ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXlight1 ,,L .b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":5:5:5:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"l1" $sc @?<@@@P||<<|B<?B<<|<<~@?<<~B<|~  BBBBBBf@BBDbB(BBBB@@  ?@B@BBB@D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@B<(BB<|"?BH|B@L?B@B~|@B?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&B~DBB@ ?p??BB@ZBD@B@??@B<B<@8?B><<B<<~P?<<@$BB~!@<`0 H ??????????????????????????"?@"D"D@"@""D@"@" "D@"@"D"D@"?@"D"D@"@"#@"@?" "D@#!D"D@8"@"D"D@"@" @"@?" "D@   D"D@?" "D "@"|"D@"@" @"@?""D@ ? "D@?" "D "@""D@"@" @"@?"D"D@ ? D"D@?"  "D "@""D@"@"#@"@?"D"D@88"!"D"@""D@"?@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@"@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@****)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))).)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))+).*))((((((((((())))))))))))))+ 4*)))))))))))))))))))))))))+ 4*))(((((((()))))))))))))+ 44*)))))))))))))))))))))+ $!44*))))))))))))))))))++ $!44**)))))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))++ $!4444**)))))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))++ $$!!44444**)))++ $$!!44444**)+ $$!!444444* $ !440440  $ $! !440440  $ $ !4400004  $ $ !4404404  $ !44044044((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((gr Xt  @@@@@ @ "B~BD8"~BD8` @$BBB$ @~"THHT"?TT"0$b??f>BDHR%Aa!AAl1 ѝ./ ROSE SOFTWARE May 1984 b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 K5;9 ;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 'o$=" " ڰ"0":"0":ٰ"7"::p="2" )y="7":x="0":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j *y="7":x="20":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j x="10":y="11":"8000" 0,0;1;1;"      " +ٰ"9":ڰ"7";"20","8";" Choose 1 to 5 " Bڰ"2";"8","1";"1.";"9","1";"Nature";"10","1";"of light" ڰ"4";"8","21";"2.";"9","21";"Reflection";"10","23";"in plane";"11","23";"mirrors";ڰ"6";"12","12";"3.";"13","12";"Spherical";"14","12";"mirrors" "ڰ"3";"15","1";"4.";"16","1";"Refraction";"17","1";"at plane";"18","1";"surfaces";ڰ"5";"15","22";"5.";"16","22";"Action of";"17","22";"lenses" $ٰ"7":"79","47":"8","0" ' q$=:39'+(q$>"0"q$<"6") (n7000X:m=10 :7010b:7;4,3;"After each question, try";5,3;"turning your TV off and";6,3;"then sketch the diagram.";p;18,5;"(At any time, you can";19,3;"press r to return to menu)";14,0;"This is especially important in questions involving ray diagrams":9000(# *q$*1000+1000 7000X:m=10 :7010b:7;2,8;"NATURE OF LIGHT";4,4;"Light is a form of wave";5,4;"motion which has a very";6,4;"small wavelength. Light";7,4;"can be considered to ..?" L0,100d:0,40(:255,108l:0,40( ֛p$(3,24):p$(1)="travel in straight lines":p$(2)="bend round corners":p$(3)="avoid small objects":7100:9000(# u7000X:7010b:3:106j,128,2:"112","98","664","0","600","48","536","0","600","-48" }"588","12","600","48","664","0","600","-48","536","0","100","158","612","-12","164","158","612","-12","176","98","588","12" h"300","169","142","600","-28","170","142","600","-28","172","116","598","-2","599","0","598","2","303" "167","114","504","22","167","142","504","-22","86","125","602","-2","598","-2","86","135","602","-2","598","-2","309","68","136","600","-17","67","136","600","-17","65","134","602","2","601","0","602","-2","9999":2009:9100# 0,7;"THE PINHOLE CAMERA";13 ,1;"Since light travels in straight lines, a given point on the screen is illuminated solely by light coming in a straight line through the pinhole from a certain point on the object outside" 7;5,1;"Object";5,23;"Inverted";6,23;"image";3;2,22;"_Screen":9000(# 7020l:7;5,1;" ";5,23;" ";6,23;" ";2,22;" " 3:67C,104h:38&,0:9 :7;8,10 ;"u";p;12 ,1;"The distance u is called the .." p$(3,15):p$(1)="object distance":p$(2)="magnification":p$(3)="image distance":7100:9000(# 7020l:7;9 ,17;"v";p;12 ,8;"Magnification = ?" :p$(3,7):p$(1)="v/u":p$(2)="u/v":p$(3)="1/(vxu)":7100 K2;20,0;" =(image height)/(object height)":9000(# 7020l:7;9 ,17;" ":3:1:67C,104h:38&,0:0:136,98b:8,0:7;8,10 ;" " 9 :11 ,1;"The size of the pinhole is now increased. The image becomes ..":p$(3,20):p$(1)="brighter but blurred":p$(2)="the right way up":p$(3)="much sharper":7100 ?2;20,0;" The ray diagram above shows why" 7010b:63?,136:-2,2:-1,0:-2,-2:61=,138:0,-20:60<,138:0,-20 3:64@,138:112p,-40(:64@,138:112p,-24:64@,118v:112p,40(:64@,118v:112p,24  99c,132:0,27:78N,0:99c,126~:0,-29:78N,0:4:176,158:0,-60<:177,158:0,-60<:9  7;3;8,6;"Large";9 ,4;"pinhole";7,11 ;"/";4;5,23;"_Blurred";6,24;"image":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,12 ;"SHADOWS";7;4,3;"The sharp edge of a shadow";5,6;"indicates that light";6,3;"travels in straight lines.":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,12 ;"SHADOWS";7;5,21;"";6,21;"";3;2,19;"Screen";2;9 ,2;"Lamp";0;8,15;"^";9 ,11 ;"Obstacle":1:175,128,16 U"303","156","105","640","0","600","47","560","0","600","-47","152","105","600","46" u"152","136","504","0","152","120","504","0","301","55","120","600","-16","560","0","600","48","640","0","600","-16" "306","37","112","596","0","599","1","600","9","599","1","1202","22","-5*/8","605","0","1202","-22","-5*/8","599","-1","600","-9","599","-1" 4"303","55","120","696","24","55","136","696","-24" !\"300","124","135","600","-14","125","135","600","-14","309","9999":2066:9100# $13 ,0;"When an obstacle is placed in the path of light coming from an EXTENDED SOURCE,",,,"the shadow on the screen is seento be edged with a border of partial shadow":9000(# '7020l:12 ,0;"The solid dark circle of shadow is called the ..":p$(3,8):p$(1)="umbra":p$(2)="penumbra":p$(3)="image":7100 *17;6,25;"-Umbra":9000(# -7020l:7;6,25;" ";11 ,0;p;"The border of partial shadow is called the ..":p$(1)="penumbra":p$(2)="eclipse":7100:9000(# 47000X:7010b:0,8;"A SOLAR ECLIPSE";7;1;5,23;"Earth";6;5,5;"Sun";4;9 ,19;"Moon";8,20;"^" 7a2:480,128,32 :203,128,22:164,128,7 :~"56","160","724","-28","56","96","724","28","56","160","740","-53","56","96","740","53","309","9999":2106::9100# =13 ,2;"An eclipse of the sun by the moon occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the earth and all three are in a straight line.";19,2;"(The diagram is not to scale)":9000(# @F7020l:7;5,23;" ";4,30;"y" C2900T :p$(3,15):p$(1)="partial eclipse":p$(2)="total eclipse":p$(3)="no eclipse":7100:9000(# Fz7020l:1:2900T :0:7;4,30;" ";5,30;"z";p;12 ,14;"z" Ip2:238,128:-513,0:2,2:-2,-2:2,-2:9 L^p$(1)="total eclipse":p$(2)="partial eclipse":7100:9000(#:18 T}2:238,137:-513,0,-/3:187,135:-1,3:3,0:9 WL12 ,2;"At position y on the Earth's surface, there is ..": m=9 :7000X:7010b:3900<:0,6;"REFLECTION OF LIGHT";7;2,9 ;"A";2,22;"B";8,7;"M";8,25;"M'";7,15;"ir" "127","103","600","48","79","151","648","-48","648","48","103","125","602","0","600","2","149","127","602","0","600","-2","114","116","1226","0","-/2","9999":3003 :9100# 127,99c,2 13 ,3;"MM' represents the surface of a plane mirror";16,3;"AO is the direction in which light falls on to the reflecting surface":9000(# ľ7020l:12 ,1;"AO is called the ..":p$(3,19):p$(1)="incident ray":p$(2)="reflected ray":p$(3)="point of incidence":7100:9000(# ǘ7020l:12 ,1;"Angle r is called the ..":p$(1)="angle of reflection":p$(3)="angle of refraction":7100:9000(# 7020l:12 ,5;"What are the two laws";13 ,8;"of reflection?";7;2,15;"N";8,7;" ";8,25;" ";1;15,9 ;" THINK FIRST! ";p;0;18,11 ;"THEN ...":9000(# =7020l:11 ,2;"THE LAWS OF REFLECTION ARE:-";7;13 ,0;"1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane ";18,0;"2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection":9000(# m=10 :7000X:7010b:3906B:0,1;"IMAGE FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR";7;1;8,12 ;"";9 ,8;"Eye";4;3,2;"Object";3,25;"Image" ӥ"301","95","110","598","2","1202","-12","-/6","1212","2","-/6","597","2","309","72","138","600","16","656","-28","656","28","600","-16","128","126","571","-14.5" ;"72","154","656","-36","128","118","600-56/2.5","-36/2.5" ٤"118","113","600","-2","602","0","111","119","600","-2","602","0","117","133","600","-2","598","0","114","129","600","-2","598","0","9999":3027 :9100# 1:i=1281806:i,i/2+62>:i+1,i/2+62.5z:i,36$*i/568+36$:568/20,36$/20:i:184,149:184,143:0 612 ,0;"The image in a plane mirror is.." i=(*2)+1:p$(3,27):p$(i)=("not "i=2)+"same size as the object":p$(i+1-2*(i=2))=("not "i=1)+"laterally inverted":p$(3)="real":7100:2;20,0;" For eg. of LATERAL INVERSION ..":9000(# 7020l:0,0;o$;15,0;"Looking at the image of your face in a mirror, the left ear of the image is formed from yourright ear as object.This effect is called lateral inversion.";7;13 ,6;" LATERAL INVERSION ":9000(# 7020l:72H,156:112p,0:128,154:0,4:7;2,12 ;"u";2,19;"v" 12 ,8;"Magnification = ?":p$(3,1):p$(1)="1":p$(2)="0":p$(3)="":7100:2;20,0;" u=v so magnification = v/u = 1 ":9000(# 7000X:7030v:7;9 ,18;"O";2,18;"I";2,28;"I";5,17;"M";12 ,25;"M";12 ,21;1;"" 192,126~,43+:i=459;4:133+i,126~:2,2:192,126~-i:2,2:i "133","126","659","0","600","-59","168","80","660","70","176","72","652","78","157","150","634","-42","157","150","634","-54" e"157","104","616","22","157","104","622","22","167","122","602","0","601","-2","602","0","601","-2" "167","80","600","-9","608","0","179","111","602","0","601","2","184","115","602","0","600","2","179","95","600","-2","602","0","187","91","600","-2","602","0","9999":3060 :9100# 1:i=2012246:i,(i-99c)*70F/60<:i,(i-128)*78N/524:i:170,130:172,132:168,137:166,136:0 V0,0;"An object O is";1,0;"placed between";2,0;"two plane";3,0;"mirrors M and";4,0;"M at right";5,0;"angles.";7,0;"How many";8,0;"images does";9 ,0;"the eye see?";11 ,0;"(diagram";12 ,1;"incomplete)" p$(3,27):p$(1)="3":p$(2)="2":p$(3)="4":7100:2;20,0;" I is formed by looking in M ";7;9 ,29;"I";1;8,28;".":9000(# i=012 :i,0;o$(15):i:19,0;o$;o$;o$;3,0;"Which image ";4,0;"acts as object";5,0;"for the ";6,0;"formation of";7,0;"image I ?";2,0;o$(15);9 ,0;o$(15);10 ,0;o$(15);11 ,0;o$(15)::p$(1)="I":p$(2)="I":p$(3)="O":7100:9000(# 19,0;o$;o$;o$;3,0;"If the eye looks";4,0;"in mirror M ";5,0;"three images";6,0;"I,I and I";7,0;"are seen. ";9 ,0;"What is the";10 ,0;"position";11 ,0;"of I ? At .." zp$(1)="I":p$(3)="I":7100:2;20,0;" I and I are superimposed ":9000(# 19,0;o$;o$;o$;4,0;"Geometrically";5,0;"the images all";6,0;"lie on a .. ";3,0;o$(16);7,0;o$(15);9 ,0;o$(15);10 ,0;o$(15);11 ,0;o$(15) fp$(1)="circle":p$(2)="elipse":p$(3)="parabola":7100:9000(#:18 ":134,99c:44,,0:7;9 ,19;"f":120x,96`:64@,0 11 ,0;"If radius of curvature (CP)=r and focal length (FP)=f then ..":p$(3,11 ):p$(1)="r=2f":p$(2)="f=2r":p$(3)="rf=constant":7100:9000(# m=10 :7000X:7010b:n=16:4900$:0,0;"IMAGES FORMED BY CONCAVE MIRRORS";7;4,19;"O";8,19;"B";1;1;9 ,8;"EYE" ĭ"48","120","800","0","63","104","600","-9","608","0","156","130","600","-10","601","0","600","10","154","128","602","2","601","0","602","-2","9999":4036:9100# 11 ,1;"The image formed by a concave";12 ,6;"mirror can be either";14,7;"virtual and erect";15,15;"OR";16,7;"real and inverted";18,3;"depending on the position";19,8;"of the object OB":9000(# Ȫ7020l:12 ,7;"What is meant by a";14,9 ;"virtual image?";19,9 ;"Then..";16,9 ;1;" THINK FIRST! ":9000(# ɡ7020l:14,0;"A virtual image is formed by theapparent intersection of rays when their directions have been produced backwards.":9000(# ʤ7020l:7;9 ,9 ;" ";4,19;" ";8,19;" ";7,18;"F";7,23;"P";1;6,18;"." s11 ,0;"If the object is between F and the pole P, then the image is ..":p$(3,23):p$(1)="virtual and erect":p$(2)="real and inverted":p$(3)="smaller than the object":7100:2;20,0;" Look at the ray diagram above ";1;7;6,13 ;"C";6,18;".";7,23;"P" h"64","106","780","38+2*38/7","157","130","619","0","72","93","768","37+8*37/13","244","120","600","34" a"75","111","600","-2","603","-1","83","99","600","-2","603","-1","9999":4048:9100# 1:i=-50210 6:i+204,144+i*38&/140:i+220,146+i*37%/104h:i:i=632 6:244,118v+i:i:0 ٬p$(3,28):n=8:9000(#:7000X:m=9 :7010b:4900$:10 ,0;"When drawing ray diagrams, whichof the following is false?" 0,5;"RULES FOR RAY TRACING";7;5,12 ;".";5,17;".";6,12 ;"C";6,17;"F";6,23;"P":64@,129:120x,0 12 ,0;"1.For ray incident at P,angle of incidence = angle of reflection2.Rays parallel to the principal axis are reflected through F 3.Rays through C are reflected through P" bk=3:7109:2;20,0;" Reflected back along same path ":9000(# m=10 :7000X:7010b:4903':0,0;"IMAGES FORMED BY A CONVEX MIRROR";7;6,9 ;"B";2,9 ;"O";5,19;".";6,19;"F";5,24;".";6,24;"C";6,13 ;"P" ߋ"48","128","760","0","76","151","600","-23","599","0","600","23","73","149","602","2","601","0","602","-2","9999":4063:9100# 11 ,0;"An object OB is placed in front of a convex mirror. The image formed is ..":p$(3,15):p$(1)="always virtual":p$(2)="always real":p$(3)="real or virtual":7100:2;20,0;" Look at the ray diagram above " q7;6,13 ;" ":"76","151","718","-22","76","151","644","0","581.5","11","158","128","563","22" f"105","153","602","-2","598","-2","109","160","598","0","600","-3","100","148","600","-2","598","-1" P"138","138","600","-10","139","138","600","-10","9999":4069:9100# 1:138,136:139,136:138,132:139,132:i=480P5:194-i,129+i*22/118v:i:i=436$4:158-i,128+i*22/37%:i:0 W9000(#:7020l:1;7;2,5;"O";6,5;"B" 1:47/,151:0,-23:46.,151:0,-23:44,,149:2,2:1,0:2,-2:9 o11 ,1;"What happens to the size of the image when the object is moved to OB? The image is .." p$(3,9 ):p$(1)="smaller":p$(2)="larger":p$(3)="same size":7100:2;20,0;" Join CO to give top of image ":9000(# n=0:7000X:7010b:4900$:0,2;"MEASUREMENT OF FOCAL LENGTH";7;2;8,8;"LAMP";1;2,10 ;"Screen" 1:i=13115120:103g,i:0,-16:-2,0:0,16:2,0:i  "306","80","112","596","0","599","1","600","9","599","1","1202","22","-5*/8","605","0","1202","-22","-5*/8","599","-1","600","-9","599","-1"  &"309","9999":4103:9100# 9 :104h,133:64@,24:104h,133:64@,-20:104h,128:64@,29:104h,128:64@,-15 12 ,4;"The object used in this";13 ,1;"experiment consists of a hole";14,4;"cut in a white screen." 16,1;"A concave mirror, mounted in a holder, is moved until a sharp image of the object is formed on the screen adjacent to the object." 9000(#:7020l:11 ,4;"When this sharp image is","obtained, the screen is at the..":p$(3,19):p$(1)="centre of curvature":p$(2)="principal focus":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# 7020l:r=((*6)+10 )*2:11 ,0;"The distance mirror to screen ismeasured as ";r;"cms. What is the focal length of the mirror?" p$(3,4):p$(1)=(r/2)+"cm":p$(2)=r+"cm":p$(3)=(2*r)+"cm":7100:2;20,1;" Radius of curvature r = 2f ":9000(# "n7020l:11 ,1;"A thin cross-wire is initially placed across the hole. This serves to .." %p$(3,28):p$(1)="assist sharpness of focusing":p$(2)="produce interference":p$(3)="reduce brightness":7100:9000(# # 18 $168,160-n:0,-480,-/2:167,160-n:0,-480,-/2:i=-/3+.1}Ļ/3-.1}L.1}L:158+19*i,137+31*i-n:3,0:i: '128,160:0,-64@,/2:127,160:0,-64@,/2:i=-/2+.8Ļ/2-.8L.1}L:160-43+*i,128-43+*i:2,0:i: m="10":"7000":"7010":"0","11";"REFRACTION";ڰ"7";ް"1";"2","8";"A";"9","19";"B";"5","16";"O";"1","15";"N";"10","15";"N'";"5","5";"Air";ٰ"1";"6","4";"Glass" ]"127","158","600","-62","32","128","792","0","127","128","620","-30","127","128","550","30" b"100","146","600","-2","598","0","140","111","600","-2","598","0","9999":5003:9100# "13","0";"When light passes from air to a denser medium eg.glass,its speedis reduced and so a ray of lightchanges direction at the surfaceof the medium. This is called";3;19,11 ;"REFRACTION":9000(# "7020":"127","144":"-13","-7","/2":"12","0";"Angle AON is called the angle of":p$(3,10 ):p$(1)="incidence":p$(2)="reflection":p$(3)="refraction":7100:7;1;4,15;"i":9000(# "7020":"127","112":"10","2","/2":"12","0";"Angle BON' is called Angle of ..":p$(1)=p$(3):p$(3)="deviation":7100:7;1;7,16;"r":9000(# "7020":"12","8";"What are the two";"13","7";"laws of refraction?";"15","7";"(One is also known";"16","9";"as Snell's Law)";"19","9";"Then..";۰"1";"18","8";" THINK FIRST! ":"9000" 7020l:14,0;"1. The incident ray(AO) and the refracted ray(OB) are on opposite sides of the normal (NN') and all 3 are in the same plane";7;12 ,6;" LAWS OF REFRACTION " 8"20","9";"For 2nd law..":"9000":m="12":"7020" "14","0";"2. SNELL'S LAW:- When light passes from one substance to another the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant.":9000(# w"7020":"11","0";"For a ray passing from air to eg.glass, (sin i)/(sin r) is called the .?. (of glass here)" p$(3,16):p$(1)="refractive index":p$(2)="apparent depth":p$(3)="critical angle":7100:2;20,0;"Refractive index is denoted by n":9000(# x"7000":m="6":"7010":ڰ"7";"3","3";"Refractive index n = sin i";"4","24";"sin r":"192","143":"39","0" "9","2";"The speed of a ray of light is reduced when it enters a denser medium, and refractive index is also defined as" ڰ"7";"14","0";o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;"15","0";" Refractive index n =";"17","10";"velocity in air = v";"18","9";"velocity in medium v" }"0","63","855","0","600","-47","345","0","600","47","73","31","740","0","230","31","608","0","9999":5045:9100# "9000":"7000":m="9":"7010":"0","7";"BENT STICK EFFECT";ڰ"7";ް"1";"1","4";"S";"9","14";"B";ٰ"1";"2","25";"EYE";"2","23";"";"5","1";"Water";ٰ"3";"3","1";"Air" }"182","160","610","0","600","-10","183","158","560","-20","189","151","562","-13","4","138","739","0","151","138","680","0" 1"143","138","580","-34","150","138","573","-34" Ai=02:122z,104h-i:-80P,568:i <"143","138","580","-10","152","138","600-38/1.1","-14/1.1" <"117","125","557","13","117","125","598","-2","558","13.3" ͤ"173","147","602","0","600","-2","161","148","602","0","600","-2","134","125","602","0","600","-2","140","128","602","0","600","-2","9999":5054:9100#  1:i=435#6:117u-i,125}+i*13 /43+:115s-i,123{+i*13.3T/42*:i:135,134:4,2:152-38&/5,138-13 /5:38&/18,13 /18:0 ӄ"13","2";"As a result of refraction, a stick SB partly immersed in water appears to be bent.":9000(#:7020l "11","0";"As a result of refraction, C is the image of ..";ڰ"7";"5","8";"A";"5","14";"C":p$(3,1):p$(1)="B":p$(2)="A":p$(3)="S":7100:9000(# d"7020":ڰ"7";ް"1";"1","4";"S";"5","8";"A";"5","14";"C";"7","14";"C";"3","14";"O" ܁"116","138":"0","-12":"10","0";"If B is at the bottom of the water, then the distance OC is the .?. of the water." ߄p$(3,14):p$(1)="apparent depth":p$(2)="real depth":p$(3)="critical depth":7100:9000(# 7020l:12 ,1;"Refractive index of the water =":p$(3,25):p$(1)="real depth/apparent depth":p$(2)="apparent depth/real depth":p$(3)="1/apparent depth":7100:9000(# `"7000":"7010":"5990":"0","4";"TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION";ް"1";ڰ"7";"7","15";"ii" $"109","101","618","27","618","-27" :"108","101","618","27","636","27","127","128","636","27" ="127","144","1212","-4","-/2","116","114","1220","0","/2" "137","109","604","-1","600","3","109","107","604","1","601","0","600","-3","148","147","603","0","601","0","599","-4","9999":5093:9100# `"10","6";"For a SMALL angle of";"11","6";"incidence i, the above diagram is .." lp$(3,10 ):p$(1)="correct":p$(2)="incorrect":p$(3)="incomplete":7100 2ڰ"2";"20","6";" For explanation - ":"9000" 7020l:12 ,3;"When light passes from one medium to a less optically dense medium, for a SMALL angle of incidence i, we get a weak internally reflected ray and a strong refracted ray.":9000(# "5115":"5127" -"7013":"7020":"5990":"5996":"5981" 8"127","129","653","0","127","134","605","0","600","-5" O"179","131","602","-2","600","-1","598","-2","9999":5118:9100#: ڰ"7";ް"1";"4","16";"r";"7","15";"i";p;"10","1";"The small angle i is increased";"11","7";"until angle r = 90";"12","4";"Angle i is called the .."  p$(3,19):p$(1)="critical angle":p$(2)="angle of refraction":p$(3)="angle of deviation":7100:7;1;7,15;"i";7,15;"c":9000(#  $"7010":"7020":"5990":"5996" ~"10","1";"If angle i is greater than the critical angle, the incident light undergoes ..";ڰ"7";ް"1";"7","15";"i" p$(3,25):p$(1)="total internal reflection":p$(2)="refraction only":p$(3)="refraction and reflection":7100 "0","3";"TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION";ڰ"2";"20","6";" See diagram above ":"5981":ڰ"7";ް"1";"7","16";"i":"139","117":"-11","-7","-/2":"9000" "7000":"7010":ڰ"7";"4","3";"When light passes FROM air";"5","3";"TO eg.glass, refractive";"6","3";"index of the glass is .." p$(3,7):p$(1)="1/sin c":p$(2)="1/sin i":p$(3)="1/sin r":7100:2;20,0;" c = critical angle of the glass":9000(# F"7000":"5115":"0","12";"QUESTION";ް"1";ڰ"7";"7","15";"c" "En=((*5)+148)/100d:ڰ"7";ٰ"4";"8","6";"n=";n %d"10","1";"If the refractive index n of a block of glass is ";n;" what is the critical angle?" (fp$(3,6):p$(1)=(((((((1/n))*180/))*100d+.5))/100d) +i=(*17):i=(i+(i=8)-8)/100d:i=i+(i>0)-(i0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i)+"":i=(*7):i=(i+(i=3)-3)/10 :p$(3)=(p$(1)+i)+"":p$(1)=(p$(1))+"":7100 .@ڰ"2";"20","0";"Refractive index ";n;" = 1/sin c ":"9000" 1"7000":"7010":"0","1";"DEVIATION OF LIGHT BY A PRISM";ڰ"7";ް"1";"4","15";"O";"8","6";"A";"6","10";"B";"5","19";"C";"2","19";"E";"8","26";"D" 4Y"80","100","688","0","556","64","556","-64","93","121","660","30","147","129","576","6" 7m"180","124","602","-5","595","-2","70","112","603","0","601","-1","600","-3","9999":51724:9100# :i=1144:1:95_+2*i,122z+i:96`+2*i,123{+i:125}+2*i,137+i:126~+2*i,138+i:155-2*i,127+i/2:154-2*i,127+i/2:i:0 =Gi="0"̰"1":"53","100"+i:"40","20":"54","8":"64","-16":i @"11","4";"The angle of deviation";"12","5";"is angle ..":p$(3,3):p$(1)="EOD":p$(2)="AOD":p$(3)="BCD":7100 Cgٰ"1":ڰ"7";"3","22";"Angle of";"4","22";"deviation":"174","137":"-44","0":ٰ"9":"9000" F"7020":ް"1":ڰ"7";"5","19";"C";"6","18";"C";"3","22";"Angle of";"4","22";"deviation";"2","19";"E";ٰ"1";"3","6";"N";"3","22";"N":"174","137":"-44","0":ް"0" IY"301","147","128","624","16","93","123","570","22","309","9999":5193I:9100# L"12","3";"Deviation is least when ..":p$(3,29):p$(1)="ABN=DCN":p$(2)="ABN=critical of the glass":p$(3)="OBC=45":7100 OFڰ"2";"20","0";" of incidence = of emergence":"9000":"18" ]1"127","128","627","-27","128","128","627","-27" `L"145","107","602","0","601","1","600","2","9999":5981]:9100#: f7ڰ"7";ٰ"3";"5","6";"Air";"6","6";ٰ"4";"Glass" iO"48","128","732","0","127","160","600","-60","9999":5993i:9100#: lL"100","101","627","27","99","101","627","27","115","117","1211","-7","/2" nN"106","110","602","0","601","-1","600","-2","9999":5996l:9100#: p\m="9":"7000":"7010":i="0":"6400":"9100":"0","3";"CONVERGING OR CONVEX LENS" s"12","0";"A lens may be regarded as being made up of a number of prisms.",,,"As a result,when a beam of lightstrikes the lens, the rays are bent inwards, the outer ones being deviated more than the inner ones." v"9000":"7020" y1"12","9";"X is the ..";ڰ"7";"6","23";"X" |p$(3,19):p$(1)="principal focus":p$(2)="centre of curvature":p$(3)="optical centre":7100:9000(# f"7020":"11","5";"How many principal foci";"12","8";"does a lens have?";ڰ"7";"6","23";"F" p$(3,5):p$(1)="two":p$(2)="three":p$(3)="one":7100:2;20,0;" (Rays may pass the other way) ":9000(# n"7000":"7010":"6427":"6450":"0","4";"DIVERGING OR CONCAVE LENS";ڰ"7";ް"1";ٰ"1";"6","13";"F" gް"1":i="4"̰"44"Ͱ"4":152-i,119w+i/4:151-i,119w+i/4:i:0 "11","4";"For a diverging lens,the principal focus is ..":p$(3,14):p$(1)="always virtual":p$(2)="always real":p$(3)="sometimes real":7100:9000(# "7020":"13","0";"We only consider rays close to the principal axis, and only thin lenses in order to obtain a true point focus.":9000(# &"7020":ڰ"7";ٰ"1";"6","22";"C" x"148","160","600","-56","174","124","1173","9","-/2","166","124","598","-2","602","-2","9999":6033:9100# h"10","0";"The distance FC is called the FOCAL LENGTH of the lens, where C is the .?. of the lens" p$(3,19):p$(1)="optical centre":p$(2)="centre of curvature":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# "7000":"7010":"6442":"6450":"0","7";"FORMATION OF IMAGE";ڰ"7";ް"1";ٰ"1";"6","13";"F";"5","28";"EYE";ٰ"2";"6","15";"I";"4","3";"Object->" B"92","144","652","0","92","132","600","12","601","0","600","-12" "148","160","600","-56","92","144","726","-28","599","3","601","-3","598","-2","122","132","600","5","601","0","600","-5","9999":6048:9100# "11","2";"The image formed (at I) by a concave lens is always ..":p$(3,20):p$(1)="virtual and erect":p$(2)="virtual and inverted":p$(3)="real and erect":7100:9000(# "7020":"7013":i="32":"6415":"9100":"132","156":"0","-48":ڰ"7";ް"1";"5","11";"|";"5","21";"|";ٰ"2";"4","0";"Object";"6","27";"Image";ٰ"1";"4","21";"F";"6","11";"F'" "48","152","800","-48","45","148","603","3","601","0","603","-3","48","132","600","20","601","0","600","-20","48","152","684","0","696","-48" Y"208","132","600","-18","601","0","600","18","205","118","603","-3","601","0","603","3" "163","127","603","-3","597","-3","157","142","600","-3","597","0","89","145","603","-3","597","-3","90","154","602","-2","598","-2","9999":6060:9100# "11","1";"The image formed by a convex lens ..":p$(3,22):p$(1)="can be real or virtual":p$(2)="is always real":p$(3)="is always virtual":7100:9000(# ʽ"7020":"7013":i="56":"6415":"9100":"156","156":"0","-48":ڰ"7";"5","19";"C";ް"1";"5","12";"|";"5","5";"|";ٰ"1";"6","12";"F";"6","5";"2F";"7","29";"EYE" \"10","1";"The image formed by a convex lens is VIRTUAL when the object is .." Ѕp$(3,20):p$(1)="between F and C":p$(2)="between F and 2F":p$(3)="further away than 2F":7100 t7;1;6,5;"2F";5,5;"|";5,26;"|";1;6,26;"F'" P"120","132","600","12","601","0","600","-12","120","144","636","0","680","-16" ["72","160","683","-16","72","160","750","-50","72","160","600","-28","601","0","600","28" ڨ"134","146","602","-2","598","-2","140","140","600","-3","597","-2","184","140","602","-2","598","-2","200","120","600","-3","597","-2","9999":6100:9100# 1:i=45686:72H+i,160-i/3:73I+i,159-i/3:72H,160-i/2:73I,160-i/2:i:i=480P6:72H+i,160-i*16/83S:i:0 ~7;2;3,1;"Image->";9 ;2;20,6;" See diagram above ":9000(#:18 W"40","146","654","0","612","-1","680","-12","40","118","654","0","612","1","680","12" ."188","133","634","6","182","132","640","-6"  d"67","148","602","-2","598","-2","67","134","602","-2","598","-2","67","120","602","-2","598","-2"  g"140","142","602","-3","598","-2","140","134","602","-2","598","-2","140","127","602","-2","598","-3" P"100+i","160","1200","-56","/3","1200","56","/3","40","132","780","0","9999" B"40","144","704","0","40","120","704","0","608","-1","664","-16" 0"152","145","548","-13","152","119","548","13" !d"64","146","602","-2","598","-2","64","134","602","-2","598","-2","64","122","602","-2","598","-2" $E"214","134","602","-2","598","-2","213","106","602","-3","597","-2" *H"140","160","1200","-56","-/4","616","0","1200","56","-/4","584","0" -`"213","163","603","-2","598","-3","40","132","776","0","144","144","608","1","664","16","9999" 29100#:1:i=444,4:152-i,145-i/4:151-i,145-i/4:i:0: X^p=(*6)+1:p=1+(4p>1)+(1p>3):p:p:9 :: bp;0,0;o$ ei=1m:7;i,0;o$:i:0,(21-m)*8:255,0:0,m*8-1:-255,0:0,-m*8+1: l*i=m+121:i,0;o$:i: vi=013 :7;i,16;o$(16):i:255,175:-127,0:0,-111o:127,0:0,111o: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 i=1k=j Jj+13 ,14-(p$(1))/2;j;". ";p$(i):i=i+1:j &18,8;"Choose 1, 2 or 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7111 u18,8;" Your answer:";q$;" ";1;k+13 ,14-(p$(1))/2;k:q$=k7121 n7;19,0;" Sorry correct answer is no.";k;" ":.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ѓ1;4;19,8;" * Well done * ":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 :  ;7;1;21,0;" NEED HELP? y or n " #!q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7203# &0h=h+1:21,0;o$(19): 31;21,0;"LIKE AN EXPLANATION?" !q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7303 .h=0:21,0;o$(20): Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;o$(12 ):i Orx*8-1,(22-y)*8:95_,0:0,-41):-95_,0:0,41) Rp=p+1:y=y+7 U #(#21,9 ;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/%.1}L,.1}L:="r":6 #1#21,9 ;o$(14): # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # pyx  eq'kO m R-/6Vcircle elipse parabola Q1 light2 ,,Om.b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":5:5:5:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"l2" 'sc @* ?<@@@P||<<|B<?B<<|<<~@?<<~B<|~  BBBBBBf@BBDbB(BBBB@@  ?@B@BBB@D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@B<(BB<|"?BH|B@L?B@B~|@B?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&B~DBB@ ?p??BB@ZBD@B@??@B<B<@8?B><<B<<~P?<<@$BB~!@<`0 H ??????????????????????????"?@"D"D@"@""D@"@" "D@"@"D"D@"?@"D"D@"@"#@"@?" "D@#!D"D@8"@"D"D@"@" @"@?" "D@   D"D@?" "D "@"|"D@"@" @"@?""D@ ? "D@?" "D "@""D@"@" @"@?"D"D@ ? D"D@?"  "D "@""D@"@"#@"@?"D"D@88"!"D"@""D@"?@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@"@""D@"@""D@"@"D"D@****)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))).)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))+).*))((((((((((())))))))))))))+ 4*)))))))))))))))))))))))))+ 4*))(((((((()))))))))))))+ 44*)))))))))))))))))))))+ $!44*))))))))))))))))))++ $!44**)))))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))))++ $!444**)))))))))))++ $!4444**)))))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))))++ $$!!4444**)))))++ $$!!44444**)))++ $$!!44444**)+ $$!!444444* $ !440440  $ $! !440440  $ $ !4400004  $ $ !4404404  $ !44044044((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((gr X  @@@@@ @ "B~BD8ff` @$$B~ @~"THHT"?TT"0$b?~f<}~f>BDHR%Aa!Al2 0A ROSE SOFTWARE May 1984 b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 L1;9 ;;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 'o$=" " 'z=0:ڰ"0":"0":ٰ"7"::p="2" )y="7":x="0":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j *y="7":x="20":j="1"̰"2":"8000":j x="10":y="11":"8000" 0,0;1;1;"      " +ٰ"9":ڰ"7";"20","8";" Choose 1 to 5 " Fڰ"2";"8","1";"1.";"9","1";"Optical";"10","1";"instruments" ڰ"4";"8","21";"2.";"9","23";"The";"10","23";"spectrum";:ڰ"6";"12","12";"3.";"13","12";"Spherical";"14","12";"mirrors" "ڰ"6";"12","10";"3.";"13","10";"Diffraction";"14","14";"and";"15","10";"Interference";ڰ"3";"15","1";"4.";"16","1";"Typical";"17","1";"""O"" level";1;18,0;"calculations" #v5;15,22;"5.";16,23;"Some";17,23;"useful";18,23;"formulae" $ٰ"7":"79","47":"8","0" & q$=:38&+(q$>"0"q$<"6") 'q$="5"43+ (?7000X:m=10 :7010b:41)+7*(q$="4") )7;4,3;"After each question, try";5,3;"turning your TV off and";6,3;"then sketch the diagram.";p;14,0;"This is especially important in questions involving ray diagrams" * 9000(# +q$*1000+1000 016,3;"To return to the main menu,";17,11 ;"press r";18,3;"at the end of any question";7;4,1;"Remember you can ask for help";6,1;"several times in each question":42* Ѕm=9 :7000X:7010b:7;2;4,5;"The car driving mirror";5,5;"makes use of a .." ӳp$(3,14):p$(1)="convex mirror":p$(2)="concave mirror":p$(3)="plane mirror":7100:2;20,8;" For diagram ..":9000(# ֕m=10 :7010b:7020l:0,8;"DRIVING MIRROR":4903':7;1;6,3;"EYE ";6,25;"Y" E"65","125","652","10","540","27","65","125","653","-12","544","-25" Q"92","138","707","-14","493","-14","301","60","129","595","-5","606","-6","309" "91","128","598","2","602","2","91","117","598","2","602","2","85","147","602","2","598","2","85","96","602","2","598","2","9999":2006:9100# 1:i=7.64tzG100d7.64tzG:199-i,124|+i/7.64tzG:198-i,124|+i/7.64tzG:199-i,124|-i/7.64tzG:198-i,124|-i/7.64tzG:i:0 12 ,3;"Y is the .?. of the mirror":p$(3,19):p$(1)="centre of curvature":p$(2)="principal focus":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# 7020l:11 ,0;"An advantage of a convex drivingmirror over a plane mirror is that it gives a ...";7;6,25;"C" ~p$(3,19):p$(1)="wider field of view":p$(2)="larger image":p$(3)="virtual image":7100 2:1;7;1,0;"Wide";2,0;"field";6,3;"EYE":"46","162","602","0","600","-2","600","2","1200","-72","/2","598","0","602","0","600","2","309","9999":2033:9100#:9000(# P2800 :7;2;5,2;"A magnifying glass uses a .?." p$(3,12 ):p$(1)="convex lens":p$(2)="concave lens":p$(3)="glass prism":7100:2;20,8;" For diagram ..":9000(# 87013e:2803 :7;5,13 ;"C" _10 ,0;"In order to obtain a magnified erect image, the object must be placed .." p$(3,21):p$(1)="between C and F":p$(2)="further away than F":p$(3)="between the eye and C":7100:2;20,6;" See diagram above "  2851# CL9000(#:7000X:7010b:0,6;"THE SLIDE PROJECTOR" F~"16","144","1200","-28","/2","15","144","1200","-28","/2","12","140","595","-5","8","128","597","-3","12","120","597","-3" I]"39","144","600","-28","1200","28","/2","38","144","600","-28","602","0","1200","28","/2" L_"63","144","600","-28","1200","28","-/2","64","144","600","-28","598","0","1200","28","-/2" Oe"72","142","602","0","600","-24","598","0","600","24","75","142","600","-24","71","142","600","-24" R"120","142","1200","-24","/2.5","1200","24","/2.5","119","142","1200","-24","/2.5","121","142","1200","-24","-/2.5","239","160","600","-60","599","0","600","60" UY"14","142","624","-24","620","0","781","35","14","118","624","24","620","0","781","-35" X@"31","137","602","0","600","-2","31","123","602","0","600","2" [C"94","137","602","-2","598","-2","94","127","602","-2","598","-2" ^"99","118","602","2","598","2","99","138","602","2","598","2","68","120","652","0","719","33","68","140","652","0","719","-33" a"182","120","602","-2","598","-2","182","144","602","-2","598","-2","301","39","152","624","0","309","9999":2115C:9100# d 7;1;2,6;"Y";4;2,10 ;"Slide";3,9 ;"/";2;7,3;"^";8,1;"Lamp";3;3,30;"I";4,30;"m";5,30;"a";6,30;"g";7,30;"e" g11 ,3;"The two plano-convex lenses at Y act as a ..":p$(3,15):p$(1)="condenser":p$(2)="projection lens":p$(3)="magnifier":7100:9000(# j47020l:7;1;2,6;"C" m'10 ,0;"The function of the condenser C is to ..":p$(3,28):15,0;"2. collect more light from the lamp";17,0;"3. enlarge the size of the image";13 ,0;"1. focus a sharp image on the screen":k=2:7109:9000(# pp7020l:11 ,1;"The lamp is at the .?. of the concave mirror M";7;3,1;"M" sp$(3,19):p$(1)="centre of curvature":p$(2)="principal focus":p$(3)="pole":7100:9000(# vJ7020l:7;8,15;"P";1;3,1;"M" y13 ,1;"The projection lens P slides backwards and forwards in order to focus a sharp image on the screen":9000(#:7020l:11 ,0;"The slide must be placed upside-down in order to obtain a .." |7;1;8,15;"P":p$(3,13 ):p$(1)="erect image":p$(2)="virtual image":p$(3)="sharper image":7100:9000(# 87000X:7010b:0,10 ;"THE CAMERA" U"160","148","1189","0","","1211","0","","600","-32","1189","0","","1211","0","" "105","141","640","0","600","14","604","4","611","0","604","-4","600","-45","596","-4","589","0","596","4","600","14","560","0" "106","124","1200","17","/2","1200","-17","/2","107","124","1200","17","/2","105","141","1200","-17","/2","145","124","600","17","144","128","600","9" "105","142","639","0","600","14","604","4","613","0","604","-4","600","-47","596","-4","587","0","596","4","600","14","561","0" V"125","142","600","3","612","0","600","-3","597","3","597","-3","597","3","597","-3" V"125","123","600","-3","612","0","600","3","597","-3","597","3","597","-3","597","3" k"115","130","600","-9","602","0","600","9","598","0","115","135","600","9","602","0","600","-9","598","0" "303","113","114","616","0","600","4","302","58","132","637","0","309","192","132","570","0","177","130","598","2","602","2","135","102","607","30","136","115","602","2","602","-2","9999":2269:9100# 7;5,25;"Film";2;5,3;"Lens";4;3,13 ;"\";2,8;"Diaphragm";1;1;9 ,11 ;"Shutter";3;7,1;"Focusing ring" 10 ,2;"Two of the following regulate the amount of light energy reaching the film. Which one does NOT?" p$(3,27):p$(1)="focusing ring":p$(2)="variable aperture diaphragm":p$(3)="variable speed shutter":7100:9000(# v7020l:10 ,0;"A sharp image is focused on the film by turning the focusing ring which alters .." p$(3,26):p$(1)="distance of lens from film":p$(2)="aperture of diaphragm":p$(3)="speed of shutter":7100:9000(# [7000X:7030v:3;7;1,28;"THE";2,28;"EYE" y"244","95","1184","32","-/4","1128","16","/1.2","1200","-48","/1.5","1268","2","/1.5","602","2","1216","-16","-/8" y"243","92","1182","32","-/4","1132","16","/1.2","1203","-44","/1.5","1262","5","/1.5","604","2","1218","-17","-/8" #6"161","132","1200","-24","/2.5","1200","24","/2.5" &"158","140","596","-12","601","-1","601","1","606","14","600","5","158","98","596","13","601","1","601","-1","606","-14","600","-5" )M"161","137","600","-6","161","104","600","6","9999":2333 :9100# ,1,0;"In many";2,0;"respects the";3,0;"eye is similar";4,0;"to the camera";7,0;"The FILM in";8,0;"a camera";9 ,0;"corresponds to";10 ,0;"the .?.";11 ,0;"in the eye" /gp$(3,28):p$(1)="retina":p$(2)="optic nerve":p$(3)="iris":7100 2Q7;2;5,21;"Retina";6,26;"->":9000(# 5E7;1;5,21;"Retina";6,26;"->" 82900T :4,0;"The amount of";5,0;"light entering";6,0;"the eye is";7,0;"controlled by";8,0;"the .." ;p$(1)="iris":p$(2)="ciliary muscles":p$(3)="lens":7100:1:7;2,16;"Iris":134,150:20,-20:0:9000(# >2900T :4,0;"The aperture";5,0;"in the centre";6,0;"of the iris";7,0;"is called the .." A7p$(1)="pupil":p$(2)="cornea":7100 D1:7;2,16;"Iris";1,16;"Pupil":134,150:20,-20:134,158:18,-38&:0:9000(# G22900T :2,0;"Focusing of";3,0;"the image on";4,0;"the retina is";5,0;"brought about by";6,0;"an alteration";7,0;"in the thickness";8,0;"of the lens.";10 ,0;"This alters the";11 ,0;".?." J_1:7;1,16;"Pupil":134,158:18,-38&:0 Mp$(1)="focal length of the lens":p$(2)="distance of lens from retina":p$(3)="distance of object from lens":7100:9000(# P2900T :2,0;"This alteration";3,0;"in the focal";4,0;"length of the";5,0;"lens, called";6,0;"ACCOMMODATION";7,0;"is brought about";8,0;"by the .." SZp$(1)="ciliary muscles":p$(2)="optic nerve":p$(3)="iris":7100 V7;1;0,16;"Ciliary";1,16;"muscle":138,158:24,-16:9000(#:18 Jm=9 :7000X:7010b:0,8;"MAGNIFYING GLASS": 7020l:i=7:6415:9100#:7;1;5,7;"|";5,19;"|";6,19;"F";1;7,0;"EYE " N1:32 ,122z:-6,-12 :15,0:9 : #7;4,7;"F'";3;3,24;"<-Image":"186","132","600","28","601","0","600","-28","186","160","456","-32","186","160","460","-50" &8"108","142","629","0","600","-10","599","0","600","10" )~"123","140","598","2","602","2","90","136","598","2","603","3","81","120","598","2","602","2","9999":2851# :9100# ,1:i=472H6:186-i,160-i*32 /144:185-i,160-i*32 /144:i /i=44806:186-i,160-i*502/140:185-i,160-i*502/140:186,133+i/2:187,133+i/2:i:0: Ti=111 :i,0;o$(16):i:i=1421:i,0;o$:i:128,64@:127,0: Cm=9 :7000X:7010b:0,10 ;"DISPERSION" 72H,150:30,-502:30,502:-60<,0:219,166:0,-546:-1,0:0,546 71G,150:30,-502:31,513:-61=,0:16,160:78N,-45-:16,-4:108l,6:94^,115s:16,2:108l,46. 557,140:0,-3:-3,0:1:159,140:3,0:0,-3:2:160,116t:2,-2:-2,-2:9 1;7;3;8,27;"^";9 ;9 ,25;"Screen";1;1,28;"V";2,28;"I";5;3,28;"B";4,28;4;"G";6;5,28;"Y";2;6,28;"O";7,28;"R" ͽ13 ,0;"When a ray of white light is incident on a triangular prism, it is refracted towards the baseof the prism and is dispersed into its component colours.":9000(# Ъ7020l:11 ,0;"The .?. rays are deviated most":p$(3,6):p$(1)="violet":p$(2)="blue":p$(3)="red":7100:9000(# 7020l:11 ,2;"The wavelength of the violet rays is the ..":p$(3,25):p$(1)="shortest":p$(2)="longest":p$(3)="same as the other colours":7100:2;20,0;" Violet rays have high frequency":9000(# 7020l:13 ,0;"The spectrum formed is NOT a PURE SPECTRUM due to overlappingof the coloured images (of the hole through which the beam of white light passed)":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,2;"THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM";7;1;1,0;"Increasing";2,0;"wavelength->";9 ;8,5;"Visible^";9 ,5;"spectrum" k"8","150","600","-37","837","0","600","37","363","0","9","149","600","-35","835","0","600","35","364","0" ܦ"14","114","600","22","642","0","600","-22","70","114","600","35","94","114","600","35","103","114","600","35","150","114","600","35","9999":3033 :9100# 11 ,0;"Gamma rays consist of electro- magnetic radiation and occupy a band among ..";7;3;5,2;"Gamma";6,2;"rays";1;4,7;"?" p$(3,16):p$(1)="X-rays":p$(2)="ultra violet":p$(3)="radio waves":7100:7;4,7;" ";1;4,2;"X-rays":568,136:-16,0:9000(# |7020l:7;1;1,0;"Increasing";2,0;"wavelength->";1;5,10 ;"?" 11 ,0;"Increasing the wavelength, the next band is ..":p$(1)=p$(2):p$(2)="infrared":7100 7;5,10 ;" ";1;8,5;"Visible^";9 ,5;"spectrum";1;8,6;"Ultra";9 ,5;"violet";9 ;7,10 ;"^":9000(# i7020l:11 ,0;"The next very narrow band is ..";7;1;5,12 ;"?" p$(1)="visible spectrum":7100:7;1;5,12 ;"?";1;2,11 ;"V";2;2,13 ;"R";2;9 ;20,4;" From V violet to R red ":9000(# }7020l:11 ,3;"Increasing the wavelength, the next band is ..";7;1;5,15;"?" p$(2)=p$(1):p$(1)="infrared":7100:7;2;5,13 ;"Infra";6,13 ;"-red":9000(# 7020l:11 ,1;"The final large band is radio waves. Their wavelengths are of the order ..";7;2;5,19;"Radio waves" p$(3,11 ):p$(1)="1mm to 10km":p$(2)=".0005mm":p$(3)=".0000005mm":7100:9000(#:18 im=9 :7000X:7010b:7;4,2;"Beam of ->";5,2;"light ->" "301","128","160","600","-20","601","0","600","20","601","0","600","-20","128","132","600","-20","601","0","600","20","601","0","600","-20","309","9999":4003:9100# i=040(8:80P+i,156:0,-40(:5:i:i=040(8:140+i,144+i/2:0,-20-i,-/2:i n10 ,0;"When light passes through a verynarrow slit, it spreads out. This effect is called .." p$(3,12 ):p$(1)="diffraction":p$(2)="interference":p$(3)="refraction":7100:0,10 ;"DIFFRACTION";2;20,0;"NO diffraction if slit is ""wide""":9000(# F7000X:7010b:0,10 ;"INTERFERENCE":4700\ Vi=055:480+i,144+i/2:0,-16-i,-:i i=032 8:72H+i,152+i/2:0,-16-i,-:72H+i,136+i/2:0,-16-i,-:i z14,1;"Light passes through two very narrow slits in S giving rise to diffraction as shown.":9000(# 7020l:4730z:10 ,2;"Where the two waves are superposed in the same phase, we get lines of ..";7;1;4,22;"?" p$(3,25):p$(1)="constructive interference":p$(2)="destructive interference":p$(3)="force":7100:2;20,2;" We get increased brightness ":9000(# m7020l:4730z:7;4,22;" ":4733}:7;1;6,22;"?" i10 ,4;"Where the two waves are superposed exactly out of phase, we get .." Ǵp$(3)="attenuation":p$(1)=p$(2):p$(2)="constructive interference":7100:2;20,0;" We get darkness along the line ":9000(# J7020l:1:4733}:0:7;6,22;" " ͓10 ,1;"It is necessary to place a single slit in front of the lamp as shown so that the light from the two slits in S is .." }p$(3,30):p$(1)="coherent":p$(2)="less bright":p$(3)="out of phase":7100:9000(# i7000X:7010b:0,4;"YOUNG'S SLITS EXPERIMENT":4699[:9100#:4709e g"191","165","481","-20","719","-20","191","148","481","-20","719","-20","301","192","166","600","-66" r"209","148","608","-8","592","-8","309","126","136","666","0","600","1","534","0","9999":4054:9100# ܞi=01:94^,143-9 *i:2,-2:-2,-2:124|,156-35#*i:2,-2:-2,-2:i i=01:147,141-8*i:45-,0:0,-1:-45-,0:171,144-16*i:21,0:0,1:-21,0:i 13 ,1;"Diffracted light from the two very narrow slits in S give rise to an interference pattern";1;7;1;4,26;" EYE":9000(# 7020l:4760:10 ,0;"The light and dark bands, viewedthrough a translucent screen, are called ..";7;1;8,16;"?" p$(3,20):p$(1)="interference fringes":p$(2)="images of the slits":p$(3)="diffraction gratings":7100:9000(# 7020l:1:4760:0:11 ,3;"The lamp used (eg. a sodium discharge lamp) gives ..";7;8,16;" " p$(1)="monochromatic light":p$(2)="white light":p$(3)="infrared radiation":7100:2;20,0;" Monochromatic = one wavelength ":9000(# _7020l:7;8,8;" ";1;9 ,5;"a";8,27;"" b"48","105","615","30","72","106","720","0","218","114","576","24","9999":4084:9100#  7;8,16;"D" 10 ,0;"a = distance between slits D = distance slits to screen = distance between two fringesWavelength of the light = .." ip$(3,4):p$(1)="a/D":p$(2)="a/D":p$(3)="/aD":7100:9000(# 7020l:12 ,6;"Wavelength = a/D";14,1;"If a and D are constant then what can we say about and ?":4790 15,0;o$;19,0;o$;2;17,0;" The fringe spacing is ";18,0;"proportional to the wavelength ":9000(#:18 [n"50","136","621","21","50","136","621","-21","60","148","602","0","600","-2","60","128","600","-2","598","0" \"301","45","160","600","-22","601","0","600","22","601","0","600","-22","45","134","600","-22","601","0","600","22","601","0","600","-22" bF"306","27","142","1200","-14","3*/2","9999":4700\:9100# e20,135,4:9 :7;2;8,1;"Lamp";7,2;"^";1;8,8;"S" h1:i=02:71G,160-17*i:0,-14:-1,0:0,14:-1,0:0,-14:i:9 : z1:75K,136:71G,0:170,136:-10 ,0:161,138:-2,-2:2,-2:0: }80P,134:64@,-7:170,124|:-10 ,0:161,126~:-2,-2:2,-2: b138,114r:14,14:151,129:2,0:0,-2: _19,12 ;"then:-";17,9 ;4;1;" THINK FIRST!":9000(#: $168,160-n:0,-480,-/2:167,160-n:0,-480,-/2:i=-/3+.1}Ļ/3-.1}L.1}L:158+19*i,137+31*i-n:3,0:i: '128,160:0,-64@,/2:127,160:0,-64@,/2:i=-/2+.8Ļ/2-.8L.1}L:160-43+*i,128-43+*i:2,0:i: +z=-1:h=0:m=13 :7003[:7030v:7070:n=((*3)+151)/100d:c=(1/n):p$(3,5):p$(1)=(((((((n*(60<*/180-c)))*180/)+.05|L)*10 ))/10 ):c=(((c*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d 3"248","72","544","56*3","544","-56*3","712","0" >"249","72","544","56*3","544","-56*3","599","-1","713","0" A"222","93","604","3","230","98","604","3","237","103","604","3" -"232","87","600","12","532","22","576","-8" "157","127","604","-3","163","122","604","-4","169","116","604","-3","175","111","604","-3","181","106","605","-4","198","108","605","0","596","4","146","113","602","2","597","2","9999":5003:9100# 7;1,18;"i=?";1,25;"n=";n;1;3,23;"60";8,23;"r";6,19;"i";9 ,27;"c";10 ,28;"c";12 ,18;"60" 1;0,1;"What is the";1,1;"angle of";2,1;"incidence i of";3,1;"a ray of light";4,1;"on one face of";5,1;"a 60 prism if";6,1;"the ray is";7,1;"just totally";8,1;"internally";9 ,1;"reflected on";10 ,1;"meeting the";11 ,1;"next face.";12 ,0;"Refractive index";13 ,0;"of glass n=";n 7200 :q$="y"7060:5057+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5024+76L*(h=5) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+5)/10 :p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*j)+"":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+11 )/10 :p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*j)+"":p$(1)=p$(1)+"" ?7040:7060:p;4,4;"i=?":7100  7300:q$="n"5100 Q1:h=3h=45064:255,152:0,-8 >h=45067:128,152:0,-8 e0:7060:h=15:5057+3*h:9000(#:7060:h:5100 Ć15,4;"c is the critical angle,";16,8;"so find c from:-";18,2;"refractive index n = 1/SIN c": 15,3;n;"=1/SIN c so c=";c;"";16,2;"So its complementary angle";17,5;"=(90-";c;")=";90Z-c;"";18,6;"(shown on diagram)";19,11 ;"Now find r";20,4;"using s in top triangle" |7;3,26;90Z-c;"":255,152:0,-8:225,142:0,-37%: 15,2;"Complementary angle of r =";16,3;"(180-60-";90Z-c;")=";30+c;"";17,7;"(shown on diagram)";18,4;"So r = 90-";30+c;"=";60<-c;"" }7;3,16;30+c;"":128,152:0,-8:152,143:20,-20: 1:5064:5067:0:7;11 ,22;60<-c;"":255,152:0,-8:128,152:0,-8:204,90Z:-14,14 a16,9 ;"Find i from";18,0;1;"Refractive index n = SIN i/SIN r": К16,9 ;"n = SIN i/SIN r";17,3;"so ";n;" = SIN i/SIN ";60<-c;"";18,2;"giving i = ";p$(1)(4);"": h=0:7003[:7030v:7070:in=(*3)+502:r=((((2/3*(in*/180))*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d:p$(3,6) ,"144","142","688","0","144","96","688","0" 1"148","162","620","-20","623","-46","624","-24" o"136","140","602","2","602","-2","598","2","600","-14","138","118","600","-22","598","2","602","-2","602","2" A"158","154","600","-2","598","0","9999":5100:9100# qi=066B6:167,i+96`:0,2:167+i,142-i:2,-2:i z1;7;2,20;"i";6,21;"r";6,16;"5cm";4;5,25;"Glass" 1;0,1;"A ray of light";1,1;"passes through";2,1;"a block of";3,1;"glass 5cm thick";4,1;"The angle of";5,1;"incidence is";6,1;in;".Refractive";7,1;"index n for the";8,1;"glass is 1.5";9 ,1;"Find the angle";10 ,1;"of refraction,";11 ,1;"and the";12 ,1;"displacement";13 ,1;"of the ray"  c7;1;0,24;"i=";in;"";1,24;"n=1.5";2,24;"r=?"  7200 :q$="y"7060:5157%+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5133 +67C*(h=2) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+25)/10 :p$(2)=(r+i*j)+"":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*4+11 )/10 :p$(3)=(r+i*j)+"":p$(1)=r+"" ?7040:7060:p;4,4;"r=?":7100  7300:q$="n"5200P \7060:h=12:5157%+3*h:9000(#:7060:h:5200P (616,1;"Refractive index n=SIN i/SIN r": +}16,12 ;"n = SIN i/SIN r";17,7;"So 1.5 = SIN ";in;"/SIN r";18,5;"Giving r = ";r;"": Pyh=0:7040:7060:7;2,26;" ";1;2,26;r;"":p$(3,6) Spd=((((5*(in*/180)-5*(r*/180))*(in*/180)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d Vp;4,1;"What is the";6,1;"displacement";8,1;"of the ray?":213,96`:-11 ,-11 Y7200 :q$="y"7060:5257+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5209Y+91[*(h=5) \i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*2+15)/100d:p$(2)=(d+i*j)+"cm":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*2)*2+35#)/100d:p$(3)=(d+i*j)+"cm":p$(1)=d+"cm" _J7040:7060:p;4,1;"Displacement=?":7100 b 7300:q$="n"5300 e\7060:h=15:5257+3*h:9000(#:7060:h:5300 7;13 ,16;" ";9 ,27;"M";11 ,24;"C";10 ,23;"B":216,96`:8,0:128,64@:0,8 N15,7;"Displacement = CM";17,7;"So find BM first": }NB=(((5*(r*/180)+.0005vn)*1000))/1000:7;10 ,20;"N";3,21;"A" q15,13 ;"BM = NM - NB";17,2;"From ABN, NB = 5 TAN r";18,16;"= ";NB;"cm": 7;13 ,16;"NB=";NB:128,64@:0,8:NM=(((5*(in*/180)+.0005vn)*1000))/1000 15,5;"Similarly from AMN,";16,3;"NM = 5 TAN i = ";NM;"cm";17,2;"So BM = NM-NB = ";NM;" - ";NB;18,16;"= ";NM-NB;"cm": N7;13 ,16;"BM=";NM-NB:128,64@:0,8 O15,1;"From AMN, AMN = 90 - i";17,9 ;"So BMC = i" :7;11 ,26;"i";10 ,26;"^": 15,1;"From BMC,CM = BM x COS i";16,14;"= ";NM-NB;" x COS ";in;"";18,1;"Displacement = ";d;"cm": 2800 :2803 :2851# :h=0:u=(*3)+10 :7;7,25;"u=";u;"cm";8,25;"v=?" 12 ,1;"An object is ";u;" cm from a magnifying glass. The height of the image is twice that of the object. What is the distance of the image from the lens?" c7200 :q$="y"7020l:5357+3*h:9000(#:5333+67C*(h=2) دp$(3,5):p$(1)=(2*u)+"cm":p$(2)=(4*u)+"cm":p$(3)=(u/2)+"cm":7020l:12 ,13 ;"v=?":z=0:7100  7300:q$="n"5400 \7020l:h=12:5357+3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:5400 11 ,13 ;"v=?";12 ,0;"(image height=2 x object height)";7;15,5;" Magnification = v/u ": t5360:19,0;"So v/u=v/";u;" = 2 giving v=";2*u;"cm";7;17,19;" = 2 ": ;h=0:7020l:11 ,4;"Now find the radius of";12 ,4;"curvature r of the lens.";13 ,4;"You are given the formula";15,10 ;"1 + 1 = 1";16,10 ;"u v f";18,0;"(Virtual distances are negative)";7;8,27;2*u;"cm" {r=4*u:80P,47/:8,0:112p,47/:8,0:144,47/:8,0 97200 :q$="y"7020l:5457Q+3*h:9000(#:7020l:12 ,3;("Radius of curvature = ?")h<3:54339+67C*(h=3) <p$(3,7):p$(1)=r+"cm":p$(2)=(((((4*u/3)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d)+"cm":p$(3)=(2*u)+"cm":7020l:z=0:12 ,6;"Radius of curvature =":7100 B 7300:q$="n"5500| K\7020l:h=13:5457Q+3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:5500| T12 ,9 ;"1/u + 1/v = 1/f";14,4;"so 1/";u;" - 1/";2*u;" = 1/f";16,10 ;"giving f = ";2*u;"cm";18,0;"(v is a virtual distance,so -ve)":7;9 ,25;"f=";2*u;"cm":200,96`:480,0: W215,2;"Radius of curvature r = 2f": Z]15,9 ;"r = 2f";17,6;"so r = 2 x ";2*u;" = ";4*u;"cm": z=-1:h=0:m=13 :7003[:7030v:7070:ht=((*3)+17)/10 :bk=((*3)+13 )/10 :re=(bk/2):in=(4*re/3):p$(3,5):ans=(((ht/(/2-in)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d 1:7;4,28;ht;"m":i=713 :4;i,23;o$(9 );5;i,16;o$(7):i:0 216,148,3 ^"216","134","600","10","221","134","595","10","595","-10","220","120","596","14","596","-14" x"216","152","568","-32","580","-40","604","0","172","80","604","0","180","80","604","0","9999":5609:9100# e5;13 ,19;bk;"m";1;12 ,20;"";4;10 ,23;"2m" 1;0,1;"A fish is at a";1,1;"depth of 2m in";2,1;"a canal and is";3,1;bk;"m from the";4,1;"bank.How close";5,1;"to the bank can";6,1;"a man ";ht;"m tall";7,1;"stand before";8,1;"he is just seen";9 ,1;"by the fish?";10 ,1;"(refractive";11 ,1;"index of";12 ,1;"water=4/3)" 7200 :q$="y"7060:5657+3*h:9000(#:72H,0:112p,0:5636+64@*(h=4) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*5)+41))/100d:p$(2)=(ans+i*j)+"m":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=((*5)+91[)/100d:p$(3)=(ans+i*j)+"m":p$(1)=ans+"m"  07060:z=0:p=p-1:7100  7300:q$="n"5700D t7020l:7070:h=14:5657+3*h:9000(#:7020l:7070:h:5700D 16,1;"Refractive index = SIN i/SIN r";5;9 ,22;"r";7;5,23;"i":i=0306:184,120x+i:0,3:i f184,126~:5,-1,-/2:184,108l:-5,2,-/2: ~15,9 ;"TAN r = ";bk;"/2";16,10 ;"So r = ";(((re*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d;"": "inc=(((in*180/+.005y# =)*100d))/100d:15,1;"Refractive index = 4/3";16,18;"= SIN i/SIN r";17,13 ;"So i = ";inc;"": %15,9 ;" = (90-i) = ";90Z-inc;"";16,5;"TAN = ";ht;"/?";18,1;"So distance from bank = ";ans;"m";7;6,24;"":188,124|:2,-4,-/2: D 18 p(7000X:0,6;"SOME USEFUL FORMULAE";4,0;"1. Magnification = v/u";5,19;"(numerically)";6,0;"2. r=2f for spherical mirrors";7,9 ;"(r=radius of curvature)";9 ,0;"3. 1/u + 1/v = 1/f";2,12 ;7;" LIGHT " s11 ,0;"4. Refractive index";12 ,5;"= SIN i/SIN r = 1/SIN c";13 ,5;"= real depth/apparent depth";14,5;"= v/v";15,3;"(wave velocity in 1st.medium/";16,4;"wave velocity in 2nd.medium)" vu18,0;"5. v = f (velocity of wave =";19,9 ;"frequency x wavelength)":9000(#:18 j"100+i","160","1200","-56","/3","1200","56","/3","100+i","156","600","-48","40","132","780","0","9999" !d"64","146","602","-2","598","-2","64","134","602","-2","598","-2","64","122","602","-2","598","-2" $E"214","134","602","-2","598","-2","213","106","602","-3","597","-2" *H"140","160","1200","-56","-/4","616","0","1200","56","-/4","584","0" -`"213","163","603","-2","598","-3","40","132","776","0","144","144","608","1","664","16","9999" 29100#:1:i=444,4:152-i,145-i/4:151-i,145-i/4:i:0: X^p=(*6)+1:p=1+(4p>1)+(1p>3):p:p:9 :: p=(*2)+5:p:b=(*3)+1:b:9 :: bp;0,0;o$ ei=1m:7;i,0;o$:i:0,(21-m)*8:255,0:0,m*8-1:-255,0:0,-m*8+1: l*i=m+121:i,0;o$:i: vi=013 :7;i,16;o$(16):i:255,175:-127,0:0,-112p:127,0:0,112p: 6i=021:p;i,0;o$(16):i: .17,0;"Key in your answer now": %p-1:7020l:7070: P127,175:-127,0:0,-112p:127,0 0,(21-m)*8-1:0,1-8*(21-m):255,0:0,(21-m)*8-1:-255,0: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 i=1k=j {1;p;j+13 +7*z,(14-(p$(1))/2)*(z+1)+(z=-1);j;". ";p$(i):i=i+1:j &18,8;"Choose 1, 2 or 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7111 ˝18,8;" Your answer:";q$;" ";1;p;k+13 +7*z,(14-(p$(1))/2)*(z+1)+(z=-1);k:q$=k7121 w7;1;19,0;" Sorry correct answer is no.";k;" ":.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ѓ1;4;19,8;" * Well done * ":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 :  R20,1;o$(29);1;20,6;" NEED HELP? y or n " #!q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7203# &0h=h+1:21,0;o$(19): 31;21,6;"LIKE AN EXPLANATION?" !q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7303  Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;o$(12 ):i Orx*8-1,(22-y)*8:95_,0:0,-41):-95_,0:0,41) Rp=p+1:y=y+7 U #(,1;21,9 ;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/%.1}L,.1}L:="r":6 #1!21,9 ;o$(14) #4""90124# #7 # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # O zpyx FQ5D