ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZXa1 B#"D#:n=79 :n,9 ;"STOP THE TAPE!":n:502:15,3;"Press any key to continue":0 :502:21004 7::o=7:o:100d:i=11 :j=0:k=0:l=31:7000X:0,0;"There are three states or phasesin which matter commonly exists.These are solids, liquids and gases." 200:''"You will now see representationsof each of these three states.":150:i=0:j=0:k=12 :l=31:7000X ( 240 2a=0:b=0 < c=a:d=b Fa=1+h-(*(3+h)) Pb=1+h-(*(3+h)) d6n=100d-2*h130+2*hh+10 n6m=100d-2*h130+2*hh+10 x1;n+c,m+d 0;n+a,m+b m n ="h"275 z=0200 z=z+1 #z/8=(z/8)280 $g=h*2:g=12 330J 12 -g 60<  0,0;"SOLIDS":502:12 ,0;"In a solid the molecules are"'"held in fixed positions by"'"strong cohesive forces. The"'"molecules vibrate but do not"'"move around."''"To see what happens when a solid"'"is heated, press 'h'." h=0:z=0 95_-2*h,95_-2*h:0,40(+4*h:40(+4*h,0:0,-(40(+4*h):-(40(+4*h),0  502 :i=18:j=0:k=2:l=31:7000X  h=h+1 "z=0z=1 ,G:h=215,0;"The effect of heat on a SOLID." 1h3260 6U15,0;"Heat makes the molecules vibrate"'"more, and the solid expands." @ 260 J15,0;"If enough heat is supplied the"'"vibrations overcome the forces"'"which hold the solid together."''"The solid melts into a LIQUID." l300,:w=100d:v=0:q=0:i=15:j=0:k=4:l=31:7000X:: 4502:0,0;"LIQUIDS":502 n=9 13 &4;1;n,6;" " n "h=1:t=1:1000 :i=16:j=0:k=5:l=31:7000X t16,0;"Liquid molecules also vibrate, but they attract and repel each other alternately.":3000 &i=16:j=0:k=5:l=31:7000X:16,0;"The cohesive forces can be as strong as in a solid. But they are not permanent. The moleculesmove amongst each other, changing partners as they go.":h=h+1:3000  0i=16:j=0:k=5:l=31:7000X:16,0;"Liquids therefore have no definite shape. They take the shape of whatever vessel they are in.":200:740 :i=16:j=0:k=4:l=31:7000X:16,0;"If they are moving fast enough, molecules near the surface can free themselves from the attraction of their neighbours.":3000 DQh=6:i=9 :j=16:k=4:l=15:7000X:3000 N2,16;"If the liquid";3,16;"is heated the";4,16;"molecules move";5,16;"faster. More";6,16;"of them will";7,16;"escape.";9 ,16;"To heat the";10 ,16;"liquid, press";11 ,16;"'h' until this";12 ,16;"part of the";13 ,16;"screen is blank.":3000 X$q=q+1:q13055 bi=16:j=0:k=4:l=31:7000X:16,0;"Some escaping molecules will"'"collide with other molecules"'"above the surface, and bounce"'"back into the liquid. Others"'"will escape completely. They"'"have become GAS molecules.":3055 n=814 (n,5;" ";n,11 ;" "  2:n  +14,6;" ":3000 a(4,16): Ln=116 a(1,n):a(2,n) n:3000 ܼ7:7::502:3,0;"Press:";5,6;"1 to repeat this program";7,6;"2 to load the next program";9 ,6;"3 to stop" 7f$="000048122188252122048000000012094061063094012000" Jn=146.3:"f"+(n-1)/3,f$(nn+2):n J5502:n=10 :17,3;"think" T.n:t$="tank":18,3;5;t$ YMn:23,44,:0,-21:41),0:0,21 c(n:23,40(:41),0 hfm=63-1:n/502,24+2*m:5;18,m;"";t$(m-2):m r'2*n:18,3;"t" |]m=36:n/502,21+3*m:5;18,m;t$(m-2);"":m '2*n:18,6;"k" ="1"4  ="3" B="2":502:8,8;"START THE TAPE":""  1640h  410 ,0;"" >5n=11 20:2:n,0;"":n H1n=020:2:21,n;"":n R;n=2011 -1:2:n,20;"":n \10 ,20;"" 5:1 m=2013 -1  m,0; &n=020:1:" ";:n m 7:0 12 ,0;"" 5n=119:2:12 ,n;"":n 12 ,20;"" `5:1 j13 ,0; o 5 t)"     " y 5 ~3"     " 5 5"       " 5 " " 5 &"   " 5 5"     " 5 7"       " 5 "  " 10 40:7:19,21;"Educational" 20,21;"Software" (I200::502:2,1;"SOLIDS, LIQUIDS and GASES" 2r100d:5,2;" 1983";7,2;"CP Lawrence";8,2;"MA (Cantab.), MA (London)" F200:: n=116 6a(3,n)=a(1,n):a(4,n)=a(2,n) 8a(1,n)=a(1,n)+(h-(*(1+2*h))) Oa(2,n)=a(2,n)+(h-(*(1+2*h))):v=15000 .a(1,n)<491a(1,n)=491 .a(1,n)>87Wa(1,n)=87W .a(2,n)<65Aa(2,n)=65A 5a(4,n)>106ja(2,n)=a(4,n)+h 8a(4,n)>106jt>16q=0600X a(2,n)>175w=t /a(2,n)>175a(2,n)=80P H1;a(3,n),a(4,n):0;a(1,n),a(2,n) n t=t+1 v=13000 t=5550& t=10 5600 t=13 570: ="h"580D t=16590N h=1540 #t>w+4q=16000p  3000 9a(1,n)<1a(1,n)=2-a(1,n) =a(1,n)>254a(1,n)=508-a(1,n)  <a(2,n)<65Aa(2,n)=130-a(2,n) =a(2,n)>167a(2,n)=334N-a(2,n) ="s"1500 (t53060 2Pt=6:i=14:j=0:k=7:l=31:o=5:7000X <5;15,0;"Gases therefore have no definitesize or volume. They are free tofill whatever space is availableto them." F8100d:20,7;"Press ""s"" to stop" P 3060 pt=1:h=10 :v=1:i=2:j=16:k=5:l=13 :7000X:i=16:j=0:k=5:l=31:7000X:5::100d:0,0;"GASES" zj502:0,64@:255,0:0,111o:-255,0:0,-111o  502:5;14,0;,,"Gas molecules are much further apart than in solids or liquids.The cohesive force between them is negligible. They move at highspeeds, colliding with one another and with the walls of the vessel they are in. " d 3000 X-z=ii+k:m=jj+l:o;z,m;" ":m:z: @!64@,88X,80P,72H,568,96`,80P,88X,72H,72H,80P,96`,568,80P,72H,88X,568,72H,80P,80P,72H,80P,568,88X,64@,96`,64@,72H,72H,96`,64@,80P d noijk l Xhabcdgn a2 ,+, :n=79 :n,8;"STOP THE TAPE!":n:502:18,3;"Press any key to continue":0  :502 ra$="Scalar":b$="Vector":d$="Direction":s$="Distance":z$="Displacement":c$="Speed":v$="Velocity":t$="Time" d%:n=07:b:"c"+n,b:n n#n=07:b:"f"+n,b:n x#n=07:b:"g"+n,b:n 2000 ,0,0;;a$;"s and ";b$;"s":0,166:151,0:100d:''"A ";a$;" quantity has a"'"Magnitude only." 6b100d:7,1;"30 apples"'" 5 kilometres"'" 4 litres of paint"'" 60 metres/second" @200:7,19;")";8,19;") These are";9 ,19;") all ";1;a$;0;10 ,19;") quantities." J'8000@:w$="03000931":9000(# TC3,0;"A ";b$;" quantity has both"'"Magnitude and ";d$ ^F100d:7,1;"6 cm to the right"'" 100 km/h due West" hx150:7,19;") These are";8,19;") ";1;b$;0;9 ,21;"quantities." r8000@::100d |0,0;s$;" and ";z$:0,166:199,0:100d:''"A car travels 5 km.":100d:5000 100d:13 ,0;"'5 km' is the ";s$;" the car"'"has travelled.":100d:''"No ";d$;" has been mentioned.":100d:''"So ";1;s$;0;" is a ";1;a$;0;"." _8000@::0,0;s$;" and ";z$:0,166:199,0:100d S3,0;"A car travels 5 km due East.":502:6000p:5000 100d:12 ,10 ;"'5 km due East' is the";13 ,10 ;"car's ";z$;".":100d:15,10 ;"We have mentioned a";16,10 ;d$;": 'due East'." [100d:19,3;"So ";1;z$;0;" is a ";1;b$;0;"." 150:w$="19030027":9000(#:502:18,0;1;z$;0;" is defined as"'1;s$;0;" moved in a specified"'1;d$;0;"."  8000@ N:100d:c$;" and ";v$:0,166:143,0:5100 U502:14,0;"A man drives 150 km in 2 hours.":502:5200P 502:16,0;"His average ";c$;" = 150 km/h";16,20;1;"___";17,21;2:502:19,18;"= 75 km/h":502:5300 100d:8000@:w$="14000530":9000(#:15,0;1;c$;0;" is defined as ";1;s$;0;'"moved in unit ";1;t$;0;".":8000@ w$="15000128":9000(#:502:14,0;"Of course it is unlikely that he"'"travelled exactly 75 km in each"'"of the two hours.":150 &x18,0;"He could have covered 50 km in"'"the first hour and 100 km in the"'"second.":100d:8000@ 0a502:5300:8,11 ;502:w$="104108":6100:502:5400 :w8000@:w$="14000631":9000(#:502:14,0;"In the first hour his average"'c$;" was 50 km/h." D100d:17,0;"But, once again, he could have"'"covered 40 km in the first half"'"hour and 10 km in the next." N200:5500|:172,108l:502:-31,-4:-31,-15:8000@:w$="14000530":9000(#:502 X14,0;"So over the first half hour his"'"average ";c$;16,18;"= 40";16,20;1;"__";17,20;".5";19,18;"= 80 km/h...":100d:8000@ b6w$="14000130":9000(#:w$="16180311":9000(# l502:14,0;"...and so on."''"At various times during the"'"journey his actual ";c$;" may"'"have been anything from 0 km/h"'"(stuck at the lights) to 110"'"km/h (on the motorway).":200:8000@ vw$="14000629":9000(#:502:14,0;"To get an accurate value for his"'"actual ";c$;" at any particular"'"moment, you will need to measure"'"the ";s$;" moved in as short a"'t$;" as possible." x200:20,0;"Otherwise the value obtained"'"will always be an average ";c$;".":100d:8000@ w$="14000731":9000(#:502:15,0;1;c$;0;" = ";1;s$;0;" moved in unit";16,10 ;1;t$;0;"." 200:15,17;" ";16,14;" ";1;15,8;1;"________":150:1;0;4,1;s$;12 ,22;t$;8,23;c$;7,24;"^" 100d:8000@:100d:18,0;"What ";d$;" was he going in?":200:w$="18000030":9000(#:100d:18,0;"No ";d$;" has been mentioned." [200:20,0;"So ";1;c$;0;" is a ";1;a$;0;"." k100d:8000@::0,0;c$;" and ";v$:0,166:143,0:100d: 2,0;"Although in everyday speech"'"'";c$;"' and '";v$;"' are used"'"to mean the same thing, in"'"physics they are different." m300,:'"Imagine a car travelling at a"'"steady 60 km/h along a straight"'"road which points due East." #300,:6000p:5600  k100d:8000@::0,0;c$;" and ";v$:0,166:143,0:100d: *J'"Imagine a car travelling at a"'"steady 30 km/h in a perfect"'"circle." 4100d:112p,80P,40(:200:w$="02000228":9000(#:3,0;"Its ";1;d$;0;" will be constantly"'"changing." >w$="152080000+32140108-24+24112120-32000084108-24-24072080000-32084052+24-24112040+32000141052+24+24":w=084T12 :7000X:w H100d:19,0;"Therefore its ";1;v$;0;" will be"'"constantly changing too.":150:8000@ R_:100d:0,0;c$;" and ";v$:0,166:143,0:100d: \3,0;"A body moves with uniform"'1;v$;0;" if it travels equal"'1;s$;"s";0;" in equal periods of"'1;t$;0;" in the same ";1;d$;0;"." f?200:21,5;"Press any key to stop":0 ܪ:502:3,0;"Press:";5,6;"1 to repeat this program";7,6;"2 to load the next program";9 ,6;"3 to stop" J+n=10 :17,3;"think" T.n:r$="tank":18,3;5;r$ YMn:23,44,:0,-21:41),0:0,21 c(n:23,40(:41),0 hfm=63-1:n/502,24+2*m:5;18,m;"";r$(m-2):m r'2*n:18,3;"t" |]m=36:n/502,21+3*m:5;18,m;r$(m-2);"":m '2*n:18,6;"k" ="1"20  ="3" B="2":502:8,8;"START THE TAPE":""  1640h 410 ,0;"" >5n=11 20:2:n,0;"":n H1n=020:2:21,n;"":n R;n=2011 -1:2:n,20;"":n \10 ,20;"" 5:1 m=2013 -1  m,0; &n=020:1:" ";:n m 7:0 12 ,0;"" 5n=119:2:12 ,n;"":n 12 ,20;"" `5:1 j13 ,0; o 5 t)"     " y 5 ~3"     " 5 5"       " 5 " " 5 &"   " 5 5"     " 5 7"       " 5 "  " 10 40:7:19,21;"Educational" 20,21;"Software" (C200::502:2,1;"SCALARS and VECTORS" 2r100d:5,2;" 1983";7,2;"CP Lawrence";8,2;"MA (Cantab.), MA (London)" F200::300, V28,108l:199,0:9 ,3;"0 1 2 3 4 5" p502:7,3;"":502:n=227:7,n;" ":.2~L,-20:n: E502:108l,159:0,-71G:135,0 cw$="104148":6100:w$="104127":6100:3,10 ;"150";5,10 ;"100" w$="172091":62008:w$="236091":62008:11 ,13 ;0;11 ,21;1;11 ,29;2  K4,1;s$;6,6;"(s)";12 ,22;t$;" (t)": P=108l,148:128,0:0,-58:: 6236,148:1;-128,-60<: O65A,0:0,-16:236,148:-64@,-40( |5172,108l:1;-62>,-18: ba(5):n=15:a(n)=11 +n*3:n:c=1:13 ,21;"" -n=15:14,a(n);" = ":n &n=15:a(n)=a(n)-1 a(n)=12 a(n)=28 n  c=c+1 6c=10 17,3;"Its ";c$;" = 60 km/h" &?c=2019,0;"Its ";v$;" = 60 km/h due East" 0c=308000@ :c=305800 ?c=502800  D 5610 w$="02000730":9000(#:4,4;1;v$;0;" = ";1;s$;0;" moved in";5,12 ;"unit ";1;t$:100d:8,4;0;"in a specified ";1;d$;0;"." 200:4,15;1;1;"________";0;4,24;0;" ";5,12 ;" " 8000@:w$="17000230":9000(#:502:18,4;"So ";1;v$;0;" is a ";1;b$;0;".":5610 p24,68D:24,0:36$,80P:0,-24:36$,68D,8:11 ,4;"N";15,4;"S";13 ,2;"W";13 ,6;"E": 0w$(3),w$(4):3,0: 81w$(3),w$(4):0,-2: Xt502:w$(w+1w+3),w$(w+4w+6):w$(w+7w+9 ),w$(w+10 w+12 ): @""press ENTER to continue ";q$: #(vi=w$(2):j=w$(34):k=w$(56):l=w$(7):z=ii+k:m=jj+l:z,m;" ":m:z: %J0,0,0,248,248,255,255,66B %&K0,480,122z,188,252,122z,480,0 %0G0,12 ,94^,61=,63?,94^,12 ,0 AScalarBVectorD DirectionSDistanceZ DisplacementCSpeedVVelocityTTimeb (#W03000931ijk l (#Q a3 9+*;+ :n=79 :n,8;"STOP THE TAPE!":n:502:18,3;"Press any key to continue":0  :502  2000 ee$="Equation of Motion":a$="Acceleration":d$="Direction":s$="Distance":v$="Velocity":t$="Time" %:n=07:b:"s"+n,b:n #n=07:b:"t"+n,b:n #n=07:b:"h"+n,b:n #n=07:b:"m"+n,b:n #n=07:b:"f"+n,b:n #n=07:b:"g"+n,b:n ,0,0;a$:0,166:95_,0:100d:''"If the ";v$;" of a body is"'"changing, then the body is"'"accelerating." 6200:''"If the ";v$;" is increasing,"'"the ";a$;" is positive.":150:''"If the ";v$;" is decreasing,"'"the ";a$;" is negative"'"(deceleration)." @e150:1:1:w$="08190109":9000(#:w$="12190109":9000(#:0:0 Jv150:'''"If the ";v$;" changes with"'t$;" at a constant rate, the"'a$;" (positive or"'"negative) is uniform." ^200:1:1:w$="17160011":9000(#:w$="18000022":9000(#:w$="20130006":9000(#:0:0 h100d:8000@:w$="03000230":9000(#:3,0;1;a$;0;" is defined as the"'"rate of change of ";1;v$;0;" with"'1;t$;0;"." r0,116t:255,0:8000@::0,0;a$:0,166:95_,0:100d:0,13 ;"(positive)" |q150:'"A car moves from rest to 36 km/h"'"(due East, say) in 10 seconds at"'"uniform ";a$;".":7000X 150:9 ,10 ;"= (36-0) km/h":150:w$="09190003":9000(#:502:9 ,19;"x 1000 m/sec";1;9 ,12 ;"_____________";10 ,15;"60 x 60" ,150:12 ,10 ;"= 10 m/sec" #100d:8000@:6900 f200:18,10 ;"= 10 m/sec";18,12 ;1;"__";19,12 ;"10" ,150:21,10 ;"= 1 m/sec" ~100d:8000@::0,0;a$:0,166:95_,0:100d:0,13 ;"(negative)" ^100d:'"A car slows down uniformly from"'"80 km/h to 35 km/h in 5 seconds.":7000X 8,10 ;"= (35-80) km/h":200:8,20;" ":100d:8,20;"x 1000 m/sec";8,12 ;1;"______________";9 ,16;"60 x 60" R200:11 ,10 ;"= -12.5 m/sec":100d:8000@:6900 o150:18,10 ;"= -12.5 m/sec";18,12 ;1;"_____";19,14;5 &F150:21,10 ;"= -2.5 m/sec":100d:8000@ Xl502::502:"First ";e$:0,166:191,0:100d:6500d:6530 b100d:8000@:w$="14000530":9000(#:502:14,0;"So at ";t$;" t the increase in"'v$;" will be at." l100d:1:14,11 ;"t":502:11 ,25;"t":0:502:204,88X:0,67C:502:-122z,0: v502:81Q,124|:128,0:81Q,140:128,0:100d:1:15,17;"at":502:w$="02100600":1:9000(#:502:5,11 ;"at" {100d:8000@:502:0:w$="06150200":9000(#:w$="04200200":9000(#:w$="02250200":9000(# Z502:17,0;"Therefore the final ";v$;",";19,8;"v = u + at" 502:1:2,9 ;"v":502:8,9 ;" ":w$="09100200":9000(#:502:w$="19080009":9000(# c502:20,8;"**********":w$=" The First "+e$+" ":502:6400 l0:8000@::502:"Second ";e$:0,166:199,0:100d:6500d 100d:0;16,12 ;"u":84T,108l:119w,47/:502:1;2,9 ;"v":81Q,156:123{,0:502:0,-63?:1:11 ,25;"t" X502:5,26;"at":w$="02250600":1:9000(#:0:0 8000@:w$="14000230":9000(#:502:13 ,0;"Average ";v$;",";15,8;1;"";0;" = u + v";15,12 ;1;"_____";16,14;2 V502:5,9 ;1;"":81Q,132:124|,0 o100d:1;1;15,16;" ":502:18,4;"But ";1;"v = u + at" 100d:8000@:w$="18040002":9000(#:502:15,6;"";15,16;1;"u + at";1;15,16;"______" 18,1;"(Since";18,18;")":502:8000@:w$="18010017":9000(#:502:18,10 ;"= u + at"  h502:5,26;" ":w$="02250200":1:9000(#:6,26;1;"at" :502:0:8000@:w$="13000421":9000(#  518,7;"(";18,19;")" *j502:14,0;s$;" moved (Displacement),":502:16,8;"s =  x ";t$ 4[502:8000@:16,6;"":502:16,12 ;"(u + at) x t" >H502:8000@:16,6;" ":w$="18070012":9000(# Hg502:19,6;" s = ut + at":100d:w$="19080012":1:1:9000(# Rd502:20,8;"*************":w$=" The Second "+e$+" ":502:6400 h0:0:8000@::502:"Third ";e$:0,166:191,0:100d Y2,0;t$;", t, can be eliminated from"'"the first two equations:":200 p6,0;"If";6,8;1;"v = u + at";6,23;0;"(1st Eq.)":100d j'"Then, squaring both sides,":502:10 ,7;"v = u + 2uat + at":502:8000@ '"Taking out the factor 2a,":100d:14,7;"v = u + 2a(ut + at)":502:8000@:1:1:w$="14200008":9000(#:502 m16,8;"s = ut + at":0:0:16,0;"But";16,23;"(2nd Eq.)" h200:19,5;" v = u + 2as":100d:1:1:w$="19070012":9000(# f502:20,7;"*************":w$=" The Third "+e$+" ":502:6400 0:0:8000@ ܪ:502:3,0;"Press:";5,6;"1 to repeat this program";7,6;"2 to load the next program";9 ,6;"3 to stop" J+n=10 :17,3;"think" T.n:w$="tank":18,3;5;w$ YMn:23,44,:0,-21:41),0:0,21 c(n:23,40(:41),0 hfm=63-1:n/502,24+2*m:5;18,m;"";w$(m-2):m r'2*n:18,3;"t" |]m=36:n/502,21+3*m:5;18,m;w$(m-2);"":m '2*n:18,6;"k" ="1"20  ="3" ="2":502:2,1;"Run tape (fast forward) to the end, turn it over, and then...":300,:8,8;"START THE TAPE":""  1640h 410 ,0;"" >5n=11 20:2:n,0;"":n H1n=020:2:21,n;"":n R;n=2011 -1:2:n,20;"":n \10 ,20;"" 5:1 m=2013 -1  m,0; &n=020:1:" ";:n m 7:0 12 ,0;"" 5n=119:2:12 ,n;"":n 12 ,20;"" `5:1 j13 ,0; o 5 t)"     " y 5 ~3"     " 5 5"       " 5 " " 5 &"   " 5 5"     " 5 7"       " 5 "  " 10 40:7:19,21;"Educational" 20,21;"Software" (<200::502:2,1;"ACCELERATION" 2r100d:5,2;" 1983";7,2;"CP Lawrence";8,2;"MA (Cantab.), MA (London)" F200:: b0:n=163?:21,0;w$:w$=(w$(31)+w$)(31):7:n: d14,0;"A body accelerates at a rate of"'"a m/sec from an initial"'v$;" of u m/sec.": 150:84T,159:0,-71G:160,0:n=124|20440(:n,92\:0,-3:n:11 ,10 ;"0 1 2 3" nd502:3,1;v$;4,1;"(m/sec)":502:12 ,21;t$;" (sec)" x~100d:1:16,12 ;"u":502:8,9 ;"u":0:82R,108l:156,0: 150:18,0;"In each second the ";v$'"will increase by a m/sec.":150:8,9 ;"u";16,12 ;"u" i502:1:19,17;"a":502:15,0;"a":1:84T,108l w$="06150200":6800:124|,124|:w$="04200200":6800:164,140:w$="02250200":6800:0:0: w502:40(,15:0,-15:w$(2)+1,w$(34)+1;"a":9000(#: 502:14,0;a$;15,10 ;"= change in ";v$:96`,480:143,0:16,18;t$: XF300,:'"Change in final _ initial"'v$;" = ";v$;" ";v$: @""press ENTER to continue ";q$: #(z=w$(2)̰w$(2)+w$(56):m=w$(34)̰w$(34)+w$(7):z,m;" ":m:z: %J96`,144,16,96`,128,240,0,0 %&G0,24,24,0,0,102f,102f,0 %0I32 ,34",36$,46.,17,38&,72H,15 %:H124|,0,68D,68D,40(,40(,16,0 %DK0,480,122z,188,252,122z,480,0 %NG0,12 ,94^,61=,63?,94^,12 ,0 (#EEquation of MotionA AccelerationD DirectionSDistanceVVelocityTTimeb(#W03000230Q