CIRCUITS f jh "CIRCUITS" (1:1:7:56999  30 #821,0;" PLEASE WAIT " (<N=19 :G$:R=07:B:G$+R,B:R:N 2"A",28,34",33!,28,62>,63?,63?,31,"B",0,0,0,128,64@,32 ,144,200 7"C",15,7,3,1,0,0,0,0,"D",228,242,250,252,254,126~,62>,28 <~"E",0,480,60<,63?,60<,480,0,0,"F",63?,63?,63?,63?,513,33!,0,0,"G",63?,63?,63?,31,31,31,0,0,"H",255,255,255,255,255,255,0,0,"I",255,255,254,252,248,224,0,0 F@C=0242:0,C;"";1,C;"":C PL=2162:L,0;"";L+1,0;"";L,30-(4L=2)-(2L=4);"";L+1,30-(4L=2)-(2L=4);"":L ZBC=0302:18,C;"";19,C;"":C dq3,20;"";4,20;"";5,3;"LONGMAN SOFTWARE ";6,20;"" n9000(#:9000(# x0A$="PHYSICS":L=9 :C=4:9180# 0:1 140 &N=5700057023:B:N,B:N m33!,0,64@,17,0,228,1,0,27,237,176,201 m33!,0,228,17,0,64@,1,9 ,27,237,176,201 621,0;" " 57000 :21,0;" SEARCHING AND LOADING " &7:1:20,0; ""  #("DOUBLE HEIGHT" #<&n=5705057129):b:n,b:n #F237,75K,176,92\,121y,254,32 ,568,1,201,120x,254,21,568,1,201,205,158,14,197,6,0,9 ,193 #P229,229,120x,60<,205,158,14,6,0,9 ,209,1,0,7,9 ,235,9 ,229,6,4,126~,18,21,18,21,37%,16,248 #Z209,6,4,126~,18,21,18,21,37%,16,248,225,124|,15,15,15,230,3,246,88X,103g,126~,1,32 ,0,9 ,119w,201 #"DOUBLE WIDTH" #&n=57150>57241:b:n,b:n #237,75K,176,92\,121y,254,31,568,1,201,120x,254,22,568,1,201,205,158,14,6,0,9 ,229,14 #8,126~,35#,546,0,6,4,15,568,6,203,14,203,14,24,8,203,14,203,14,203,254,203,246 #Ț16,237,43+,546,0,6,4,15,568,6,203,14,203,14,24,8,203,14,203,14,203,254,203,246,16,237,36$,13 ,32 ,203,225,124|,15,15,15,230,3,246,88X,103g,126~,35#,119w,201 # #$23729\,9 :n=1̱a$ #23728\,c # l,c;a$(n) #57150> #357050:23728\,c+1:57050 #c=c+2:n $ (bGIZ PAPHYSICSCircuits c iccZ=57012:80P "Circuits" E  1984 MERCURIAN PULP PRODUCTS/CONTRACT BOOKS  BA$="CIRCUITS":7:1:23729\,13 :C=4 (lN=18:23728\,C:13 ,C;A$(N):Z=57150>:Z=57050:23728\,C+1 2 Z=57050:C=C+2:N <21,0;" ":Z=57000:21,0;" PLEASE STOP THE TAPE AND WAIT ":1,0 F 5000 PN21,0;" PROGRAM READY - PRESS ANY KEY ":.5,0 ZA$=:A$=""90Z d+Z$(32 ):1:1:7: n>2;Z$;Z$;Z$;1,8;" PROGRAM OPTIONS " xe6,5;" 1  CIRCUITS ";9 ,5;" 2  RESISTANCE " g12 ,5;" 3  SEMI-CONDUCTORS ";15,5;" 4  END OF PROGRAM " Z#1;0,0;" PRESS  A NUMBER  TO SELECT ":.5,0 A$=:A$=""150 A$<"1"A$>"4"140 A$="1"300,:210 a$="2"1000:210 A$="3"2000:210 290" ^#1;1,0;" Another Option ?  Y  or  N  ":.5,0 -23658j\,8:a$=:a$=""220 a$="Y"100d a$"N"210 ">z=57012:21,8;" END OF PROGRAM ": ,7:0: 6&1,11 ;" CIRCUITS " @4,7;"";3,8;"-";3,6;"+":64@,140:36$,0:0,-480:-26,0 J#L=10 :C=8:6000p TJ62>,92\:-42*,0:0,480:36$,0 ^Z4,19;" CELL":L=7:C=19:6000p:7,22;"LAMP" h6220L:.5,7 rJW$=Z$+"The ELECTRON CURRENT flows from negative (-) to positive (+)."+z$ | 6300 .n=14:n:62008:n:0 (502:6270~:.5,7 \w$=z$+"The CONVENTIONAL CURRENT flows the opposite way - positive (+) to negative (-)."+z$ :6300:n=14:n:6250j:n:0 Yl=8:c=12 :6010z:.5,4:l=10 :c=19:6010z 10 ,22;"AMMETER" -w$=z$+"An AMMETER measures the current."+z$  6300 _28,524:200,0:0,-16:-200,0:0,16 416,4;"AMMETER Reading  3 Amps" }w$=z$+"The Current - I - depends upon the ElectroMotive Force of the cell - V - and the resistance of the circuit - R."+z$  6300 j13 ,12 ;" I=V/R ";5,20;" V=3 volts";8,20;" R=1 ohms "  6400 #l=10 :c=5:6000p 8,23;"2";16,20;8;"1.5":w$=z$+" With a second lamp in the circuit the resistance is doubled and the current is halved."+z$ *.5,7:6300:6400 &n4,8;"";3,8;" -";5,23;"6";16,20;8;" 3 " 0pw$=z$+"A second cell doubles the Potential Difference across the circuit. The current is now 3 Amps again."+Z$ :.5,9 :6300 Dl=13 :c=6:6020:60<,68D:16,0:0,24:44,,68D:-16,0:0,24 NNw$=z$+"A VOLTMETER measures the Potential Difference between two points."+z$ X 6300 bK28,36$:0,-16:200,0:0,16 l.18,4;"VOLTMETER Reading 6 V." v.5,8:6400 p1:76L,91[:0,-11 :0:76L,80P:-20,0:0,12 C18,22;" 3 ":.5,8:100d:6400 p1:568,91[:0,-11 :0:568,80P:-20,0:0,12 C18,22;" 0 ":.5,8:100d:6400 ^#1;1,0;" Circuit Test  C  New Option  N ":.5,5 -23658j\,8:a$=:a$=""690  a$="N" a$"C"680 " ": ,1,8;" CIRCUIT TESTING " 4,7;"";3,8;"-";3,6;"+":64@,140:36$,0:0,-480:-26,0 #L=10 :C=8:6000p J62>,92\:-42*,0:0,480:36$,0 #l=8:c=12 :6010z  <I=(*8)+1:I>4ƥ>.3I=I/10 <R=(*8)+1:R>5ƥ>.3R=R/10  z=0:V=I*R:x= %!18,2;Z$(26) *4,14;" E.M.F. of cell ";6,18;z$(12 );8,14;"Total Resistance";10 ,18;z$(12 );12 ,14;" Current ";14,18;z$(12 ) 4~x>.67+q$="I":p$="A":an=i:6,18;"  V = ";v;"V ";10 ,18;" R = ";r;" ":850R >x<.67+x>.33(q$="V":an=v:p$="V":14,18;"  I = ";i;"A ";10 ,18;" R = ";r;" ":850R Hfq$="R":an=r:p$="":6,18;"  V = ";v;"V ";14,18;" I = ";i;"A " RU1,-2:0,0;("  ENTER  the value for ";q$;" ");a$ \6500d:f850R f (a$-an)<.01z# =940 pcz6+(4q$="R")+(8q$="I"),18;1;" ";q$;" = ";an;p$;" ":950 z c$="I=V/R":Q$="V"C$="V=I*R" Q$="R"C$="R=V/I" `18,2;" Use ";c$;" to calculate.":1,-10 :z=1:850R 1,10 :6+(4q$="R")+(8q$="I"),18;2;7;;" ";q$;" = ";an;p$;" ":.5,7 ^#1;1,0;"  A  for Another  E  to End ":.5,2 -23658j\,8:a$=:a$=""960 a$="A"780  a$"E"950  "v=3:r=2:1500 ZW$=Z$+"Cells have an internal resistance. This must be included in any calculations."+z$  6300 A19,7;" R = 1+2 = 3 ":.5,2 g502:20,5;" I = V/R = 3/3 = 1 A ";17,20;" 1 ":.5,10  6400  28,60<:1;18,0:X=28:Y=60<:6050:15,4;"2":.5,6 W$=Z$+"If a second resistor, or any other element with a resistance, is joined IN SERIES then the total resistance increases."+z$  6300 $G19,5;" R = 1+2+2 = 5 ":.5,2 .g502:20,5;" I = V/R = 3/5 =0.6A ";17,20;"0.6":.5,10 8 6400 BI4,8;"";3,9 ;" 3V";5,9 ;"1" L.5,5:502 Vw$=z$+"If a second cell is joined IN SERIES it will increase the Potential Difference, but it will also increase the total resistance."+z$ ` 6300 jH19,5;" R = 1+2+2+1 = 6 ":.5,2 th502:20,5;" I = V/R =(3+3)/6 =1A ";17,20;" 1 ":.5,10 ~}#1;0,0;" Like to test your resistance? Press  Y  for yes  N  for no. ":1,0 .23658j\,8:a$=:a$=""1160 a$="N"1600@ a$"Y"1150~ <G=0::1,6;" RESISTANCE: TEST 1 " t40(,99c:32 ,0:X=72H:Y=99c:6050:16,0:X=106j:6050 32 ,0:L=9 :C=20:6010z:172,99c:16,0:-4,4:4,-4:-4,-4 Z60<,99c:0,40(:32 ,0:L=4:C=12 :6020 88,9 ;"R1";8,13 ;"R2" :108l,139:32 ,0:0,-40( 4R1=(*10 )+1:R2=(*10 )+1 ?G>3R1=(*40()+1:R2=(*40()+1 &I=(*10 )+1:V=I*(R1+R2) <G>3I=((*502)+1)/10 :V=I*(R1+R2) _28,76L:200,0:0,-16:-200,0:0,16 /13 ,4;"VOLTMETER Reading ";v;" V" _28,60<:200,0:0,-16:-200,0:0,16 415,4;"  RESISTOR 1 = ";R1;" " _28,44,:200,0:0,-16:-200,0:0,16  417,4;"  RESISTOR 2 = ";R2;" " _28,28:200,0:0,-16:-200,0:0,16 =z=0:19,4;"AMMETER Reading ? Amps" #21,0;z$ (j1,0:0,0;" What does the Ammeter read?  ENTER  the number: ";a$ 26500d:f1320( 719,20;a$;" " x=72H:y=100d:6050:y=132:6050 0ex=0:r1=2:r2=4:1800 4r1=(*10 )+1:r2=(*10 )+1 'L=1621:L,0;Z$:L iz=0:6,9 ;5;r1;"";7;" ";5;10 ,9 ;r2;"";7;" " <ex=01900l:6400:ex=1:1790 j.5,0:0,0;" What is the total resistance ?  ENTER  the number: ";a$ &6500d:f1820 0y(a$-(r2*r1)/(r2+r1))<.1}L21,2;" VERY GOOD. LIKE ANOTHER ? ":.5,10 :1870N :.Z=01900l:Z=1:1820 DX21,1;"WRONG AGAIN! HERE'S THE ANSWER.":1,-10 :1950 N^#1;1,0;"  A  for Another  E  to End ":.5,0 S.23658j\,8:a$=:a$=""1875S Xa$="A"1790 ]a$"E"1870N b l11 ,3;" Use this to calculate R ";13 ,5;" 1 = 1 + 1 +..";14,5;" R R1 R2 " qo480,63?:8,0:80P,63?:14,0:112p,63?:14,0 vJ16,5;6;z$(14);17,5;z$(14) {J19,3;5;z$(17);20,3;z$(17) U8;16,6;"1 = 1 + 1 = ?";17,6;"R ";r1;14;r2 o480,39':8,0:80P,39':10 ,0:112p,39':10 ,0 8;19,4;"1 = ";r2;" +";12 ;r1;" =";17;r1+r2;20,4;"R ";r1*r2;12 ;r1*r2;17;r1*r2;"" 32 ,15:8,0:64@,15:14,0:96`,15:14,0:136,15:14,0 ex Tr=(((r2*r1)/(r2+r1))*10 )/10 :19,21;5;"R = ";r;" " ex w$=z$+"While each resistor reduces the current in its part of the circuit, the TOTAL RESISTANCE is less and the current increases."+z$ 6300: @7:0::1,7;" SEMI-CONDUCTORS " "p=4:Q=4:2900T e10 ,1;"SEMI-CONDUCTORS are usually";12 ,1;"made from GERMANIUM or SILICON."  14,1;"They are poor conductors. They";16,1;"have few free Electrons ()";18,1;"and few 'positive holes' ()." ^200:c=625:5,c;"";7,31-c;"":.01z# =,0 c=25100d  >20:5,c;4;" ";7,31-c;" ":c *.6400:p=6:Q=6:2900T 4/l=10 182:l,0;z$:l >_10 ,2;"Adding certain impurities";12 ,2;"changes their conductivity." H14,1;"Arsenic frees more electrons.";16,1;"This is now a normal conductor.";18,1;"It is ""N"" (NEGATIVE) material." M,2,7;" >>> CURRENT >>> " Rn=110 :x=41-1:6,5;6;z$(x);"     ":.01z# =,0 \#5:x:n=10 100d fn p.6400:p=5:Q=5:2900T z/l=10 182:l,0;z$:l 10 ,1;"INDIUM creates more 'holes'";12 ,1;"and a charge can again flow.";18,2;" ""P"" (POSITIVE) material." g14,1;"It is the electrons that move-";16,1;"leaving new holes behind them." n=110 :x=14:6,6;5;z$(x);"    ":.01z# =,0 #5:x:n=10 100d n .6400:P=6:Q=5:2900T /n=10 202:n,0;z$:n ]0,175:32 ,0:0,-32 :-32 ,0:0,32 4,159:24,0:12 ,167:0,-16:8,8:-8,8:20,167:0,-16 z10 ,1;"A JUNCTION DIODE is made from";12 ,1;"""N"" material and ""P"" material." ʒ14,1;"If the power supply is this way";16,1;"the 'holes' and electrons move";18,1;"to opposite ends." ,2,7;" <<< CURRENT <<< " nn=156-1:l=572:l,n;"";l,31-n;"":l:.01z# =,0 n=62280 Q20:l=572:l,n;" ";l,31-n;" ":l:n 520,3;" No current can flow now." 6400:2900T 65,3;"-";5,28;"+" /l=10 202:l,0;z$:l 10 ,1;"If the battery is connected";12 ,1;"this way,'holes' and electrons";14,1;"can flow across the junction." 16,1;"DIODES allow current to flow ";18,1;"one way only. This is how they";20,1;"can convert AC current to DC." fn=16:c=625:5,c;"";7,31-c;"":.01z# =,5 $W5,c;6-(c>15);" ";7,31-c;6-(c<16);" ":c .!25:n=10 100d 8n B 6400 `<7:0::1,9 ;" TRANSISTORS " jdL=48:6;L,5;Z$(9 );5;Z$(4);6;Z$(9 ):L t`39',143:178,0:0,-40(:-178,0:0,40( ~L8,123{:31,0:217,123{:31,0 _128,103g:0,-20:124|,87W:4,4:4,-4 |5,3;"+";5,28;"-";10 ,14;"?";2,7;" >>> CURRENT >>> " V10 ,1;"COLLECTOR";10 ,24;"EMITTER";12 ,14;"BASE" ]0,175:32 ,0:0,-32 :-32 ,0:0,32 4,159:8,0:12 ,167:0,-16:20,172:0,-5:-8,-8:8,-8:0,-5 T16,159,9 :19,156:0,-3:-3,0 8,17;"";6,5;"";6,18;"";13 ,1;"When no current flows via the"'" BASE, none can flow between" " COLLECTOR & EMITTER,but a small"'" current from the BASE causes a "'" much larger current to flow"'" across the transistor." }#1;0,0;" Hold down  C  to watch it work Press  E  to end the section ":1,0 g=2750 Į9 ,16;"";10 ,14;"?";7,26;" ";8,16;"  ";6,5;"   " .23658j\,8:a$=:a$=""2505 a$="E"2550 a$"C"2505 10 ,14;"+" Ag:.01z# =,-5:g=g-10 :g<2700 g=2750 >t=5020-10 :2800 +t:=""2500 ".01z# =,5:T:2505 'L=13 20:L,0;Z$:L 13 ,1;"The transistor here is of the"'"  N P N  type."''" The  P N P  types work in the"'" same way,but the current flows"'" in the opposite directions." 6400: =8,16;"    ": 98,16;"   ": ;8,16;"   ": m8,16;"    ";9 ,16;"";7,26;" ": g8,16;"   ";9 ,16;"";7,26;"": k8,16;"   ";9 ,16;"";7,26;"": ]6,5;"       ": S6,5;"     ": S6,5;"     ": ]6,5;"       ": P6,5;"      ": "P6,5;"      ": S TDL=48:p;L,5;Z$(11 );Q;Z$(11 ):L ^`39',143:178,0:0,-40(:-178,0:0,40( hL8,123{:31,0:217,123{:31,0 r65,3;"+";5,28;"-" | m3000 :1:7::#1;0,4;" ONE MOMENT PLEASE ":.5,0 GS$(14,18):S(14):N=114:S$(N),S(N):N 0  I5000:N=113 :G$:R=07:B:G$+R,B:R:N "A",129,66B,36$,24,24,36$,66B,129,"B",64@,76L,76L,207,76L,76L,76L,64@ "C",64@,105i,121y,255,121y,105i,64@,0,"D",524,568,480,240,480,480,568,524 "E",0,102f,102f,231,102f,102f,0,0,"j",60<,66B,129,129,129,66B,36$,231 "F",8,12 ,254,131,254,12 ,8,0,"G",28,20,20,20,119w,546,28,8 "H",0,16,480,127,193,127,480,16,"I",8,28,546,119w,20,20,20,28 ģ"K",60<,66B,129,189,189,129,66B,60<,"L",60<,126~,255,255,255,255,126~,60< U"M",255,128,128,128,128,128,128,128 +Y(L )=((21-L)*8+3)  X(C)=(C*8+3)  p!L,C;"":بX(C),Y(L),6: z!L,C;"A":بX(C),Y(L),8: !L,C;"V":بX(C),Y(L),8: NL,C;"":بX(C)+4,Y(L),10 :X(C),Y(L)+2:8,8 jX(C),Y(L)-2:8,-8:X(C)+5,Y(L)-3:0,-4:-4,0: X,Y:2,3:3,-6:3,6:3,-6:3,6:3,-6:2,3: 83,10 ;"":.2~L,0:10 :3,10 ;" ";6,13 ;"":.2~L,0:10 :6,13 ;" ";11 ,5;"" B.2~L,0:10 :11 ,5;" ";6,1;"":.2~L,0:10 :6,1;" ";3,4;"":.2~L,0:10 :3,4;" ": L}3,10 ;"":.2~L,0:10 :6,13 ;"":.2~L,0:10 :11 ,5;"" V.2~L,0:10 :6,1;"":.2~L,0:10 :3,4;"":.2~L,0:10 : j3,4;"":.2~L,5:10 :3,4;" ";6,1;"":.25~,5:10 :6,1;" ";11 ,5;"":.25~,5:10 t11 ,5;" ";6,13 ;"":.25~,5:10 :6,13 ;" ";3,10 ;"":.25~,5:10 :3,10 ;" ": ~3,4;"":.2~L,5:10 :6,1;"":.25~,5:10 :11 ,5;"":.25~,5:10 j6,13 ;"":.25~,5:10 :3,10 ;"":.25~,5:10 : q=1̱w$-(31) >#1;1,0;7;0;w$(qq+31) 10 :q: _" ":#1;1,0;" Press  any key  to go on ":.5,0  a$=:a$=""6410  " ": da$=""f=1: n:f=0:q=1̱a$:a$(q)<"0"a$(q)>"9"f=1 xa$(q)="."f=0 q: #(M(23730\+256*23731\)-(23653e\+256*23654f\) z# ACIRCUITSc bGK