Evolution ¿¿yÁÿPêUNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION By Dr Eliot Gingold Sinclair Programs, May 83 éa$(250ú):éb(513)  í9000(# ç7:Ú7:û ãõÙ1;"This program simulates a local"'"population of mice. Two types"'"are found,black mice -- œ"'" and yellow mice -- ";Ù6;"œ"'''Ù2;"The difference is due to a gene"'"with two alleles. Y(black) is"'"dominant over y(yellow)."'"This means that"'" YY -- black"'" Yy -- black"'" yy -- yellow"'''Ù1;"Remember a œ mouse could be YY,"'"or Yy, a carrier of yellow."'"Yellow alleles can hide in black"'"mice!"'''Ù0;Ý1;" Press any key to continue. " ú¦=""Ëì26 û:õÙ2;"You may follow the changes in"'"this population during up to 50"'"generations."''Ù1;"Each generation the population"'"will at first double. But not"'"all can survive. You will be"'"asked to fix the maximum numbers"'"capable of surviving." ãõÙ2;'"Three situations are possible,"'"selection against yellow ---"'" i.e. black more fit to survive"'"selection against black ---"'" i.e. yellow more fit to survive"'"or no selection ---"'" i.e. both types equally fit" “õÙ2;"You can try any of these,"'"and if you have selection you"'"may determine its strength."'Ù0;Ý1;'" Press any key to start. " ú¦=""Ëì30 (ç7:Ú7:û 2põ¬7,0;Ù2;"Input the maximum population"'"that the environment can hold."'"(can be up to 125)" 4Rîp0:úp0<1 Åp0>125} ËõÙ0;''"Must be between 0 and 125.":ì524 7Žû:õ¬7,0;Ù1;"Selection could be "''" Against yellow INPUT 0"'" Against black INPUT 1"'" Or no selection INPUT 2" 9Jîd:údÉ0 ÆdÉ1 ÆdÉ2 Ëõ¿k0;''"Must be 0, 1 or 2":ì579 :úd=2 Ëì75K <¦û:õ¬7,0;Ù2;"WHat is the strength of"'"selection measured as a % ?"''"(100% would mean that the unfit"'"type is lethal)"''"Input a number up to 100" >Pîsp:úsp<0 Åsp>100d ËõÙ0''"Must be between 0 and 100":ì62> Fñs=100d-sp K¨û:õ¬7,0;Ù1;"What is the starting % of"'"yellow alleles? --- (%y)"''"(Remember that many will"'"be hidden in black mice!)"''"Input a number up to 100" MMîy:úy<0 Åy>100d ËõÙ0''"Must be between 0 and 100":ì77M dñn=1:ñp=p0 nñy=y/100d:ñb(1)=y È4ñsb=1:ñsy=1:úd=0 Ëñsy=s/100d Éúd=1 Ëñsb=s/100d ×ç7:Ú7:û Üñn=n+1:í1000è  í2000Ð  #ún=513 Ëò120x:ì3106 ô23692Œ\,255ÿ <õÜ1;Ý1;Ù0;"PRESS M FOR MORE, G FOR GRAPH"  í5000ˆ "úi$="m"Åi$="M"Ëì215× ,úi$="g"Åi$="G"Ëì3106 1 ì285 6 í6000p 7 í5000ˆ ;úi$="m"Åi$="M"Ëì215× @úi$="n"Åi$="N"Ëì40( Eúi$="s"Åi$="S"ËÚ7:â ^ ì3117 èFõ¬0,7;Ù2;Ü1;"NEXT GENERATION (";n-1;")" í.ñym=0:ñcd=0:ëf=1 Ì2*p ò ñx=¥:ñv=¥ üñz=(xÈy)+(vÈy)  ñcd=cd+z  ña$(f)=Á(z) 0ñi=0:úa$(f)="0"Ëñi=6:ñym=ym+1  õÙi;"œ "; óf $ñy=(4*p-cd)/(4*p) )€õ¬19,0;Ù2;Ü1;ym;" yellow mice out of ";(2*p)'(4*p-cd);" yellow alleles out of ";(4*p) .þ ÐPò150–:õ¬0,7;Ù2;Ü1;Û1;" NOT ALL CAN SURVIVE " Õ/ñps=2*p:ñbm=2*p-ym:ñbm1=bm:ñym1=ym Öñr=p0/(sb*bm+sy*ym) ×úr>1 Ëñr=1 Úëf=1 Ì2*p  ñx=¥ \ú((a$(f)>"0") Æ(x>r*sb)) Ëñcd=cd-°(a$(f)):ñbm1=bm1-1:ña$(f)="d":ñps=ps-1:õ" "; Lú((a$(f)="0") Æ(x>r*sy)) Ëñym1=ym1-1:ña$(f)="d":ñps=ps-1:õ" "; $úa$(f)É"d"ËõÞ1;Ù8;" ";  óf "õ¬20,31;" " #1õ¬0,0;" " $Cúbm=0 Ëõ¬19,0;" " %ˆúbm>0 Ëõ¬19,0;Ü1;Ù2;bm1;" BLACK SURVIVED FROM ";bm;Ù1;­(28);º(100d*bm1/bm+.5€);"%" &ˆúym>0 Ëõ¬20,0;Ü1;Ù2;ym1;" YELLOW SURVIVED FROM ";ym;Ù1;­(28);º(100d*ym1/ym+.5€);"%" *§ñy=(2*ps-cd)/(2*ps):õÜ1;Ù1;"%y=";(º(y*1000è+.5€))/10 ;" (Last Generation =";(º(b(n-1)*1000è+.5€))/10 ;")" /ñb(n)=y 2ñp=p0:úpsÇp0 Ëñp=ps 4þ ˆú¦=""Ëì5000ˆ œñi$=¦:þ pXç1:Ú1:û:Ù7:ö47/,156œ:ü0,-120x:ü200È,0 zBëf=36$ Ì156œ Í24:ö45-,f:ü-3,0:óf „Bëf=47/ Ì247÷ Í40(:öf,36$:ü0,-4:óf Žžõ¬9 ,0;"%y";¬2,2;"100";¬5,3;"80";¬8,3;"60";¬11 ,3;"40";¬14,3;"20";¬17,4;"0" ˜Põ¬18,6;"0 10 20 30 40 50";¬19,15;"Generation" ¢1õ¬1,8;Ý1;"Population max. ";p0 ¬9úd=2 Ëõ¬0,10 ;Ý1;"No selection " ¶Iúd=1 Ëõ¬0,2;Ý1;º(sp);"% selection against black" ÀJúd=0 Ëõ¬0,1;Ý1;º(sp);"% selection against yellow" ÔBö46.,120x*b(1)+36$:üÞ1;3,0 ÞFëf=2 Ìn:öÞ1;42*+4*f,120x*b(f)+36$:óf ãún=513 Ëì62008 èLõ¬20,0;Ý1;"Press m for more"'"n for new start, s to stop" ò Ù0:þ 8ñn=1:ñb(1)=y Bõ¬19,0;Ý1;Û1;"GRAPH FULL "'Û0;"Pressing m continues run, but"'"restarts graph (n=newrun,s=stop)" G Ù0:þ #(yä0,Ä00001001 ,Ä00000110,Ä00111110>,Ä01111100|,Ä01111100|,Ä10000000€,Ä11111110þ #2ëf=0 Ì7 #7ãgr #< ôÀ"m"+f,gr #Aóf:þ