,4;"curvature r of the lens.";13 ,4;"You are given the formula";15,10 ;"1 + 1 = 1";16,10 ;"u v f";18,0;"(Virtual distances are negative)";7;8,27;2*u;"cm" {r=4*u:80P,47/:8,0:112p,47/:8,0:144,47/:8,0 97200 :q$="y"7020l:5457Q+3*h:9000(#:7020l:12 ,3;("Radius of curvature = ?")h<3:54339+67C*(h=3) <p$(3,7):p$(1)=r+"cm":p$(2)=(((((4*u/3)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d)+"cm":p$(3)=(2*u)+"cm":7020l:z=0:12 ,6;"Radius of curvature =":7100 B 7300:q$="n"5500| K\7020l:h=13:5457Q+3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:5500| T12 ,9 ;"1/u + 1/v = 1/f";14,4;"so 1/";u;" - 1/";2*u;" = 1/f";16,10 ;"giving f = ";2*u;"cm";18,0;"(v is a virtual distance,so -ve)":7;9 ,25;"f=";2*u;"cm":200,96`:480,0: W215,2;"Radius of curvature r = 2f": Z]15,9 ;"r = 2f";17,6;"so r = 2 x ";2*u;" = ";4*u;"cm": z=-1:h=0:m=13 :7003[:7030v:7070:ht=((*3)+17)/10 :bk=((*3)+13 )/10 :re=(bk/2):in=(4*re/3):p$(3,5):ans=(((ht/(/2-in)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d 1:7;4,28;ht;"m":i=713 :4;i,23;o$(9 );5;i,16;o$(7):i:0 216,148,3 ^"216","134","600","10","221","134","595","10","595","-10","220","120","596","14","596","-14" x"216","152","568","-32","580","-40","604","0","172","80","604","0","180","80","604","0","9999":5609:9100# e5;13 ,19;bk;"m";1;12 ,20;"";4;10 ,23;"2m" 1;0,1;"A fish is at a";1,1;"depth of 2m in";2,1;"a canal and is";3,1;bk;"m from the";4,1;"bank.How close";5,1;"to the bank can";6,1;"a man ";ht;"m tall";7,1;"stand before";8,1;"he is just seen";9 ,1;"by the fish?";10 ,1;"(refractive";11 ,1;"index of";12 ,1;"water=4/3)" 7200 :q$="y"7060:5657+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5636+64@*(h=4) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*5)+41))/100d:p$(2)=(ans+i*j)+"m":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*5)+91[)/100d:p$(3)=(ans+i*j)+"m":p$(1)=ans+"m"  07060:z=0:p=p-1:7100  7300:q$="n"5700D t7020l:7070:h=14:5657+3*h:9000(#:7020l:7070:h:5700D 16,1;"Refractive index = SIN i/SIN r";5;9 ,22;"r";7;5,23;"i":i=0306:184,120x+i:0,3:i f184,126~:5,-1,-/2:184,108l:-5,2,-/2: ~15,9 ;"TAN r = ";bk;"/2";16,10 ;"So r = ";(((re*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d;"": "inc=(((in*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d:15,1;"Refractive index = 4/3";16,18;"= SIN i/SIN r";17,13 ;"So i = ";inc;"": %15,9 ;" = (90-i) = ";90Z-inc;"";16,5;"TAN = ";ht;"/?";18,1;"So distance from bank = ";ans;"m";7;6,24;"":188,124|:2,-4,-/2: D 18 p(7000X:0,6;"SOME USEFUL FORMULAE";4,0;"1. Magnification = v/u";5,19;"(numerically)";6,0;"2. r=2f for spherical mirrors";7,9 ;"(r=radius of curvature)";9 ,0;"3. 1/u + 1/v = 1/f";2,12 ;7;" LIGHT " s11 ,0;"4. Refractive index";12 ,5;"= SIN i/SIN r = 1/SIN c";13 ,5;"= real depth/apparent depth";14,5;"= v/v";15,3;"(wave velocity in 1st.medium/";16,4;"wave velocity in 2nd.medium)" vu18,0;"5. v = f (velocity of wave =";19,9 ;"frequency x wavelength)":9000(#:18 j"100+i","160","1200","-56","/3","1200","56","/3","100+i","156","600","-48","40","132","780","0","9999" !d"64","146","602","-2","598","-2","64","134","602","-2","598","-2","64","122","602","-2","598","-2" $E"214","134","602","-2","598","-2","213","106","602","-3","597","-2" *H"140","160","1200","-56","-/4","616","0","1200","56","-/4","584","0" -`"213","163","603","-2","598","-3","40","132","776","0","144","144","608","1","664","16","9999" 29100#:1:i=444,4:152-i,145-i/4:151-i,145-i/4:i:0: X^p=(*6)+1:p=1+(4p>1)+(1p>3):p:p:9 :: p=(*2)+5:p:b=(*3)+1:b:9 :: bp;0,0;o$ ei=1m:7;i,0;o$:i:0,(21-m)*8:255,0:0,m*8-1:-255,0:0,-m*8+1: l*i=m+121:i,0;o$:i: vi=013 :7;i,16;o$(16):i:255,175:-127,0:0,-112p:127,0:0,112p: 6i=021:p;i,0;o$(16):i: .17,0;"Key in your answer now": %p-1:7020l:7070: P127,175:-127,0:0,-112p:127,0 0,(21-m)*8-1:0,1-8*(21-m):255,0:0,(21-m)*8-1:-255,0: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 i=1k=j {1;p;j+13 +7*z,(14-(p$(1))/2)*(z+1)+(z=-1);j;". ";p$(i):i=i+1:j &18,8;"Choose 1, 2 or 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7111 ˝18,8;" Your answer:";q$;" ";1;p;k+13 +7*z,(14-(p$(1))/2)*(z+1)+(z=-1);k:q$=k7121 w7;1;19,0;" Sorry correct answer is no.";k;" ":.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ѓ1;4;19,8;" * Well done * ":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 :  R20,1;o$(29);1;20,6;" NEED HELP? y or n " #!q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7203# &0h=h+1:21,0;o$(19): 31;21,6;"LIKE AN EXPLANATION?" !q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7303  Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;o$(12 ):i Orx*8-1,(22-y)*8:95_,0:0,-41):-95_,0:0,41) Rp=p+1:y=y+7 U #(,1;21,9 ;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/%.1}L,.1}L:="r":6 #1!21,9 ;o$(14) #4""90124# #7 # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # O zpyx FQ5Dheat1 ,, .b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":1:1:2:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"h1" sc @@@@P||<<|B<@UUUUUU@@@@@@@  BBBBBBf@BBDbB  D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@@@@UUUPUU"@@@8?P||BN|~B@B~BJN0LB?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&@@@ @@@p@@@B@?@B<B<@8P!?@@@@`@@@0@UU@ H ???@@???????@@??????????@@??????????88 00@@?????????88 00???????<<<< 00?????????<<<<pp?????????<<?<<xx?????????<<?<<~~???~~???????<~~??~~????B<<|<<~<<~B<|~~~??~~??~~~~(BBBB@@@B@BBB@??~~~~B<(BB<|BH|B@B@B~|@???????<<||>><<B~DBB@BB@ZBD@???????88B><<B<<~<<@$BB~???????<gr X||  xx @ "B~BD8"~BD8BB<DHpHDB@@@@@~BfZBBBBbRJFB\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 K1:9 ;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 Op$(3,40():o$=" ":m$=o$(15) >0:0:7::p=1:y=7:x=2 "j=12:8000@:j 9y=13 :x=2:j=12:8000@:j F2;6;1;0,0;"                                                 " 9 :0;21,9 ;"Choose 1 to 4";1;7,3;"1.";8,3;"Measurement";9 ,7;"of";10 ,3;"temperature" 2;9 ,16;"2.";10 ,16;"Transmission";11 ,16;"of heat";3;14,3;"3.";15,3;"Expansion" !c4;15,16;"4.";16,16;"Specific heat";17,16;"capacity" ' q$=:39'+(q$>"0"q$<"5") *1000*q$ m=20:7000X:1,3;"HEAT is a form of energy";3,3;"and is measured in .?.";5,0 fp$(3,20):p$(1)="Joules":p$(2)="degrees":p$(3)="phonons":7100 z2;18,0;" Remember it is temperature ";19,0;" that is measured in degrees ":9000(# g7000X:m=23:7010b:8100:7;6,28;"_";16,28;"_" *4,0;"The graduation of";6,0;"a thermometer is";8,0;"determined by";10 ,0;"choosing two";12 ,0;"fixed points.":9000(#:7020l:1,0;"The lower fixed point";2,0;"is the temperature ..";4,0 p$(3,40():p$(1)="when pure ice turns to water":p$(2)="at the lowest level of the mercury":p$(3)="when mercury freezes":7100 9000(#:7020l:1,0;"The difference between";2,0;"the 2 fixed points";3,0;"is called the ..";5,0 p$(1)="fundamental interval":p$(2)="basic difference":p$(3)="coefficient of linear expansion":7100 s9000(#:7000X:7010b:"300","189","100","626","-52","600","-20","247","100","574","-52","600","-20" W"201","44","602","-2","600","-36","628","0","600","36","602","2","203","16","628","0" 8"216","72","600","80","602","2","602","-2","600","-80"  2"218","72","600","20","198","82","1206","3","-"  "204","83","1208","4","-","1202","1","-","222","88","1207","1","-","1203","-4","-","1204","-4","-","300","9999":1024:9100# H218,24,1.43333:7;13 ,27;"":9 fi=((*2)+4)*5:1,0;"The fundamental";3,0;"interval on an";5,0;"uncalibrated";7,0;"thermometer is";9 ,0;"found to be ";fi;"cms." 12 ,0;"by first placing in";14,0;"pure melting ice";16,0;"and then in steam":9000(# h=(*7)+3:7020l:1,0;"In an experiment to";4,0;"determine an unknown";7,0;"temperature, the";10 ,0;"distance above the";13 ,0;"lower fixed point";16,0;"was found to be ";h;"cm" 9000(#:7020l:1,0;"Fundamental interval";2,0;"= ";7;fi;p;"cm";3,0;"Height above lower";4,0;"fixed point = ";7;h;p;"cm";5,0;"So unknown temp.= ?";6,0 hp$(1)=(h*100d/fi)+"":p$(2)=h+"":p$(3)=(h*100d/fi+h)+"":7100 2;18,0;"since ";fi;"cms represents";19,0;" 100 then ";h;"cms ";20,0;" represents ";(h*100d/fi);" ":9000(# !h7000X:7010b:8100:7;1;16,27;".";10 ,28;"_37" $s1,0;"In a clinical";4,0;"thermometer, the";7,0;"mercury does not fall";10 ,0;"back into the bulb";13 ,0;"when removed from";16,0;"the mouth.":9000(#:7020l:1,0;"The mercury does not";2,0;"fall back because";3,0;"there is a ..";5,0 'p$(3,30):p$(1)="constriction in the tube":p$(2)="construction in the tube":p$(3)="contraction of the tube":7100 *2;18,1;" NB:Average body ";19,1;"temperature is 37C";7;19,24;"constr-";20,24;"iction" -u"300","240","28","1186","14","/2","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","309","9999":1069-:9100#:9000(# 07000X:7;1,0;"Mercury is preferred to alcohol for use in thermometers because mercury .. " 3p$(3,64@):m=64@:p$(1)="is opaque/a better conductor of heat/does not wet glass":p$(2)="freezes and boils at a higher temperature than alcohol":p$(3)="has a coefficient of expansion 6 times less":7100 6F9000(#:p$(3,13 ):m=14:7000X:7010b 9x=((*13 )+4)*2:1,0;"On the Kelvin";2,0;"scale of";3,0;"temperature";4,0;x;"C = " <"300","120","80","728","0","597","3","603","-3","597","-3","184","80","600","72","597","-3","603","3","603","-3","128","80","712","56","9999":1084<:9100#:1:i=84808:128+i,80P+i/2:129+i,81Q+i/2:i:0 ?7;12 ,15;1;"273C";12 ,21;4;"0C";12 ,25;2;"100C";1;0;11 ,26;"|":1:114r,76L:4,0:9 B[5;7;1,19;"Pressure";10 ,27;"Temp";5,0 Ep$(1)=(273+x)+"K":p$(2)=(273-x)+"K":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(273+i*x/2)+"K":7100 H.2;18,0;"Since 0C";19,0;" = 273K ";3;7;18,15;"-273C=absolute";19,19;"zero of";20,17;"temperature";1;13 ,15;"0K";4;13 ,20;"273K";2;13 ,25;"373K":9000(# K 18 Ж7000X:7;9 ,0;" The transfer of thermal energy is brought about by conduction, convection and radiation. ":9000(# L7000X:i=1:7;0,0;"Conduction";:8200 ֛7000X:7;0,0;" Conduction occurs in a metal on heating. The free electrons in the metal .. ";3,0 p$(1)="begin to move faster in the hot part and drift towards the cooler parts":p$(2)="begin to move more slowly, the slowest moving towards the cooler parts":p$(3)="cease to move":7100:9000(# b7000X:7;0,0;o$;" Good conductors are:- ";o$;4,0; wp$(1)="most metals":p$(2)="liquids and gases":p$(3)="wood, plastic, cork":7100:9000(# 2999 :p$(1)="the lagging of water pipes":p$(2)="the 'bit' of a soldering iron":p$(3)="the element in a kettle":7100:9000(# 2999 :7;0,15;"good conductor";3,0;:p$(2)="a string vest":p$(1)="a car radiator":p$(3)="the vacuum between the walls of a vacuum flask":7100:9000(# c7000X:m=15:7010b:0,0;"COMPARISON OF":"THERMAL":"CONDUCTIVITIES" &"300","160","80","660","30","570","30","540","-30","630","-30","600","-30","570","30","600","30","134","106","656","28","600","4","600","-4","626","-26","604","2","600","-30","160","50","609","4.5","226","144","1144","-32","/1.4","603","3","597","-3","597","3","9999":2027:9100# _134,106j:568,28:0,4:0,-4:26,-26 i=10 50210 :i/10 :156+i,546+i/2:30,-30:4,4,3*:-30,30:-4,-4,:0:166+i,535+i/2:4,2:i }7;20,26;"W";19,27;"I";18,28;"L";17,29;"C";16,30;"A" E7;2;4,27;"Hot";5,26;"water"  9 :5,0;"A=Aluminium";7,0;"C=Copper";9 ,0;"L=Lead";11 ,0;"I=Iron";13 ,0;"W=Wood";16,0;"The rods all";17,0;"have the same";18,0;"length and";19,0;"diameter":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"The ends of";1,0;"the rods are";2,0;"in hot water.";3,0;"The rods have";4,0;"already been";5,0;"coated in ..";6,0 p$(3,12 ):p$(1)="paraffin wax":p$(2)="red dye":p$(3)="iron filings":7100:9000(#:7020l 0,0;"The wax melted";1,0;"different";2,0;"distances along";3,0;"the rods. The";4,0;"best conductor";5,0;"of heat was ..";6,0 [p$(1)="copper":p$(2)="aluminium":p$(3)="iron":7100:9000(#  7000X:m=20:7010b:"232","120","536","-64","1210","-10","*.87","664","64","243","109","1188","12","/2","1212","-12","/2"  "301","220","106","618","0","178","34","600","10","602","-2","598","2","598","-2","300":b=0:8300l :7;18,21;"Ice in";19,21;"gauze";9 ,21;"Water" ""180","90","612","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","309","9999":2057 :9100#:176,546,5:0,0;"Heat is applied at";1,0;"the top of the water";2,0;"When the water boils";3,0;"at the top, ..";6,0; p$(3,34"):p$(1)="the ice is unmelted":p$(2)="the ice melts":p$(3)="the water boils at the bottom":7100 2;18,0;" This shows that ";19,0;"water is a very bad";20,0;" conductor of heat ":9000(# L7000X:i=2:7;0,0;"Convection";:8200 $7000X:m=19:7010b "158","40","695","0","302","228","48","1203","12","-/2.5","1203","-12","-/2.5","233","48","1198","6","/2.5","1198","-6","/2.5" !7;17,27;"fire":"300","160","70","612","0","600","48","180","118","600","-48","647","0","600","48","235","118","600","-48","616","0" $"198","100","588","0","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","208","100","612","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","9999":2075:9100#:7;8,23;"Shaft";1;1,21;"COAL MINE" '9 :0,0;"The purpose of";1,0;"lighting a fire";2,0;"as shown is ..";5,0; *p$(3,34"):p$(1)="to ventilate the mine":p$(2)="to raise the temperature":p$(3)="to burn off coal dust":7100 -y2;18,0;" Hot air rises- ";19,0;"thus ventilating";20,0;" by convection " 07;8,23;" ";9,23;" ";3,20;"Cold";4,20;"air";3,27;"Hot";4,27;"air":176,130:0,-10:3,3:-3,-3:-3,3:232,120:0,10:3,-3:-3,3:-3,-3 1J7;8,23;" ";9 ,23;" ";3,20;"Cold";4,20;"air";3,27;"Hot";4,27;"air":"176","130","600","-10","603","3","597","-3","597","3","232","120","600","10","603","-3","597","3","597","-3","200","64","610","0","597","3","603","-3","597","-3","9999" 3$20971:9100#:9000(# 4$7000X:m=14:7010b 5 cold tank 6n"128","136","600","-4","596","0","124","130","604","0","600","-4","596","0","124","124","604","0","600","-8" 8 lh pipe 9u"616","0","600","-60","608","0","600","-4","639","0","600","4","603","0","600","-48","624","0","600","-4","624","0" ; rh boiler <@"600","32","576","0","600","-4","596","0","600","64","577","0" > top boiler ?Q"600","4","1182","4","/4","600","4","672","0","245","110","528","0","600","26" Aexpansion pipe top B9"1192","4","/4","596","0","1192","-4","/4","600","-2" Drhs cold tank E"160","136","600","-20","587","0","600","-58","605","0","600","42","1218","4","-/4","600","31","1192","3","/4","1194","-4","/3" G2nd inner circuit Hb"191","58","606","0","600","-48","621","0","600","20","593","0","600","64","580","0","600","-35" KK"128","123","632","0","302","223","36","600","-32","237","36","600","-32" N"300","128","130","609","-4","301","139","100","600","-12","602","2","598","-2","598","2","189","32","600","-12","602","2","598","-2","598","2","302","220","68","600","12","602","-2","598","2","598","-2" Q"232","104","612","0","598","-2","602","2","598","2","300","9999":21004:9100#:140,126~,2::7;19,28;"K";1,17;"DOMESTIC";2,17;"WATER SYSTEM";2;1,26;"HOT" U9 :1,0;"K is the ..?";4,0:p$(3,24):p$(1)="boiler":p$(2)="hot water tank":p$(3)="cold supply tank":7100:9000(# X7020l:1,0;"Arrow J is";2,0;"the ..?";7;9 ,29;"J";19,28;" ";4,0 [zp$(1)="hot supply to taps":p$(2)="expansion pipe":p$(3)="mains inlet":7100:9000(# ^7020l:0,0;"Transmission";1,0;"of heat";2,0;"between the";3,0;"boiler and the";4,0;"hot water tank";5,0;"is by ..?";7;9 ,29;" ";6,0 ap$(1)="convection":p$(2)="conduction":p$(3)="radiation":7100:2;18,0;" The water ";19,0;" circulates ":9000(# g7000X:m=19:7010b:time=(*2):"304","160","68","1243","-8","-/8","301","1248","-16","/8","207","57","648","0":1;7;15,29;1;"Sea" j-7;4;14,20;"Land" mH"301+(time=0)","160","84","600","20","1204","4","-/2","302","680","0" ps"301+(time=1)","1204","-4","-/2","600","-20","1196","-4","-/2","301","520","0","301+(time=0)","1196","4","-/2" s"302","203","111","603-6*time","-3","597+6*time","-3","301","203","83","597+6*time","-3","603-6*time","-3","9999":2151g:9100# v9 :0,2;"LAND AND SEA";1,5;"BREEZES";3,0;"The diagram shows";4,0;"the flow of air ..";7;3;17,28;"warm";6,0;:0:255,40(:0,-8:9 yp$(3,20):p$(1)=("in the daytime"time=0)+("at night-time"time=1):p$(2)=("at night-time"time=0)+("in the daytime"time=1):p$(3)="always":7100 |2;18,0;" Hot air rises ";19,0;" causing a ";20,0;"convection current" l7;1+(time=0);15,20;("hot"time=0);("cool"time=1):9000(# K7000X:i=3:7;0,0;"Radiation";:8200 }m=20:7000X:7010b:b=27:8300l :0:7;10 ,21;"c";10 ,30;"s" "300","176","97","591","-2","600","-8","609","-2","239","97","609","-2","600","-8","591","-2","176","110","600","-48","304","239","110","600","-48"  7;3,21;"Dull,";4,21;"black";4;18,23;"Polished":"309","188","132","1192","-30","-/4","599","3","601","-3","603","0","304","226","36","1208","30","-/4","597","0","603","0","601","-3","9999":2184:9100# 9 :0,2;"ABSORPTION OF";1,2;"RADIANT HEAT";2,0;"Corks c and s are";3,0;"fixed with wax to";4,0;"metal plates.";5,0;"On heating ..";6,0 p$(3,33!):p$(1)="c falls off first":p$(2)="s falls off first":p$(3)="c and s fall at the same time":7100 2;18,0;"Dull black surfaces";19,0;" absorb radiant ";20,0;" heat better ":9000(# 7000X:7010b:"200","140","600","-8","1192","-8","-/4","1192","-8","/4","600","-64","1248","0","","600","64","1192","8","/4","1192","8","-/4","600","8" "1204","0","-","600","-7","1209","-8","/3","1207","-9","-/3","600","-64","1144","0","-","600","64","1207","9","-/3","1209","8","/3","600","7","1204","0","-" 8"199","148","601","-16","615","0","601","16","583","0" "302","184","108","648","0","303","196","12","1200","12","-/2","602","-4","598","4","596","-2","9999":2203:9100#:7;20,25;"vacuum" 9 :0,0;"THE VACUUM FLASK";1,0;"(OR DEWAR FLASK)";3,0;"The vacuum between";4,0;"the walls ensures";5,0;"heat is lost only by";6,0 Yp$(1)="radiation":p$(2)="conduction":p$(3)="convection":7100 2;18,0;"NB.Slight conduction";19,0;" occurs at the neck ";20,0;"and through the cork":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"Heat loss by";1,0;"radiation is";2,0;"reduced by ..";4,0 p$(3,36$):p$(1)="silvering the glass walls":p$(2)="using a cork stopper":p$(3)="wrapping the flask in a towel":7100:9000(#:18 }7000X:7;0,0;" A use for a bad conductor of heat could be:- ";3,0: 7000X:4,0;"Most substances expand when","heated and this can cause","problems, for example";14,0;"Allowance for expansion is made by leaving small gaps,","by overlapping joints or in the case of some bridges,","by mounting on rollers." 7;9 ,4;"the expansion of railway";10 ,4;" tracks in summer ";0,9 ;" EXPANSION ":9000(# 7000X:m=21:7010b:"302","204","108","604","0","600","-56","596","0","301","596","0","600","56","604","0","600","-56" 7;18,22;"Iron";2;5,22;"Brass":"186","32","1208","24","-/2","302","214","124","1200","-24","-/2","9999":3006 :9100# 9 :0,0;"THE BIMETALLIC STRIP";2,0;"A strip of brass is";3,0;"rivetted to a strip";4,0;"of iron. On heating";5,0;"this strip, it ..";6,0 p$(3,34"):p$(1)="bends":p$(2)="breaks":p$(3)="remains straight, but lengthens":7100 R2;18,0;" Brass expands ";19,0;" more than iron" ͬ"302","230","109","603","1","1200","-60","-/3","597","1","301","597","1","1200","56","/3","603","1","1200","-58","-/3","309","9999":3021 :9100#:9000(# Ќ7000X:1,0;"Invar is an alloy of steel and nickel. It is important because when heated, it expands ..";5,0 Zp$(1)="very little":p$(2)="a great deal":p$(3)="rapidly":7100 z2;18,1;" Invar is used in bimetallic ";19,1;" strips and watches ":9000(# ّ7000X:7010b:"302","188","110","600","-70","601","0","600","70","601","0","600","-70","597","0","300","599","0","600","70","601","0" 8"207","100","603","0","600","-60","597","0","600","60" _"207","50","579","0","1200","-6","","621","0","210","44","1200","6","","199","44","600","6" C"188","110","600","40","648","0","208","100","600","32","632","0" t"212","56","606","0","600","8","604","-4","600","-4","596","-4","600","8","594","0","9999":3033 :9100# 7;18,22;"contacts";17,25;"^";2;4,24;"heater>";14,28;"T";11 ,24;"B";0;11 ,22;"I" 9 :0,0;"THE ELECTRIC";1,0;"THERMOSTAT";4,0;"A useful application";5,0;"of the bimetallic";6,0;"strip is the electric";7,0;"thermostat for";8,0;"maintaining a steady";9 ,0;"temperature.";7;13 ,0;"The bimetallic strip";14,0;"consists of invar I ";15,0;" and brass B ";p;18,0;"T=temperature";19,0;"setting knob":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"When the bimetallic";1,0;"strip becomes hot,";2,0;"it bends and ..";5,0 p$(3,38&):p$(1)="separates the contacts":p$(2)="pushes the contacts together":p$(3)="moves the contacts out of alignment":7100 r2;18,0;"This cuts off";19,0;" the current ";17,22;"<-":9000(# f7000X:7;1,6;" THE COEFFICIENT OF ";2,6;" LINEAR EXPANSION " 4,0;"of a substance is the fraction of its original length by which a rod of the substance expands per degree rise in temperature." 12 ,1;"Coefficient =";7;15,0;o$;o$;16,1;"original length X rise in temp.";15,11 ;"expansion":8,47/:240,0:9000(# 7000X:m=18:7010b:0,0;"TO DETERMINE THE";1,0;"COEFFICIENT OF";2,0;"LINEAR EXPANSION";3,0;"OF A METAL" st=((*5)+193)/10 :m1=((*5)+425)/100d:m2=((*5)+345Y)/100d "152","48","678","0","600","4","522","0","600","-4","207","44","554","0","600","-2","647","0":7;16,26;"" "160","60","600","-4","592","0","600","-18","656","0","600","-4","212","34","600","4","615","0","600","10","227","52","600","4","538","0","600","4" J"234","52","610","3","606","0","600","-10","594","0","590","3","600","4" "162","74","600","-8","597","3","603","-3","603","3","210","28","600","-8","597","3","603","-3","603","3","9999":3069 :9100#:7;14,30;"m";2;11 ,19;"Steam";20,24;"Steam" 6,0;"A metal rod (and";8,0;"a thermometer)";10 ,0;"are enclosed in";12 ,0;"a steam jacket";15,0;"m=micrometer";17,0;"Readings are taken":9000(#:7020l 0,0;"In the experiment";2,0;"Initial temp.";3,0;"t1=";t;"C";6,0;"Final temp.";7,0;"t2=";t+80P;"C";10 ,0;"Original length of";11 ,0;"rod l=50cm";14,0;"1st micrometer";15,0;"reading m1=";m1;"mm";18,0;"2nd micrometer";19,0;"reading m2=";m2;"mm" 1;7;1,19;"t1=";t;"C";2,19;"t2=";t+80P;"C";3,20;"l=50cm";4,19;"m1=";m1;"mm";5,19;"m2=";m2;"mm" 9000(#:7020l:0,0;"So the coefficient";1,0;"of linear";2,0;"expansion of";3,0;"the metal is";4,0 )p$(3,32 ):p$(1)=(((((m1-m2)/(500*80P))*10000000))/10000000)+"/C":p$(2)=(((((m1-m2)/(502*80P))*10000000))/10000000)+"/C":p$(3)=(((((m1-m2)/(199*80P))*10000000))/10000000)+"/C":7100 "2;18,0;" (";m1/10 ;"-";m2/10 ;") ";19,0;" ";502;"x(";t+80P;"-";t;")":7:0,24:119w,0:9 :9000(# %7000X:7010b:"300","159","132","603","3","603","-3","597","3","600","-84","684","0","597","3","603","-3","597","-3" ("162","84","1248","0","/5","632","12","186","80","600","-7","186","69","600","-7","186","58","600","-7","9999":3109% :9100# *7;16,20;"0";16,23;"4";16,29;"C";6,19;1;"V";7,19;"o";8,19;"l";9 ,19;"u";10 ,19;"m";11 ,19;"e" +9 :0,0;"THE UNUSUAL";1,0;"EXPANSION OF WATER";3,0;"Water CONTRACTS on";4,0;"heating over the";5,0;"range 0C-4C. The";6,0;"maximum DENSITY";7,0;"of water occurs at" .Sp$(1)="4C":p$(2)="0C":p$(3)="100C":7100:9000(# 47000X:0,12 ;"GASES";4,0;"Gases are made up of elastic",,,"molecules moving randomly.";10 ,0;"The force exerted by the",,,"molecules hitting the walls",,,"of the container produces",,,"the gas pressure.":9000(# 7 3990 =2,0;"A mass of gas";5,0;"at constant";8,0;"temperature is";11 ,0;"trapped in a";14,0;"cylinder by";17,0;"a piston.":9000(#:7020l:0,0;"What happens to";1,0;"the gas pressure";2,0;"if the volume is";3,0;"decreased by";4,0;"pushing on";5,0;"the piston?";6,0 @`"303","200","60","590","0","603","-3","597","3","603","3","309","9999":3136@ :9100# Cvp$(1)="it increases":p$(2)="it decreases":p$(3)="it remains the same":7100:9000(# F7000X:7;1,9 ;" BOYLE'S LAW ";8,0;" pressure x volume is constant ";16,9 ;" pV=constant ";p;4,0;"states that:-";11 ,4;"for a fixed mass of gas";12 ,4;"at constant temperature":9000(# I7000X:7010b:0,0;"APPARATUS TO";1,0;"VERIFY BOYLE'S LAW";2,0;"By moving the";3,0;"tube(A) down,";4,0;"the volume of air";5,0;"in the closed tube" L"300","210","144","600","-80","604","0","600","80","596","0":i=066B6:211,70F+i:1,0:i O"228","128","600","-88","1168","0","-","600","72","599","1","600","16","193","129","600","-16","599","-1","600","-72","1240","0","","600","88" R]"190","114","608","4","1200","-4","-","592","4","192","80","603","0","228","112","603","0" Xq"302","176","106","608","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","234","18","594","6","600","-3","600","3","603","0" [h"301","220","156","600","-54","606","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","9999":3145I :9100# ]7;1;1,24;"mercury";8,30;"A";2;7,19;"mass";8,19;"of";9 ,19;"dry";10 ,19;"air";20,20;"Rubber tube";6,0 ^e9 :p$(1)="increases":p$(2)="decreases":p$(3)="stays the same":7100 ab2;18,0;" Lowering tube A ";19,0;" reduces pressure":9000(# d3990:9 :0,0;"The piston is free";1,0;"to move. If the";2,0;"temperature of the";3,0;"gas is increased";4,0;"what happens to";5,0;"its volume?";6,0 g7100:9000(# j7000X:3,0;"The general gas law states:-";9 ,9 ;7;" pV ";10 ,9 ;" -- = constant ";11 ,9 ;" T ";p;15,0;"where T is in Kelvin (absolute)":9000(# mu7000X:V=((*3)+24)*5:T=((*3)+2)*5:p=((*2)+150)*5 p7;0,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;0,2;V;"cm of gas are collected";1,2;"at ";T;"C and ";p;"mm of mercury pressure.",," What is the volume of the gas at s.t.p. (where p=760 mmHg) ?";6,0 sp$(1)=(((273*p*V)/((T+273)*760))+.5)+"cm":p$(2)=((p*V)/760+.5)+"cm":p$(3)=((273*p*V)/((273-T)*760)+.5)+"cm" v%7100:2;18,0;o$;o$;18,2;"pV=constant ";p;"x";V;" =760xV";19,3;"T";19,15;"(273+";T;") 273":16,24:15,0:120x,24:568,0:192,24:40(,0:9000(#:18  7000X:7010b:"300","240","100","520","0","600","-32","680","0","200","100","600","-32","601","0","600","32","601","0","600","-32","240","85","560","0","600","-2","640","0","309","9999":3990:9100#:7;2;11 ,21;"gas": 7000X:7;4,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;5,1;"The specific heat capacity(c)";6,1;"of a substance is the heat";7,1;"required to raise unit mass";8,1;"of it through 1C":9000(# 7000X:7;4,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;5,5;"Heat energy given out";6,4;"(or received) by a body";8,1;"= mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change (mc)" 13 ,1;"Eg:heat energy in Joules";14,1;"mass in kg";15,1;"c in J/kgC";16,1;" in C":9000(# Gms=((*4)+4)*10 :t=((*4)+6)*10 7000X:7;0,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;1,1;"How many Joules of heat are given out when a piece of iron of mass ";ms;"g (c=460J/kgC),";4,1;"cools from ";t;"C to 20C?";6,0 p$(3,28):p$(1)=(ms/1000*460*(t-20))+"J":p$(2)=(ms*460*(t-20))+"J":p$(3)=(ms/1000*460*(t-20)+273)+"J":m=19:7100 O2;18,0;" mc = (";ms;"/1000)x460x(";t;"-20) ":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,0;"TO MEASURE THE";1,0;"SPECIFIC HEAT";2,0;"CAPACITY OF A";3,0;"LIQUID BY THE";4,0;"METHOD OF";5,0;"ELECTRICAL HEATING" ct=(*3)+32 :A=((*3)+97a)/100d:V=((*3)+61=)/100d "302","175","96","600","-49","657","0","600","49","300","184","92","600","-40","640","0","600","40","602","0","600","3","556","0","600","-3","642","0" "168","102","620","0","600","-40","602","0","9999":4021:9100#:i=13:6,4,/2:-4,0,/2:6,-4,/2:i "602","0","600","40","620","0","226","130","1194","0","","600","-74","570","0","178","105","597","-3","603","-3","230","105","597","-3","603","-3","203","120","600","-45","184","86","640","0","309","9999" 94027:9100#:7;12 ,25;"" :8,0;"The liquid in a";9 ,0;"copper calorimeter";10 ,0;"is heated for ";11 ,0;t;"mins";12 ,0;"by a heating coil.";13 ,0;"It is well stirred.";16,0;"Current I=";A;"A";17,0;"Pd across";18,5;"coil=";V;"V" q7;1,22;"t=";t;"mins";2,22;"I=";A;"A";3,21;"Pd=";V;"V":9000(# 7020l:1,0;"Mass of liquid=100g";5,0;"Mass of calorimeter";6,0;"+ stirrer=75g";10 ,0;"c (copper)=0.4J/gC";14,0;"Rise in temperature";15,0;"=3C" Đ7;17,20;"100g liquid";18,21;"75g cal.";19,21;"c=0.4J/gC";20,21;"=3C":9000(# ǜ7020l:0,0;"What is the";1,0;"specific heat";2,0;"capacity of the";3,0;"liquid?";5,0 p$(3,16):p$(1)=((((V*A*t*60<-90Z)/300,)*100d)/100d)+"J/gC":p$(2)=(((V*A*t*60</300,)*100d)/100d)+"J/gC":p$(3)=((((V*A*t*60<+90Z)/300,)*100d)/100d)+"J/gC":7100 >2;18,0;" For explanation:- ":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"Heat supplied";1,0;"electrically =";2,0;"Heat gained by";3,0;"liquid + cal.";6,0;"VIt(in secs)=";7,0;"mc(liquid)+";8,0;"mc(calorimeter)";11 ,0;V;"x";A;"x";t;"x60";12 ,0;"=(100xcx3)";13 ,0;"+(75x0.4x3)";16,0;"So spec.ht.cap.";17,0;"of liquid";18,0;"c=";p$(1,12 ):9000(# ܿ7000X:7;0,0;o$;o$;o$;0,3;"Accuracy of results using a";1,3;"calorimeter can be greatly";2,3;"improved by:-";3,0  m=32 :p$(3,75K):p$(1)="wrapping the calorimeter in a thick outer jacket":p$(2)="taking initial readings when the liquid is well above room temperature":p$(3)="preventing evaporation of the liquid in the calorimeter":7100:9000(#  18 XHp=(*7):p=p+4*(p=2)+(p=4):p:p:9 :: bi=021:7;i,m;o$(32 -m):i:m*8,0:0,175:(32 -m)*8-1,0:0,-175:-(32 -m)*8+1,0: l,i=021:i,0;o$(m):i: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 ,i=1k=j:line=24-23689\ +j;". ";p$(i,m-3):p$(i,m-2) i=i+1:j #13 ,0;"Choose 1 to 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7110 Q13 ,0;"Your answer:";q$;1;line,0;k:q$=k7121 {15,0;"Sorry correct";16,0;"answer is no.";7;k:.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ђ1;4;15,0;"* Well done! *":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 : Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;m$:i Otx*8-1,(22-y)*8:121y,0:0,-41):-121y,0:0,41) R(p=p+1:y=y+1:x=x+13 U 7;18,27;"":"216","31","600","112","603","2","603","-2","600","-112","219","31","600","88","9999":8100:9100#: p$(3,90Z):7;" is the transfer of ";(" "i=3);1,0;"heat from hot to cold places .. ";3,0;:m=64@ Tp$(i)="through a substance without any movement of the substance as a whole" i=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="as electro-magnetic waves (infra-red). It can take place across a vacuum" gi=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="through fluids, by the movement of the fluid itself" 7100:9000(#: l"230-b","52","600","24","1210","0","/2","600","-24","301","230-b","76","1205","24","-/2.5","1205","-24","-/2.5","238-b","76","1197","12","/2.5","1197","-12","/2.5","9999":8300l :9100#: #(#21,0;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/="r":6 #1#21,0;o$(14): # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # pyxlmkinq'hbimO M R/3Mconvection conduction radiation Q2&heat2 ,, .b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":1:1:2:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"h2" #sc @@@@P||<<|B<@UUUUUU@@@@@@@  BBBBBBf@BBDbB  D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@@@@UUUPUU"@@@8?P||BN|~B@B~BJN0LB?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&@@@ @@@p@@@B@?@B<B<@8P!?@@@@`@@@0@UU@ H ???@@???????@@??????????@@??????????88 00@@?????????88 00???????<<<< 00?????????<<<<pp?????????<<?<<xx?????????<<?<<~~???~~???????<~~??~~????B<<|<<~<<~B<|~~~??~~??~~~~(BBBB@@@B@BBB@??~~~~B<(BB<|BH|B@B@B~|@???????<<||>><<B~DBB@BB@ZBD@???????88B><<B<<~<<@$BB~???????<gr X||  xx @ "B~BD8"~BD8$BBB$"THHT"?TT"BbRJFB\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 K1;9 ;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 Op$(3,36$):o$=" ":m$=o$(14) (0:0:7::p=3 8y=7:x=1:j=13:8000@:j  2;6;1;0,0;"                                        " :9 :2;20,7;" Choose 1, 2 or 3 " W3;8,1;"1.";9 ,1;"Change of";10 ,1;"state" !v4;11 ,10 ;"2.";12 ,10 ;"Some";13 ,10 ;"useful";14,10 ;"formulae" %5;14,19;"3.";15,19;"Typical";16,19;"'O' level";17,19;"Calculations" ' q$=:39'+(q$>"0"q$<"4") *(6-q$)*1000 7000X:7,0;"Remember you can ask for help several times in each question.";14,0;"If you wish to return to the","main menu, press r at the","end of any question.";7;2,0;" TYPICAL 'O' LEVEL CALCULATIONS ":9000(# h=0:t=(*3)+14:d=50.05H333+((*5)+1)/10 :7000X:m=20:7010b:4:209,120x,32 :178,119w:63?,0 L2:212,47/,28:185,47/:557,0 7;12 ,21;t;"C";15,25;"50cm";11 ,22;"Iron tyre";4;6,23;d;"cm";1,24;"Wheel" 9 :1,0;"An iron tyre of";5,0;"diameter 50cm at";9 ,0;t;"C is to be shrunk";13 ,0;"onto a wheel of";17,0;"diameter ";d;"cm.":9000(# ǀ7020l:0,0;"The iron tyre is";3,0;"heated so that it";6,0;"will slip over the";9 ,0;"wheel with a radial";12 ,0;"gap of 0.5mm";15,0;"Coefficient of";16,0;"linear expansion of";17,0;"iron =0.000012/C";2;7;19,21;"=";20,21;".000012/C" 9000(#:h=0 qans=((((2**(d+.1}L)/2-502*)/(.000012pIS*502*)+t+.05|L)*10 ))/10 o3057 :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3033 +3*h:9000(#:3024 +36$*(h=6) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=(*5)+5:p$(2)=(ans+i*j)+"C":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=(*5)+10 :p$(3)=(ans+i*j)+"C":p$(1)=ans+"C":5,0:7100 7300:q$="n"3060 \7020l:h=16:3033 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:3060 6,0;"For the iron tyre:-";7;8,0;"Coefficient of ";9 ,0;"linear expansion =";11 ,0;"(expansion)/ ";12 ,0;"(original length x ";13 ,0;"rise in temperature)": ߥ7;7,0;"Original length of";8,0;" iron tyre = 2r ";9 ,0;" (circumference) ";11 ,0;"= 2xx25 = 50 cm.": 7;6,0;"Radius of iron tyre";7,0;"when heated = ";9 ,0;d;"/2 + .5/10 cm.";14,0;" = ";d/2+.05|L;" cm. ";p;11 ,0;"(radius of wheel";12 ,1;"+ radial gap)": 7;7,0;" Circumference of ";8,0;" tyre when heated ";10 ,0;"= 2r = 2xx";d/2+.05|L;11 ,0;"= ";d+.1}L;" cm. ": 7;8,0;" Let C = the ";9 ,0;"final temperature";10 ,0;"of the iron tyre ";12 ,0;"Then the rise in ";13 ,0;"temp. is (-";t;")C": 7;5,0;"Putting values into:";7,0;"= expansion ";8,0;" orig.lth.xtemp.rise";11 ,0;".000012=(";d+.1}L;"-50) ";12 ,0;" 50x(-";t;") " L16,112p:143,0:72H,80P:80P,0 &7;15,0;"So (-";t;")= ";((d+.1}L-502+.005y# =)*100d)/100d;" ";16,0;" .000012x50";18,0;" Giving the answer ";19,0;o$(20);19,5;"=";ans;"C":80P,480:79O,0: 7020l:0,0;"To what temperature";1,0;"must the tyre be";2,0;"heated? (Remember";3,0;"radial gap of 0.5mm)": h=0:7000X:7010b:d=((*3)+7)*10 :v=((*3)+13 )/10 :5:209,64@,1.8ffff 4:174,110n:4,-10 ,-/8:5:32 ,-40(,/3:32 ,40(,/3:4:4,10 ,-/8:5:178,100d:64@,0 4:173,110n:4,-10 ,-/8:5:33!,-41),/3:33!,41),/3:4:4,10 ,-/8:5:178,99c:64@,0 1:168,96`:2,2:2,-2:-2,2:0,-24:170,63?:0,-5:-2,2:2,-2:2,2 #7;13 ,21;d;"m" 9 :3,0;"A small air bubble";7,0;"is at the bottom of";11 ,0;"a lake ";d;"m deep.":9000(# 7020l:3,0;"The volume of the";5,0;"air bubble is ";v;"cm";10 ,0;"Amospheric pressure";12 ,0;"is 10m of water" 7;15,26;"^";16,23;"volume";17,23;"=";v;"cm";1,21;"Atmos.";2,21;"pressure=";3,21;"10m of";4,21;"water":9000(# *p$(1)=(((10 +d)*v)/10 ) o3130: :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3097 +3*h:9000(#:3087 +46.*(h=5) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*1.5@)+"cm":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*1.3&fff)+"cm":p$(1)=(p$(1))+"cm":5,0:7100  7300:q$="n"3133= \7020l:h=15:3097 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:3133= 6,0;"Since temperature";8,0;"is constant,";10 ,0;"use Boyle's law:-";14,0;7;" pV=constant ": 2,0;"At the bottom";3,0;"of the lake,";4,0;"pressure on the";5,0;"air bubble is";6,0;"equivalent to";8,0;"(10+";d;")m of water";10 ,0;"=atmos. pressure";11 ,0;"+ depth of lake": "2,0;"Volume of bubble";4,0;"=(";v;"/100)m";7,0;"So at the bottom";10 ,0;7;" pV=";10 +d;"x(";v;"/100) ": %2,0;"Let v cm=volume";3,0;"of bubble just";4,0;"under the surface";7,0;7;" Then just under";8,0;" the surface:- ";12 ,0;" pV=10x(v/100) ": (2,0;"Equating pV at";3,0;"the bottom of";4,0;"the lake with";5,0;"pV just under";6,0;"the surface:-";8,0;7;" ";10 +d;"x(";v;"/100) ";9 ,0;" =10x(v/100) ";p;12 ,0;"Multiply both sides";13 ,0;"by 100 giving";7;15,0;o$(15);15,4;"v=";(d+10 )*v/10 ;"cm": :7020l:0,0;"The volume of the";1,0;"bubble when just";2,0;"below the surface";3,0;"is ..?": =#h=0:7000X:7010b @"303","172","56","1206","0","-","608","-16","1206","-6","/3","632","0","244","56","1194","0","","592","-16","1194","-6","-/3","184","44","648","0" C"172","55","1206","0","-","608","-16","1206","-6","/3","632","0","244","55","1194","0","","592","-16","1194","-6","-/3","184","43","646","0","309","9999":3133= :9100# Ftc=((*1)+2)*5:th=((*2)+13 )*5:tb=((*2)+11 )*5:4,0;"A bath already";7,3;"contains";10 ,0;"100kg of water";13 ,3;"at ";tb;"C" Lm3227 :7;3;19,24;"100kg";20,24;tb;"C":9000(#:7020l N cold tap O_"301","178","90","600","-16","1204","-4","/2","604","0","600","6","1204","0","-","600","-6" Ra"1204","-4","-/2","600","-3","597","0","1196","4","/2","592","0","1196","4","-/2","600","19" U"188","79","600","3","597","0","606","0","177","120","600","-24","598","2","602","-2","602","2","309","9999":3151O :9100# X2,0;"The cold tap";5,0;"delivers 20kg";8,0;"of water per";11 ,0;"minute at ";tc;"C";7;;1;5,21;"20kg/min";6,21;tc;"C":9000(#:7020l ` hot tap a_"302","239","90","600","-16","1196","-4","-/2","596","0","600","6","1196","0","","600","-6" d`"1196","-4","/2","600","-3","603","0","1204","4","-/2","608","0","1204","4","/2","600","19" g"229","79","600","3","597","0","606","0","240","160","600","-64","598","2","602","-2","602","2","309","9999":3169a :9100# j2,0;"The hot tap";5,0;"delivers 20kg";8,0;"of water per";11 ,0;"minute at ";th;"C";7;2;1,23;"20kg/min";2,23;th;"C":9000(#:7020l m2,0;"Assume complete";4,0;"mixing of the";6,0;"water and ignore";8,0;"heat losses":9000(#:7020l s{3230 :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3197} +3*h:9000(#:7020l:3187s +73I*(h=6) vi=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*.5)+" min":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*.13~R)+" min":p$(1)=p$(1)+" min":5,0:7100 y 7300:q$="n"3260 |\7020l:h=16:3197} +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:3260 %1,0;"IN THE BATH:-";4,0;"After t minutes";6,0;"heat gained by";8,0;"water from cold tap";11 ,0;"= heat lost by";13 ,0;"original bath water";15,0;"+ heat lost by";17,0;"water from hot tap": 7020l:2,0;"After t minutes,";4,0;"the cold tap has";6,0;"delivered 20t kg";8,0;"of water into";10 ,0;"the bath";14,0;"Rise in temperature";16,0;"= (45-";tc;")= ";45--tc;"C": 2,0;"For water from";4,0;"the cold tap";7,0;7;"Heat gain=mc Joules";p;9 ,0;"= 20t x c x ";45--tc;13 ,0;"where c = specific";14,0;"heat capacity of";15,0;"water in J/kgC": 1,0;"WATER FROM HOT TAP:-";3,0;"Heat loss (after";5,0;"delivering water for";7,0;"t minutes into bath)";9 ,0;"= mc Joules";12 ,0;"= 20t x c x (";th;"-45)": 2,0;"ORIGINAL BATH WATER:";4,0;"Heat loss";6,0;"= mc Joules";8,0;"= 100 x c x (";tb;"-45)": 0,0;"Heat gain=heat loss";2,0;7;"20txcx(45-";tc;")=";5,0;"20txcx(";th;"-45)+";8,0;"100xcx(";tb;"-45)";p;3,0;"(from cold)";6,0;"(from hot)";9 ,0;"(orig.bath water)" 3227 :12 ,0;"Divide by c,giving";14,0;20*(45--tc);"t=";20*(th-45-);"t+";100d*(tb-45-);16,0;"So t=";p$(1);" mins": _p$(1)=((((5*(tb-45-)/(90Z-tc-th)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d): 0,0;"How long will it";1,0;"be before the";2,0;"temperature in";3,0;"the bath has";4,0;"dropped to 45C?": #h=0:7000X:7010b B5;15,21;" ";14,21;" " Lg1=((*3)+103g)/10 :g2=((*3)+155)/10 L"168","97","597","-16","654","0","597","16","598","2","556","0","598","-2" B"167","80","600","-31","602","-2","646","0","602","2","600","31" V"218","85","630","0","601","-1","600","-5","599","-1","570","0","220","82","628","0" ԧ"190","100","607","0","600","7","593","0","600","-7","168","64","648","0","302","191","110","600","16","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","9999":3272 :9100# j7;17,22;"^";18,21;"500W";4,21;g1;5,21;"g/min" 3363# :9 :2,0;"Heat is supplied at";4,0;"a rate of 500W to";6,0;"a pressure cooker";8,0;"containing water.";13 ,0;"Rate of escape of";15,0;"steam=";g1;" g/min" x9000(#:7020l:2:6;1,26;g2;" ";2,26;"g/min";20,25;"700W" "210","18","600","20","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","195","110","600","8","640","0","600","30","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","309","9999":3300 :9100# 2,0;"If instead, heat";4,0;"is supplied at the";6,0;"rate of 700W, then";8,0;;g2;"g of water is";10 ,0;"lost per minute":9000(# }3360 :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3327 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:3312 -3294 *(h=3) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*10.5()+" J/g":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*7.1c333)+" J/g":p$(1)=p$(1)+" J/g":6,0:7100 7300:q$="n"18 Z7020l:h=13:3327 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:18 0,0;"Heat suppied=";1,0;"heat received by";2,0;"water turning to";3,0;"steam + heat loss";4,0;"from cooker" 7,0;"In one minute:-";9 ,0;"Watts x 60 (secs)";10 ,0;"=ml+cooker loss(c)";7;12 ,0;"500x60=(";g1;"xl)+c" 16,0;"Remember:-";17,0;"1 Watt=1 Joule/sec";18,0;"l is in J/g";19,0;"c is in Joules": 2,0;"The ";6;"second";p;" set";4,0;"of readings give";6,0;"the equation";7;9 ,0;"700x60=(";g2;"xl)+c": 3363# :0,0;"We know:-";3,0;"700x60=(";g2;"xl)+c";4,0;"500x60=(";g1;"xl)+c";7,0;"SUBTRACT to give:-";10 ,0;"200x60=(";g2;"-";g1;")xl";7;15,0;"So l=";p$(1);" J/g": 7020l:0,0;"What is the";1,0;"latent heat of";2,0;"vapourisation of";3,0;"water at the";4,0;"temperature of";5,0;"the cooker?": #Ip$(1)=((((12000./(g2-g1)+.05|L)*10 ))/10 ): 4200h:4,0;"1. Coefficient of linear";5,3;"expansion of a substance = ";7,10 ;"(expansion)";8,1;"(original lengthxrise in temp.)":16,111o:232,0 12 ,0;"2. Boyle's Law: pV = constant (Temperature constant)";17,0;"3. pV = constant (T in Kelvin)";18,17;"(absolute)";18,3;"T":24,32 :15,0:9000(# 4200h:4,0;"4. Heat energy given out by a body = mc Joules";6,3;"(massxsp.ht.cap.xtemp.change)" 10 ,0;"5. Heat energy supplied by a heating coil = VIt Joules";12 ,18;"(t in secs)";15,0;"6. Heat energy required for change of state = ml Joules";17,1;"(l=latent heat of vapourisation or fusion)":9000(#:18 hf7000X:7;0,5;" SOME USEFUL FORMULAE ";2;2,12 ;" HEAT ": -"7000":m="21":"7010":b="20":"8300" "300","176","164","602","-2","600","-56","666","0","600","56","602","2","178","132","666","0","309","9999":5003:9100# `ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"6","23";"boiling";"7","24";"water";"3","24";"water";"4","23";"vapour" Kڰ"7";"0","0";"CHANGE OF STATE FROM";"1","0";" LIQUID TO VAPOUR " R4,0;"When boiling water";5,0;"changes from the";6,0;"liquid state to the";7,0;"vapour state, the";8,0;"temperature of the";9 ,0;"water remains";10 ,0;"constant at 100C";11 ,0;"whilst still steadily";12 ,0;"absorbing heat." "14","0";"This absorbed heat is";"15","0";"the energy needed to";"16","0";"convert the water";"17","0";"from the liquid state";"18","0";"to the vapour state.":"9000"  "5990" >"15","0";"Eg:for water";"17","0";"l=2260 J/g":"9000" 7000X:7010b:"300","176","116","602","-2","600","-56","668","0","600","56","602","2","301","178","80","1212","0","-","1212","4","-","1208","4","-","1216","-4","-","1208","0","-","1212","-4","-","9999":5024:9100# 7ڰ"7";"12","23";"melting";"13","25";"ice":ٰ"9" "2","0";"Similarly";"4","0";"latent heat is";"6","0";"taken in when";"8","0";"ice at 0C";"10","0";"melts to form";"12","0";"water at 0C":"9000" X"5990":"4","8";"fusion ";"9","15";"solid ";"10","3";"liquid":"9000" }"7000":m="17":"7010":"168","128","602","2","602","-2","598","2","600","-88","672","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2" s"170","120","612","-32","1206","-6","/3","632","0","1206","-6","-/3","616","-16","9999":5036:9100# Vڰ"7";"7","18";"100";"11","19";"80";ٰ"3";"4","20";"C";"17","27";"Time" q"0","0";ڰ"7";" THE COOLING OF ";1,0;" NAPTHALENE ";p;4,0;"Napthalene is";6,0;"liquid at 100C.";8,0;"It solidifies at";10 ,0;"80C and the";12 ,0;"temperature";14,0;"remains at 80C";16,0;"for several";18,0;"minutes ..":9000(#:7020l "0","0";"The cooling";"1","0";"napthalene";"2","0";"remains at 80C";"3","0";"for several";"4","0";"minutes because";"5","0";"heat loss =";"6","0";"mass x ..?" p$(3,30):p$(1)="latent heat of fusion":p$(2)="specific heat capacity":p$(3)="latent heat of vapourisation":7100:9000(# (t=(*4)-9 :g=(*3)+2:7000X:m=20:7010b:7;0,0;" TO FIND THE AMOUNT";1,0;" OF HEAT REQUIRED ";2,0;" TO CHANGE ";g;"g OF ";3,0;" ICE AT ";t;"C INTO ";4,0;" STEAM AT 100C " Ǧ"6","0";"First change";"8","0";"to ";g;"g of ice";"10","0";"at 0C";"14","0";"Specific heat";"15","0";"capacity (c)";"16","0";"of ice = 2.1 J/gC" ʴy="-16":"5996":"5997":"5996":"5997":ڰ"7";"20","22";t;"";"15","23";"0";"13","22";"ICE";ٰ"2";"17","23";"^";ٰ"0";"14","26";"c=2.1";"15","26";"J/gC" ٰͩ"9":"9000":"7020":"0","0";"Amount of heat";"1","0";"required to change";"2","0";g;"g of ice at ";t;"C to";"3","0";g;"g of ice at 0C = ?";"5","0" p$(1)=(g*2.1fff*-t)+"J":p$(2)=(g*2.1fff)+"J":p$(3)=(g*336P)+"J":7100:2;18,0;" mc=";g;"x2.1x";-t;"=";g*2.1fff*-t;"J ":9000(# u"7020":ڰ"7";"14","26";" ";"15","26";" ";ڰ"2";"17","26";" mc=";"18","26";g*2.1fff*-t;"J" o"5996":"5998":ڰ"7";"10","23";"0";"13","22";" ";"8","21";ٰ"1";"WATER";ٰ"2";"12","23";"^" ٰ"9":"0","0";"Specific latent heat";"1","0";"of ice(l) = 336 J/g";"2","0";"Amount of heat";"3","0";"required to change";"4","0";g;"g of ice at 0C to";"5","0";g;"g of water at 0C=?";ڰ"7";"9","26";"l=336";"10","26";"J/g";"6","0" zp$(1)=(g*336P)+"J":p$(2)=(g*2.1fff*-t)+"J":p$(3)=((g+.5)*336P)+"J":7100 Bڰ"2";"18","0";" ml = ";g;"x336 = ";g*336P;"J ":"9000" "7020":"5996":"5998":ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"8","21";" ";"5","21";"100";"2","21";"WATER";"7","23";"^";"9","26";" ";"10","26";" ";ڰ"2";ٰ"9";"12","26";" ml= ";"13","26";g*336P;"J";(" "g*366n<999) ٰ"9":"0","0";"Sp. heat capacity(c)";"1","0";"of water= 4.2 J/gC";"2","0";"Amount of heat";"3","0";"required to change";"4","0";g;"g of water at 0C";"5","0";"to ";g;"g of water at";"6","0";"100C=?";ڰ"7";"4","26";"c=4.2";"5","26";"J/gC";"6","0" p$(1)=(g*4.2fff*100d)+"J":p$(2)=(g*4.2fff*-t*10 )+"J":p$(3)=(g*2.1fff*-t)+"J":7100 Lڰ"2";"18","0";" mc=";g;"x4.2x100=";g*4.2fff*100d;"J":"9000" "7020":ڰ"7";"2","21";" ";"4","26";" ";"5","26";" ";ڰ"2";"7","26";" mc=";8,26;g*4.2fff*100d;"J";(" "g*4.2fff*100d<999) ?0:6;2;1,21;"STEAM":"168","167","1208","2","-/2","1208","2","-/2","1208","0","-/2","1208","-2","-/2","1208","-2","-/2","1200","-8","-/2","1192","-2","-/3","1192","-2","-/2","1192","0","-/2","1192","2","-/2","1192","2","-/2","1200","8","-/2","9999":5103:9100# ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"3","23";"^":ٰ"9":"0","0";"Sp. latent heat of";"1","0";"steam(l) = 2260 J/g";"2","0";"Amount of heat";"3","0";"required to change";"4","0";g;"g of water at 100C";"5","0";"to ";g;"g of steam at";"6","0";"100C = ?" 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":"9000" "18" >"7000":"7010" Alڰ"7";"0","0";" SATURATION VAPOUR ";"1","0";" PRESSURE (svp) ";"2","0";" AND BOILING POINT ": HIڰ"7";"0","0";" VARIATION OF svp ";"1","0";" WITH TEMPERATURE ": Rm"168","44":"0","-20":"56","0":"0","20":"176","32":"0","88":"4","0","-/2":"0","-88" U3"168","40":"8","0":"176","104":"4","0" X7ڰ"7";ٰ"4";"20","21";"Mercury";"19","24";"^": f7020l:7;0,4;" DEFINITION ";p;3,0;"The specific latent";4,0;"heat of vapourisation";5,0;"(called l) of a";6,0;"substance is the";7,0;"quantity of heat";8,0;"required to change";9 ,0;"unit mass from liquid";10 ,0;"to vapour state";11 ,0;"without change of";12 ,0;"temperature." g h*ڰ"7";"0","0";" SATURATED VAPOURS ": i/ڰ"7";"0","0";" COOLING BY EVAPORATION ": jKڰ"7";"0","0";" SATURATION VAPOUR ";"1","0";" PRESSURE (svp) ": lBٰ"0":y=y+"40":"166",y:"0","-17":"40","0":"0","16": mٰ"1":"175",y-"17":"0","2":"-5","5","-/2":"8","4":"8","2","-/2":"8","2","/2":"7","-8","-/2":"-4","-6","-": n"166",y-"8":"40","0": XHp=(*7):p=p+4*(p=2)+(p=4):p:p:9 :: bi=021:7;i,m;o$(32 -m):i:m*8,0:0,175:(32 -m)*8-1,0:0,-175:-(32 -m)*8+1,0: l,i=021:i,0;o$(m):i: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 ,i=1k=j:line=24-23689\ ;j;". ";p$(i,m-3):p$(i,m-2):i=i+1:j #13 ,0;"Choose 1 to 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7110 Q13 ,0;"Your answer:";q$;1;line,0;k:q$=k7121 {15,0;"Sorry correct";16,0;"answer is no.";7;k:.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ђ1;4;15,0;"* Well done! *":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 :  ;7;1;21,0;" NEED HELP? y or n " #!q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7203# &0h=h+1:21,0;o$(19): 31;21,0;"LIKE AN EXPLANATION?" !q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7303 .h=0:21,0;o$(20): Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;m$(12 ):i Orx*8-1,(22-y)*8:97a,0:0,-41):-97a,0:0,41) R'p=p+1:y=y+3:x=x+9 U 7;18,27;"":"216","31","600","112","603","2","603","-2","600","-112","219","31","600","88","9999":8100:9100#: p$(3,90Z):7;" is the transfer of ";(" "i=3);1,0;"heat from hot to cold places .. ";3,0;:m=64@ Tp$(i)="through a substance without any movement of the substance as a whole" i=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="as electro-magnetic waves (infra-red). It can take place across a vacuum" gi=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="through fluids, by the movement of the fluid itself" 7100:9000(#: l"230-b","52","600","24","1210","0","/2","600","-24","301","230-b","76","1205","24","-/2.5","1205","-24","-/2.5","238-b","76","1197","12","/2.5","1197","-12","/2.5","9999":8300l :9100#: *7;6;15,25;"" Ӿ5:201,34":0,12 :6,0:0,-12 :199,480:-4,7,/2:209,480:4,7,-/2:9 : #(#21,0;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/="r":6 #1#21,0;o$(14): # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # q$ O M pyxbQ3htdJ333m