ZXTape! 0Created with Ramsoft MakeTZX$Page1 dq 3000 &2:2:7:1: @2,9 ;"SULIS SOFTWARE";3,12 ;"PRESENTS"  200 5:1::132,128:0,-8:-104h,0:0,-8:132,120x:100d,0:0,-8 (7:1:4,15;"THE":1,1:4,15;" ";8,0;"GRAMMAR":1,3:8,0;" ";8,27;"TREE":1,5:8,27;" ":502 24,15;"THE";:.5,8:1:.5,8:8,0;"GRAMMAR":.5,0:1:.5,0:8,27;"TREE":1,8:502 A1:1: F6:1::132,128:0,-8:-104h,0:0,-8:132,120x:100d,0:0,-8 P6:1:4,15;"THE";:.33(,10 :1:.33(,10 :1:.33(,10 :8,0;"GRAMMAR":.33(,12 :1:.33(,12 :1:.33(,12 :8,27;"TREE":1,13 ,0:502 0:6:0: h4,2;"THE";6,3;" ";7,3;" " v9 ,20;"TREE";9 ,26;"";10 ,26;"":.5,1:1:.5,1 612 ,0;"********************************" =16,11 ;"SENTENCES":1,13 :250 "" 3010 n=07 r:"a"+n,r r:"b"+n,r n 0,0,0,0,31,252,63?,252,96`,0,96`,0,96`,0,96`,124| n=07 r:"c"+n,r  r:"d"+n,r n 96`,124|,96`,12 ,96`,12 ,96`,12 ,63?,240,31,240,0,0,0,0 &n=07 0 r:"e"+n,r : r:"f"+n,r Dn N0,0,0,0,31,248,63?,252,480,12 ,480,12 ,480,12 ,63?,252 Xn=07 b r:"g"+n,r l r:"h"+n,r vn 63?,248,480,192,480,96`,480,480,480,24,480,12 ,0,0,0,0 n=07 r:"i"+n,r r:"j"+n,r n 0,0,0,0,31,248,63?,252,480,12 ,480,12 ,480,12 ,480,12 n=07 r:"k"+n,r r:"l"+n,r n 63?,252,63?,252,480,12 ,480,12 ,480,12 ,480,12 ,0,0,0,0 n=07 r:"m"+n,r r:"n"+n,r n 0,0,0,0,62>,124|,127,254,97a,134,97a,134,97a,134,97a,134 n=07 r:"o"+n,r * r:"p"+n,r 4n >97a,134,97a,134,97a,134,97a,134,97a,134,97a,134,0,0,0,0 Hn=07 R r:"q"+n,r \ r:"r"+n,r fn p0,0,128,1,192,3,224,7,240,15,248,31,252,63?,254,127 zn=07 r:"s"+n,r r:"t"+n,r n 7,224,15,240,31,248,63?,252,127,254,3,192,3,192,3,192 10 z r$Page2 5N Y5:5::1,12 ;1;"WARNING";3,0;1;0;"This software is copyright, and must not be copied or reproducedin any form or by any means, whether by individuals, groups or institutions including educational institutions, with- out prior permission in writing from the publishers. It is soldsubject to the condition that itshall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent or hired out without the publishers' prior consent and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser." 421,3;" SULIS SOFTWARE Ltd. 1983" ""  YGram.S ј Ř^Әz=9400$:y=9410$  6000p 13 ,1;"In the beginning was the sentence [";:z:"S";:y:"] (the Bible calls it the Word).";17,1;"The sentence is divided into Subject and Predicate." 9990':9600%:13 ,1;"The subject is a noun phrase [";:z:"NP";:y:"]. The predicate is a verb phrase [";:z:"VP";:y:"]." J9990'::z:11 ,6;"AMBIGUOUS SENTENCES";:y:9990' 5000:13 ,1;"Each sentence is unique, and has only one meaning. When you set out a sentence on a tree structure, you show what that meaning is.":9990':9600% j13 ,1;"The tree structure must show unambiguously how the sentence is put together." 9990':9600%:13 ,1;"However, in real life, every sentence has a context (other sentences, gestures, actions etc.)." 17,1;"This context makes it unnecessary to state the whole sentence - any other person 'knows' from the context what you mean." 9990':9600%:13 ,1;"For this reason, in real life unique, unambiguous sentences become shortened, are adapted and become ambiguous if taken away from their context.":9990':9600% 13 ,1;"Look at this example:";15,2;"The Parliamentarians cut off the head of King Charles in 1649.";18,2;"(unambiguous sentence)";20,2;"They cut it off in that year. (ambiguous sentence)" H9990':9600%:6,4;"They";6,15;"cut it off that";7,25;"year";13 ,1;"The Subject (The Parliamen- tarians) has become They.";16,1;"The head of King Charles has become it.";19,1;"1649 has become that year." .9990':9600%:13 ,1;"In the right context (e.g. in a text in a history book) the meaning is clear.";17,1;"In any other context, the mean- ing is not clear. Who is They? What's it? When is that year?";21,1;"The sentence is ambiguous." 9990':9600%:13 ,1;"For this reason, we call unambiguous sentences (set out on tree structures) underlying (or deep) structures.";18,1;"Real-life (ambiguous) sentences we call surface structures." 9990':9600%:13 ,1;"Sometimes the two can be virtually the same. More often, they're different." 9990':9600%:13 ,1;"It follows that unambiguous sentences can be realised in a number of different (probably ambiguous) ways in different contexts." e9990':9600%:13 ,1;"Our example sentence can have these versions.";6,1;"The Parliamentarians ",,;7,15;"cut off his head";8,16;"in that year":9990':5,1;,,;6,1;" They",,:9990':7,19;,,;7,19;"it off" q9990':8,16;"at that time":9990':8,16;,,;7,26;"then" !9990':9600%:13 ,1;"If these sentences have the same meaning, they have the same underlying structure.";17,1;"They are the same sentence realised in different ways, for different contexts." "#9990':h=0:9100# (13 ,1;"If sentences with exactly the same meaning have the same underlying structure, then you could say that active and  passive sentences are the same." )9990':9600% " bite"," kick"," mug"," love"," push" f&c$(11 ):9000(#:9600% g13 ,1;"If the verb is intransitive, the sentence is meaningless (i.e. there is a direct object where none is possible)." hV9 ,20;" ":9990':a=5:b=105i:d=9 :e=20 iN"depart","arrive","  go "," come","swell" jc$(12 ):9000(# k:9990':9 ,20;"attack":9600% l13 ,1;"[For the present, we are ignoring the different forms of the verb: is attacking, was attacking, attacks, attacked etc. We are using the Past Tense forms attacked, did attack etc. as an example.]";:9990':9600% m13 ,1;"So the structure above can appear as:";16,1;"Unemphatic: A dog attacked Pansy.";18,13 ;"Pansy got attacked";19,13 ;"by a dog." n9990':9600% x13 ,0;"Emphatic: A dog DID attack Pansy.";15,10 ;"Pansy DID get attacked by a dog." /9990':9600%:h=0:9100# %13 ,1;"All these sentences except the 'ordinary' unemphatic form have an Auxiliary [";:z:"AUX";:y:"] as well as a verb.";18,1;"It is useful to think of every ";:z:"VP";:y:" as having an ";:z:"AUX";:y:", even when it is not explicit." C9 ,15;"(do) fry fish";6,3;"Fred" 9990':9600% 13 ,1;"This can appear as:";15,1;"Fred fries fish. (unemphatic) Fred does fry fish. (emphatic) etc. or (with other AUX)";19,1;"Fred can fry fish.";20,1;"Fred might fry fish. etc.":9990' /a=5:b=136:d=9 :e=15 U"can fry","might fry","must fry","should fry","will fry" =c$(15):9000(#:9600%:h=0:9100# 13 ,1;"One special kind of auxiliary is the copula. Copulas are 'joining' words in sentences that have no other verb.";18,1;"Copulas need some sort of complement (i.e. something to complete the ";:z:"VP";:y:")." 9990':9600% 12 ,0;"********************************":13 ,1;"be is the most common. It is 'stative' (describing a state)." }16,1;"Other copulas are become and get, which are 'dynamic' (describing a change of state)." q9990'::z:11 ,15;"BE";:9990':y:5000:5100:7,26;" " <6,2;" Pansy";9 ,14;"(be)",, 9990':9600% f13 ,1;"Let's take the special case of be. This appears under ";:z:"AUX";:y:"." 9990' /a=6:b=203:d=9 :e=11 c" is"," was","(has) been","(had) been","(could) be"," is " c$(16):9000(# ܥ9990':9600%:13 ,1;"What shall we put under ";:z:13 ,25;"V";:y:13 ,26;"? An Adjective is one possibility." ;16,1;"This is a kind of 'stative' verb." /a=5:b=240:d=9 :e=20 C" fat"," dead"," tall","fed up","gross" &c$(14):9000(#:9600% i13 ,1;"It can be hard to tell whether the 'adjective' is a 'verb' or a real 'adjective'." #9 ,19;"abandoned" "17,0;"This can mean: Pansy is wicked.";19,11 ;"or: Someone abandons Pansy." 69990':9600% @13 ,1;"The adjective describes a state. We can call it stative.";16,1;"Most verbs describe an action. We can call them dynamic." C9990':9600% E13 ,1;"Even some verbs can be stative:";15,1;"tower (i.e. to be very high) loom (i.e. be close and large) lie (i.e. be horizontal) stand (i.e. be vertical)" G#9990':h=0:9100# J`0:188,128:0,-7:5:158,128:0,-7 K5:239,128:0,-8:239,128:-108l,0:131,128:0,-8:7,23;" ";:z:7,19;"V";:y T6:13 ,1;"What else can we put in the ";:z:"VP";:y:"? An ";:z:"NP";:y:" is a possibility. In this case there is no ";:z:"V";:y:", i.e. the ";:z:"V";:y:" is zero [0]." Y+9990':9 ,19;" " [<6,2;" Pansy";9 ,14;"(be)",, ^/a=4:b=360h:d=9 :e=19 ha"0 a sheep","0 my love","0 a ninny","0 a pig" |=c$(21):9000(#:9600%:9 ,23;,,, z:7,27;"ADVP";:y:13 ,1;"We can put a prepositional phrase (";:z:"PREP";:y:"'";:z:"P";:y:") or an adverbial phrase (";:z:"ADVP";:y:")." <6,2;" Pansy";9 ,14;"(be)",, /a=4:b=402:d=9 :e=19 _"0 in the shed","0 outside","0 off work","0 in prison" c$(22):9000(# #9600%:h=0:9100# 13 ,0;"We come back to Sentences. Sentences usually occur in an continually changing context. In a changing context, it's not necessary to repeat everything that has already been mentioned." 9990':9600% n:z:11 ,5;"SOME SPECIAL KINDS OF";12 ,12 ;"PRONOUNS";:y:9990':5000 C13 ,1;"To avoid repetition we can use pronouns instead of NPs (not just nouns). Pronouns are substitutes for ";:z:"NP";:y:"s.";:9990':9600%:13 ,1;"They are:";14,1;"singular or plural; ";15,1;"masculine, feminine or neuter;" a16,1;"in subject or predicate; first, second, or third person;" c18,1;"definite or indefinite;";19,1;"positive or negative." 66,3;"Pansy gambles" +9990':6,21;" gambles" /a=5:b=1260:d=6:e=3 H"She ","The President","He","The government ","It" c$(18):9000(# #6,18;"deliver daily"  0a=10 :b=1300:d=6:e=1 "Newspaper boys"," They","Our company"," We","Your company"," You","These people"," These","Those I listed"," They " (&c$(20):9000(#:9600% ->:z:11 ,7;"POSSESSIVE PRONOUN":Y:9990' 0v:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************":0:5:127,151:0,-7:127,167:0,-7:47/,143:0,-8:47/,143:163,0:210,143:0,-8:6:z:2,15;"NP";5,4;"POSS";5,26;"N";:y 213 ,1;"One class of pronoun is called possessive pronouns. These replace ";:z:"NP";:y:"s with possessive 'adjectives' in them (my, your, his, its, 's, etc.)." 49990':9600%:13 ,1;"Henry's feet/His";15,1;"My new hymnal/Mine";17,1;"Mr & Mrs Wu's sampan/Theirs" 6m7,2;"Henry's feet":9990':7,2;" His ":9990' 70,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************";0:5:127,160:0,-7:127,143:0,-7:6:z:3,15;"NP";5,14;"PRON";:y 8)7,14;"His":9990' 90,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;1;7;"********************************":0:5:127,151:0,-7:127,167:0,-7:47/,143:0,-8:47/,143:163,0:210,143:0,-8:6:z:2,15;"NP";5,4;"POSS";5,26;"N";:y :k7,2;"Pansy's feet":9990':7,2;" Her ":9990' ;0,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************";0:5:127,160:0,-7:127,143:0,-7:6:z:3,15;"NP";5,14;"PRON";:y <*7,14;"Hers":9990' =0,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;1;7;"********************************":0:5:127,151:0,-7:127,167:0,-7:47/,143:0,-8:47/,143:163,0:210,143:0,-8:6:z:2,15;"NP";5,4;"POSS";5,26;"N";:y >z7,2;"Henry's and my feet":9990':7,2;,;7,4;"Our":9990' ?0,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************";0:5:127,160:0,-7:127,143:0,-7:6:z:3,15;"NP";5,14;"PRON";:y @*7,14;"Ours":9990' A0,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************":0:5:127,151:0,-7:127,167:0,-7:47/,143:0,-8:47/,143:163,0:210,143:0,-8:6:z:2,15;"NP";5,4;"POSS";5,26;"N";:y B7,0;"The Yetis' feet":9990':7,0;,;7,2;"Their";:9990' C0,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************";0:5:127,160:0,-7:127,143:0,-7:6:z:3,15;"NP";5,14;"PRON";:y D87,14;"Theirs":9990':9600% i0,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:11 ,0;7;1;"********************************":0:5:127,151:0,-7:127,167:0,-7:47/,143:0,-8:47/,143:163,0:210,143:0,-8:6:z:2,15;"NP";5,4;"POSS";5,26;"N";:y n13 ,0;"[NB. The ";:z:13 ,9 ;"S";:y:13 ,11 ;"has no meaning unlessit is absolutely clear from the context what ";:z:15,13 ;"NP";:y:15,16;"the Pronoun replaces.]" x9990':9600% 13 ,0;"Sometimes, people replace only the ";:z:14,4;"N";:y:14,6;"with a Pronoun, instead ofthe whole ";:z:15,10 ;"NP";:y:15,12 ;"."  9990' /a=6:b=1440:d=7:e=3 "Henry's feet","Henry's ones","Pansy's feet","Pansy's ones","Pansy's foot","Pansy's one" &c$(60<):9000(#:9600% 13 ,1;"One and ones are normally used when there is an Adjective in the ";:z:15,5;"NP";:y:15,7;"."  9990' Y5:119w,143:0,-7:6:z:5,14;"ADJ";:y /a=6:b=1500:d=7:e=3 "Pansy's left foot"," Her left one","The cop's right foot"," His right one","St James's lost sheep"," His lost ones" &c$(70F):9000(#:9600% @:z:11 ,6;"INDEFINITE PRONOUNS";:y:9990' /5000:6,21;"must change" !13 ,1;"Another kind of pronoun is the indefinite pronoun.";16,1;"Unlike he, them, us, etc., indefinite pronouns don't refer to specific NPs, but like them they are marked for singular and plural and personal or impersonal." /a=6:b=1560:d=6:e=2 T"Something","Someone","Nothing","Nobody","People","Things" ,=c$(15):9000(#:9600%:h=0:9100# /? 11 ,0;7;"********************************":5000:5:214,127:0,8:119w,127:0,-8:119w,127:116t,0:165,127:0,-8:207,127:0,-8:236,127:0,-8 226:z:7,14;"AUX V NP":y 4m6,0;"The President";9 ,14;"(do) wear black (Past) shoes" 6X6:13 ,0;"Another way to avoid repetition is to leave out the or any other part of the which is 'repeated information'. In thiscase, you use and perhaps also a Pronoun instead of an .";:z:14,20;"V";15,18;"VP";17,14;"AUX";18,29;"NP";:y @9990':9600% J%1:7:13 ,0;"The President wears black shoes.Mrs President wears black shoes.";17,0;0;6;"Here, you can leave out the whole except , to avoid repetition.";:z:18,6;0;6;"VP";18,16;"AUX";:y T<9990':6,0;"Mrs":9990':9600% ^(1:7:13 ,2;"The President wears black shoes.";15,2;"Mrs President does, too.";17,0;0;6;"[NB. This is how we know that (do) is the even when it is not explicit.]";:z:18,12 ;0;6;"AUX";:y m*9990':9600%:0:6 r13 ,1;"Another example:";15,1;1;7;"The President kicked the desk. Mrs President kicked the desk.":6,0;"The";9 ,13 ;"(do) kick the desk";10 ,26;" " |18,1;"The second S is the same except for the subject ";:z:"NP";:y:". The subject changes, did represents the VP." 9990':9600% p13 ,0;"The sentence now appears as:";15,2;1;7;"Mrs President did, too." 6,0;"Mrs":z:7,29;"CM";:y:9 ,13 ;"did (kick) (the too desk)" 9990':9600% 4z:13 ,1;"CM";:y:13 ,4;"stands for 'context marker'. It marks the context as the same as in the previous sentence.";18,1;"[Too is also called an adverb sometimes, since it belongs in the ";:z:20,5;"VP";:y:20,7;".]" 9990':9600% 95000:5100:z:7,28;"ADVP";:y e6,5;"I";9 ,14;"(be) sick on Friday" 13 ,0;"Another way to avoid repetition is to change ";:z:14,13 ;"ADVP";:y:14,17;"s." E16,1;1;7;"I was sick on Friday." 9990':9600% 13 ,0;"In the following context, the can change, to avoid repetition:";:z:14,0;"ADVP";:y:17,1;1;7;"Henry came to see me on Friday.";19,1;"I was sick on Friday." %9990':9 ,28;,,, 0a=2:b=1790:d=9 :e=28 "then ********************************","on that day********************************" &c$(78N):9000(#:9600% 13 ,0;"The can consist of two s. Both can be changed to avoid repetition.";:z:14,0;"ADVP";13 ,4;"ADVP";:y &17,1;1;7;"Gus came to my flat in a suit.";19,1;"Jo came to my flat in a suit." 09990':9600% :A13 ,0;"In the second sentence, to avoidrepetition:" D16,1;1;7;"Gus came to my flat in a suit.";18,1;"Jo came here in a suit." I 9990' N1a=3:b=1880X:d=18:e=14 X?"in this way.","like that.","thus." l2c$(35#):9000(#:9600%:9100# :9 ,1;"YOU HAVE NOW COMPLETED THIS SECTION OF THE PROGRAM. PRESS M TO RETURN TO THE MENU, P TO LOAD THE NEXT SECTION, OR L TO LEAVE THE PROGRAM." ""3010 =""3020 ="m"6000p C="p":11 ,0;"PRESS PLAY ON YOUR TAPE RECORDER":"" ="l" N8400 :6000p  0:0:.1}L,3:6:65287:11 ,4;"GRAMMAR - PLEASE WAIT";:""::10 ,9 ;5;"STOP THE TAPE";11 ,14;"THEN";12 ,4;"PRESS ANY LETTER TO START":236077\,(45664`):0:8400 : _:11 ,0;1;7;"********************************":0:9400$ C6:0,10 ;"SENTENCE";:Y:" [";:Z:"S";:Y:"]" ~5:132,167:0,-7:133,167:0,-7:480,160:165,0 480,160:0,-8:491,160:0,-8:214,160:0,-8:215,160:6 =z:3,3;"SUBJECT";3,22;"PREDICATE" :6:4,5;"NP";4,26;"VP":y  d214,127:0,8:z:6:4,5;"NP";4,26;"VP";:y (5:239,128:0,-8:239,128:-108l,0:131,128:0,-8 F'188,128:0,-7 P66:z:7,15;"AUX^^^^^V^^^^^NP";:y Z X5:215,135:0,-7:100d,128:133,0 '100d,128:0,-8 '233,128:0,-8 '159,128:0,-8  5:480,136:0,-8:20,128:0,-8:20,128:143,0:116t,128:0,-8:165,128:0,-8 /z:7,1;"ART^^^^^^^^^ADJ^^^^N":y  J:12 ,0;1;7;"********************************" h5:131,167:0,-7:31,159:0,-7:31,159:184,0:215,159:0,-7:215,143:0,-7:108l,135:0,-8:108l,135:120x,0:175,135:0,-8:228,135:0,-8 ,6:z:0,16;"S";3,3;"NP";3,26;"VP";6,12 ;"AUX";6,21;"V":y 6 |:5:131,167:0,-7:35#,159:0,-8:35#,159:188,0:103g,159:0,-8:223,159:0,-8 k6:3,4;"0";:z:3,12 ;"NP";3,27;"VP";0,16;"S":y H11 ,0;1;7;"********************************"  /5:214,127:0,8 >z:6:4,5;"NP";4,26;"VP";:y 05:239,128:0,-8 (239,128:-513,0 '188,128:0,-7 .6:z:7,23;"V^^^^^NP";:y & uz::1:7:103g,171:480,0:103g,171:0,-16:104h,171:0,-16:151,155:-480,0:151,155:0,16:152,155:0,16 zF1,14;7;"MENU":y:3,13 ;"Part 1";:z d0:4:5,4;"A";5,7;"SENTENCES";5,19;"STRUCTURES" L6,4;"B";6,7;"PASSIVE";6,17;"ACTIVE" O7,4;"C";7,7;"AUXILIARIES";7,21;"VERBS" 18,4;"D";8,7;"COPULAS" H9 ,4;"E";9 ,7;"ZERO";9 ,12 ;"VERBS" T10 ,4;"F";10 ,7;"AVOIDING";10 ,16;"REPETITION" ވ11 ,4;"G";11 ,7;"MORE";11 ,12 ;"ABOUT";11 ,18;"AVOIDING";12 ,7;"REPETITION" 19,2;1;7;"WHICH";19,8;"ONE";19,12 ;"DO";19,15;"YOU";19,19;"WANT";:Y:0 u5,17;"&";6,15;"&";7,19;"&";19,23;1;7;"?":0 0:j$=:k=j$ 5:1:k=97ak=65A:z:11 ,5;"SENTENCES";11 ,17;"STRUCTURES":y:11 ,15;"&":9990':1:5000:17: k=98bk=66B:z:11 ,8;"PASSIVE";11 ,18;"ACTIVE";:y:11 ,16;"&":9990':2:5000:5100 :40(: k=99ck=67C:z:11 ,6;"AUXILIARIES";11 ,20;"VERBS";:y:11 ,18;"&":9990':5:5000:5120:131: $mk=100dk=68D:z:11 ,12 ;"COPULAS";:y:9990':6:5400:140: 8|k=101ek=69E:1:Z:11 ,11 ;"ZERO VERBS";:Y:9990':5000:5120:330J: Bk=102fk=70F:2:Z:11 ,6;"AVOIDING REPETITION";:Y:9990':5000:5120:1190: Lk=103gk=71G:3:Z:11 ,6;"MORE ABOUT AVOIDING REPETITION";:Y:9990':1583/: j 6125  X" BLIZZO CLEANS FASTER!" YZ"William Shakespeare, the dramatist, was born in 1564 A.D.in Stratford, England." Z$"Hazel Brown loves William Black." "In southern England, Worcester apples usually cost 40 pence a pound." \9"In his first match, Robert Willsscored two own goals." ]1"The machine on Peter Pile's deskdoesn't work." ^)"Martin Martinson has a pious face." _"He was drunk at the time." `"Yes." a"Guinness is good for you." b" the tall man" c " she" d"" the one outside with a beard" e" you and I" f$" the girl who was wearing jeans" g" people today" h" laughing at jokes" l " came in" m" has been at my porridge" n" is never dull" o" wanted a book costing `3" p" left home" q*" am the ghost of Christmas Past" r#" always used to laugh at jokes" v" They went there." w)"He was with all of them at that time." x$"People doing that are unwelcome." y$"Considering everything, I agree." z " Yes." {" Of course not." @"Pansy crushed an ant. An ant was crushed by Pansy." ?"(Someone)'s eaten my porridge. My porridge has been eaten." @"Perkins sell loofahs. Loofahs are sold by Perkins." A"(He) has abandoned the house. The house has been abandoned." ="Jessie cut me dead. I was cut dead by Jessie." ?"burn (= set on fire) burn (= be on fire)" >"sell (= offer for sale) sell (= be bought)" ;"grow (= cultivate) grow (= mature)" @"fail (= not pass [an exam]) fail (= not succeed)" H"trip (= cause somebody to fall) trip (= fall over something)" " am" " is"  " was"  " can"  " might"  " must"  " does"  " will"  " should" " is"  " were"  " was" " am"  " are"  " nice"  " hopeful"  " pretty" " abandoned"  " amazing"  " willing" " be tall, grow tall" " tower over, fall upon" " be deserted, desert" " glow, illuminate" " be verdant, turn green" " lie prone, lie down" " be upright, stand up" t"DEFINITE: (subject and predicate) I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, you, him, her, it, us, them" q"INDEFINITE: someone, no-one, anyone, something, nothing, anything, people, things, they, one, ones" r"REFLEXIVE/EMPHASIZING: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves" "IN FRONT OF NOUNS: my, your, his, her, its, our, their,  [trad. 'adjectives'] Fred's, James's, my brother's, my brothers'" D"WITH of: the arm of a chair the hind leg of a donkey" T"PRONOUNS (i.e. incl. nouns)  mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs" " on Friday"  " then"  " with me"  " nicely"  " today" " as often as possible" :"Pat eats ants. She does it for political reasons." M"1649 was a bad year for King Charles. They cut off his head then." L"Henry Hoot is here. He's wearing his you-know-what again." -"Do you take this woman to wife? I do." %"What's in it for me? Nothing."  I"I burnt my diary. My diary burned in the grate."  G"Sulis sell smashing software. The software sells smartly." I"I grow Heinz beans. The beans are growing nicely." o"Maud tripped Tony with her tiny toes. Today Tony tripped twice on the TV." "Hello, I'm Julie." ."The clock does run, but back- wards." "I should ignore him." %"You must look after yourself." " He'll be here at 5."  6" I'll come. I will come." !6" He came. He did come." "D" Was there a parcel for me? Was there a parcel for me?" #H"The crop's a failure this year. The crop is a failure this year." $G"Make mine a mild and bitter. Do make mine a mild and bitter." *" I'm in bed." +" That is the question." ," Freddy was a fright." -%" Mice get frightened easily." .-"The king is dead, long live the king!" 48" I'm in bed. I'm making my bed." 5B"The wall loomed in the darkness.A face grimaced over the wall." 6@"Jane towers over her husband. Jane terrifies her children." 7J"The house is deserted. The house was deserted by its owner." 8@"Harriet's wholly happy. Harriet's heaving hardboard." >P"George loves singing and music. Things like that make him happy." ?C"Lena finds George frightful. She hates him heartily." @J"Aunt Agatha heard a noise in theshed. It was something nasty." AE"Parties are frightful. People make fools of themselves." B+"Paws off! Those ones are mine." fC"Henry has beautiful feet, but his wife's are hideous." gI"The leg of a chair can be just as beautiful as Ms. Monroe's." h$" Hers gleam, mine glow." i9"St. James's Park is the home of Newcastle United." j7"Your new parka cost more than my old one." p.15~,0:.15~,2:.15~,4:.4L,7:.18~8Q,4:.5,7  !z!a=1:d=6:e=0 !c$(256) !h=h+1:h>gh=1 !b=h+n ! 9000(# ! !0m$="x"Ưn$97 aƯn$112p8790V" "Vn$"a"8796\" "Xdm$="x"n=7029u:g=6::3,3;"Example - Ambiguous sentence":8550f!: "\n$"b"8800`" "^am$="x"n=7049:g=5::3,3;"Example - Trans./intrans.":8550f!: "`n$"c"8810j" "bUm$="x"n=7059:g=9 ::3,3;"Example - AUX":8550f!: "jn$"d"8816p" "lYm$="x"n=7069:g=5::3,3;"Example - Copulas":8550f!: "pn$"e"8820t" "ram$="x"n=7089:g=7::3,3;"Example - Stative/dynamic":8550f!: "tn$"f"8826z" "vZm$="x"n=7099:g=3::3,3;"Example - Pronouns":8550f!: "zn$"g"8830~" "|^m$="x"n=6999W:g=10 ::3,3;"Example - Sentences":8550f!: "~n$"h"8836" "]m$="x"n=7009a:g=7::3,3;"Example - Noun Phrase":8550f!: "n$"i"8840" "]m$="x"n=7019k:g=6::3,3;"Example - Verb Phrase":8550f!: "n$"j"8846" "`m$="x"n=7039:g=5::3,3;"Example - Active/Passive":8550f!: "n$"k"8850" "[m$="x"n=7079:g=6::3,3;"Example - Adjective":8550f!: "n$"l"8856" "]m$="x"n=7139:g=3::3,3;"Example - Possessives":8550f!: "n$"m"8860" "bm$="x"n=7149:g=6::3,3;"Example - Adverbial Phrase":8550f!: "n$"p"8921" "1m$="s"Ưn$112 pƯn$119w8874" "n$"p"8880" "pm$="s"n=7169:g=5::3,1;"Example in context - Ambiguous Sentence":8550f!: "n$"q"8886" "pm$="s"n=7179 :g=4::3,1;"Example in context - Trans./ intrans.":8550f!: "n$"r"8890" "`m$="s"n=7189:g=5::3,1;"Example in context - AUX":8550f!: "n$"s"8894" "dm$="s"n=7209):g=5::3,1;"Example in context - Copulas":8550f!: "n$"t"8896" "om$="s"n=72193:g=5::3,1;"Example in context - Stative/ Dynamic":8550f!: "n$"u"8898" "em$="s"n=7229=:g=5::3,1;"Example in context - Pronouns":8550f!: "n$"v"8900" "jm$="s"n=7199:g=5::3,1;"Example in context - Emph./Unemph.":8550f!: "n$"w"8902" "hm$="s"n=7269e:g=5::3,0;"Example in context - Possessives":8550f!: " 9600% ":1,0;" From Which Section?";3,3;"a) Ambiguous S";4,3;"b) Trans./intrans.";5,3;"c) Aux.";6,3;"d) Copulas";7,3;"e) Stative/dynamic";8,3;"f) Pronouns";9 ,3;"g) Sentences" "۹10 ,3;"h) NP";11 ,3;"i) VP";12 ,3;"j) Active/passive";13 ,3;"k) ADJs";14,3;"l) Possessives";15,3;"m) ADVPs" "0:n$=:r=1 "jn$"a"n$"b"n$"c"n$"d"n$"e"n$"f"n$"g"n$"h"n$"i"n$"j"n$"k"n$"l"n$"m"8925" ": ":1,3;"From which section?";3,3;"p) Ambiguous S";4,3;"q) Trans./intrans.";5,3;"r) AUXs";6,3;"s) Copulas";7,3;"t) Stative dynamic";8,3;"u) Pronouns";9 ,3;"v) Emph./unemph." "&10 ,3;"w) Possessives" "0:n$=:r=1 "Zn$"p"n$"q"n$"r"n$"s"n$"t"n$"u"n$"v"n$"w"n$"x"n$"y"n$"z"8950" #: #-b #2 f=1a #<c$ #F d,e;c$ #P 9990' #Zf #d # # 5 #):125},73I:123{,0 #'125},73I:0,-65A #'248,8:-123{,0 #%248,8:0,65A #]236077\,253:13 ,16;5;1;"OPTIONS":236077\,60< #-7:15,17;"Continue C" # r=0 #$16,17;"Examples X" $#18,18;"in context S" $17,17;"Examples" $S 0 $^"c"9320h$ $_&k=k+1:k=104h3000 $`6130: $|="s"m$="s":9382$ $="x"m$="x":9370$ $ 9299S$ $ 8920" $ 8700! $ 9100# $ 8950" $ 8873" $ 9100# $236077\,253: $236077\,60<: %*12 ,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,: '(502:o=0:.2~L,19 ')1,1;4;"":10 ' %="m"Ŧ="M"8400 :6000p ' *"m"Ʀ"M"Ʀ""1,1;" ": ' a1,1;1;" ":o=o+1:o=8.2~L,19:o=0:9997 ' ' 10 ' 9992' z$y$CHR$ ŀ;+~F~FF|b|b|~F@F~~FFF~~`~`~~`~``~@NF~bb~bb <dd~FF````~~VVVV~FFFF~bbb~~b~``|ddd~~b|FF~`~~~bbbb~bbb4jjjj~bb]GramS2 z=9400$:y=9410$  6000p 13 ,1;"There are five main types of sentence.";16,1;"Each of these has a marker that helps you to recognise which type of sentence it is." 9990':9600% 13 ,1;"1. Statements";14,2;"Zero [0], i.e. the 'normal' word order, intonation etc.";3,4;"0" *5,12 ;"We took cover" 9990':9600% (13 ,1;"2. Denials";14,2;"A negative word (e.g. not, never, nothing) somewhere in the ";:z:"VP";:y:".";3,3;"Neg" -O18,1;"In this case:";19,1;"We didn't take cover." 29990':9600% <13 ,0;"3. Questions";14,1;"A re-arranged surface structure (You're going becomes Are you going? or has a question intonation: You're going?).";3,3;" ? " Av19,1;"In this case:";20,1;"Did we take cover? OR";21,1;"We took cover?" F9990':9600% P13 ,0;"4. Commands";14,1;"The subject ";:z:"NP";:y:" is usually omitted (Come means (You) come).";3,3;"Imp" Uz5,10 ;"(You)";5,22;"take";18,1;"In this case:";19,1;"Take cover!" Z9990':9600% d13 ,0;"5. Emphatics";14,1;"An emphasized word in the sentence (You are silly!), or an explicit ";:z:"AUX";:y:" which is nor- mally implicit (He DOES like cheese).";3,2;"Emph" i5,10 ;" We ";5,22;"took";20,1;"In this case:";21,1;"We did take cover." x9990':9600% 13 ,1;"We assume that the underlying Subject and Predicate structure contains a marker to show the sentence type." 9990':9600% b13 ,1;"Here are some more examples.";3,2;" ";4,0;,,,,,, n9990':9600%:13 ,0;"This ";:z:"NP";:y:"/";:z:"VP";:y:" can appear like this." V9990':15,1;"Bilbo likes prawns.";3,2;" 0 " <5,10 ;"Bilbo";5,20;"likes prawns" [9990':16,1;"Bilbo doesn't like prawns.";3,3;"Neg" 9990':17,1;"Does Bilbo like prawns?";18,1;"(OR Bilbo likes prawns?)";3,3;" ? " Y9990':19,1;"(Do) Like prawns, Bilbo!";3,3;"Imp" Y9990':20,1;"Bilbo does like prawns.";3,3;"Emph" װ9990':9600%:13 ,1;"You can have more than one marker at a time:";16,1;"Bilbo does not like prawns.";4,3;"NEG" #9990':h=0:9100# u6:13 ,0;"It's time to go back to our ";:z:13 ,28;"NP";:y:13 ,30;"s." u13 ,0;"It's time to go back to our ";:z:13 ,28;"NP";:y:13 ,30;"s.There may be other things besides ";:z:15,8;"ARTICLES";:y:15,17;"in front of ";:z:16,0;"NOUNS":y:16,5;". One of the most common is a ";:z:17,5;"QUANTIFIER";:y:17,15;"." 89990':9600%:z:7,0;"QUANT":y 13 ,1;"Quantifiers tell you how much, how many. They range from imprecise quantifiers like some or a few through vague numbers like hundreds of to precise quantifiers like all, none, twenty etc." 9990':9600% <13 ,1;"They can be divided into two types:";16,1;"countable (where the ";:z:"N";:y:" can have a plural, e.g. fool, car, coin)";19,1;"uncountable (where the ";:z:"N";:y:" can't have a plural, e.g. money, traffic, folly)":9990':9600% :Z:11 ,6;"INDEFINITE^QUANTIFIERS";:Y:":";:z:12 ,12 ;"COUNTABLE";:Y:9990':5000:5300 ,9990':z:7,1;"QUANT":y 13 ,0;"Just to remind you, here's a Subject ";:z:14,8;"NP";:y:14,11 ;"with an indefinite article. Indefinite quantifiers go in the same position as the article." .9 ,2;"A hungry sheep" l9990':9600%:13 ,1;"The ";:z:"QUANTIFIER";:y:" may be very imprecise."  9990'  z:7,1;"QUANT":y .a=7:b=510:d=9 :e=0 " Several hungry","One or two hungry","A lot of hungry","Not many hungry"," Most hungry"," Some hungry"," Few hungry" c$(22) 9000(#:9600% T13 ,1;"The ";:z:"QUANTIFIER";:y:" may be 'half- quantified'." &0a=7:b=5600:d=9 :e=0 0"Dozens of hungry sheep","Hundreds of hungry sheep","Thousands of hungry sheep","Millions of hungry sheep","Suitcases of forged dollars","Tins & tins of bad tomatoes","Boxes of dried baked beans" :&c$(33!):9000(#:9600% S9 ,0;,,,, Xi13 ,1;"The ";:z:"QUANTIFIER";:y:" may count each or every member of a group." l9990':9 ,0;,,,,:9 ,0;"Each hungry sheep":9990':9 ,0;"Every hungry sheep" v9990'::z:11 ,5;"INDEFINITE^QUANTIFIERS";:Y:":";:Z:12 ,11 ;"UNCOUNTABLE";:Y:9990':5000:5300 {-9990':z:7,1;"QUANT";:y 13 ,0;"The ";:z:"N";:y:" in the ";:z:"NP";:y:" above was alwayscountable - you could always form a plural." 9990':9600% {13 ,2;"sheep - sheep";15,2;"pound note - pound notes";17,2;"tomato - tomatoes"  9990':9600% 13 ,0;"The ";:z:13 ,4;"N";:y:13 ,6;"in the ";:z:13 ,13 ;"NP";:y:13 ,16;"can also be un- countable - it does not have a plural." 17,0;"[N.B. Many words can be 'countable' and 'uncountable'. They are in effect two different words with the same form:" 9990':9600% z:12 ,1;"EXAMPLES";:y:13 ,3;"fish (an uncountable alternative to meat)";16,3;"two fish (countable - two specimens of the same species)" 9990':9600% 13 ,3;"humour (an uncountable word meaning 'jokes', 'laughter', etc.)";17,3;"a bad humour (a countable word meaning 'mood')" 9990':9600% 13 ,0;"You can have ";:z:13 ,13 ;"QUANTIFIERS";:y:13 ,25;"with uncountable nouns, too. They are similar to, and in some cases the same as, the ";:z:17,0;"QUANTIFIERS";:y:17,12 ;"with countable nouns." Rz:7,1;"QUANT";:y:9 ,1;"Some unwashed linen" 19990':10 ,12 ;"unwashed linen"  .a=9 :b=790:d=9 :e=0 "A lot of","A bit of"," Some","Not much","A ton of","Miles of","Piles of","Suitcasefuls of","Bags and bags of"  c$(40() */9000(#:9600%:9 ,0;,,,, =s:z:11 ,10 ;"GROUP NOUNS":y:9990':5000:5300:z:7,1;"QUANT";:y >13 ,1;"A special kind of ";:z:13 ,19;"INDEFINITE^^^^QUANTIFIER";:y:14,12 ;"is the Group Noun or Collective Noun. Various nouns have their own special ";:z:17,1;"QUANTIFIER";:Y:"." H 9990' R.a=7:b=860\:d=9 :e=0 \"A flock of  sheep","A herd of cows","A bevy of quails","A bevy of journalists","A crowd of people","A mob of rioters","A flight of geese" fc$(60<) p/9000(#:9600%:h=0:9100# zVz:13 ,0;"DEFINITE^QUANTIFIERS ABSOLUTE";:Y:13 ,20;" - " Xz:7,1;"QUANT";:y:15,0;"This includes no and all." .a=4:b=930:d=9 :e=0 }" No fat sheep"," All fat sheep"," No dirty linen"," All dirty linen" c$(60<) 9000(#:9600 % Pz:7,13 ;"ART";:y:9 ,1;"All of the linen" 13 ,1;"If there is a definite article in the ";:z:14,8;"NP";:y:14,10 ;", no and all change to none of and all of."  9990'  9 ,0;"None of" ބ17,1;"[N.B. Indefinite quantifiers like some, most, little can also appear with definite articles.]"  9990' /a=3:b=1010:d=9 :e=0 -"Most of","Some of","Little of" c$(14) 9000(#:9600% Tz:13 ,0;"DEFINITE^QUANTIFIERS QUANTITIES";:Y:13 ,20;"-" 15,0;"Numbers and measures are precisequantifiers with countable ";:z:16,27;"N";:y:16,28;"s. So are quantities and measures with uncountable  s.";:z:18,17;"N";:y $Rz:7,13 ;"ADJ":y:9 ,0;" Four unwashed sheep " .9990':9600% 3D13 ,1;"Quantifiers with ";:Z:"COUNTABLE^N";:Y:"s." 8U9 ,10 ;" carrots ":a=8:b=1090B:d=9 :e=0 Bz"A dozen","Twelve","Two dozen","A hundred","55.5","A pound of","Two tons of","A kilo of" Lc$(15) V!9000(#:9 ,0;,, `F13 ,0;"Quantifiers with ";:z:"UNCOUNTABLE^N";:y:"s." j 9990' t/a=5:b=1150~:d=9 :e=0 ~"A pound of unwashed fish","A ton of unwashed linen","`100's worth of unwashed money","Four miles of unfenced road","Four gallons of unsold oil" c$(34") #9000(#:h=0:9100# 811 ,0;"********************************"  5800 6:4:z:0,16;"S";3,4;"S";3,27;"S";6,1;"NP";6,12 ;"VP";6,20;"NP";6,29;"VP";:y D6:13 ,0;"Another kind of context marker is the ";:z:"CONJUNCTION";:y:".":16,0;"This shows the relationship between sentences.":9990':9600%:13 ,1;"Either one sentence is incor- porated (subordinated) in the other, or the two are simply joined" ė16,7;" (co-ordinated), using and or but.":9990':8,1;"Jo saw Gus";8,20;"Jo screamed" 9990':9600% 13 ,1;1;7;"Co-ordinating conjunction:";15,1;"Jo saw Gus and screamed.";16,1;"(subject not repeated at all, because the sentences have the same form)" 9990':5700D V7,1;"Jo";10 ,5;"screamed";12 ,16;"Jo saw Gus" 15,0;"Subordinating conjunction:";17,1;7;1;"When Jo saw Gus, he screamed.";18,1;0;"(subject reappears as he)" -9990':5800:8,0;,, 13 ,0;"Another example:";15,1;1;7;"Pat pops pills.";16,1;"Pat gets ill from pills."  9990':9600% 13 ,1;"Co-ordinating conjunction:";15,1;1;7;"Pat pops pills, but gets ill from them." C17,1;"(subject dropped, pills becomes them)" #E8,1;"Pat";8,7;"pops pills Pat gets ill" (9990':5700D:15,1;"Subordinating conjunction:";17,1;1;7;"Because Pat pops pills, she gets ill.";19,1;0;"(Pat becomes she, pills is not repeated)" -[7,0;"Pat";10 ,5;"gets ill";12 ,16;"Pat pops pills" 2O9990'::z:11 ,10 ;"MORE^ECONOMY":y:9990':5000 "A lot of what was said didn't make much sense." D"Tons and tons of manure kept a herd of cattle at bay." H"Most equipment has miles and miles of wire at the back." ="Little effort was made to move any menfolk on." 7"Some time was spent in a bit of thinking." Y"A large amount of money goes into projects of not much value,if any." 7"No friends of mine could drink all that." K"Two dogs and five hens eat 5 kilos of victuals a week." >"None of the participants knew all the answers." 6"Two gallons, please, and one canof beer." <"There are a million and one uses for a Fixitt." >"Take one dozen eggs, and mix in a pint of cream." ơ"Time is running out for us. We won't survive much longer with- out help. Or will we? Listen carefully. Do consider again what our strong points are." "'You must be Helen Smith. We haven't met before. Can I get you something to eat, Miss Smith? Let me hold your glass while you fill your plate. Oh, do have some of that pie....'" Ș"FREEZEEZY COLD DRINKS MACHINE. NO FOREIGN COINS ACCEPTED. WHAT DRINK DO YOU WANT? PLACE CUP UNDER NOZZLE AND PRESS BUTTON B. DO COME AGAIN." Ʌ"'Thank you. I'm not tired.' 'How about a cup of tea, then?' 'Please don't worry about me.' 'Oh, but I do worry about you.'" "'This is your captain speaking. Our cabin crew are unable to serve you at the moment. May we presume on your patience for ten more minutes? Please fasten your seat belts. Seat belts must be fastened before takeoff.'" " the tall man"  " she" #" the one outside with a beard" " you and I" %" the girl who was wearing jeans" " people outside" " laughing at jokes" " came in" " has been at my porridge" " is never dull" " wanted a book costing `3" " left home" $"am the ghost of Christmas Past" "CO-ORDINATING  and, but SUBORDINATING  since, when, after, because, why, as, if, whenever, where etc."  " because she was late"  " if it's possible"  " after ten had struck"  " since you're here now"  " whenever you fancy" " which you're wearing" " that farmers use" " who's here with us" " which cause accidents" " whose words you quoted" /"Pansy and Poppy are fun to be with." 1"Maud grumbles and Henry hisses at her." )"It's unfortunate but it's true." $" Adam delved and Eve span." !" She's nice, but silly." $" When it arrives, open it." 8"Whenever Maud speaks, Henry hisses at her." *"He does it because he's jealous." >"There are riots as often as there are elections." $" If it's money, it's mine." %" Jim is the one who smirks." 4"This is the house that Jack built." N"The man whose name I forget toldme a joke (that) I've forgotten."  6"The ASFA makes rules that every-one ignores." !@"Laws are something (which) we cannot do without." p.15~,0:.15~,2:.15~,4:.4L,7:.18~8Q,4:.5,7  !z!a=1:d=7:e=0 !c$(256) !h=h+1:h>gh=1 !b=h+n ! 9000(# ! !/m$="x"Ưn$97aƯn$108l8790V" "Vn$"a"8800`" "XYm$="x"n=7159:g=7:5,1;"Example - noun phrase":8550f!: "`n$"b"8806f" "bYm$="x"n=7169:g=6:5,1;"Example - verb phrase":8550f!: "fn$"c"8810j" "hYm$="x"n=7175:g=1:5,1;"Example - conjunction":8550f!: "jn$"d"8820t" "n`m$="x"n=7176:g=5:5,1;"Example - subordinate clause":8550f!: "tn$"e"8826z" "x]m$="x"n=7181 :g=5:5,1;"Example - relative clause":8550f!: "zn$"f"8830~" "|Wm$="x"n=6999W:g=7:5,1;"Example - statement":8550f!: "~n$"g"8836" "Tm$="x"n=7009a:g=6:5,1;"Example - denial":8550f!: "n$"h"8840" "Vm$="x"n=7019k:g=7:5,1;"Example - question":8550f!: "n$"i"8846" "Um$="x"n=7029u:g=7:5,1;"Example - command":8550f!: "n$"j"8850" "Vm$="x"n=7039:g=5:5,1;"Example - emphatic":8550f!: "n$"k"8856" "cm$="x"n=7049:g=4:5,1;"Example - indefinite quantifier":8550f!: "n$"l"8921" "am$="x"n=7059:g=3:5,1;"Example - definite quantifier":8550f!: "0m$="s"Ưn$109mƯn$119w8866" "n$"m"8870" "~m$="s"n=7186:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - co-ordinating conjunction":8550f!: "n$"n"8876" "m$="s"n=7191:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - subordinating conjunction":8550f!: "n$"o"8886" "lm$="s"n=7196:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - relative clauses":8550f!: "n$"p"8890" "m$="s"n=7109:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - statements";16,1;"The statement is the first sentence":8550f!: "n$"q"8896" "m$="s"n=7109:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - denial";16,1;"The denial is the second sentence":8550f!: "n$"r"8900" "žm$="s"n=7109:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - question";16,1;"The question is the third sentence":8550f!: "n$"s"8906" "Ɲm$="s"n=7109:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - command";16,1;"The command is the fourth sentence":8550f!: "n$"t"8910" "̞m$="s"n=7109:g=5:4,1;"Example in context - emphatic";16,1;"The emphasized sentence is the last one":8550f!: "n$"u"8916" "zm$="s"n=7069:g=6:4,1;"Example in context - indefinite quantifier (countable)":8550f!: "n$"v"8919" "|m$="s"n=7079:g=6:4,1;"Example in context - indefinite quantifier (uncountable)":8550f!: "n$"w"8921" "om$="s"n=7089:g=6:4,1;"Example in context - definite quantifier":8550f!: " 9600% "3:1,1;" From Which Section?";3,3;"a) noun phrases";4,3;"b) verb phrases";5,3;"c) conjunctions";6,3;"d) subordinate clauses";7,3;"e) relative clauses";8,3;"f) statements";9 ,3;"g) denials" "ۿ10 ,3;"h) questions";11 ,3;"i) commands";12 ,3;"j) emphatics";13 ,3;"k) indefinite quantifiers";14,3;"l) definite quantifiers" "0:n$=:r=1 "cn$"a"n$"b"n$"c"n$"d"n$"e"n$"f"n$"g"n$"h"n$"i"n$"j"n$"k"n$"l"8925" ": "=:1,1;"From Which Section?";3,3;"m) co-ordinating conjunctions";4,3;"n) subordinating conjunctions";5,3;"o) relative clauses";6,3;"p) statements";7,3;"q) denials";8,3;"r) questions";9 ,3;"s) commands" "10 ,3;"t) emphatics";11 ,3;"u) indefinite quantifiers (countable)";13 ,3;"v) indefinite quantifiers (uncountable)";15,3;"w) definite quantifiers" "0:n$= "Zn$"m"n$"n"n$"o"n$"p"n$"q"n$"r"n$"s"n$"t"n$"u"n$"v"n$"w"8950" ": #-b #2 f=1a #<c$ #F d,e;c$ #P 9990' #Zf #d # # 5 #'125},73I:123{,0 #'125},73I:0,-65A #'248,8:-123{,0 #%248,8:0,65A #]236077\,253:13 ,16;5;1;"OPTIONS":236077\,60< # 7 #$15,17;"Continue C" # r=0 #16,17;"Examples" $#17,18;"in context S" $$18,17;"Examples X" $S 0 $^"c"9340|$: $_&k=k+1:k=102f3000 $`6130: $|!="S"Ŧ="s"m$="s":9381$ $!="X"Ŧ="x"m$="x":9370$ $ 9299S$ $ 8920" $ 8700! $ 9100# $ 8950" $ 8860" $ 9100# $236077\,253: $236077\,60<: %*12 ,0;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,: '(502:o=0:.2~L,19 ')1,1;4;"":10 ' %="m"Ŧ="M"8400 :6000p ' *"m"Ʀ"M"Ʀ""1,1;" ": ' a1,1;1;" ":o=o+1:o=8.2~L,19:o=0:9997 ' ' 10 ' 9992' z$y$CHR$ C~F~FF|b|b|~F@F~~FFF~~`~`~~`~``~@NF~bb~bb <dd~FF````~~VVVV~FFFF~bbb~~b~``|ddd~~b|FF~`~~~bbbb~bbb4jjjj~bb]