ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXheat1 ,, * .b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":1:1:2:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"h1" sc @@@@P||<<|B<@UUUUUU@@@@@@@  BBBBBBf@BBDbB  D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@@@@UUUPUU"@@@8?P||BN|~B@B~BJN0LB?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&@@@ @@@p@@@B@?@B<B<@8P!?@@@@`@@@0@UU@ H ???@@???????@@??????????@@??????????88 00@@?????????88 00???????<<<< 00?????????<<<<pp?????????<<?<<xx?????????<<?<<~~???~~???????<~~??~~????B<<|<<~<<~B<|~~~??~~??~~~~(BBBB@@@B@BBB@??~~~~B<(BB<|BH|B@B@B~|@???????<<||>><<B~DBB@BB@ZBD@???????88B><<B<<~<<@$BB~???????<gr X ||  xx @ "B~BD8"~BD8BB<DHpHDB@@@@@~BfZBBBBbRJFB\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 K1:9 ;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 Op$(3,40():o$=" ":m$=o$(15) >0:0:7::p=1:y=7:x=2 "j=12:8000@:j 9y=13 :x=2:j=12:8000@:j F2;6;1;0,0;"                                                 " 9 :0;21,9 ;"Choose 1 to 4";1;7,3;"1.";8,3;"Measurement";9 ,7;"of";10 ,3;"temperature" 2;9 ,16;"2.";10 ,16;"Transmission";11 ,16;"of heat";3;14,3;"3.";15,3;"Expansion" !c4;15,16;"4.";16,16;"Specific heat";17,16;"capacity" ' q$=:39'+(q$>"0"q$<"5") *1000*q$ m=20:7000X:1,3;"HEAT is a form of energy";3,3;"and is measured in .?.";5,0 fp$(3,20):p$(1)="Joules":p$(2)="degrees":p$(3)="phonons":7100 z2;18,0;" Remember it is temperature ";19,0;" that is measured in degrees ":9000(# g7000X:m=23:7010b:8100:7;6,28;"_";16,28;"_" *4,0;"The graduation of";6,0;"a thermometer is";8,0;"determined by";10 ,0;"choosing two";12 ,0;"fixed points.":9000(#:7020l:1,0;"The lower fixed point";2,0;"is the temperature ..";4,0 p$(3,40():p$(1)="when pure ice turns to water":p$(2)="at the lowest level of the mercury":p$(3)="when mercury freezes":7100 9000(#:7020l:1,0;"The difference between";2,0;"the 2 fixed points";3,0;"is called the ..";5,0 p$(1)="fundamental interval":p$(2)="basic difference":p$(3)="coefficient of linear expansion":7100 s9000(#:7000X:7010b:"300","189","100","626","-52","600","-20","247","100","574","-52","600","-20" W"201","44","602","-2","600","-36","628","0","600","36","602","2","203","16","628","0" 8"216","72","600","80","602","2","602","-2","600","-80"  2"218","72","600","20","198","82","1206","3","-"  "204","83","1208","4","-","1202","1","-","222","88","1207","1","-","1203","-4","-","1204","-4","-","300","9999":1024:9100# H218,24,1.43333:7;13 ,27;"":9 fi=((*2)+4)*5:1,0;"The fundamental";3,0;"interval on an";5,0;"uncalibrated";7,0;"thermometer is";9 ,0;"found to be ";fi;"cms." 12 ,0;"by first placing in";14,0;"pure melting ice";16,0;"and then in steam":9000(# h=(*7)+3:7020l:1,0;"In an experiment to";4,0;"determine an unknown";7,0;"temperature, the";10 ,0;"distance above the";13 ,0;"lower fixed point";16,0;"was found to be ";h;"cm" 9000(#:7020l:1,0;"Fundamental interval";2,0;"= ";7;fi;p;"cm";3,0;"Height above lower";4,0;"fixed point = ";7;h;p;"cm";5,0;"So unknown temp.= ?";6,0 hp$(1)=(h*100d/fi)+"":p$(2)=h+"":p$(3)=(h*100d/fi+h)+"":7100 2;18,0;"since ";fi;"cms represents";19,0;" 100 then ";h;"cms ";20,0;" represents ";(h*100d/fi);" ":9000(# !h7000X:7010b:8100:7;1;16,27;".";10 ,28;"_37" $s1,0;"In a clinical";4,0;"thermometer, the";7,0;"mercury does not fall";10 ,0;"back into the bulb";13 ,0;"when removed from";16,0;"the mouth.":9000(#:7020l:1,0;"The mercury does not";2,0;"fall back because";3,0;"there is a ..";5,0 'p$(3,30):p$(1)="constriction in the tube":p$(2)="construction in the tube":p$(3)="contraction of the tube":7100 *2;18,1;" NB:Average body ";19,1;"temperature is 37C";7;19,24;"constr-";20,24;"iction" -u"300","240","28","1186","14","/2","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","309","9999":1069-:9100#:9000(# 07000X:7;1,0;"Mercury is preferred to alcohol for use in thermometers because mercury .. " 3p$(3,64@):m=64@:p$(1)="is opaque/a better conductor of heat/does not wet glass":p$(2)="freezes and boils at a higher temperature than alcohol":p$(3)="has a coefficient of expansion 6 times less":7100 6F9000(#:p$(3,13 ):m=14:7000X:7010b 9x=((*13 )+4)*2:1,0;"On the Kelvin";2,0;"scale of";3,0;"temperature";4,0;x;"C = " <"300","120","80","728","0","597","3","603","-3","597","-3","184","80","600","72","597","-3","603","3","603","-3","128","80","712","56","9999":1084<:9100#:1:i=84808:128+i,80P+i/2:129+i,81Q+i/2:i:0 ?7;12 ,15;1;"273C";12 ,21;4;"0C";12 ,25;2;"100C";1;0;11 ,26;"|":1:114r,76L:4,0:9 B[5;7;1,19;"Pressure";10 ,27;"Temp";5,0 Ep$(1)=(273+x)+"K":p$(2)=(273-x)+"K":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(273+i*x/2)+"K":7100 H.2;18,0;"Since 0C";19,0;" = 273K ";3;7;18,15;"-273C=absolute";19,19;"zero of";20,17;"temperature";1;13 ,15;"0K";4;13 ,20;"273K";2;13 ,25;"373K":9000(# K 18 Ж7000X:7;9 ,0;" The transfer of thermal energy is brought about by conduction, convection and radiation. ":9000(# L7000X:i=1:7;0,0;"Conduction";:8200 ֛7000X:7;0,0;" Conduction occurs in a metal on heating. The free electrons in the metal .. ";3,0 p$(1)="begin to move faster in the hot part and drift towards the cooler parts":p$(2)="begin to move more slowly, the slowest moving towards the cooler parts":p$(3)="cease to move":7100:9000(# b7000X:7;0,0;o$;" Good conductors are:- ";o$;4,0; wp$(1)="most metals":p$(2)="liquids and gases":p$(3)="wood, plastic, cork":7100:9000(# 2999 :p$(1)="the lagging of water pipes":p$(2)="the 'bit' of a soldering iron":p$(3)="the element in a kettle":7100:9000(# 2999 :7;0,15;"good conductor";3,0;:p$(2)="a string vest":p$(1)="a car radiator":p$(3)="the vacuum between the walls of a vacuum flask":7100:9000(# c7000X:m=15:7010b:0,0;"COMPARISON OF":"THERMAL":"CONDUCTIVITIES" &"300","160","80","660","30","570","30","540","-30","630","-30","600","-30","570","30","600","30","134","106","656","28","600","4","600","-4","626","-26","604","2","600","-30","160","50","609","4.5","226","144","1144","-32","/1.4","603","3","597","-3","597","3","9999":2027:9100# _134,106j:568,28:0,4:0,-4:26,-26 i=10 50210 :i/10 :156+i,546+i/2:30,-30:4,4,3*:-30,30:-4,-4,:0:166+i,535+i/2:4,2:i }7;20,26;"W";19,27;"I";18,28;"L";17,29;"C";16,30;"A" E7;2;4,27;"Hot";5,26;"water"  9 :5,0;"A=Aluminium";7,0;"C=Copper";9 ,0;"L=Lead";11 ,0;"I=Iron";13 ,0;"W=Wood";16,0;"The rods all";17,0;"have the same";18,0;"length and";19,0;"diameter":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"The ends of";1,0;"the rods are";2,0;"in hot water.";3,0;"The rods have";4,0;"already been";5,0;"coated in ..";6,0 p$(3,12 ):p$(1)="paraffin wax":p$(2)="red dye":p$(3)="iron filings":7100:9000(#:7020l 0,0;"The wax melted";1,0;"different";2,0;"distances along";3,0;"the rods. The";4,0;"best conductor";5,0;"of heat was ..";6,0 [p$(1)="copper":p$(2)="aluminium":p$(3)="iron":7100:9000(#  7000X:m=20:7010b:"232","120","536","-64","1210","-10","*.87","664","64","243","109","1188","12","/2","1212","-12","/2"  "301","220","106","618","0","178","34","600","10","602","-2","598","2","598","-2","300":b=0:8300l :7;18,21;"Ice in";19,21;"gauze";9 ,21;"Water" ""180","90","612","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","309","9999":2057 :9100#:176,546,5:0,0;"Heat is applied at";1,0;"the top of the water";2,0;"When the water boils";3,0;"at the top, ..";6,0; p$(3,34"):p$(1)="the ice is unmelted":p$(2)="the ice melts":p$(3)="the water boils at the bottom":7100 2;18,0;" This shows that ";19,0;"water is a very bad";20,0;" conductor of heat ":9000(# L7000X:i=2:7;0,0;"Convection";:8200 $7000X:m=19:7010b "158","40","695","0","302","228","48","1203","12","-/2.5","1203","-12","-/2.5","233","48","1198","6","/2.5","1198","-6","/2.5" !7;17,27;"fire":"300","160","70","612","0","600","48","180","118","600","-48","647","0","600","48","235","118","600","-48","616","0" $"198","100","588","0","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","208","100","612","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","9999":2075:9100#:7;8,23;"Shaft";1;1,21;"COAL MINE" '9 :0,0;"The purpose of";1,0;"lighting a fire";2,0;"as shown is ..";5,0; *p$(3,34"):p$(1)="to ventilate the mine":p$(2)="to raise the temperature":p$(3)="to burn off coal dust":7100 -y2;18,0;" Hot air rises- ";19,0;"thus ventilating";20,0;" by convection " 07;8,23;" ";9,23;" ";3,20;"Cold";4,20;"air";3,27;"Hot";4,27;"air":176,130:0,-10:3,3:-3,-3:-3,3:232,120:0,10:3,-3:-3,3:-3,-3 1J7;8,23;" ";9 ,23;" ";3,20;"Cold";4,20;"air";3,27;"Hot";4,27;"air":"176","130","600","-10","603","3","597","-3","597","3","232","120","600","10","603","-3","597","3","597","-3","200","64","610","0","597","3","603","-3","597","-3","9999" 3$20971:9100#:9000(# 4$7000X:m=14:7010b 5 cold tank 6n"128","136","600","-4","596","0","124","130","604","0","600","-4","596","0","124","124","604","0","600","-8" 8 lh pipe 9u"616","0","600","-60","608","0","600","-4","639","0","600","4","603","0","600","-48","624","0","600","-4","624","0" ; rh boiler <@"600","32","576","0","600","-4","596","0","600","64","577","0" > top boiler ?Q"600","4","1182","4","/4","600","4","672","0","245","110","528","0","600","26" Aexpansion pipe top B9"1192","4","/4","596","0","1192","-4","/4","600","-2" Drhs cold tank E"160","136","600","-20","587","0","600","-58","605","0","600","42","1218","4","-/4","600","31","1192","3","/4","1194","-4","/3" G2nd inner circuit Hb"191","58","606","0","600","-48","621","0","600","20","593","0","600","64","580","0","600","-35" KK"128","123","632","0","302","223","36","600","-32","237","36","600","-32" N"300","128","130","609","-4","301","139","100","600","-12","602","2","598","-2","598","2","189","32","600","-12","602","2","598","-2","598","2","302","220","68","600","12","602","-2","598","2","598","-2" Q"232","104","612","0","598","-2","602","2","598","2","300","9999":21004:9100#:140,126~,2::7;19,28;"K";1,17;"DOMESTIC";2,17;"WATER SYSTEM";2;1,26;"HOT" U9 :1,0;"K is the ..?";4,0:p$(3,24):p$(1)="boiler":p$(2)="hot water tank":p$(3)="cold supply tank":7100:9000(# X7020l:1,0;"Arrow J is";2,0;"the ..?";7;9 ,29;"J";19,28;" ";4,0 [zp$(1)="hot supply to taps":p$(2)="expansion pipe":p$(3)="mains inlet":7100:9000(# ^7020l:0,0;"Transmission";1,0;"of heat";2,0;"between the";3,0;"boiler and the";4,0;"hot water tank";5,0;"is by ..?";7;9 ,29;" ";6,0 ap$(1)="convection":p$(2)="conduction":p$(3)="radiation":7100:2;18,0;" The water ";19,0;" circulates ":9000(# g7000X:m=19:7010b:time=(*2):"304","160","68","1243","-8","-/8","301","1248","-16","/8","207","57","648","0":1;7;15,29;1;"Sea" j-7;4;14,20;"Land" mH"301+(time=0)","160","84","600","20","1204","4","-/2","302","680","0" ps"301+(time=1)","1204","-4","-/2","600","-20","1196","-4","-/2","301","520","0","301+(time=0)","1196","4","-/2" s"302","203","111","603-6*time","-3","597+6*time","-3","301","203","83","597+6*time","-3","603-6*time","-3","9999":2151g:9100# v9 :0,2;"LAND AND SEA";1,5;"BREEZES";3,0;"The diagram shows";4,0;"the flow of air ..";7;3;17,28;"warm";6,0;:0:255,40(:0,-8:9 yp$(3,20):p$(1)=("in the daytime"time=0)+("at night-time"time=1):p$(2)=("at night-time"time=0)+("in the daytime"time=1):p$(3)="always":7100 |2;18,0;" Hot air rises ";19,0;" causing a ";20,0;"convection current" l7;1+(time=0);15,20;("hot"time=0);("cool"time=1):9000(# K7000X:i=3:7;0,0;"Radiation";:8200 }m=20:7000X:7010b:b=27:8300l :0:7;10 ,21;"c";10 ,30;"s" "300","176","97","591","-2","600","-8","609","-2","239","97","609","-2","600","-8","591","-2","176","110","600","-48","304","239","110","600","-48"  7;3,21;"Dull,";4,21;"black";4;18,23;"Polished":"309","188","132","1192","-30","-/4","599","3","601","-3","603","0","304","226","36","1208","30","-/4","597","0","603","0","601","-3","9999":2184:9100# 9 :0,2;"ABSORPTION OF";1,2;"RADIANT HEAT";2,0;"Corks c and s are";3,0;"fixed with wax to";4,0;"metal plates.";5,0;"On heating ..";6,0 p$(3,33!):p$(1)="c falls off first":p$(2)="s falls off first":p$(3)="c and s fall at the same time":7100 2;18,0;"Dull black surfaces";19,0;" absorb radiant ";20,0;" heat better ":9000(# 7000X:7010b:"200","140","600","-8","1192","-8","-/4","1192","-8","/4","600","-64","1248","0","","600","64","1192","8","/4","1192","8","-/4","600","8" "1204","0","-","600","-7","1209","-8","/3","1207","-9","-/3","600","-64","1144","0","-","600","64","1207","9","-/3","1209","8","/3","600","7","1204","0","-" 8"199","148","601","-16","615","0","601","16","583","0" "302","184","108","648","0","303","196","12","1200","12","-/2","602","-4","598","4","596","-2","9999":2203:9100#:7;20,25;"vacuum" 9 :0,0;"THE VACUUM FLASK";1,0;"(OR DEWAR FLASK)";3,0;"The vacuum between";4,0;"the walls ensures";5,0;"heat is lost only by";6,0 Yp$(1)="radiation":p$(2)="conduction":p$(3)="convection":7100 2;18,0;"NB.Slight conduction";19,0;" occurs at the neck ";20,0;"and through the cork":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"Heat loss by";1,0;"radiation is";2,0;"reduced by ..";4,0 p$(3,36$):p$(1)="silvering the glass walls":p$(2)="using a cork stopper":p$(3)="wrapping the flask in a towel":7100:9000(#:18 }7000X:7;0,0;" A use for a bad conductor of heat could be:- ";3,0: 7000X:4,0;"Most substances expand when","heated and this can cause","problems, for example";14,0;"Allowance for expansion is made by leaving small gaps,","by overlapping joints or in the case of some bridges,","by mounting on rollers." 7;9 ,4;"the expansion of railway";10 ,4;" tracks in summer ";0,9 ;" EXPANSION ":9000(# 7000X:m=21:7010b:"302","204","108","604","0","600","-56","596","0","301","596","0","600","56","604","0","600","-56" 7;18,22;"Iron";2;5,22;"Brass":"186","32","1208","24","-/2","302","214","124","1200","-24","-/2","9999":3006 :9100# 9 :0,0;"THE BIMETALLIC STRIP";2,0;"A strip of brass is";3,0;"rivetted to a strip";4,0;"of iron. On heating";5,0;"this strip, it ..";6,0 p$(3,34"):p$(1)="bends":p$(2)="breaks":p$(3)="remains straight, but lengthens":7100 R2;18,0;" Brass expands ";19,0;" more than iron" ͬ"302","230","109","603","1","1200","-60","-/3","597","1","301","597","1","1200","56","/3","603","1","1200","-58","-/3","309","9999":3021 :9100#:9000(# Ќ7000X:1,0;"Invar is an alloy of steel and nickel. It is important because when heated, it expands ..";5,0 Zp$(1)="very little":p$(2)="a great deal":p$(3)="rapidly":7100 z2;18,1;" Invar is used in bimetallic ";19,1;" strips and watches ":9000(# ّ7000X:7010b:"302","188","110","600","-70","601","0","600","70","601","0","600","-70","597","0","300","599","0","600","70","601","0" 8"207","100","603","0","600","-60","597","0","600","60" _"207","50","579","0","1200","-6","","621","0","210","44","1200","6","","199","44","600","6" C"188","110","600","40","648","0","208","100","600","32","632","0" t"212","56","606","0","600","8","604","-4","600","-4","596","-4","600","8","594","0","9999":3033 :9100# 7;18,22;"contacts";17,25;"^";2;4,24;"heater>";14,28;"T";11 ,24;"B";0;11 ,22;"I" 9 :0,0;"THE ELECTRIC";1,0;"THERMOSTAT";4,0;"A useful application";5,0;"of the bimetallic";6,0;"strip is the electric";7,0;"thermostat for";8,0;"maintaining a steady";9 ,0;"temperature.";7;13 ,0;"The bimetallic strip";14,0;"consists of invar I ";15,0;" and brass B ";p;18,0;"T=temperature";19,0;"setting knob":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"When the bimetallic";1,0;"strip becomes hot,";2,0;"it bends and ..";5,0 p$(3,38&):p$(1)="separates the contacts":p$(2)="pushes the contacts together":p$(3)="moves the contacts out of alignment":7100 r2;18,0;"This cuts off";19,0;" the current ";17,22;"<-":9000(# f7000X:7;1,6;" THE COEFFICIENT OF ";2,6;" LINEAR EXPANSION " 4,0;"of a substance is the fraction of its original length by which a rod of the substance expands per degree rise in temperature." 12 ,1;"Coefficient =";7;15,0;o$;o$;16,1;"original length X rise in temp.";15,11 ;"expansion":8,47/:240,0:9000(# 7000X:m=18:7010b:0,0;"TO DETERMINE THE";1,0;"COEFFICIENT OF";2,0;"LINEAR EXPANSION";3,0;"OF A METAL" st=((*5)+193)/10 :m1=((*5)+425)/100d:m2=((*5)+345Y)/100d "152","48","678","0","600","4","522","0","600","-4","207","44","554","0","600","-2","647","0":7;16,26;"" "160","60","600","-4","592","0","600","-18","656","0","600","-4","212","34","600","4","615","0","600","10","227","52","600","4","538","0","600","4" J"234","52","610","3","606","0","600","-10","594","0","590","3","600","4" "162","74","600","-8","597","3","603","-3","603","3","210","28","600","-8","597","3","603","-3","603","3","9999":3069 :9100#:7;14,30;"m";2;11 ,19;"Steam";20,24;"Steam" 6,0;"A metal rod (and";8,0;"a thermometer)";10 ,0;"are enclosed in";12 ,0;"a steam jacket";15,0;"m=micrometer";17,0;"Readings are taken":9000(#:7020l 0,0;"In the experiment";2,0;"Initial temp.";3,0;"t1=";t;"C";6,0;"Final temp.";7,0;"t2=";t+80P;"C";10 ,0;"Original length of";11 ,0;"rod l=50cm";14,0;"1st micrometer";15,0;"reading m1=";m1;"mm";18,0;"2nd micrometer";19,0;"reading m2=";m2;"mm" 1;7;1,19;"t1=";t;"C";2,19;"t2=";t+80P;"C";3,20;"l=50cm";4,19;"m1=";m1;"mm";5,19;"m2=";m2;"mm" 9000(#:7020l:0,0;"So the coefficient";1,0;"of linear";2,0;"expansion of";3,0;"the metal is";4,0 )p$(3,32 ):p$(1)=(((((m1-m2)/(500*80P))*10000000))/10000000)+"/C":p$(2)=(((((m1-m2)/(502*80P))*10000000))/10000000)+"/C":p$(3)=(((((m1-m2)/(199*80P))*10000000))/10000000)+"/C":7100 "2;18,0;" (";m1/10 ;"-";m2/10 ;") ";19,0;" ";502;"x(";t+80P;"-";t;")":7:0,24:119w,0:9 :9000(# %7000X:7010b:"300","159","132","603","3","603","-3","597","3","600","-84","684","0","597","3","603","-3","597","-3" ("162","84","1248","0","/5","632","12","186","80","600","-7","186","69","600","-7","186","58","600","-7","9999":3109% :9100# *7;16,20;"0";16,23;"4";16,29;"C";6,19;1;"V";7,19;"o";8,19;"l";9 ,19;"u";10 ,19;"m";11 ,19;"e" +9 :0,0;"THE UNUSUAL";1,0;"EXPANSION OF WATER";3,0;"Water CONTRACTS on";4,0;"heating over the";5,0;"range 0C-4C. The";6,0;"maximum DENSITY";7,0;"of water occurs at" .Sp$(1)="4C":p$(2)="0C":p$(3)="100C":7100:9000(# 47000X:0,12 ;"GASES";4,0;"Gases are made up of elastic",,,"molecules moving randomly.";10 ,0;"The force exerted by the",,,"molecules hitting the walls",,,"of the container produces",,,"the gas pressure.":9000(# 7 3990 =2,0;"A mass of gas";5,0;"at constant";8,0;"temperature is";11 ,0;"trapped in a";14,0;"cylinder by";17,0;"a piston.":9000(#:7020l:0,0;"What happens to";1,0;"the gas pressure";2,0;"if the volume is";3,0;"decreased by";4,0;"pushing on";5,0;"the piston?";6,0 @`"303","200","60","590","0","603","-3","597","3","603","3","309","9999":3136@ :9100# Cvp$(1)="it increases":p$(2)="it decreases":p$(3)="it remains the same":7100:9000(# F7000X:7;1,9 ;" BOYLE'S LAW ";8,0;" pressure x volume is constant ";16,9 ;" pV=constant ";p;4,0;"states that:-";11 ,4;"for a fixed mass of gas";12 ,4;"at constant temperature":9000(# I7000X:7010b:0,0;"APPARATUS TO";1,0;"VERIFY BOYLE'S LAW";2,0;"By moving the";3,0;"tube(A) down,";4,0;"the volume of air";5,0;"in the closed tube" L"300","210","144","600","-80","604","0","600","80","596","0":i=066B6:211,70F+i:1,0:i O"228","128","600","-88","1168","0","-","600","72","599","1","600","16","193","129","600","-16","599","-1","600","-72","1240","0","","600","88" R]"190","114","608","4","1200","-4","-","592","4","192","80","603","0","228","112","603","0" Xq"302","176","106","608","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","234","18","594","6","600","-3","600","3","603","0" [h"301","220","156","600","-54","606","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","9999":3145I :9100# ]7;1;1,24;"mercury";8,30;"A";2;7,19;"mass";8,19;"of";9 ,19;"dry";10 ,19;"air";20,20;"Rubber tube";6,0 ^e9 :p$(1)="increases":p$(2)="decreases":p$(3)="stays the same":7100 ab2;18,0;" Lowering tube A ";19,0;" reduces pressure":9000(# d3990:9 :0,0;"The piston is free";1,0;"to move. If the";2,0;"temperature of the";3,0;"gas is increased";4,0;"what happens to";5,0;"its volume?";6,0 g7100:9000(# j7000X:3,0;"The general gas law states:-";9 ,9 ;7;" pV ";10 ,9 ;" -- = constant ";11 ,9 ;" T ";p;15,0;"where T is in Kelvin (absolute)":9000(# mu7000X:V=((*3)+24)*5:T=((*3)+2)*5:p=((*2)+150)*5 p7;0,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;0,2;V;"cm of gas are collected";1,2;"at ";T;"C and ";p;"mm of mercury pressure.",," What is the volume of the gas at s.t.p. (where p=760 mmHg) ?";6,0 sp$(1)=(((273*p*V)/((T+273)*760))+.5)+"cm":p$(2)=((p*V)/760+.5)+"cm":p$(3)=((273*p*V)/((273-T)*760)+.5)+"cm" v%7100:2;18,0;o$;o$;18,2;"pV=constant ";p;"x";V;" =760xV";19,3;"T";19,15;"(273+";T;") 273":16,24:15,0:120x,24:568,0:192,24:40(,0:9000(#:18  7000X:7010b:"300","240","100","520","0","600","-32","680","0","200","100","600","-32","601","0","600","32","601","0","600","-32","240","85","560","0","600","-2","640","0","309","9999":3990:9100#:7;2;11 ,21;"gas": 7000X:7;4,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;5,1;"The specific heat capacity(c)";6,1;"of a substance is the heat";7,1;"required to raise unit mass";8,1;"of it through 1C":9000(# 7000X:7;4,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;5,5;"Heat energy given out";6,4;"(or received) by a body";8,1;"= mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change (mc)" 13 ,1;"Eg:heat energy in Joules";14,1;"mass in kg";15,1;"c in J/kgC";16,1;" in C":9000(# Gms=((*4)+4)*10 :t=((*4)+6)*10 7000X:7;0,0;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;o$;1,1;"How many Joules of heat are given out when a piece of iron of mass ";ms;"g (c=460J/kgC),";4,1;"cools from ";t;"C to 20C?";6,0 p$(3,28):p$(1)=(ms/1000*460*(t-20))+"J":p$(2)=(ms*460*(t-20))+"J":p$(3)=(ms/1000*460*(t-20)+273)+"J":m=19:7100 O2;18,0;" mc = (";ms;"/1000)x460x(";t;"-20) ":9000(# 7000X:7010b:0,0;"TO MEASURE THE";1,0;"SPECIFIC HEAT";2,0;"CAPACITY OF A";3,0;"LIQUID BY THE";4,0;"METHOD OF";5,0;"ELECTRICAL HEATING" ct=(*3)+32 :A=((*3)+97a)/100d:V=((*3)+61=)/100d "302","175","96","600","-49","657","0","600","49","300","184","92","600","-40","640","0","600","40","602","0","600","3","556","0","600","-3","642","0" "168","102","620","0","600","-40","602","0","9999":4021:9100#:i=13:6,4,/2:-4,0,/2:6,-4,/2:i "602","0","600","40","620","0","226","130","1194","0","","600","-74","570","0","178","105","597","-3","603","-3","230","105","597","-3","603","-3","203","120","600","-45","184","86","640","0","309","9999" 94027:9100#:7;12 ,25;"" :8,0;"The liquid in a";9 ,0;"copper calorimeter";10 ,0;"is heated for ";11 ,0;t;"mins";12 ,0;"by a heating coil.";13 ,0;"It is well stirred.";16,0;"Current I=";A;"A";17,0;"Pd across";18,5;"coil=";V;"V" q7;1,22;"t=";t;"mins";2,22;"I=";A;"A";3,21;"Pd=";V;"V":9000(# 7020l:1,0;"Mass of liquid=100g";5,0;"Mass of calorimeter";6,0;"+ stirrer=75g";10 ,0;"c (copper)=0.4J/gC";14,0;"Rise in temperature";15,0;"=3C" Đ7;17,20;"100g liquid";18,21;"75g cal.";19,21;"c=0.4J/gC";20,21;"=3C":9000(# ǜ7020l:0,0;"What is the";1,0;"specific heat";2,0;"capacity of the";3,0;"liquid?";5,0 p$(3,16):p$(1)=((((V*A*t*60<-90Z)/300,)*100d)/100d)+"J/gC":p$(2)=(((V*A*t*60</300,)*100d)/100d)+"J/gC":p$(3)=((((V*A*t*60<+90Z)/300,)*100d)/100d)+"J/gC":7100 >2;18,0;" For explanation:- ":9000(# 7020l:0,0;"Heat supplied";1,0;"electrically =";2,0;"Heat gained by";3,0;"liquid + cal.";6,0;"VIt(in secs)=";7,0;"mc(liquid)+";8,0;"mc(calorimeter)";11 ,0;V;"x";A;"x";t;"x60";12 ,0;"=(100xcx3)";13 ,0;"+(75x0.4x3)";16,0;"So spec.ht.cap.";17,0;"of liquid";18,0;"c=";p$(1,12 ):9000(# ܿ7000X:7;0,0;o$;o$;o$;0,3;"Accuracy of results using a";1,3;"calorimeter can be greatly";2,3;"improved by:-";3,0  m=32 :p$(3,75K):p$(1)="wrapping the calorimeter in a thick outer jacket":p$(2)="taking initial readings when the liquid is well above room temperature":p$(3)="preventing evaporation of the liquid in the calorimeter":7100:9000(#  18 XHp=(*7):p=p+4*(p=2)+(p=4):p:p:9 :: bi=021:7;i,m;o$(32 -m):i:m*8,0:0,175:(32 -m)*8-1,0:0,-175:-(32 -m)*8+1,0: l,i=021:i,0;o$(m):i: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 ,i=1k=j:line=24-23689\ +j;". ";p$(i,m-3):p$(i,m-2) i=i+1:j #13 ,0;"Choose 1 to 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7110 Q13 ,0;"Your answer:";q$;1;line,0;k:q$=k7121 {15,0;"Sorry correct";16,0;"answer is no.";7;k:.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ђ1;4;15,0;"* Well done! *":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 : Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;m$:i Otx*8-1,(22-y)*8:121y,0:0,-41):-121y,0:0,41) R(p=p+1:y=y+1:x=x+13 U 7;18,27;"":"216","31","600","112","603","2","603","-2","600","-112","219","31","600","88","9999":8100:9100#: p$(3,90Z):7;" is the transfer of ";(" "i=3);1,0;"heat from hot to cold places .. ";3,0;:m=64@ Tp$(i)="through a substance without any movement of the substance as a whole" i=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="as electro-magnetic waves (infra-red). It can take place across a vacuum" gi=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="through fluids, by the movement of the fluid itself" 7100:9000(#: l"230-b","52","600","24","1210","0","/2","600","-24","301","230-b","76","1205","24","-/2.5","1205","-24","-/2.5","238-b","76","1197","12","/2.5","1197","-12","/2.5","9999":8300l :9100#: #(#21,0;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/="r":6 #1#21,0;o$(14): # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # pyxlmkinq'hbimO M R/3Mconvection conduction radiation Q2& heat2 ,, .b23613=\+256*23614>\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 7:7:7::9 ;0,7;" PROGRAM LOADING ";0,0;:"sc":1:1:2:0,0;:"gr""a",168:0,0;:"h2" #sc @ @@@P||<<|B<@UUUUUU@@@@@@@  BBBBBBf@BBDbB  D  BBB@BBZ@BBBR@@@@UUUPUU"@@@8?P||BN|~B@B~BJN0LB?@DBBDBB@BBDFBpH&@@@ @@@p@@@B@?@B<B<@8P!?@@@@`@@@0@UU@ H ???@@???????@@??????????@@??????????88 00@@?????????88 00???????<<<< 00?????????<<<<pp?????????<<?<<xx?????????<<?<<~~???~~???????<~~??~~????B<<|<<~<<~B<|~~~??~~??~~~~(BBBB@@@B@BBB@??~~~~B<(BB<|BH|B@B@B~|@???????<<||>><<B~DBB@BB@ZBD@???????88B><<B<<~<<@$BB~???????<gr XG||  xx @ "B~BD8"~BD8$BBB$"THHT"?TT"BbRJFB\,0:23613=\+1+256*23614>\,0 K1;9 ;0,3;"STOP TAPE and press any key":0 Op$(3,36$):o$=" ":m$=o$(14) (0:0:7::p=3 8y=7:x=1:j=13:8000@:j  2;6;1;0,0;"                                        " :9 :2;20,7;" Choose 1, 2 or 3 " W3;8,1;"1.";9 ,1;"Change of";10 ,1;"state" !v4;11 ,10 ;"2.";12 ,10 ;"Some";13 ,10 ;"useful";14,10 ;"formulae" %5;14,19;"3.";15,19;"Typical";16,19;"'O' level";17,19;"Calculations" ' q$=:39'+(q$>"0"q$<"4") *(6-q$)*1000 7000X:7,0;"Remember you can ask for help several times in each question.";14,0;"If you wish to return to the","main menu, press r at the","end of any question.";7;2,0;" TYPICAL 'O' LEVEL CALCULATIONS ":9000(# h=0:t=(*3)+14:d=50.05H333+((*5)+1)/10 :7000X:m=20:7010b:4:209,120x,32 :178,119w:63?,0 L2:212,47/,28:185,47/:557,0 7;12 ,21;t;"C";15,25;"50cm";11 ,22;"Iron tyre";4;6,23;d;"cm";1,24;"Wheel" 9 :1,0;"An iron tyre of";5,0;"diameter 50cm at";9 ,0;t;"C is to be shrunk";13 ,0;"onto a wheel of";17,0;"diameter ";d;"cm.":9000(# ǀ7020l:0,0;"The iron tyre is";3,0;"heated so that it";6,0;"will slip over the";9 ,0;"wheel with a radial";12 ,0;"gap of 0.5mm";15,0;"Coefficient of";16,0;"linear expansion of";17,0;"iron =0.000012/C";2;7;19,21;"=";20,21;".000012/C" 9000(#:h=0 qans=((((2**(d+.1}L)/2-502*)/(.000012pIS*502*)+t+.05|L)*10 ))/10 o3057 :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3033 +3*h:9000(#:3024 +36$*(h=6) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=(*5)+5:p$(2)=(ans+i*j)+"C":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):j=(*5)+10 :p$(3)=(ans+i*j)+"C":p$(1)=ans+"C":5,0:7100 7300:q$="n"3060 \7020l:h=16:3033 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:3060 6,0;"For the iron tyre:-";7;8,0;"Coefficient of ";9 ,0;"linear expansion =";11 ,0;"(expansion)/ ";12 ,0;"(original length x ";13 ,0;"rise in temperature)": ߥ7;7,0;"Original length of";8,0;" iron tyre = 2r ";9 ,0;" (circumference) ";11 ,0;"= 2xx25 = 50 cm.": 7;6,0;"Radius of iron tyre";7,0;"when heated = ";9 ,0;d;"/2 + .5/10 cm.";14,0;" = ";d/2+.05|L;" cm. ";p;11 ,0;"(radius of wheel";12 ,1;"+ radial gap)": 7;7,0;" Circumference of ";8,0;" tyre when heated ";10 ,0;"= 2r = 2xx";d/2+.05|L;11 ,0;"= ";d+.1}L;" cm. ": 7;8,0;" Let C = the ";9 ,0;"final temperature";10 ,0;"of the iron tyre ";12 ,0;"Then the rise in ";13 ,0;"temp. is (-";t;")C": 7;5,0;"Putting values into:";7,0;"= expansion ";8,0;" orig.lth.xtemp.rise";11 ,0;".000012=(";d+.1}L;"-50) ";12 ,0;" 50x(-";t;") " L16,112p:143,0:72H,80P:80P,0 &7;15,0;"So (-";t;")= ";((d+.1}L-502+.005y# =)*100d)/100d;" ";16,0;" .000012x50";18,0;" Giving the answer ";19,0;o$(20);19,5;"=";ans;"C":80P,480:79O,0: 7020l:0,0;"To what temperature";1,0;"must the tyre be";2,0;"heated? (Remember";3,0;"radial gap of 0.5mm)": h=0:7000X:7010b:d=((*3)+7)*10 :v=((*3)+13 )/10 :5:209,64@,1.8ffff 4:174,110n:4,-10 ,-/8:5:32 ,-40(,/3:32 ,40(,/3:4:4,10 ,-/8:5:178,100d:64@,0 4:173,110n:4,-10 ,-/8:5:33!,-41),/3:33!,41),/3:4:4,10 ,-/8:5:178,99c:64@,0 1:168,96`:2,2:2,-2:-2,2:0,-24:170,63?:0,-5:-2,2:2,-2:2,2 #7;13 ,21;d;"m" 9 :3,0;"A small air bubble";7,0;"is at the bottom of";11 ,0;"a lake ";d;"m deep.":9000(# 7020l:3,0;"The volume of the";5,0;"air bubble is ";v;"cm";10 ,0;"Amospheric pressure";12 ,0;"is 10m of water" 7;15,26;"^";16,23;"volume";17,23;"=";v;"cm";1,21;"Atmos.";2,21;"pressure=";3,21;"10m of";4,21;"water":9000(# *p$(1)=(((10 +d)*v)/10 ) o3130: :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3097 +3*h:9000(#:3087 +46.*(h=5) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*1.5@)+"cm":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*1.3&fff)+"cm":p$(1)=(p$(1))+"cm":5,0:7100  7300:q$="n"3133= \7020l:h=15:3097 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:3133= 6,0;"Since temperature";8,0;"is constant,";10 ,0;"use Boyle's law:-";14,0;7;" pV=constant ": 2,0;"At the bottom";3,0;"of the lake,";4,0;"pressure on the";5,0;"air bubble is";6,0;"equivalent to";8,0;"(10+";d;")m of water";10 ,0;"=atmos. pressure";11 ,0;"+ depth of lake": "2,0;"Volume of bubble";4,0;"=(";v;"/100)m";7,0;"So at the bottom";10 ,0;7;" pV=";10 +d;"x(";v;"/100) ": %2,0;"Let v cm=volume";3,0;"of bubble just";4,0;"under the surface";7,0;7;" Then just under";8,0;" the surface:- ";12 ,0;" pV=10x(v/100) ": (2,0;"Equating pV at";3,0;"the bottom of";4,0;"the lake with";5,0;"pV just under";6,0;"the surface:-";8,0;7;" ";10 +d;"x(";v;"/100) ";9 ,0;" =10x(v/100) ";p;12 ,0;"Multiply both sides";13 ,0;"by 100 giving";7;15,0;o$(15);15,4;"v=";(d+10 )*v/10 ;"cm": :7020l:0,0;"The volume of the";1,0;"bubble when just";2,0;"below the surface";3,0;"is ..?": =#h=0:7000X:7010b @"303","172","56","1206","0","-","608","-16","1206","-6","/3","632","0","244","56","1194","0","","592","-16","1194","-6","-/3","184","44","648","0" C"172","55","1206","0","-","608","-16","1206","-6","/3","632","0","244","55","1194","0","","592","-16","1194","-6","-/3","184","43","646","0","309","9999":3133= :9100# Ftc=((*1)+2)*5:th=((*2)+13 )*5:tb=((*2)+11 )*5:4,0;"A bath already";7,3;"contains";10 ,0;"100kg of water";13 ,3;"at ";tb;"C" Lm3227 :7;3;19,24;"100kg";20,24;tb;"C":9000(#:7020l N cold tap O_"301","178","90","600","-16","1204","-4","/2","604","0","600","6","1204","0","-","600","-6" Ra"1204","-4","-/2","600","-3","597","0","1196","4","/2","592","0","1196","4","-/2","600","19" U"188","79","600","3","597","0","606","0","177","120","600","-24","598","2","602","-2","602","2","309","9999":3151O :9100# X2,0;"The cold tap";5,0;"delivers 20kg";8,0;"of water per";11 ,0;"minute at ";tc;"C";7;;1;5,21;"20kg/min";6,21;tc;"C":9000(#:7020l ` hot tap a_"302","239","90","600","-16","1196","-4","-/2","596","0","600","6","1196","0","","600","-6" d`"1196","-4","/2","600","-3","603","0","1204","4","-/2","608","0","1204","4","/2","600","19" g"229","79","600","3","597","0","606","0","240","160","600","-64","598","2","602","-2","602","2","309","9999":3169a :9100# j2,0;"The hot tap";5,0;"delivers 20kg";8,0;"of water per";11 ,0;"minute at ";th;"C";7;2;1,23;"20kg/min";2,23;th;"C":9000(#:7020l m2,0;"Assume complete";4,0;"mixing of the";6,0;"water and ignore";8,0;"heat losses":9000(#:7020l s{3230 :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3197} +3*h:9000(#:7020l:3187s +73I*(h=6) vi=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*.5)+" min":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*.13~R)+" min":p$(1)=p$(1)+" min":5,0:7100 y 7300:q$="n"3260 |\7020l:h=16:3197} +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:3260 %1,0;"IN THE BATH:-";4,0;"After t minutes";6,0;"heat gained by";8,0;"water from cold tap";11 ,0;"= heat lost by";13 ,0;"original bath water";15,0;"+ heat lost by";17,0;"water from hot tap": 7020l:2,0;"After t minutes,";4,0;"the cold tap has";6,0;"delivered 20t kg";8,0;"of water into";10 ,0;"the bath";14,0;"Rise in temperature";16,0;"= (45-";tc;")= ";45--tc;"C": 2,0;"For water from";4,0;"the cold tap";7,0;7;"Heat gain=mc Joules";p;9 ,0;"= 20t x c x ";45--tc;13 ,0;"where c = specific";14,0;"heat capacity of";15,0;"water in J/kgC": 1,0;"WATER FROM HOT TAP:-";3,0;"Heat loss (after";5,0;"delivering water for";7,0;"t minutes into bath)";9 ,0;"= mc Joules";12 ,0;"= 20t x c x (";th;"-45)": 2,0;"ORIGINAL BATH WATER:";4,0;"Heat loss";6,0;"= mc Joules";8,0;"= 100 x c x (";tb;"-45)": 0,0;"Heat gain=heat loss";2,0;7;"20txcx(45-";tc;")=";5,0;"20txcx(";th;"-45)+";8,0;"100xcx(";tb;"-45)";p;3,0;"(from cold)";6,0;"(from hot)";9 ,0;"(orig.bath water)" 3227 :12 ,0;"Divide by c,giving";14,0;20*(45--tc);"t=";20*(th-45-);"t+";100d*(tb-45-);16,0;"So t=";p$(1);" mins": _p$(1)=((((5*(tb-45-)/(90Z-tc-th)+.005y# =)*100d))/100d): 0,0;"How long will it";1,0;"be before the";2,0;"temperature in";3,0;"the bath has";4,0;"dropped to 45C?": #h=0:7000X:7010b B5;15,21;" ";14,21;" " Lg1=((*3)+103g)/10 :g2=((*3)+155)/10 L"168","97","597","-16","654","0","597","16","598","2","556","0","598","-2" B"167","80","600","-31","602","-2","646","0","602","2","600","31" V"218","85","630","0","601","-1","600","-5","599","-1","570","0","220","82","628","0" ԧ"190","100","607","0","600","7","593","0","600","-7","168","64","648","0","302","191","110","600","16","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","9999":3272 :9100# j7;17,22;"^";18,21;"500W";4,21;g1;5,21;"g/min" 3363# :9 :2,0;"Heat is supplied at";4,0;"a rate of 500W to";6,0;"a pressure cooker";8,0;"containing water.";13 ,0;"Rate of escape of";15,0;"steam=";g1;" g/min" x9000(#:7020l:2:6;1,26;g2;" ";2,26;"g/min";20,25;"700W" "210","18","600","20","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","195","110","600","8","640","0","600","30","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","309","9999":3300 :9100# 2,0;"If instead, heat";4,0;"is supplied at the";6,0;"rate of 700W, then";8,0;;g2;"g of water is";10 ,0;"lost per minute":9000(# }3360 :7200 :q$="y"7020l:3327 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:3312 -3294 *(h=3) i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(2)=(p$(1)+i*10.5()+" J/g":i=(*2):i=i-(i=0):p$(3)=(p$(1)+i*7.1c333)+" J/g":p$(1)=p$(1)+" J/g":6,0:7100 7300:q$="n"18 Z7020l:h=13:3327 +3*h:9000(#:7020l:h:18 0,0;"Heat suppied=";1,0;"heat received by";2,0;"water turning to";3,0;"steam + heat loss";4,0;"from cooker" 7,0;"In one minute:-";9 ,0;"Watts x 60 (secs)";10 ,0;"=ml+cooker loss(c)";7;12 ,0;"500x60=(";g1;"xl)+c" 16,0;"Remember:-";17,0;"1 Watt=1 Joule/sec";18,0;"l is in J/g";19,0;"c is in Joules": 2,0;"The ";6;"second";p;" set";4,0;"of readings give";6,0;"the equation";7;9 ,0;"700x60=(";g2;"xl)+c": 3363# :0,0;"We know:-";3,0;"700x60=(";g2;"xl)+c";4,0;"500x60=(";g1;"xl)+c";7,0;"SUBTRACT to give:-";10 ,0;"200x60=(";g2;"-";g1;")xl";7;15,0;"So l=";p$(1);" J/g": 7020l:0,0;"What is the";1,0;"latent heat of";2,0;"vapourisation of";3,0;"water at the";4,0;"temperature of";5,0;"the cooker?": #Ip$(1)=((((12000./(g2-g1)+.05|L)*10 ))/10 ): 4200h:4,0;"1. Coefficient of linear";5,3;"expansion of a substance = ";7,10 ;"(expansion)";8,1;"(original lengthxrise in temp.)":16,111o:232,0 12 ,0;"2. Boyle's Law: pV = constant (Temperature constant)";17,0;"3. pV = constant (T in Kelvin)";18,17;"(absolute)";18,3;"T":24,32 :15,0:9000(# 4200h:4,0;"4. Heat energy given out by a body = mc Joules";6,3;"(massxsp.ht.cap.xtemp.change)" 10 ,0;"5. Heat energy supplied by a heating coil = VIt Joules";12 ,18;"(t in secs)";15,0;"6. Heat energy required for change of state = ml Joules";17,1;"(l=latent heat of vapourisation or fusion)":9000(#:18 hf7000X:7;0,5;" SOME USEFUL FORMULAE ";2;2,12 ;" HEAT ": -"7000":m="21":"7010":b="20":"8300" "300","176","164","602","-2","600","-56","666","0","600","56","602","2","178","132","666","0","309","9999":5003:9100# `ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"6","23";"boiling";"7","24";"water";"3","24";"water";"4","23";"vapour" Kڰ"7";"0","0";"CHANGE OF STATE FROM";"1","0";" LIQUID TO VAPOUR " R4,0;"When boiling water";5,0;"changes from the";6,0;"liquid state to the";7,0;"vapour state, the";8,0;"temperature of the";9 ,0;"water remains";10 ,0;"constant at 100C";11 ,0;"whilst still steadily";12 ,0;"absorbing heat." "14","0";"This absorbed heat is";"15","0";"the energy needed to";"16","0";"convert the water";"17","0";"from the liquid state";"18","0";"to the vapour state.":"9000"  "5990" >"15","0";"Eg:for water";"17","0";"l=2260 J/g":"9000" 7000X:7010b:"300","176","116","602","-2","600","-56","668","0","600","56","602","2","301","178","80","1212","0","-","1212","4","-","1208","4","-","1216","-4","-","1208","0","-","1212","-4","-","9999":5024:9100# 7ڰ"7";"12","23";"melting";"13","25";"ice":ٰ"9" "2","0";"Similarly";"4","0";"latent heat is";"6","0";"taken in when";"8","0";"ice at 0C";"10","0";"melts to form";"12","0";"water at 0C":"9000" X"5990":"4","8";"fusion ";"9","15";"solid ";"10","3";"liquid":"9000" }"7000":m="17":"7010":"168","128","602","2","602","-2","598","2","600","-88","672","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2" s"170","120","612","-32","1206","-6","/3","632","0","1206","-6","-/3","616","-16","9999":5036:9100# Vڰ"7";"7","18";"100";"11","19";"80";ٰ"3";"4","20";"C";"17","27";"Time" q"0","0";ڰ"7";" THE COOLING OF ";1,0;" NAPTHALENE ";p;4,0;"Napthalene is";6,0;"liquid at 100C.";8,0;"It solidifies at";10 ,0;"80C and the";12 ,0;"temperature";14,0;"remains at 80C";16,0;"for several";18,0;"minutes ..":9000(#:7020l "0","0";"The cooling";"1","0";"napthalene";"2","0";"remains at 80C";"3","0";"for several";"4","0";"minutes because";"5","0";"heat loss =";"6","0";"mass x ..?" p$(3,30):p$(1)="latent heat of fusion":p$(2)="specific heat capacity":p$(3)="latent heat of vapourisation":7100:9000(# (t=(*4)-9 :g=(*3)+2:7000X:m=20:7010b:7;0,0;" TO FIND THE AMOUNT";1,0;" OF HEAT REQUIRED ";2,0;" TO CHANGE ";g;"g OF ";3,0;" ICE AT ";t;"C INTO ";4,0;" STEAM AT 100C " Ǧ"6","0";"First change";"8","0";"to ";g;"g of ice";"10","0";"at 0C";"14","0";"Specific heat";"15","0";"capacity (c)";"16","0";"of ice = 2.1 J/gC" ʴy="-16":"5996":"5997":"5996":"5997":ڰ"7";"20","22";t;"";"15","23";"0";"13","22";"ICE";ٰ"2";"17","23";"^";ٰ"0";"14","26";"c=2.1";"15","26";"J/gC" ٰͩ"9":"9000":"7020":"0","0";"Amount of heat";"1","0";"required to change";"2","0";g;"g of ice at ";t;"C to";"3","0";g;"g of ice at 0C = ?";"5","0" p$(1)=(g*2.1fff*-t)+"J":p$(2)=(g*2.1fff)+"J":p$(3)=(g*336P)+"J":7100:2;18,0;" mc=";g;"x2.1x";-t;"=";g*2.1fff*-t;"J ":9000(# u"7020":ڰ"7";"14","26";" ";"15","26";" ";ڰ"2";"17","26";" mc=";"18","26";g*2.1fff*-t;"J" o"5996":"5998":ڰ"7";"10","23";"0";"13","22";" ";"8","21";ٰ"1";"WATER";ٰ"2";"12","23";"^" ٰ"9":"0","0";"Specific latent heat";"1","0";"of ice(l) = 336 J/g";"2","0";"Amount of heat";"3","0";"required to change";"4","0";g;"g of ice at 0C to";"5","0";g;"g of water at 0C=?";ڰ"7";"9","26";"l=336";"10","26";"J/g";"6","0" zp$(1)=(g*336P)+"J":p$(2)=(g*2.1fff*-t)+"J":p$(3)=((g+.5)*336P)+"J":7100 Bڰ"2";"18","0";" ml = ";g;"x336 = ";g*336P;"J ":"9000" "7020":"5996":"5998":ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"8","21";" ";"5","21";"100";"2","21";"WATER";"7","23";"^";"9","26";" ";"10","26";" ";ڰ"2";ٰ"9";"12","26";" ml= ";"13","26";g*336P;"J";(" "g*366n<999) ٰ"9":"0","0";"Sp. heat capacity(c)";"1","0";"of water= 4.2 J/gC";"2","0";"Amount of heat";"3","0";"required to change";"4","0";g;"g of water at 0C";"5","0";"to ";g;"g of water at";"6","0";"100C=?";ڰ"7";"4","26";"c=4.2";"5","26";"J/gC";"6","0" p$(1)=(g*4.2fff*100d)+"J":p$(2)=(g*4.2fff*-t*10 )+"J":p$(3)=(g*2.1fff*-t)+"J":7100 Lڰ"2";"18","0";" mc=";g;"x4.2x100=";g*4.2fff*100d;"J":"9000" "7020":ڰ"7";"2","21";" ";"4","26";" ";"5","26";" ";ڰ"2";"7","26";" mc=";8,26;g*4.2fff*100d;"J";(" "g*4.2fff*100d<999) ?0:6;2;1,21;"STEAM":"168","167","1208","2","-/2","1208","2","-/2","1208","0","-/2","1208","-2","-/2","1208","-2","-/2","1200","-8","-/2","1192","-2","-/3","1192","-2","-/2","1192","0","-/2","1192","2","-/2","1192","2","-/2","1200","8","-/2","9999":5103:9100# ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"3","23";"^":ٰ"9":"0","0";"Sp. latent heat of";"1","0";"steam(l) = 2260 J/g";"2","0";"Amount of heat";"3","0";"required to change";"4","0";g;"g of water at 100C";"5","0";"to ";g;"g of steam at";"6","0";"100C = ?" Hڰ"7";"1","27";"l=";"2","27";"2260";"3","27";"J/g";"6","0" yp$(1)=(g*2260)+"J":p$(2)=(g*336P)+"J":p$(3)=((g+.5)*2260)+"J":7100 @ڰ"2";"18","0";" ml=";g;"x2260=";g*2260;"J ":"9000" Xڰ"2";"2","26";" ml= ";"3","26";g*2260;"J";ڰ"7";"1","27";" ":"7020" ڰ"7";"0","0";" TOTAL HEAT REQUIRED";"1","0";" TO CHANGE ";g;"g OF ICE";"2","0";" AT ";t;"C TO ";g;"g OF ";"3","0";" STEAM AT 100C = ? ";"5","0" p$(1)=(g*(2.1fff*-t+3016 ))+"J":p$(2)=(g*(2.1fff*-t+3352 ))+"J":p$(3)=(g*(2.1fff*t+3016 ))+"J":7100 ڰ"2";"18","0";" TOTAL=";g*2.1fff*-t;"+";g*336P;" ";"19","0";" +";g*420;"+";g*2260;"J ":"9000"  "7000":m="25":"7010":"5993":"3","0";"The molecules near the";5,0;"surface of a liquid which";7,0;"happen to be moving";9 ,0;"faster than average";11 ,0;"can escape from the";13 ,0;"attraction of their";15,0;"neighbours and jump out";17,0;"of the liquid to form a";19,0;"vapour."  "204","100":"2","-2":"0","-48":"42","0":"0","48":"2","2":"206","80":"42","0":ڰ"7";ٰ"2";"10","27";"^";"10","29";"^":"9000":"7020" "5993":"4","0";"The slower moving";"6","0";"molecules left behind in";"8","0";"the liquid have a lower";"10","0";"average kinetic energy";"12","0";"and this results in a";"14","0";"fall in temperature of";"16","0";"of the liquid." "9000":"7020":"5993":"3","0";"The rate of evaporation";"6","0";"is increased by";"9","0";"increasing the surface";"12","0";"area, and by passing a";"15","0";"current of air over or";"18","0";"through the liquid." ڰ"7";"10","27";" ":ް"1":"204","112","628","-56","207","114","628","-56","220","80","604","0","238","60","1206","0","","1194","0","","239","72","1206","0","","1194","0","","205","136","600","-16","598","2","602","-2","602","2","9999":5142:9100#:0 ڰ"7";ٰ"3";"4","26";"Air" "9000":"7020":"206","54":"0","-8","":"42","0":"0","8","":ڰ"7";ٰ"3";"18","26";"Pool";"19","27";"of";"20","26";"water";"17","28";"^" "0","0";"An aluminium beaker";"1","0";"contains ether and stands";"2","0";"in a small pool of water.";"3","0";"The water ..";"5","0" "p$(1)="freezes":p$(2)="boils":p$(3)="is unchanged":7100:2;18,0;" The evaporation of the ";19,0;" ether cools it below 0C":9000(# ("7000":m="20":"7010" +"255","168","600","-16","176","28","602","-2","600","-20","620","0","600","20","602","2","178","14","620","0","186","20","600","136","189","20","600","136" ."198","37","592","0","600","-4","608","0","600","8","608","0","206","45","592","0","600","40","608","0","206","89","592","0","600","8","592","0","600","-4","608","0" 1T"177","93","608","0","600","4","592","0","600","-64","608","0","600","4","592","0" 4"179","110","600","4","1196","4","/2","600","44","1224","0","-/2","600","-44","1196","-4","/2","600","-4","1203","0","","600","4","1204","2","-/2","600","48","1170","0","/2" 79"600","-46","1204","-4","/2","600","-4","1203","0","" :?"601","0","600","-4","605","0","600","9","595","0","600","-5" =b"189","106","605","0","600","9","595","0","600","-9","176","140","610","0","190","140","609","0" @8"240","102","550","0","186","102","597","0","600","16" Cn"607","7","183","125","607","7","183","130","607","7","192","137","600","-33","620","0","600","16","620","0" F"228","104","598","-2","602","-2","226","122","602","-2","598","-2","301","220","43","592","0","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","212","87","608","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2","9999":5160(:9100# HS9 ;1;ڰ"7";"1","26";"Vacuum";"2","27";"flask";"13","25";"C" I?1;ڰ"7";"16","28";"Cold";"17","27";"water":ٰ"9" Lڰ"7";"0","0";"TO FIND THE SPECIFIC";"1","0";"LATENT HEAT OF STEAM";"2","0";" (a continuous flow ";"3","0";" experiment) " P"6","0";"Distilled water in a";"8","0";"vacuum flask is";"10","0";"boiled using a";"12","0";"heater coil, for";"14","0";"some time, to reach";"16","0";"a steady state.":"9000" S"7020":"2","0";"Water vapour passes";"4","0";"down the tube,";"6","0";"through the";"8","0";"condenser C, and is";"10","0";"collected as water";"12","0";"in the beaker at";"14","0";"the bottom.":"9000" V"7020":"2","0";"At this steady";"4","0";"state, the rate of";"6","0";"supply of heat";"8","0";"energy is equal to";"10","0";"the rate of";"12","0";"absorption of";"14","0";"latent heat into";"16","0";"the vapour.":"9000" YhA=((*3)+62>)/10 :g=19.7+.4L*(A=6.3I)+.73333*(A=64@/10 ) \"7020":ڰ"7";"0","0";" RESULTS OF ";"1","0";" EXPERIMENT ";p;"5","0";"Current = ";A;"A";"8","0";"Pd across heater=12V";"11","0";"Time = 10 mins.";"14","0";"Mass of water";"15","0";"in beaker = ";g;"g" _ڰ"7";"1","26";" ";"2","27";" ";"11","26";" ";"10","27";" ";"13","25";" ";"16","26";" ";"17","27";" ":ٰ"0":"255","168":"0","-16":"255","48":"0","-16" bUڰ"7";"12","27";A;"A";"13","28";"12V";"14","26";"10min";"15","26";g;"g" eٰ"9":"9000":"7020":ڰ"7";"0","0";"From the experiment,";"1","0";"what is the specific";"2","0";"latent heat of steam";"5","0" hp$(1)=(((12 *A*600X)/g+.5))+"J/g":p$(2)=(((12 *A*600X)/g+A))+"J/g":p$(3)=(((12 *A*600X)/g+g))+"J/g":7100 kWڰ"2";"18","0";" ml=VIt so l= ";"19","0";" (12x";A;"x600)/";g;" ":"9000" n"7000":"7010":"5992" q"196","108","602","-4","584","-40","1204","-4","/2","636","0","1204","4","/2","584","40","602","4","199","110","600","-10","610","0","600","10","590","0","188","78","633","0","232","124","576","-36","600","4","600","-4","604","0","9999":5233q:9100# tOڰ"7";ٰ"1";"16","23";"Liquid";"15","25";"^";ٰ"3";"5","25";"Vapour" w"3","0";"The space above the";"5","0";"liquid in the sealed";"7","0";"container fills with";"9","0";"vapour due to";"11","0";"evaporation, and";"13","0";"eventually the";"15","0";"vapour becomes";"17","0";"saturated.":"9000":"7020" z"5992":"3","0";"At this stage,";"6","0";"the rate at which";"9","0";"molecules leave the";"12","0";"liquid is equal to";"15","0";"the rate at which";"18","0";"others return to it.":"9000":"7020" }ڰ"7";"0","0";" DEFINITION:- ";p;"4","0";"A saturated vapour";"7","0";"is one which is in";"10","0";"a state of dynamic";"13","0";"equilibrium with";"16","0";"its surrounding.":"9000" "7020":"5992":"4","0";"The pressure exerted";"8","0";"is called the";"12","0";"saturation vapour";"16","0";"pressure (svp)":"9000" $"7000":"7010":"5994":"5970" "303","207","72","594","6","600","-2","600","2","602","0","178","150","600","-24","598","2","602","-2","602","2","212","115","588","0","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","309" 5"192","32","600","88","1204","0","-/2","600","-88" @"192","80","604","0","192","81","604","0","192","82","604","0" J"180","40","612","0","196","40","628","0","9999":5251:9100# Jڰ"7";ٰ"3";"2","21";"Vacuum";"7","27";"s.v.";"13","25";"Ether" "3","0";"A small quantity";"6","0";"of ether at room";"9","0";"temperature is";"12","0";"injected into a";"15","0";"barometer tube using";"18","0";"a curved pipette." "9000":"7020":"5994":"4","0";"The svp of the";"7","0";"ether at room";"10","0";"temperature is";"13","0";"given by";"16","0";"h mms.of mercury.";ڰ"7";"10","27";"h" Y"184","104","604","0","200","104","604","0","208","104","604","0","216","104","604","0" "218","96","600","6","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","218","88","600","-5","598","2","602","-2","602","2","200","81","604","0","208","81","604","0","216","81","604","0","9999":5284:9100# -"9000":"7020":"7010":"5994":"5970" j"180","40","616","0","201","40","623","0","217","80","603","0","217","81","603","0","217","82","603","0" 4"192","32","638","76","1204","-1","-","562","-76" wi="0"̰"3":186+i*8,"104":"3","0":186+i*8,"81":"3","0":i:"218","104":"3","0" "218","104","603","0","303","232","124","600","-8","598","2","602","-2","602","2","309","203","96","600","7","598","-2","602","2","602","-2","203","88","600","-6","598","2","602","-2","602","2","9999":5293:9100# ڰ"7";"10","25";"h";ٰ"3";"5","27";"s.v.";ٰ"9";p;"3","0";"The barometer tube";"4","0";"is now tilted.";"5","0" vp$(3,30):p$(1)="h is unchanged":p$(2)="h increases":p$(3)="h decreases":7100 yڰ"2";"18","0";"svp does not depend ";"19","0";"on volume.Any excess";"20","0";"vapour re-condenses.":"9000" "7000":"7010":"5970" Ɍ"200","32","600","88","1204","0","-/2","600","-88","168","140","600","-88","608","0","180","52","620","0","204","52","616","0","600","88" j"180","40","620","0","204","40","620","0","200","80","604","0","200","81","604","0","200","82","604","0" χ"168","130","644","0","216","130","603","0","187","95","600","64","240","144","576","0","600","-80","240","147","573","0","600","-83" b"302","240","154","584","0","602","2","598","-2","602","-2","309","9999":5321:9100# ;"5960":ڰ"7";"10","23";"";ٰ"2";"1","26";"Steam"  "3","0";"Now the two";"5","0";"barometer tubes";"7","0";"are in a water bath.";"9","0";"A little ether";"11","0";"is above the";"13","0";"mercury in the";"15","0";"second tube.";"17","0";"The water bath is";"19","0";"well stirred.":"9000" ۗ"7020":"5960":"2","0";"As the temperature";"3","0";"of the water bath";"4","0";"rises, the svp of";"5","0";"the ether ..?";"6","0" fp$(1)="increases":p$(2)="is unchanged":p$(3)="decreases":7100:9000(#  "5950" b"175","120","602","2","602","-2","598","2","600","-80","676","0","598","2","602","-2","598","-2" "177","43","1270","68","/2.5","303","9999":5351:9100#:i="0"̰"7":"180"+i*8,"101":"2","0":"245","101"-i*8:"0","-2":i:ٰ"9" ڰ"7";ٰ"3";"17","21";"0";"1","23";"WATER";"7","23";"760 mmHg";"7","21";"s";"8","21";"v";"9","21";"p";"19","24";"Temp.C";ٰ"2";"17","28";"100" `"7","0";"The svp of water";"10","0";"at 100C is one";"13","0";"atmosphere.":"9000" "5950":"8400" {"196","117","602","-2","600","-4","576","-48","1204","-4","/2","660","0","1200","4","/2","576","48","600","4","602","2" h"199","118","600","-10","614","0","600","10","586","0","203","130","600","-12","203","108","600","-36" "184","81","644","0","207","134","600","-15","207","108","600","-8","210","134","600","-15","210","108","600","-8","9999":5366:9100# {ڰ"7";"13","25";"";p;"7","0";"Water is boiled";"10","0";"in a flask with";"13","0";"an open tube.":"9000" h"7020":"5953":"207","134":"3","0":ڰ"7";"15","24";" ";"16","25";" ";"17","25";" " "5","0";"The heat is removed";"8","0";"and the open tube";"11","0";"is sealed. The flask";"14","0";"is held under cold";"17","0";"running water.":"9000"  "7020":"0","0";"When the temperature";"1","0";"of the water has";"2","0";"dropped to 70C,";"3","0";"the water ..";"5","0" tp$(1)="is still boiling":p$(2)="has ceased to boil":p$(3)="begins to freeze":7100 yڰ"2";"18","0";"The lowered pressure";"19","0";"in the flask reduces";"20","0";"the boiling point. ":"9000" "18" >"7000":"7010" Alڰ"7";"0","0";" SATURATION VAPOUR ";"1","0";" PRESSURE (svp) ";"2","0";" AND BOILING POINT ": HIڰ"7";"0","0";" VARIATION OF svp ";"1","0";" WITH TEMPERATURE ": Rm"168","44":"0","-20":"56","0":"0","20":"176","32":"0","88":"4","0","-/2":"0","-88" U3"168","40":"8","0":"176","104":"4","0" X7ڰ"7";ٰ"4";"20","21";"Mercury";"19","24";"^": f7020l:7;0,4;" DEFINITION ";p;3,0;"The specific latent";4,0;"heat of vapourisation";5,0;"(called l) of a";6,0;"substance is the";7,0;"quantity of heat";8,0;"required to change";9 ,0;"unit mass from liquid";10 ,0;"to vapour state";11 ,0;"without change of";12 ,0;"temperature." g h*ڰ"7";"0","0";" SATURATED VAPOURS ": i/ڰ"7";"0","0";" COOLING BY EVAPORATION ": jKڰ"7";"0","0";" SATURATION VAPOUR ";"1","0";" PRESSURE (svp) ": lBٰ"0":y=y+"40":"166",y:"0","-17":"40","0":"0","16": mٰ"1":"175",y-"17":"0","2":"-5","5","-/2":"8","4":"8","2","-/2":"8","2","/2":"7","-8","-/2":"-4","-6","-": n"166",y-"8":"40","0": XHp=(*7):p=p+4*(p=2)+(p=4):p:p:9 :: bi=021:7;i,m;o$(32 -m):i:m*8,0:0,175:(32 -m)*8-1,0:0,-175:-(32 -m)*8+1,0: l,i=021:i,0;o$(m):i: Ai=(*3)+1:j=13:i>3i=1 ,i=1k=j:line=24-23689\ ;j;". ";p$(i,m-3):p$(i,m-2):i=i+1:j #13 ,0;"Choose 1 to 3" q$=:q$="r":6 q$<"1"q$>"3"7110 Q13 ,0;"Your answer:";q$;1;line,0;k:q$=k7121 {15,0;"Sorry correct";16,0;"answer is no.";7;k:.5,-10 :1.5@,-20: ђ1;4;15,0;"* Well done! *":.2~L,2:.2~L,2:.2~L,4:.2~L,4:.5,9 :  ;7;1;21,0;" NEED HELP? y or n " #!q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7203# &0h=h+1:21,0;o$(19): 31;21,0;"LIKE AN EXPLANATION?" !q$=:q$"y"q$"n"7303 .h=0:21,0;o$(20): Fi=yy+4 Lp;i,x;m$(12 ):i Orx*8-1,(22-y)*8:97a,0:0,-41):-97a,0:0,41) R'p=p+1:y=y+3:x=x+9 U 7;18,27;"":"216","31","600","112","603","2","603","-2","600","-112","219","31","600","88","9999":8100:9100#: p$(3,90Z):7;" is the transfer of ";(" "i=3);1,0;"heat from hot to cold places .. ";3,0;:m=64@ Tp$(i)="through a substance without any movement of the substance as a whole" i=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="as electro-magnetic waves (infra-red). It can take place across a vacuum" gi=i+1-3*(i=3):p$(i)="through fluids, by the movement of the fluid itself" 7100:9000(#: l"230-b","52","600","24","1210","0","/2","600","-24","301","230-b","76","1205","24","-/2.5","1205","-24","-/2.5","238-b","76","1197","12","/2.5","1197","-12","/2.5","9999":8300l :9100#: *7;6;15,25;"" Ӿ5:201,34":0,12 :6,0:0,-12 :199,480:-4,7,/2:209,480:4,7,-/2:9 : #(#21,0;"Press any key" #+9003+#+(="") #.9006.#+("") #/="r":6 #1#21,0;o$(14): # q$:q=q$ #$q<256q$:q,q$:9100# #&q<3106q-300,:9100# #.q<856Xq$:q-600X,q$:9100# #8q<1456q$:r$:q-1200,q$,r$:9100# # q$ O M pyxbQ3htdJ333m